Free Vibration of Single Degree

of Freedom System
Nan Wu

Free vibration with no damping

Free vibration with viscous damping
(linear damping)

2.1 Free vibration without damping (SDF)

Preview: (5th & 6th editions) 2.2.1-2.2.5; 2.3.1

Modeling of a SDF system - from real engineering problems to

a mass-spring system.

Basic vibration governing equation:

For a spring mass system in Figure 2.1, the equation governing its motion will be
built by,

Review of Newton second law:

Principle of conversation of energy:

Mechanics

Energy

For a spring-mass system, the motion in vertical direction,

we conclude x is measured from its static position if we
remain the same form of governing equation:

Additional force->acceleration>velocity/movement->dynamic
system/vibration
Larger force?, but
the larger force is
offset by the
gravity of the
mass

Solutions and examples:

Solution of the vibration governing equation:
Solve the differential
equations, we get:

algebraic equation:
OR
To fill your solution for initial condition:

Example 2.1:

Example 2.2:

48

Example 2.3:

Example 2.4:

Discuss the fixed end

and hinged end
conditions.
Avoid the mass of the beam

Equivalent k?
Static displacement?
Nature frequency?
With the assumption:
Any problem?

Beam bending rigidity: EI

Find the nature frequency of the given

pulley system.

k2x2
x2=x/2

x1=x/2
k1x1

Spring mass systems

Beam systems
Ropes/cables
Pulleys

Torsional vibration system

2.2 Stability problem

Preview: 5th edition 2.11; 6th edition example 2.21

A case study:

The length of the bar

does not change, but
the angle changes.
In the vibration
governing equation,
We take angle as the
variable:

Moment equation

Example 2.5:

Determine the minimum spring

stiffness, k, to realize the stability
of the given structure in the
following figure.

Basics on instability of structures

In engineering problems, we have material failure and

structural failure or instability. Usually there are three kinds
of instability in our engineering flexible structures:
(a). Buckling
(b). Flutter
(c). Dynamic instability

2.3 Energy method revisited

Preview: 5th & 6th editions 2.5

Rayleigh energy method

For conservative system, we may write Umax = Tmax Lord
Rayleigh:
Examples 2.6:

Example 2.7:

With the given bending shape, find the nature frequency of the
given beam without attached mass??

Example 2.8:

2.4 Free vibration of damped SDF system

Preview: 5th & 6th editions 2.6.1

Linear viscous damping

Equations and solutions of free vibration of damped

system
Equation with damping force modeled by Newton second law,

From mathematic view:

Since C1 and C2 are unknown constants:

What problem can you find in this equation??

With the change of c, what kind of results can we
obtain??

 2.5 Classification of damped system

Preview: 5th & 6th editions 2.6.2

Critical damping constant and the damping ratio:

The critical damping, Cc, is defined as the value of the damping
constant, c, for which the radical in Eq. (264) becomes zero:

Damping ratio

Case studies and classification of vibration system

with damping:
??

Case 2:

Draw the vibration response versus time. See what happens?

Example 2.9:
Derive the vibration equations and find the natural frequency of vibration of the each
of the following systems:

Example 2.10:

Example 2.11:

2.6 Logarithmic decrement:

An experimental way of measuring damping:
Preview: 5th & 6th editions 2.6.3

How to
measure
Constant with
fixed system.

How to calculate based on

measurement

For the detection of the damping ratio with if we can

detect the variation of the vibration response in one
period.

mass

Period number

Damping ratio is large (>0.3)

How to measure in m
periods

Damping ratio is small (<0.3)

Example 2.12:

Example 2.13:
The system shown in the following figure has a natural
frequency of 5 Hz for the following data, m=10kg, J0=5kg-m^2,
r1=10cm, r2=25cm. When the system is disturbed by giving it
an initial displacement, the amplitude of free vibration is
reduced by 80% in 10 cycles. Determine the values of k and c.