Diquaternary Ammonium Compounds in

Zeolite Synthesis: Cyclic and Polycyclic N-

Heterocycles Connected by Methylene
Chains
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Anna Jackowski†, Stacey I. Zones*†, Son-Jong Hwang‡ and Allen W. Burton†

Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, and
Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
California 91125
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131 (3), pp 1092–1100
DOI: 10.1021/ja806978f
Publication Date (Web): January 7, 2009
Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
,†

Chevron Energy Technology Co.

,‡

California Institute of Technology.

Abstract
An additional dimension has been added to our long-standing studies in high silica zeolite
synthesis via a guest/host synergism. We have created and studied the impact of making
symmetric diquaternary ammonium compounds, by varying the chain length between nitrogen
charge centers, and the heterocycle size and geometry containing the nitrogen. This allows the
introduction of a second spatial parameter in the use of the charged organo-cation guest in the
zeolite synthesis. The series of 15 diquaternary ammonium compounds (5 heterocycles
synthesized onto chain lengths of C4−C6) were tested in a total of 135 zeolite syntheses
reactions. Nine screening reactions were employed for each guest molecule, and the conditions
built upon past successes in finding novel high silica zeolites via introduction of boron,
aluminum, or germanium as substituting tetrahedral framework atoms for silicon. Eighteen
different zeolite structures emerged from the studies. The use of specific chain lengths for
derivatives of the pyrrolidine ring system produced novel zeolite materials SSZ-74 and 75.

Synthesis and Rietveld Refinement of the

Small-Pore Zeolite SSZ-16
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Raul F. Lobo*
Center for Catalytic Science and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering University of
Delaware Newark, Delaware 19716-3119
Stacey I. Zones and Ronald C. Medrud
Chevron Research and Technology Co. 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802
Chem. Mater., 1996, 8 (10), pp 2409–2411
DOI: 10.1021/cm960289c
Publication Date (Web): October 15, 1996
Copyright © 1996 American Chemical Society

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Organocations in Zeolite Synthesis: Fused
Bicyclo [l.m.0] Cations and the Discovery of
Zeolite SSZ-48
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 Supporting Info

Greg S. Lee,§ Yumi Nakagawa,† Son-Jong Hwang, Mark E. Davis, Paul Wagner, Larry
Beck,# and Stacey I. Zones*
Contribution from the Chevron Research and Technology Center, 100 Chevron Way, P.O. Box
1627, Richmond, California 94802, and Department of Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124 (24), pp 7024–7034
DOI: 10.1021/ja011513o
Publication Date (Web): May 23, 2002
Copyright © 2002 American Chemical Society

Abstract
A set of zeolite synthesis experiments is described where lattice substitution is varied in the
context of the structure of particular structure-directing organocations (at times referred to as
templates). In this particular series, the organocations are constructed as members of a fused
bicyclo organonitrogen class of compounds, described as having ring construction [l.m.n], where
n = 0. We show that these compounds can best be achieved from starting cyclic ketones that are
converted to imines via a Beckman rearrangement reaction. A particular approach to the
Beckmann reaction works best in our hands. In some instances isomeric organocations are made
and separated. Often their use in zeolite synthesis led to different products. There is a high
correlation for the space-filling details of the guest organocations and the type of crystalline host
lattice developed in the synthesis. In one instance involving isomers of a decahydroquinoline
derivative, a new zeolite, SSZ-48, is discovered and contains only one of the isomers.
Characterization of the isomers and their use in the zeolites is followed by 13C MAS NMR
analyses. Some details of the new zeolite are given and it is shown that a reasonable symmetry
operation predicting a 14-ring zeolite could be generated under similar conditions to SSZ-48 (a
12-ring zeolite).

Direct Imaging of Surface Topology and Pore

System of Ordered Mesoporous Silica
(MCM-41, SBA-15, and KIT-6) and Nanocast
Metal Oxides by High Resolution Scanning
Electron Microscopy
Harun T ys z†, Christian W. Lehmann†, Hans Bongard†, Bernd Tesche†, Roland Schmidt‡ and
Ferdi Sch th†
MPI f r Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 M lheim an der Ruhr, Germany,
and Hitachi High-Technologies Europe GmbH, Europark Fichtenhain A 12, 47807, Krefeld,
Germany
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130 (34), pp 11510–11517
DOI: 10.1021/ja803362s
Publication Date (Web): July 31, 2008
Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
,†

MPI f r Kohlenforschung.

,‡

Hitachi High-Technologies Europe GmbH.

Abstract

We report here a detailed study on the surface topology of well-known ordered mesoporous
silica (SBA-15, MCM-41, and KIT-6) and a series of nanocast Co3O4, Co3O4/CoFe2O4
composites by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). Images of the MCM-41
structure were obtained at a resolution of the pore size, as well as a real space image of the
gyroid silica surface of KIT-6 for two different aging temperatures, clearly revealing the
differences of the aging procedures. By using the low voltage HR-SEM technique with
extremely high resolution, we could very clearly show the influence of the template properties on
the structure of the nanocast metal oxides.

Mesoporous Au/TiO2 Nanocomposites with

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
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 Supporting Info

Hexing Li,*† Zhenfeng Bian,† Jian Zhu,† Yuning Huo,† Hui Li,† and Yunfeng Lu*‡;
Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China, and Chemical
& Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California
90095
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129 (15), pp 4538–4539
DOI: 10.1021/ja069113u
Publication Date (Web): March 24, 2007
Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society
Abstract

Mesoporous Au/TiO2 nanocomposites with Au nanoparticles homogeneously embedded within

crystalline TiO2 framework were synthesized using a simple one-pot assembly approach and
exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity.