41

GEOGRAPHY (ELECTIVE)
Marks
70
70
60

Paper-A: Physical Geography;

Paper-B: Human & Regional Geography;
Paper-C: Map Work and Practical;

Total Marks: 200

The Distribution of marks for the Map Work and Practical Exam shall be as follow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lab Work
Field Surveying
Field Report
Record of Map work
Viva Voce

15
10
10
10
10

Examination in Lab Work, Field Survey and Field Report shall be conducted during the Practical
Examination by the same Examiners.
Note:- A minimum of sixty practicals of 3 hours each shall be required in two years.(30 practicals each year).
Map Work & Practical Examination will spread over two days.

DETAILS OF COURSES
PAPER-A

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Contents
The Earth and its origin
The universe: the solar system and the Earth. Earths Origin, shape and size, rotation and revolution,
composition and structure, distribution of land and water.
Introduction to Geological time scale.

Atmosphere
Composition and structure of atmosphere, atmospheric temperature and pressure, winds and global
circulation air masses and fronts (classification, distribution and associated weather), cyclones and weather
disturbance. Hydrological Cycle, atmospheric moisture and precipitation, climatic classification: Koppens
classification with special reference to the following types: Af, Am, Bsh, Csa and DF. Atmospheric pollution.

Lithosphere
Internal structure of the Earth, Rocks- origin, formation and types (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic),
plate tectonics, mountain building , geomorphic processes internal and external, earthquakes, volcanic activity,
weathering , mass wasting, erosion and deposition, cycle of erosion; landforms produced by surface water, ground
water, wind and glaciers.

Hydrosphere
Configuration of ocean floor, ocean deposits, composition, temperature, and salinity of ocean water,
movements of the ocean water; waves, currents and tides.

Recommended Books:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

Taylor
Thornbury,W
Mcllveen, I.F.R.
Monkhouse, F.J.
Strahler, A.H. &
Strahler. A.N.
Miller, E.W.
Kimng, C.A.M.
Treqartha, G.T.
Robinson,A.H.
Hammond, E.H.
de Blij, H.J. & M
Muller, P.O.

(1993)
(1991)
(1991)
(1988)
(1982)

Integrated Physical Geography, London; Longman

Principles of Geogmorphology, New York, John Valley.
Fundemental of Weather and Climate London; Champan & Hall.
Principals of Physical Geography, London; Holder & Stoughton.
Modern Physical Geogrpahy, 4th Ed. New York, John Wiley.

(1985)
1980)
1967)

Physical Geography, Columbus; Charles E.Merril.

Physical Geography, Oxford; Basil Blackwell.
Physical elements of Geography 5th Ed. New York; McGraw Hill.

1993)

Physical Geography of the Global Environment New York; John Wiley.

42
PAPER-B

HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

PART-I: Human Geography

a.

Man environment Interaction.

b.

Population

Themes of Environmental Determinism, Possiblism and Perception.

Growth and composition (age and sex structure), population change, natural increase and migration and
distribution.

c.

Settlements
Rural and urban location form and function of settlements, Central place Theory.

d.

Economics Activity.
Location Characteristics of primary, secondary , tertiary, quarternary and quinary activities.

e.

Environmental Problems.
Ecosystem and environmental degradation.

PART-II: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

Study of South Asia with special emphisis on Pakistan under the heading recourse base (physical human
and economics) Transport , trade and international relation.

Note:- There will be two parts in paper B, the student will be required to attend at least two questions
from each Part. Each question will carry equal marks.
Recommended Books:1.

Goudie, A.

(1994)

2.

Horne, B.

(1993)

3.

Gregory, D.&
Nalford, R.

(1992)

4.
5.
6.
7.

Barrett, H.
Bradnock, R.W.
Kureshy, K.U.
Bradford, M.G.
and Kent, W.A.
Rubenstein, J.M.
Bacon.R.S.

(1992)
(1992)
(1986)

9. Deblij H.J.
10. Bradnock, R.W.

(1982)
(1982)

8.

(1986)
(1983)

11. Johnson. B.L.C

(1979)
12. Spate, O.H.K. and (1986)
Learmonth, A.T.A
13. De Blij. H.J.
(1986)

The human impact on the Natural

Environment oxford; Blacksell.
the integrated human geography, London;
Longman.
Horizons in Human Geography London,
Macmillan
Population Geography, London; Longman.
Hand Book of South Asia London.
Geography of Pakistan Lahore, Hafeez Press.
Human Geography O.U.P.
The Cultural Landscape; An introduction to
human Geography New Delhi
prentice Haees.
Human Geography, New York, John Wiley.
Agricultural Change in South Asia, London,
John Murray.
Pakistan, London, Heinemann.
India and Pakistan, London, Methuen.
Human Geography cultural 5th Ed. New York,
John Wiley.

PAPER-C MAP WORK AND PRACTICAL

1.

2.
3.

4.

Study of Maps:
a. Types of maps.
b. Scales- plain, diagonal, comparative and their uses.
Methods of representation of relief. Exercises and drawing of composite contour maps with the help of given
data and information.
Interpretation of
a. Topographical maps.
b. Aerial Photographs and introduction to Remote Sensing.
c. Weather maps of Pakistan
Map projection: General principles, classification, choice of projection, merits and demerits, construction of
practical and simple graphic methods of the following projections.
a. Cylindrical Simple and Equal Area and Merators (with table).

43
5.
6.
7.

8.

b. Zenithal: Gnomonic, Stereographic and Orthographic (polar cases).

c. Conical case and two standard parallel.
Simple quantitative techniques and their use in geography: methods of data collection, study of frequency
distribution, averages (mean, median and mode), mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation.
Preparation of distributional maps with the help of symbols, line, bars, shade, dots, circles.
instrumental surveying: making of plans with the help of chain, plane table and prismatic compass.
Field report based on the study of geographical aspects of a selected area / activity.

Recommended Books:1.
2.

Dent,B.D.
Benton Jr.A.R.

(1993)
(1992)

3.
4.

Capmbell, J.
Briggs, K.

(1990)
(1989)

5. Robinson. A.h.

(1988)

6. Singh R.L.

(1979)

7. Ahmad.K.S.
8. Bygott, J.

(1973)
(1969)

9. Monkhouse F.J.

(1971)

Cartography Thematic Maps Design oxford, WCB.

Elements of Plane Surveying New York,
McGraw Hill.
Introduction to Cartography oxford WCB.
Practical Geography, London, Hodder and
Stoughton.
Elements of Cartography, New York, John
Wiley.
Elements of Practical Geography, New Delhi,
Kalyani Publishers.
Map Production Lahore, Publishers United.
An introduction to map work and practical
geography London University Tutorial press.
Maps and Diagrams, (Third Ed.) London,
Methuen & Co.