Restrained (Two-Way Spanning Slab)

The figure below shows part of the first floor plan of a reinforced concrete office building.
During construction, slabs and beams are cast together. The finishes, ceiling and services
form a characteristic permanent action of 1.5kN/m2 (excluding self-weight). The
characteristic variable action is 4.0kN/m2. The floor is inside enclosed building and subjected
to 1 hour fire resistance requirements. The construction materials consist of grade C25
concrete and 500 steel. Based on the information provided, design slab panel B-C/1-2.

B
7000

C
7000

D
7000

9000

9000

Bending moment
When the slab are provided with different edge conditions like fixed or continuous edges,
the maximum moments per unit width are given by:
Ly

where;
= total ultimate load per unit area
= length of shorter side
= length of longer side
and
are the moment coefficient
from Table 3.14 BS8110: Part 1: 1997

Lx

There are nine different types of support conditions to be considered which relate to the
particular support/restraint provided on edge of individual slabs.
Slab

Case 4

Case 2

Case 3

Case 1

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7
Void

Case 8

Case 9

Case 1: Four edges continuous

Case 2: One short edge discontinuous
Case 2: One long edge discontinuous
Case 4: Two adjacent edge discontinuous
Case 5: Two short edge discontinuous

Case 6: Two long edges discontinuous

Case 7: Three edges discontinuous (one
long edge continuous)
Case 8: Three edges discontinuous (one
short edge continuous)
Case 9: Four edges discontinuous

Shear force and actions on supporting beams

The design shear forces of slab or loads on beams which supported the slab can be
evaluated using the equations below:

where;
= total ultimate load per unit area
= length of shorter side
= length of longer side
and
are the shear coefficient
from Table 3.115 BS8110: Part 1: 1997

1.0 SPECIFICATION
Long span, Ly
Short span, Lx
Ly/Lx

= 7000mm
= 4000mm
= 7000/4000
= 1.75 < 2.0
Two-way slab

Characteristic actions:
----Permanent, gk
----Variable, qk
Design life
Fire resistance
Exposure classes
Materials:
----Characteristic strength of concrete, fck
----Characteristic strength of steel, fyk
----Unit weight of reinforced concrete
Assumed: bar

= 1.5kN/m2 (excluding selfweight)

= 4.0kN/m2
= 50 Years
= R60
= XC1
= 25N/mm2
= 500N/mm2
= 25kN/m3
= 10mm

2.0 SLAB THICKNESS

Min. thickness for fire resistance
Estimated thickness for deflection control, h

= 80mm
= Lx/35 (Based on Table 5.4N, L/30)
= 4000/35
= 114mm

Use, h = 125mm

3.0 DURABILITY, FIRE AND BOND REQUIREMENTS

Min. concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin,b
Min. concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur
Min. required axis distance for R60, a
Min. concrete cover regard to fire
Cmin,fire = a-bar/2

= 10mm
= 15
= 15mm

= 15-(10/2)
= 10mm

Allowance in design for deviation, Cdev

Nominal cover,
Cnom = Cmin+ Cdev

= 10mm

= 15+10
= 25mm
Cnom = 25mm

4.0 LOADING AND ANALYSIS

Slab self-weight
Permanent load (excluding self-weight)
Characteristic permanent action, Gk
Characteristic variable action, Qk
Design action, nd

= 0.125x25
= 3.13kN/m2
= 1.50kN/m2
= 4.63kN/m2
= 4.00kN/m2
= 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.35(4.63) + 1.5(4.00)
= 12.24kN/m2

Moment:
Short span, Msx1 =

2
sx1ndLx

Short span, Msx2 =

2
sx2ndLx

Long span, Msy1 =

2
sy1ndLx

Long span, Msy2 =

2
sy2ndLx

Shear:
Short span, Vsx1 =

vx1ndLx

Short span, Vsx2 =

vx2ndLx

Long span, Vsy1 =

vy1ndLx

Long span, Vsy2 =

vy2ndLx

= 0.065x12.24x4.02
= 12.7kNm/m
= 0.087x12.24x4.02
= 17.0kNm/m
= 0.034x12.24x4.02
= 6.66kNm/m
= 0.045x12.24x4.02
= 8.82kNm/m
= 0.57x12.24x4.0
= 27.9kNm/m
= 0.38x12.24x4.0
= 18.6kNm/m
= 0.40x12.24x4.0
= 19.6kNm/m
= 0.26x12.24x4.0
= 12.7kNm/m

5.0 MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Effective depth:
dx = h-Cnom-0.5bar
dy = h-Cnom-1.5bar

Short span (Midspan):

Msx
K = M/bd2fck

= 125-20-(0.5x10)
= 95mm
= 125-20-(1.5x10)
= 85mm

= 12.7kNm/m
= 12.7x106/(1000x952x25)

= 0.056 < Kbal=0.167

Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d[0.5+

= 0.95d

0.95d

Use 0.95d
= 12.7x106/(0.87x500x0.95x95)
= 325mm2/m

As = M/0.87fykz
H10-200 (bot)
(393mm2/m)
Short span (Support):
Msx
K = M/bd2fck

= 17.0kNm/m
= 17.0x106/(1000x952x25)
= 0.076 < Kbal=0.167

Compression reinforcement is not required

z = d[0.5+

= 0.93d

0.95d

Use 0.93d
= 17.0x106/(0.87x500x0.93x95)
= 444mm2/m

As = M/0.87fykz
H10-175 (top)
(449mm2/m)
Long span (Midspan):
Msy
K = M/bd2fck

= 6.7kNm/m
= 6.7x106/(1000x852x25)
= 0.037 < Kbal=0.167

Compression reinforcement is not required

z = d[0.5+

= 0.97d

0.95d

Use 0.95d
= 6.7x106/(0.87x500x0.95x85)
= 190mm2/m

As = M/0.87fykz
H10-350 (bot)
(224mm2/m)

Long span (Support):

Msy
K = M/bd2fck

= 8.8kNm/m
= 8.8x106/(1000x852x25)
= 0.039 < Kbal=0.167

Compression reinforcement is not required

z = d[0.5+

= 0.96d

0.95d

Use 0.95d
= 8.8x106/(0.87x500x0.95x85)
= 225mm2/m

As = M/0.87fykz
H10-325 (top)
(242mm2/m)
Min. and max. reinforcement area,
As,min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)bd

= 0.26x(2.56/500)bd
Use 0.0013bd = 0.0013bd > 0.0013bd
= 0.0013x1000x95
= 127mm2/m
= 0.04x1000x125
= 5000mm2/m

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh

H10-425
(185mm2/m)

6.0 SHEAR
Max. design shear force, VEd

= 27.9kN

Design shear resistance,

k = 1+(200/d)1/2 2.0
1 = As1/bd

= 1+(200/95)1/2
= 2.45 2.0

0.02

= 449/(1000x95)
= 0.0047 0.02

VRd,c = [0.12k(1001fck)1/3]bd

= [0.12x2.0(100x0.0047x25)1/3]x1000x95
= 51925N = 51.9kN

Vmin = [0.35k3/2fck1/2]bd

= [0.0035x2.03/2x251/2]x1000x95
= 47023N = 47.0kN
VRd,c ; Vmin > VEd (OK)

7.0 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
=As,req/bd

Reference reinforcement ratio,

=(fck)1/2x10-3

= 325/(1000x95)
= 0.0034
= (25)1/2x10-3
= 0.0050

Percentage of required compression reinforcement

=As,req/bd
= 0/(1000x139)
= 0.000
Factor for structural system, K = 1.3
use equation (2)
= 1.3(11+11+5)
= 35
Modification factor for span less than 7m

= 1.0

Modification factor for steel area provided

= As,prov/As,req
= 393/325
= 1.21 1.5

Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio

= (l/d)allowable
= 35x1.0x1.21
= 42.3

Actual span-effective depth

= (l/d)actual
= 4000/95
= 42.1 (l/d)allowable
(OK)

8.0 CRACKING
h = 125mm < 200mm
Main bar,
Smax,slabs = 3h or 400mm
Max. bar spacing = 350mm

= 375mm < 400mm

Smax,slab = 375mm

(OK)

Secondary bar,
Smax,slabs = 3.5h or 450mm
Max. bar spacing = 425mm

= 438mm < 450mm

Smax,slab = 438mm

(OK)