227 39 Solutions Instructor Manual Chapter 1 Signals Systems

Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
Chapter-1
Signals and Systems
1.1 Prove each of the following statements. In each case, let energy signal x1 (t) have energy E[x1 (t)], let energy
signal x2 (t) have energy E[x2 (t)], and let T be a nonzero, finite, real-valued constant.
(i) Prove E[T x1 (t)] = T 2 E[x1 (t)]. That is, amplitude scaling a signal by constant T scales the signal energy by T 2 .
(ii) Prove E[x1 (t)] = E[x1 (t T )]. That is, shifting a signal does not affect its energy.
(iii) If (x1 (t) 6= 0) (x2 (t) = 0) and (x2 (t) 6= 0) (x1 (t) = 0), then prove E[x1 (t) + x2 (t)] = E[x1 (t)] + E[x2 (t)]. That
is, the energy of the sum of two nonoverlapping signals is the sum of the two individual energies.
(iv) Prove E[x1 (T t)] = 1/|T |E[x1 (t)]. That is, time-scaling a signal by T reciprocally scales the signal energy by 1/|T |.
Solution 1.1 Given that
Z
E[x1 (t)] = Ex1 =
|x1 (t)|2 dt
(i) The energy contained in the signal T x1 (t) is given by

Z
Z
E[T x1 (t)] =
|T x1 (t)|2 dt = T 2
|x1 (t)|2 dt = T 2 Ex1
(ii) The energy contained in the signal, x1 (t T ), is given by

Z
E[x1 (t T )] =
|x1 (t T )|2 dt
A change of variables is performed by letting t T = , which also yields dt = d , = as t = , and = as

t = . Therefore,
Z
E[x1 (t T )] =
|x( )|2 d = E[x1 (t)] = Ex1
(iii) The energy contained in the signal x1 (t) + x2 (t) is given by

Z
Z
Z
2
2
E[x1 (t) + x2 (t)] =
|x1 (t) + x2 (t)| dt =
[x1 (t) + x2 (t)] dt =
Since x1 (t) and x2 (t) are nonoverlapping signals, i.e. x1 (t)x2 (t) = 0, we have
Z
Z
Z
2
2
2
E[x1 (t) + x2 (t)] =
[x1 (t) + x2 (t)]dt =
[x1 (t)]dt +
[x21 (t) + x22 (t) + 2x1 (t)x2 (t)]dt
[x22 (t)]dt = Ex1 + Ex2
(iv) Case-I: T > 0. The energy contained in the signal, x1 (T t), is given by
Z
Z
2
E[x1 (T t)] =
|x1 (T t)| dt =
x21 (T t)dt
A change of variables is performed by letting T t = , which also yields dt = T1 d , = as t = , and = as

t = . Therefore,
Z
Ex1
1
|x1 ( )|2 d =
E[x1 (T t)] =
T
T
Case-II: T < 0. The energy contained in the signal, x1 (T t), is given by
Z
Z
2
E[x1 (T t)] =
|x1 (T t)| dt =
x21 (T t)dt
Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
A change of variables is performed by letting T t = , which also yields dt = T1 d , = as t = , and =

as t = . Therefore,
Z
Z
1
Ex1
1
|x1 ( )|2 d =
|x1 ( )|2 d =
E[x1 (T t)] =
T
T
T
Hence, E[x1 (T t)] = 1/|T |E[x1 (t)].
1.2 Show that the power of a signal
x(t) =
n
X
Ck ejk t
is Px =
k=m
n
X
|Ck |2
k=m
assuming all frequencies to be distinct, that is, i 6= k for all i 6= k.
Solution 1.2 The power contained in the signal x(t) is given by

1
Px = lim
T T
T /2
1
|x(t)| dt = lim
T
T
T /2
= lim
1
T
1
T T
= lim
Z
Z
n
2
X
jk t
Ck e
dt
T /2
T /2
k=m
T /2
n
X
T /2 k=m
n
T /2 X
T /2 k=m
2
|Ck |2 ejk t dt
n
n
X
1 X
T
|Ck |2 =
|Ck |2
T T
|Ck |2 dt = lim
1.3 For the signal x(t) illustrated in Fig.1.35(a), sketch

(i) x(t 4) (ii) x(t/1.5) (iii) x(t)
(iv) x(2t 4) (v) x(2 t)
Solution 1.3
Fig.S1.1
k=m
k=m
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
1.4
In Fig.1.42, express signals x1 (t), x2 (t) and x3 (t) in terms of signal x(t) and its time-shifted, time-scaled, or
time-reversed versions.
Solution 1.4
x1 (t) = x(t + 1) + x(t + 1)

The signal x(t + 1) and x(t + 1) are shown in Fig. S1.2(a).
Now, define a signal y(t) = x(t) + x(t + 1).
x2 (t) = y(t) + y(t)
= x(t) + x(t + 1) + x(t) + x(t + 1)
The signal y(t) and y(t)
in Fig S1.2(b).
are shown
Define a signal z(t) = y 2t + x 2t .
x3 (t) = z(t) + z(t)

t
t
t
t
+x
+y
+x
=y
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
+x +1 +x
+x
+x
+1 +x
x3 (t) = x
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
+ 2x
+x +1 +x
+1
x3 (t) = 2x
2
2
2
2
The signal z(t) and z(t) are shown in Fig S1.2(c).
Fig. S1.2
1.5 Simplify
the following expressions:
(i)
(ii)
sin t
2 +2
+2
2 +9
t
(t)
()
o
(iii)
[e cos(3t
60 )](t)
1
( + 3)
(iv) j+2
Tarun Kumar Rawat
(v)
sin k
Signals and Systems
()
Solution 1.5 Since x(t)(t) = x(0)(t), we have

(i)
sin t
t2 + 2
(t) =
sin 0
0+2
(t) = 0
(ii)
+2
2 + 9
() =
0+2
0+9
() =
2
()
9
(iii)
[et cos(3t 60o )](t) = [e0 cos(0 60o )](t) = cos(60o )(t) =
1
(t)
2
(iv)
1
j + 2
( + 3) =
1
3j + 2
( + 3)
(v)
sin k
() =
sin 0
0
() = ()
1.6R Evaluate
the
following integrals:
(i) 32 t 23 (t 1)dt
R
(ii) (t 1) 32 t 23 dt

R 2
3
(iii) 3 et+1 + sin 2
3 t t 2 dt

R2
t t 23 dt
(iv) 3 et+1 + sin 2
3
R
(v) e5t+1 0 (t 5)dt
Solution 1.6 (i)

Z
3
2
t
3
2
(ii) Since (at + b) = a(t + b/a) =

Z
(t 1)
(iii) Since t =
3
2
3
2
t
3
2
1
|a| (t
(t 1)dt =
2
3
t
3
2
=
t=1
2 3
5
=
3 2
6
+ b/a), we have
3 9
3
9
3
15
dt =
(t 1) t
dt = (t 1) 9 =
1 =
2
4
2
2
4
8
t=
4
Z
is not in the interval 3 < t < 2, the shifting property of the impulse function yields

Z 2
3
2
t+1
t t
dt = 0
e
+ sin
3
2
3
(iv)
Z
t+1
+ sin
2
t
3
3
2
t+1
t
t
dt = e
+ sin
2
3
t= 3
2
3
1
1
2 3
= [e 2 + sin()] = e 2
= e 2 +1 + sin
3 2
(v)
Z
5t+1 0
(t 5)dt =
d 5t+1
e
(t 5)dt = 5
dt
e5t+1 (t 5)dt = 5e5t+1 t=5 = 5e24
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
1.7 (a) If xe (t) and x0 (t) are even and odd components of a real signal x(t), then show that
Z
xe (t)x0 (t)dt = 0
(b) Show that

Z
x(t)dt =
xe (t)dt
Solution 1.7 (a) Consider the LHS

Z
xe (t)x0 (t)dt =
x(t) + x(t)
2
x(t) x(t)
2
1
[x2 (t) x2 (t)]dt
4
Z
Z
1
x2 (t)dt
x2 (t)dt
=
4
Z
1
x2 (t)dt
x2 ( )d
=
4
Z
1
x2 (t)dt
x2 (t)dt = 0
=
4
(b) Consider the LHS

Z
x(t)dt =
[xe (t) + xo (t)]dt

Z
xe (t)dt +
xo (t)dt
Using property no.3 (page. 52) of even and odd signals, we have
Z
Z
Z
x(t)dt =
xe (t)dt + 0 =
xe (t)dt
1.8 Find and sketch the even and the odd components of the following:
(i) u(t)
(ii) r(t) = tu(t)
(iii) sin(0 t)u(t)
(iv) cos(0 t)u(t)
Solution 1.8 (i) See part (a) of Example 1.24.

(ii)
(
t t0
r(t) = tu(t) =
0 t<0
Replacing t with t in the above expression, we get
(
r(t) = tu(t) =
t
0
t 0 t 0
t < 0 t > 0
Applying Eqs. (1.59) and (1.51) to get the even and odd part of r(t) respectively.
(
t
t0
1
re (t) = [r(t) + r(t)] = 2t
2
t<0
2
and
1
ro (t) = [r(t) r(t)] =
2
t
2
t
2
t0
t<0
dt
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
The signal r(t), r(t), re (t), and r0 (t) are shown in Fig. S1.3(a).
(iii) Consider the given signal
(
sin(0 t)
x(t) = sin(0 t)u(t) =
0
t>0
t<0

(
x(t) = sin(0 t)u(t) =
sin(0 t)
0
t > 0 t < 0
t < 0 t > 0
Applying Eqs. (1.59) and (1.51) to get the even and odd part of x(t) respectively.
(
1
sin(0 t)
1
1
1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(t)] = sin(0 t)u(t) + sin(0 t)u(t) = 21
2
2
2
2 sin(0 t)
t>0
t<0
and
xo (t) =
1
1
1
[x(t) x(t)] = sin(0 t)u(t) sin(0 t)u(t)
2
2
2
1
1
= sin(0 t)u(t) + sin(0 t)u(t)
2
2
1
1
= sin(0 t)[u(t) + u(t)] = sin(0 t)
2
2
The signals sin(0 t)u(t), sin(0 t)u(t), xe (t) and x0 (t) are shown in Fig. S1.3(b).
(iv) Consider the given signal
(
cos(0 t) t > 0
x(t) = cos(0 t)u(t) =
0
t<0
(
cos(0 t) t > 0 t < 0
x(t) = cos(0 t)u(t) = cos(0 t)u(t) =
0
t < 0 t > 0
Applying Eqs. (1.59) and (1.51) to get the even and odd part of x(t) respectively.
xe (t) =
1
1
1
1
1
[x(t) + x(t)] = cos(0 t)u(t) + cos(0 t)u(t) = cos(0 t)[u(t) + u(t)] = cos(0 t)
2
2
2
2
2
and
1
1
1
xo (t) = [x(t) x(t)] = cos(0 t)u(t) cos(0 t)u(t) =
2
2
2
1
2 cos(0 t)
21 cos(0 t)
The signals cos(0 t)u(t), cos(0 t)u(t), xe (t) and x0 (t) are shown in Fig. S1.3(c).
t>0
t<0
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
Fig. S1.3
1.9 An aperiodic signal is defined as x(t) = sin(t)u(t), where u(t) is the continuous-time step function. Is the
odd portion of this signal, x0 (t), periodic? Justify your answer.
Solution 1.9 Consider the given signal
(
sin(t) t > 0
x(t) = sin(t)u(t) =
0
t<0
x(t) = sin(t)u(t) =
sin(t) t > 0 t < 0

0
t < 0 t > 0
The odd part of x(t) is given by

xo (t) =
=
=
=
xo (t) =
1
[x(t) x(t)]
2
1
1
sin(t)u(t) sin(t)u(t)
2
2
1
1
sin(t)u(t) + sin(t)u(t)
2
2
1
sin(t)[u(t) + u(t)]
2
1
sin(t)
2
2
The odd part xo (t) = 21 sin(t) is periodic with period T = 2
= = 2.
1.10 The output of the system, y(t), is related to the input x(t) as
Z t
y(t) = cos 2fc t + k

x( )d
where k is a constant parameter.

(a) Show that the system is nonlinear.
(b) Show that the system is time-variant.
Solution 1.10 (a) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (t) and x2 (t).
Z t
x1 (t) y1 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

x1 ( )d
Z
x2 (t) y2 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

Z
x2 ( )d
x3 (t) y3 (t) = cos 2fc t + k
x3 ( )d
Let x3 (t) be a linear combination of x1 (t) and x2 (t). That is,

x3 (t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)
where a and b are arbitrary constants. If the system is linear, then
y3 (t) = ay1 (t) + by2 (t)
Consider the LHS of the above equation
Z
y3 (t) = cos 2fc t + k
x3 ( )d
= cos 2fc t + k
[ax1 ( ) + bx2 ( )]d
Z t
= cos 2fc t + a k
x1 ( )d + b k
x2 ( )d
6= ay1 (t) + by2 (t)
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
Since LHS 6= RHS, we conclude that the system is nonlinear.

(b) Let x1 (t) be an arbitrary input to the system, and let
Z
x1 ( )d
be the corresponding output. Then consider a second input obtained by shifting x1 (t) in time:
x2 (t) = x1 (t t0 )
The output corresponding to this input is
Z

Z
x2 ( )d
= cos 2fc t + k
x1 ( t0 )d
tt0
x1 ( )d
Now, consider
Z
x1 ( )d
tt0
y1 (t t0 ) = cos 2fc (t t0 ) + k
x1 ( )d
6= y2 (t)
We see that y2 (t) 6= y1 (t t0 ), and therefore, this system is time-variant.
1.11 The system that follow have input x(n) and output y(n). For each system, determine whether it is (i) memoryless,
(ii) stable, (iii) causal, (iv) linear, and (v) time-invariant.
(a) y(n) = loge [x(n)]
(b) y(n) = log10 [|x(n)|]
(c) y(n) = median{x(n 1), x(n), x(n + 1)}
(d) y(n) = Trun[x(n)], where Trun[x(n)] denotes the integer part of x(n) obtained by truncation.
(e) y(n) = Round[x(n)], where Round[x(n)] denotes the integer part of x(n) obtained by rounding.
(f) y(n) = |x(n)|
(g) y(n) = sgn[x(n)]
Solution 1.11 (a) (i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.
y(n) = loge [x(n)]
y(0) = loge [x(0)]
y(1) = loge [x(1)]
y(1) = loge [x(1)]
The present output depends on the present input only. We may conclude, this system is a memoryless (static) system.
(ii) Assume that the input signal x(n) satisfies the condition
|x(n)| Bx < for all n.
We then find that
|y(n)| = |loge [x(n)]|
= |loge [Bx ]|
= By <
We conclude that in this system if any input is bounded by an arbitrary positive number Bx , the corresponding output
is bounded. Thus, the given system is stable.
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
(iii) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.

y(n) = loge [x(n)]
y(0) = loge [x(0)]
y(1) = loge [x(1)]
y(1) = loge [x(1)]
The present output depends on the present input only. We may conclude, this system is a causal system.
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) and x2 (n).
x1 (n) y1 (n) = loge [x1 (n)]
x2 (n) y2 (n) = loge [x2 (n)]
x3 (n) y3 (n) = loge [x3 (n)]
Let x3 (n) be a linear combination of x1 (n) and x2 (n). That is,
x3 (n) = ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)
where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If the system is linear, then
y3 (n) = ay1 (n) + by2 (n)
y3 (n) = loge [x3 (n)]
= loge [ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)]
6= ay1 (n) + by2 (n)
Since LHS 6= RHS, we conclude that the system is non-linear.
(v) Let x1 (n) be an arbitrary input to the system, and let
y1 (n) = loge [x1 (n)]
be the corresponding output. Then consider a second input obtained by shifting x1 (n) in time:
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = loge [x2 (n)]
= loge [x1 (n n0 )]
Now, consider
y1 (n) = loge [x1 (n)]
y1 (n n0 ) = loge [x1 (n n0 )]
Since y2 (n) = y1 (n n0 ), thus this system is time-invariant.
(b) (i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.
y(n) = log10 [|x(n)|]
y(0) = log10 [|x(0)|]
y(1) = log10 [|x(1)|]
y(1) = log10 [|x(1)|]
|x(n)| Bx < for all n.
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
10
We then find that

|y(n)| = |log10 [|x(n)|]|
= |log10 [|Bx |]|
= By <
y(n) = log10 [|x(n)|]
y(0) = log10 [|x(0)|]
y(1) = log10 [|x(1)|]
y(1) = log10 [|x(1)|]
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) and x2 (n).
x1 (n) y1 (n) = log10 [|x1 (n)|]
x2 (n) y2 (n) = log10 [|x2 (n)|]
x3 (n) y3 (n) = log10 [|x3 (n)|]
x3 (n) = ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)
where a and b are arbitrary constants. If the system is linear, then
y3 (n) = ay1 (n) + by2 (n)
y3 (n) = log10 [|x3 (n)|]
= log10 [|ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)|]
6= ay1 (n) + by2 (n)
y1 (n) = log10 [|x1 (n)|]
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = log10 [|x2 (n)|]
= log10 [|x1 (n n0 )|]
Now, consider
y1 (n) = log10 [|x1 (n)|]
y1 (n n0 ) = log10 [|x1 (n n0 )|]
(c) Median filtering is implemented by sliding a window of odd length over the input sequence x(n) one sample at a
time. At the nth instant, the input samples inside the window are rank ordered from the smallest to the largest in
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
11
values, and the sample at the middle is the median value. For example, median{2, 3, 7, 10, 5} = 5. (i) Consider the
given input-output relation of the system.
y(n) = median{x(n 1), x(n), x(n + 1)}
To calculate the median value, the past, present and future inputs are required. Consequently, the present output
depends on the present, past and future inputs. We may conclude, this system is a with-memory (dynamic) system.
(ii) For a bounded input x(n), the output y(n) of this system is always bounded. Thus, the given system is stable.
(iii) To calculate the median value, the past, present and future inputs are required. Consequently, the present output
depends on the present, past and future inputs. We may conclude, this system is a noncausal system.
(iv) Median filtering is a nonlinear operation. Consider the following sequences as the input to a median filter:
x1 (n) = {3, 5, 9}
and
x2 (n) = {2, 2, 2}
The corresponding outputs of the median filter are

y1 (n) = median{3, 5, 9} = 5
and
y2 (n) = median{2, 2, 2} = 2
Now consider another input sequence

x3 (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) = {5, 3, 7}
Then the corresponding output is
y3 (n) = median{5, 3, 7} = 5
On the other hand
y1 (n) + y2 (n) = 3 6= y3 (n)
Hence median filtering is a nonlinear operation.
y1 (n) = median{x1 (n 1), x1 (n), x1 (n + 1)}
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = median{x2 (n 1), x2 (n), x2 (n + 1)}
= median{x1 (n n0 1), x1 (n n0 ), x1 (n n0 + 1)}
Now, consider
y1 (n) = median{x1 (n 1), x1 (n), x1 (n + 1)}
y1 (n n0 ) = median{x1 (n n0 1), x1 (n n0 ), x1 (n n0 + 1)}
(d) (i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.
y(n) = Trun[x(n)]
y(0) = Trun[x(0)]
y(1) = Trun[x(1)]
y(1) = Trun[x(1)]
|x(n)| Bx = 5.3 <
for all n.
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
12
We then find that

|y(n)| = |Trun[x(n)]|
= |Trun[5.3]|
= 5 = By <
y(n) = Trun[x(n)]
y(0) = Trun[x(0)]
y(1) = Trun[x(1)]
y(1) = Trun[x(1)]
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) = 5.3 and x2 (n) = 6.8.
x1 (n) y1 (n) = Trun[x1 (n)] = Trun[5.3] = 5
x2 (n) y2 (n) = Trun[x2 (n)] = Trun[6.8] = 6
x3 (n) y3 (n) = Trun[x3 (n)]
x3 (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) = 5.3 + 6.8 = 12.1
If the system is linear, then
y3 (n) = y1 (n) + y2 (n)
y3 (n) = Trun[x3 (n)]
= Trun[x1 (n) + x2 (n)] = Trun[12.1] = 12
On the other hand
y1 (n) + y2 (n) = 5 + 6 = 11 6= y3 (n)
y1 (n) = Trun[x1 (n)]
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = Trun[x2 (n)]
= Trun[x1 (n n0 )]
Now, consider
y1 (n) = Trun[x1 (n)]
y1 (n n0 ) = Trun[x1 (n n0 )]
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
13
(e) (i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.

y(n) = Round[x(n)]
y(0) = Round[x(0)]
y(1) = Round[x(1)]
y(1) = Round[x(1)]
|x(n)| Bx = 5.7 <
for all n.
We then find that

|y(n)| = |Round[x(n)]|
= |Round[5.7]|
= 6 = By <
y(n) = Round[x(n)]
y(0) = Round[x(0)]
y(1) = Round[x(1)]
y(1) = Round[x(1)]
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) = 5.3 and x2 (n) = 6.4.
x1 (n) y1 (n) = Round[x1 (n)] = Round[5.3] = 5
x2 (n) y2 (n) = Round[x2 (n)] = Round[6.4] = 6
x3 (n) y3 (n) = Round[x3 (n)]
x3 (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) = 5.3 + 6.4 = 11.7
y3 (n) = y1 (n) + y2 (n)
y3 (n) = Round[x3 (n)]
= Round[x1 (n) + x2 (n)] = Round[11.7] = 12
On the other hand
y1 (n) + y2 (n) = 5 + 6 = 11 6= y3 (n)
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
14

= Round[x1 (n n0 )]
Now, consider
y1 (n n0 ) = Round[x1 (n n0 )]
(f ) (i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.
y(n) = |x(n)|
y(0) = |x(0)|
y(1) = |x(1)|
y(1) = |x(1)|
|x(n)| Bx <
for all n.
We then find that

y(n) = |[x(n)]|
= By = Bx <
y(n) = |x(n)|
y(0) = |x(0)|
y(1) = |x(1)|
y(1) = |x(1)|
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) = 5 and x2 (n) = 6.
x1 (n) y1 (n) = |x1 (n)| = |5| = 5
x2 (n) y2 (n) = |x2 (n)| = | 6| = 6
x3 (n) y3 (n) = |x3 (n)|
x3 (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) = 5 6 = 1
y3 (n) = y1 (n) + y2 (n)
y3 (n) = |x3 (n)|
= |x1 (n) + x2 (n)| = | 1| = 1
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
15
On the other hand

y1 (n) + y2 (n) = 5 + 6 = 11 6= y3 (n)
y1 (n) = |x1 (n)|
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = |x2 (n)|
= |x1 (n n0 )|
Now, consider
y1 (n) = |x1 (n)|
y1 (n n0 ) = |x1 (n n0 )|
(g)
(
y(n) = sgn[x(n)] =
1
1
x(n) > 0
x(n) < 0
(i) Consider the given input-output relation of the system.

y(n) = sgn[x(n)]
y(0) = sgn[x(0)]
y(1) = sgn[x(1)]
y(1) = sgn[x(1)]
(ii) Since
(
1
x(n) > 0
y(n) = sgn[x(n)] =
1 x(n) < 0
We conclude that in this system if any input is bounded, the corresponding output is always bounded. Thus, the given
system is stable.
y(n) = sgn[x(n)]
y(0) = sgn[x(0)]
y(1) = sgn[x(1)]
y(1) = sgn[x(1)]
(iv) To determine whether or not a system is linear, we consider two arbitrary inputs x1 (n) = 5 and x2 (n) = 3.
x1 (n) y1 (n) = sgn[x1 (n)] = sgn[5] = 1
x2 (n) y2 (n) = sgn[x2 (n)] = sgn[3] = 1
x3 (n) y3 (n) = sgn[x3 (n)]
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems

x3 (n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) = 5 3 = 2
y3 (n) = y1 (n) + y2 (n)
y3 (n) = sgn[x3 (n)]
= sgn[x1 (n) + x2 (n)] = sgn[2] = 1
On the other hand
y1 (n) + y2 (n) = 1 1 = 0 6= y3 (n)
y1 (n) = sgn[x1 (n)]
x2 (n) = x1 (n n0 )
y2 (n) = sgn[x2 (n)]
= sgn[x1 (n n0 )]
Now, consider
y1 (n) = sgn[x1 (n)]
y1 (n n0 ) = sgn[x1 (n n0 )]
1.12 Sketch the following signals:
(i) x1 (t) = u(t) + 5u(t 1) 2u(t 2)
(ii) x2 (t) = r(t) r(t 1) u(t 2)
(iii) x3 (t) = 2u(t) + (t 1)
(iv) x4 (t) = u(t)u(t 2)
(v) x1 (t)x2 (t + 21 )
Solution 1.12
16
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
17
Fig. S1.4
1.13 A discrete-time signal is shown in Fig.1.43.
Sketch and label each of the following signals:
(i) x(n 4) (ii) x(3 n) (iii) x(3n)

(iv) x(3n + 1) (v) x(n)u(3 n)
(vi) x(n 2)(n 2)
( vii) 12 x(n) + 21 (1)n x(n) (viii) x(n 1)2
Solution 1.13
Fig. S1.5
1.14 Find the derivative of the waveforms in Fig.1.40 and write the equations for the derivatives using shifted step
and/or impulse functions.
Solution 1.14 (a)
2E
E
E
2E
r(t)
r(t T ) +
r(t 3T ) r(t 4T )
T
T
T
T
2E
E
dx1 (t)
E
2E
= x01 (t) = u(t)
u(t T ) +
u(t 3T ) u(t 4T )
dt
T
T
T
T
x1 (t) =
x01 (t) is shown in Fig. S1.6(a)

(b)
x2 (t) = r(t) r(t 2) u(t 2)
dx2 (t)
= x02 (t) = u(t) u(t 2) (t 2)
dt
x02 (t) is shown in Fig. S1.6(b)
(c)
x3 (t) = 1.5u(t) + 0.5u(t 1) 2u(t 2)
dx3 (t) 0
x3 (t) = 1.5(t) + 0.5(t 1) 2(t 2)
=
x03 (t) is shown in Fig. S1.6(c)
Tarun Kumar Rawat
Signals and Systems
18
(d)
1
x4 (t) = u(t) + r(t)
2
dx4 (t)
1
0
= x4 (t) = (t) + u(t)
dt
2
1
r(t 2) 2u(t 2)
2
1
u(t 2) 2(t 2)
2
x04 (t) is shown in Fig. S1.6(d)
Fig. S1.6
1.15 Show that if x(n) is periodic with period N , then

n
X
n+N
X
x(k) =
k=n0
x(k)
k=n0 +N
Solution 1.15 Consider the RHS

n+N
X
x(k)
k=n0 +N
A change of variables is performed by letting k N = m, which also yields k = m + N , m = n0 as k = n0 + N , and

m = n as k = n + N . Therefore,
n
X
x(m + N )
m=n0
Since x(m + N ) = x(m), we have

n
X
m=n0
x(m) =
n
X
x(k) = LHS
k=n0

227 39 Solutions Instructor Manual Chapter 1 Signals Systems

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

227 39 Solutions Instructor Manual Chapter 1 Signals Systems

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

(i) The energy contained in the signal T x1 (t) is given by

|x1 (t)|2 dt = T 2 Ex1

(ii) The energy contained in the signal, x1 (t T ), is given by

A change of variables is performed by letting t T = , which also yields dt = d , = as t = , and = as

(iii) The energy contained in the signal x1 (t) + x2 (t) is given by

[x21 (t) + x22 (t) + 2x1 (t)x2 (t)]dt

[x22 (t)]dt = Ex1 + Ex2

A change of variables is performed by letting T t = , which also yields dt = T1 d , = as t = , and = as

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

A change of variables is performed by letting T t = , which also yields dt = T1 d , = as t = , and =

assuming all frequencies to be distinct, that is, i 6= k for all i 6= k.

Solution 1.2 The power contained in the signal x(t) is given by

1.3 For the signal x(t) illustrated in Fig.1.35(a), sketch

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

x1 (t) = x(t + 1) + x(t + 1)

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

Solution 1.5 Since x(t)(t) = x(0)(t), we have

Solution 1.6 (i)

(ii) Since (at + b) = a(t + b/a) =

e5t+1 (t 5)dt = 5e5t+1 t=5 = 5e24

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

(b) Show that

Solution 1.7 (a) Consider the LHS

(b) Consider the LHS

[xe (t) + xo (t)]dt

(ii) r(t) = tu(t)

(iii) sin(0 t)u(t)

(iv) cos(0 t)u(t)

Solution 1.8 (i) See part (a) of Example 1.24.

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

Replacing t with t in the above expression, we get

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

sin(t) t > 0 t < 0

The odd part of x(t) is given by

y(t) = cos 2fc t + k

where k is a constant parameter.

x1 (t) y1 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

x2 (t) y2 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

x3 (t) y3 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

Let x3 (t) be a linear combination of x1 (t) and x2 (t). That is,

y3 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

[ax1 ( ) + bx2 ( )]d

6= ay1 (t) + by2 (t)

Copyright Oxford University Press, 2011

Tarun Kumar Rawat

Signals and Systems

Since LHS 6= RHS, we conclude that the system is nonlinear.

y1 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

y2 (t) = cos 2fc t + k

y2 (t) = cos 2fc t + k