Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 1: Real Numbers
Points to Remember
Key Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Euclids Division Algorithm is stated for only positive integers but it can
be extended for all integers except zero, i.e, b 0.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
If p is a prime, then
14.
15.
16.
17.
A number ends with the digit zero if and only if it has either 2 or 5 as
its prime factors.
18.
p is an irrational number.
3
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Key Formulae
1.
2.
HCF (p, q, r) =
p.q.r.LCM p, q,r
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 2: Polynomials
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
n1
n 2
term of a polynomial.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Top Concepts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
For any linear polynomial ax+b, zero of the polynomial will be given by
the expression (-b/a).
2
5.
The number of real zeros of the polynomial is the number of times its
graph touches or intersects x axis.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
If f(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x), and r(x) = 0 then polynomial g(x) is a factor of
polynomial f(x).
12.
Top Formulae
1.
b)
a
Coefficient of x
For a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, a 0,
Sum of the zeroes =
b
(co efficient of x)
a
Coefficient of x 2
co ns tan t term
a coefficient of x 2
For a cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a 0 then
Sum of zeroes =
b
(co efficient of x 2 )
,
a
Coefficient of x3
c
a
Product of zeroes =
Coefficient of x
Coefficient of x3
Coefficient of x3
2.
The quadratic polynomial whose sum of the zeroes = (+) and product
of zeroes = () is given by:
k (x2 - (+) x + ()), where k is real.
3.
Division algorithm for polynomials: If f(x) and g(x) are any two
polynomials with g(x) 0, then we can always find polynomials q(x) and
r(x) such that
f(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x)
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
y
7
x-6
-5
-4
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Y'
-7
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables
ChapterNotes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
Two linear equations in same two variables x and y are called pair of linear
equations in two variables.
3.
is the
Top Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
A system of linear equations in two variables represents two lines in the plane.
For two given lines there could be three possible cases:
(i) Intersecting lines, lines may intersect at a point.
(ii) Parallel lines.
(iii) Overlapping or coincidental to each other,
5.
6.
If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the
system of equations. In this case system of equations is said to be consistent.
If the lines coincide (overlap), then the pair of equations will have infinitely many
solutions. System of equations is said to be dependent and consistent.
7.
If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case
pair of equations is said to be inconsistent.
8.
9.
Graphical method can be used to obtain the solution of a system of equations but
it has its limitations in cases where the solution is non-integral.
Steps to be followed while using the method of substitution for solving linear
equations in 2 variables:
10.
10.
11.
Step1:
Find the value of one variable, say y in terms of the other variable.
i.e. x from either equation, whichever is convenient.
Step2:
Step3:
Step 4:
(ii)
(iii)
Step 2:
Then add or subtract one equation from the other so that one variable
gets eliminated. If you get an equation in one variable, go to step 3.
If in Step 2, we obtain a true statement involving no variable, then the
original pair of equations has infinitely many solutions.
If in Step 2, we obtain a false statement involving no variable, then
the original pair of equations has no solution, i.e. it is inconsistent.
Step 3:
Step 4:
12.
Equations which are not linear but can be reduced to linear form by some
suitable substitutions are called equations reducible to linear form.
13.
The speed of the boat downstream is the sum of speed of boat in still water and
speed of the stream.
14.
The speed of the boat upstream is the difference of speed of boat in still water
and speed of the stream.
3
15.
Top Formulae
1.
2.
a1
b
1 , pair of linear equation is
a2 b2
consistent.
a1
b
c
= 1 1 , pair of linear equation is inconsistent.
a2 b2
c2
(iii)Coincident lines:
a1
b
c
= 1 = 1 , pair of linear equation is dependent and
a2 b2
c2
consistent.
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
4.
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
2
5.
6.
2a
iii.
x 2 2.
b2
4a2
b
b
c
b
x 2 2 0
2a
4a
a
4a
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
2
If
4a 2
b 4ac
2a
2a
b2 4ac
b
2a
2a
b b2 4ac
x
7.
2a
Top Formulae
1.
b b2 4ac
and
b b2 4ac
3
2a
where
2.
2a
b2 4ac 0
b
b
,where
and
2a
2a
b2 4ac 0
3.
Quadratic identities:
i.
ii.
iii.
4.
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
a2 - b2 = (a + b) ( a b)
Discriminant, D = b2-4ac
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 5: Arithmetic Progressions
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
The difference between the two successive term of an A.P is called the
common difference.
3.
4.
5.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
The nth term of an A.P is the difference of the sum to first n terms and
the sum to first (n-1) terms of it.
i.e an Sn Sn1
Top Formulae
1.
2.
2
where a is the first term, d is the common difference and n is the total
number of terms.
3.
4.
X
Mathematics
Chapter 6: Triangles
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
Two figures are similar, if they are of the same shape but of different size.
3.
4.
Converse of BPT: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio then the line is parallel to the third side.
5.
6.
AAA
(Angle-Angle-Angle)
similarity
criterion:
If
in
two
triangles,
corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the
same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.
7.
Converse of AAA similarity criterion: If two triangles are similar, then their
corresponding angles are equal.
8.
SSS (Side- Side- Side) similarity criterion: If in two triangles, sides of one
triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the
other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two
triangles are similar.
9.
Converse of SSS similarity criterion: If two triangles are similar, then their
corresponding sides are in constant proportion.
10.
11.
Converse of SAS similarity criterion: If two triangles are similar, then one
of the angles of one triangle is equal to the corresponding angle of the other
triangle and the sides including these angles are in constant proportion.
12.
2
13.
Top Concepts
1.
All congruent figures are similar but the similar figures need not be
congruent.
2.
3.
4.
A line segment drawn through the mid points of one side of a triangle
parallel to another side bisects the third side
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
If two triangles ABC and PQR are similar under the corresponding A P,
B Q and C R, then symbolically, it is expressed as ABC PQR.
10.
11.
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding sides.
12.
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of the corresponding medians.
13.
Triangles on the same base and between the same parallel lines have equal
area.
3
14.
15.
3
a.
2
16.
17.
In a square and rhombus, the diagonals bisect each other at right angles
18.
Top Formulae
1.
PQ
QR
PR
2
2.
3.
BC
Top Diagrams
1.
AB
CA
If ABC PQR, then
ar(PQR)
PQ
QR
RP
ar(ABC)
ABC DEF
2.
6. ABD
= 6. DEF
A
1
X
Mathematics
Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The point where the x axis and the y axis intersect is coordinate points
(0, 0).
7.
8.
9.
Top Concepts
1.
The axes divide the Cartesian plane into four parts called the
quadrants (one fourth part), numbered I, II, III and IV anticlockwise
from OX.
2.
The coordinate of a point on the x axis are of the form (x,0) and that
of the point on y axis are (0,y)
3.
4.
Three points A, B and C are collinear if the distances AB, BC, CA are
such that the sum of two distances is equal to the third.
2
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
3
20.
21.
22.
23.
Top Formulae
1.
2.
(x x )2 (y y )2 .
2
x2 y2 .
3.
4.
Coordinates of point which divides the line segment joining the points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in the ratio m : n internally are
mx2 nx1
my2 ny1
x
and y
mn
5.
mn
6.
If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
coordinates of centroid are
x x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
G= 1
,
3
3
7.
If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
coordinates of incentre are
ax bx2 cx3 ay1 ay2 ay3
I = 1
,
abc
ab c
8.
If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
area of triangle ABC is given by
1
Area of ABC = x1(y2 y3 ) x2 (y3 y1 ) x3 (y1 y2 )
2
4
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
5
3.
D (x4, y4)
C (x3, y3)
A(x1, y1)
4.
B (x2, y2)
F
G
B
5.
D
Incentre (I) of a triangle.
F
I
6
6.
A
E
F
O
B
7.
1
X
Mathematics
Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Top Definitions
1.
2.
Ratio of the sides of the right triangle with respect to the acute angles
is called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
3.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
When any two sides of a right triangle are given, its third side can be
obtained by using Pythagoras theorem.
3.
4.
5.
The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the
length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same.
6.
The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec
A or cosec A is always greater than 1 or equal to 1.
7.
8.
Only symbol cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, sec and cosec has no
meaning.
9.
sin
2
Top Formulae
1.
sec cos
2.
Trigonometric ratios
(i) sin A si dopposite to A p
hypotenuse
h
(ii)
cos1
si de adjacent to A b
hypotenuse
h
cos A
(v)
si de opposite to A p
hypotenuse
h
s ecA
si de adjacent to A b
si de adjacent to A b
(vi) co t A
si de opposite to A
3.
1
sin
(ix) s ec
1
co s
(x)
1
co s
tan sin
cot
4.
5.
Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin2 co s2 1
(ii)
1 tan2 sec2
3
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
A
sin A
0o
0
30o
1
2
45o
1
2
60o
3
2
90o
1
cos A
3
2
1
2
1
2
tan A
1
3
Not defined
cosec A
Not defined
2
3
sec A
2
3
Not defined
cot A
Not defined
1
3
1
X
Mathematics
Chapter 9: Some Application of Trigonometry
Top Definitions
1.
The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the
point in the object viewed by the observer.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ratio of the sides of the right triangle with respect to the acute angles
is called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
When any two sides of a right triangle are given, its third side can be
obtained by using Pythagoras theorem.
3.
4.
5.
The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the
length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same.
6.
7.
Only symbol cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, sec and cosec has no
meaning.
8.
The two heights above and below the ground level in case of reflection
from the water surface are equal.
2
Top Formulae
1.
sec cos
2.
Trigonometric ratios
(i) sin A si dopposite to A p
hypotenuse
h
(ii)
cos1
si de adjacent to A b
hypotenuse
h
cos A
(v)
si de opposite to A p
hypotenuse
h
s ecA
si de adjacent to A b
si de adjacent to A b
(vi) co t A
si de opposite to A
3.
1
sin
(ix) s ec
1
co s
(x)
1
co s
tan sin
cot
4.
5.
Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin2 co s2 1
(ii)
1 tan2 sec2
3
Top Diagrams
1.
Angle of elevation.
2.
Angle of depression.
3.
A
sin A
0o
0
30o
1
2
45o
1
2
60o
3
2
90o
1
cos A
3
2
1
2
1
2
tan A
1
3
Not defined
cosec A
Not defined
2
3
sec A
2
3
Not defined
cot A
Not defined
1
3
1
X Mathematics
Chapter 10: Circles
Top Definitions
1.
2.
The common point of the circle and the tangent is called point of
contact.
3.
The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P
and the point of contact with the circle is called the length of the tangent.
4.
Top Concepts
1.
A tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant when the two end
points of the corresponding chord coincide.
2.
3.
There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point outside the
circle.
4.
At any point on the circle there can be one and only one tangent.
5.
6.
7.
The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.
8.
2
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
3
3.
Radius
j_
Tangent.
Tangent Line
Point of Tangency
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter: Constructions
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
are
the
geometric
figure
to be
Top Concepts
1.
A1,
A2,AM,
2.
m
Triangle ABC is the required triangle each of whose sides is
n
the corresponding side of ABC.
of
(b)
3.
Required
Steps of construction:
i.
Join OP
ii.
Draw a line AB perpendicular to OP at the point P. APB is the
required tangent at P.
4.
To draw the tangent to a circle at a given point on it, when the centre
of the circle is not known.
Given
Required
Steps of construction:
i.
Q (or
P
ii.
5.
Required
Steps of construction:
6.
i.
ii.
iii.
Required
Steps of construction:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Taking PO as radius and P as centre, draw arcs to intersect the
circle at
T and T.
vi.
7.
Two tangents can be drawn to a circle through a point outside the circle
and pair of these tangents are always equal in length.
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Area Related to Circles
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
A line segment joining the centre of the circle to a point on the circle is
called its radius.
3.
4.
5.
A diameter of circle divides a circle into two equal arcs, each known as
a semicircle.
6.
The region bounded by an arc of a circle and two radii at its end points
is called a sector.
7.
A chord divides the interior of a circle into two parts, each called a
segment.
8.
9.
10.
Circles having the same centre but different radii are called concentric
circles.
11.
12.
The distance around the circle or the length of a circle is called its
circumference or perimeter.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
Top Formulae
1.
22
.
7
2.
Area of a circle = r2
3.
4.
5.
6.
2r
r
Length of arc AB =
or
360 180
1 2
r
2
r
7.
Area of a sector =
360
1
Or Area of sector =
8.
r sin
2
360 2
9.
10.
1 2
r
4 2
12.
13.
3 r2
2
6
3 r2
4
3
14.
Number
of
revolutions
Distance moved in 1 minute
Circumference
15.
Perimeter of sector
nr8 + 2r
180
in
one
minute
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Surface Areas and Volumes
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
If a right circular is cut off by a plane parallel to its base, then the
portion of the cone between the plane and the base of the cone is
called a frustum of the cone.
Top Concepts
1.
The total surface area of the solid formed by the combination of solids
is the sum of the curved surface area of each of the individual parts.
2.
3.
4.
The solids having the same curved surface do not necessarily occupy
the same volume.
Top Formulae
1.
Cuboids:
Lateral surface area
b h
Cube
Lateral surface area
= 4 x (edge)2
2
Total surface area = 6 x (edge)
Volume
= (edge)
Diagonal of a cube =
3.
3 x edge.
4.
5.
h r
h r
Sphere:
1 2
r h
3
3
Surface area = 4 r
Volume =
7.
4
r
3
Spherical shell:
Surface area (outer) = 4R
8.
Volume of material =
4
4
r r
3
3
4
R r
3
Hemisphere:
Area of curved surface = 2 rh
Total surface Area = Area of curved surface + Area of base
= 2 r + r
= 3r
Volume
9.
2
r
3
Frustum of a cone:
Total surface area = [R + r + (R + r)]
Volume of the material =
Top Diagrams
1.
Cuboid
2.
Cube
1
h R r Rr
3.
4.
5.
6. Sphere:
7. Spherical shell:
8. Hemisphere:
9.
Frustum of a cone:
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Statistics
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
In a less than ogive the upper limit of a class is plotted against its
cumulative frequency as a point on the ogive.
4.
In a more than ogive the upper limit of a class is plotted against its
cumulative frequency as a point on the ogive
5.
The mode for ungrouped data is the value that occurs most often.
6.
7.
8.
Distribution for which values of mean, median and mode are not equal
is known as asymmetrical or skewed distribution.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
The ogives can be drawn only when the given class intervals are
continuous and if this is not the case then you dont need to worry. All
you need to do is simply make the class intervals continuous.
3.
4.
5.
Arithmetic mean = x
6.
x A+
7.
f x
f
fd
f
x A+
fd ' h
8.
The mode may be greater than, less than or even equal to the mean.
9.
For finding the median we must arrange the given information i.e. the
given data in increasing or decreasing order.
10.
The last of the cumulative frequencies will be always equal to the total
of all frequencies.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
3
the median is a better measure of central tendency while when the
most repeated value or the most wanted one is required, and then mode
is used.
16.
17.
Top Formulae
1.
Direct Method
Mean =
2.
3.
fx
f
fd
f
fd' h
4.
f1 -f 0
2f1 -f0 -f 2
2 -cf
Median= l +
h
4
Where, l= the lower limit of median class.
cf = the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class.
f = the frequency of the median class.
h =the class size
6.
Top Diagrams
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symmetric Distribution
5.
1
Class X: Math Chapter
15: Probability Chapter
Notes
Top Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
The event whose probability is one are called sure events/ certain
event.
5.
6.
7.
Top Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Top Formulae
1.
2
2.
3.
4.
Top Diagrams
1.
Heart
2.
Spades
Diamond
Club
Face Cards
A King of diamond
A Queen of club
A Jack of Clubs