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_Zc

?. )<++  783

S (% 9A_V &V9 E A\4<++

 # A^A  E 5q X !?


!?
-9  E ?  \= (A?\)
\=

 E EaE \=$% A ."++ 

M _E F/0 U % &F" E.G.A F0 11 ) 1961 -. ."++ A?\

-9 "?

40 AD@% E

E xz. :4" 90 B@(%  $ )) -9 A)

` <:: u7=I u=a Y` uSS^ L K< 7w"u? a 100 uT>uM< ID@%


. & :_Vl++ B@(c xz. F0E :&R\0" 'E< A?\ A9" 9
A) \= Dv"

MH\ ."++ A?\ FF :" B@ &F"

_ M &'

uD . ++ \`=b -'  E &F." ER ?  '\0x ."++

a9 ?:(% 3.2


a"
a" 9

I. E")  &F/0b
&F/0b ?:(%
x< 

d \@% Z[  E Hk[?

;(% !? F2F

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?\ 
9  Q F3%7

e &9:^ r%

' fE &95++

 E EJ 9A_V V9Cl?

75

A AB:%

q\ 
A?\  E AA  EaE A _:

:"4" &xA  &5:^++

9. /[ &xA
q\ 
 A  \ 3 /3%7 S](% DzA4" ID@%

3" 

A^++

3.3 ;" <= C< DE.

A AB"  :_0" &jEZ

U EU A?VB F' E


&' (%  U E &'%7

*+*+-

&>?@ A AB  QR :l ;" <= &xA@% DFx'%7++

&>?@ E Ea. ;" <= 3 \ ER9" 30R%7++

 
 A RYY
 G




?@F
AKE

 EB 5 A HKq ;F RrB !s

EB 5 A h t El/L %/u ! $  !?

 A &;&" >C WkE l` E\D &2' E F S E{Z


a: |<++

` &. ;(% 5_ ?E A AB(%

FxA _ Z%

 E{FF A\D<++ 'g" AxAE 9" &>?@ IE A)

FF _
0i P "?

&>?@ A AB  ? :<++
AEYg"  A WkE &F/0&" E uw 7`v  ."++ 9E EA3
x   :><V<++ A AB" x   A9FZ[ A AB" F  FV d
A<A |<++  ) )  Eb 5_  E FZ : 'DA ` 7ed~
FZ : E{C E A&jO :_V<++  Eb FZ : 
!? Eb A AB:4"
9)" E{;_ |<++
;(%  9FK  !! 9F E{7 xA4" 9'E;< _ Y% Cl++
9AxAE _ Y% F!0? A AB" . mR SR<++  A E0 9"? :<++
&>?@ IE
AxAq 9F) &. A AB" F  F : &" ;(%
A AB" &" &9 6@ EF9 E9" 5_ DFb  A AB ><l++ A{ />[ 
A AB )_ < :_0Q & s_x %l++

76

A AB:%

a9 ?:(% 3.3


a"
a"

I. E")  &F/0b
&F/0b ?:(%
x< 

;(% 9 5_ &9l A AB(%

FxA &2' F ><Vl?

?\ 

&>?@ IE AxAE

;(%

;" <=

9" FD\ F)

_ &>. A AB Y% :9'0?


&>?@ A AB

:9" QR  &5:^++

0 !? _ A AB"  |<?

:_D" C<DE.

>[ %x@%  &l .?%

A] &5:^++

E FZ : '"_ A _:

A AB" "  FQR A _:

g" 9 A> 'C A _:

9. /[ &xA

q\ 

A AB:%7 E  9 F0 A;Aq++ `: WkE !?

?. 2

Eb   s| E_%< &5:^++

9 A AB EaE  9
n<A4" HJ(%

' E A AB:%7 E  E FAE

&F9& AX 'e5 A u<++

3.4 A> " IE F  FAE HJ(%

U EU A?VB F' E


&' (%  U E &'%7

*+*+-

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 " IE EJ F:k F E_n< 30R%7++
 " EJ 'C E_n< D<]%7++

 
 
 0



77

A AB:%

 ` Gw vup
A>

? <&:H 5_  . 95C++ 9.b P 5_ P E).;

V M:: K` A> 9. 9F

? '0K

E{ '\0x 9&5;. P 3 E{Z0" F&"

P"

_ !? 3'~
&>?AM HJ 9.b

C A>P ."++ A> E? 

9. 9F &l A>P HJ(% 4"++

I. Rx \. (Reforestation)


F Dj l

E &>. A_9++ AR\  (%

_xu &9:^ F A_4" _Z% &>6 4"++ &)[ _xu


Y% &>6 4"++

A\ 5 

d &>6 4"++ c

Ef' !?(%

_ & ." . [ A AB(% AxAE

A1X

9" &>?@ GE

A) a: _ A<A |l++ _ F A_Dg E_F|6 Al3M &EZ" 9Fx3
Rx \. :><V<++ . [  _Z% F3_P:" HJ Rx \. A<++ _Z%
_ 

. 4" 5k Rn(%  Y%

F< _Zc E{F9U '\0x

&&l 
C A>P

."++

9. \. (Afforestation)
Y% E_D F< V S 9S  _" \. ." _ A<. 0  Y% 'E)< E
A<. [    %x% F< &xA \ A< E  A<. 0  A AB E
'E)l 

E '(% A AB s \ %< 5_ E ' DA" . 9Fx3

T>}K< 7 nT> <

N. C _ E (Agroforestry)


D (% E E EA3 &xA4" V S 9S
A AB Y% Fl
_ E )p3
."

E '(n4"  Y% &al

'

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FZ : A AB  E9"

Dz A AB(% &>?@ Y F 'nl

C E 9F A) - A< Y% E &xA 5 E EA3 V

&)=&" 9 l  &; A :p ." C E "

&5;. F Dj 

90i P  \ 5 5 3M s| %< C _ E 79 ? u% sZ[ %l


A ?  &>?@ A AB F ." " ?  _xu C8 IE3M ."++ <U u=
KTd [M::
Y% 5 !?
!?(% 3  xE &xA V  l  HJ C _

E A<++
A<++  -.b E 9' \ E
E k:(%

? F0?

F<  Y% ; % A) :><V<++    9'\0x "#


9'xv :%<++
:%<++

78

A AB:%

3.13
< 3.1
3 C _ E

S. E+ 63(Terracing)
63(Terracing)
E  A> 9FAE ?  
"l

HJ(%

A ."++

E F_E F;< |Z


SZ%  /

E:R

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kE 5  A>

S ER0x 0R<++

3.14
< 3.1
4 E &/   &g  

W.

 &g   Ax\ '0 (contour ploughing)

Ax\ '0 &D 0"


A) 

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>[

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E"

FF@%

&xA



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5 

E:99 5_" S ?. )l++


`



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E{;x 0Rl++  &g    Ax\


30  5  E c  &g  "
A) $%



Ax\

'0

FF@c

&& l |l++ &F |." "


HJ _xu  &g  "  3

F&<

Ax\ F: \V% F__ ."++

3.15
< 3.1
5  3 & Ax\ '0

79

A AB:%

[. H '>0 (croprotation)
croprotation)
H A> Fk
H@%

C &9F_ A AB 9F "#3' HJ ."++

'>0 E{H[ E{ l _V<++

 9" H

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-Fb 5 `:

A\ '  35!


79 5 h

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( 93?G G~


A> F :5xR<++
A> 9. E<++
;E< A?e .  5 &W: FA C<++

t < 'R : F) )<++

3(% <++

A0 9FC 0R<++

k. ;" / 'R :(% A9AxAE F) F).


F _Vxu 30 A>[ 9. )<++ 9.b ).; A> 3'. k &g ."++ A>[
3'. 9'< ;" / 'R :(% ?   "l++ E.` 'R :(% ?  
"l A>[ 9.  9'\0x ."++ 7 E ;" / 'R :(% :9 AxAE
F) A AB" &>?@AM 783 :YA<++ A>[ 9.b 9:C  Fb :'<++
A76 P ?$% E_:F9ab

&n9 F ;" / 'R :(% A) F).

A>P ."++ ;" / 'R : < &>?@ 'R : F) E=x

C

C  ."++

" }a Tu] A>[ 9. E<++ " V s_A9 %9"

t <

F )<++ 9F|6 &>?@ 'R :(% \4"? &>?@ 'R :(% xK EA
5 'g" E E &D&" _0!  ; U &0> $% :<l++

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< Gw vup
G. " '
" ' E 2@ 9<^ <^ AD<x "< "

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E.` HJ(% &l :<l++


- kE " '
- / \ D " ')
- kE 5  C : 5\ " ''4
- / \ " :9  A AB

'? " E " FD_E

K. Ea9 F<
Ea9 A " % A' . ;3<++
4"++
! 5P (Water Pollutants)
! 5P   !?
! 5P 5 RH4?

80

&9

&' A AB "

x<j 35!

A AB:%

" 9W5 A>P ."++ F? " S WkE !? E\D <C8 V E:_D F
y 3(% " E?0 3:<++ &9:^ a:$% "  _;" Ea< E2F0
FCb %x[ AB A\S3<++
"  al .D@%

;(%

E9b :"4" &xA s>[ %l++ I 5

 .D@% 5 t % &.[ 5 a  && (% 5 F "? &) [


'):
A AB(%

p% )
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t <

F"C 5= " V _A9l++ &u% FZ :

&_A9!A4"

'5D(%

&'(% A AB  % -. !? s2 %<++

V

Dgl++



_xu

A t < 'R : ? 

 9A4" '(%K E FFDB: DR(%K E EA3

0$% 5?&" 5= "

V s_A9! %l++

E (% 5C  5_ =0$%
 sD\4"
sD\4" %<++

F ;  E
E |6  E

;(%  #. F_< :<++

< 3.17
3.17 t < & 9  A AB SR

! 9H3 (Water purification)


&9: 5 t < A' . & 9 9F? AD<x '"< " 9F? c
#' E{| '\0x " 'C A<++ I K &u% FZ : A AB(% 5
t % &_A9!  " 9# A_Dg ."++ A76 P E.` t % " 9$ 9'"C
 3 'C : HJ(% Al++ 9` t % E03E0 " 9'"C HFM '?9< HJ
F) n<++ " "? Dz 9#. S |6 .D@% 9'5D\ "  2F[
E "#$% Al++ 9 &u% 9F? :D9x< " ) " a  A9"
?0 .D A' . &C$ ."++ 9F? 9FZ AD<x )  " FDg A AB
jW F #%  ; %x % F 7LK::
A AB  al .D@% l l '5D\ An<++ .D x I (% & (%
5 (% )U HJ(% F) A AB Ea9 F). n<++ &u%

81

A AB:%

FZ : A AB 5 _0 (% '5D 5 '): 'HV FC


n<++ `  E:R  5C" Q\\ @ F  E{7 
F). A AB Ea< F< n<++
SB  5 Ro5G
5S 5 R+K  Kp A#?
SB  EJ 5 Ro5G hK?

S
o &>?@ 5 ;" / A AB 30 " A < ."++ _9< &u o 59< 9Ad
9E!  xE. :D9xl E ?  E FDg ."++ &2'  o 9F?
9FZ AD<x "< " Y<++


X / \ > 5C > " A < ."++ X &9:^ A AB(% s;
%<++ X =0$%K o(% 5 % 59%  Dg<++ < " E& Du /
A9$% V &::y 5 9F Dj E |6 <)H)y E& Du / A9$% V
F.  u) " ."++ I: ? 9  3 < "(% / \ E$%
Dgl++
+k  Eti

/
/ \ E  < " A < ."++  E
\ 5C<++

'0? /

5C  P -RM E " Y<++ AR\

/ \ E

&& 9 P a & / \ 5C<++


5C<++7
++7 E

Ey P Eb 5C" &5;. P ) E ) ."++ P )b ?


_(% E -F3 s5\ %<++

Eb -\ kF 1p E 100 p _<++ Eb AJ
5C  5C" " F E F$  s@%
s@% s_ %<++
%<++

3.18
< 3.1
8 / \ E

82

A AB:%

o(% % W '\0x n9" A AB:4"


DzA4" A AB(% 'g" -.  a%
'\0x n<++

&2' 

jW

F9< " A b

ER l

" A  A AB ;(% ERR '&' :><V<++ "

!A F) )C. :9" C8 IE3M 'm M R A9"++


34"

F:k ."++ " A 

9` &' (%

A AB:4" " Ea. :< &xA > \Pb

mE0&;q 9" A) :9" xY E{:& a<



;'M 783 '"Dk

A AB ?  EaE a E A' .

F)) A9A4"++
A 5P
A 5P  !?
A F$# RrB  !?
AB A H F95? 5 AB A V

F))< W5 A94" .D@%

Al3M &jEZ :< .D A

 A.VD AK " 5 A>  a<

t < 5

 A<++

A AB 

 A<++ AEYg" A Ea9 FC" ;(% &xA ."++ 9

&>?@ H 5 \V ;< < A Ea9 &<++ E.` < AF .D@%
I '0n Fd :(%K
9`

&i FZ%   "l l:: A \  9"::

A\ A AB & 9 A 5_  A AB

%<++ 9`

FH5 W5 A4" .D@%  QR s:_

A\ A AB 9_ A Ea< FG

 A AB &>0 \P s|

%<++ A Ea< 9F). _Z% FAEK \. Rx \.  FK3R
%

< X. F)K &u% A AB ROa\

F? &jEZ" s)U

%l Y% F<K  % t % '< FE ZE<++

3.16
< 3.1
6 F >?0" Ea9

83

A Ea9

A AB:%

F&> A   &9:^ %x@%K ) F2FK A E0 FYA

\  0E s:< %<++

a9 ?:(% 3.4


a"
a"

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&F/0b ?:(%
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Rx \. \ ."? \. Rx \. ?  AE[++

?\ 
C _ E ?   &5:^++
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'35 j%7 9a %7 A q++

&F9& AX

9. /
/[ &xA
q\ 
A> 9. 9F ;" / 'R : F) :9" )p3 QR
AF<a$ q\ |%G< &[++
&>?@ 'R : ;" / 'R : 9  A  AW : &F9&
AX[ x9++
A AB  al .D@% EJ F). E_n< D< j% ><V%7
' E AK "  al .D@% EJ F). E_n< AX HDA F]
9a < " A q++
o(% % jW 9F :%l HJ(% &F9& AX HDA
]++

3.5 I:
I: UY^p ]" ELM NO% )p34"
U EU A?VB F' E
&' (%   &'%7

*+*+-

 ELM NO% -' ?  &.%7++




I: Dz ELM NO%

 A Dz   ELM NO% 9:%7++

 

 F3j b$
 R+# Ro5
  NF E$F
   
84

3  3F9a3%7++

A AB:%

 I PQ F3j b

F3j b  !?

F3j b G  !?

ELM NO%

A\ AD Dz <^ WkE F 3(% 5 " A  4"++ E.`

 (% . mRK E E k:(%K "E F Dj3(% K . \
_ "#$% 5 3 M 5  & A < FDg A AB(% :<l &9&"
E{ ! &9l 3(% 4"++
ELM NO% & 9WkE Fkg. 5 9? 

'E<. E{:D9xl ."++

ELM NO% SE(%  E F93l  "X Al .D@% _;3l++


. mR[

A 783 ?  : Rl++

. m_[

Z[ W5 A4"

4" .D@% AW :K A HK?  E{7 l  A 783


F;E;E ?   /<++

I:

NO% SE(% F% 4"++ ELM NO%


F :(% Al++

ELM

&F9& F0

 3 ELM NO% Al++ E.` ELM


&2' A_ '>)\A4" E

I: Dz ELM NO% 1.;p &@% ELM NaK 2. AB:3

 % ELM NaK 3.A ELM NaK 4.A &@% ELM NaK 5.V ELM
NaK 6.'S ELM NaK 7..X  ELM NaK 8.Ou ELM Na 9.:Q{ ELM
Na 4"++

85

A AB:%

T<
eS^
c<U
=^

cT@ SkK? M
`
p}
p} e^
wN?^
`
Hp
c`
T>
K?
vQ` `
c?
w[ T`qe

u<_

w[ T`qe

cf
S=

kU

Uu?L
_
Uu?L
wN?^
`

*V

}T
]" x
~]e SeIw "vu=
S

wN?^ `

< ^d
wN?^ `

_
N[`

=e uv

i wN^ `
uvu=K?
T
T><
f_
v
J
Sum
Gd
f<S` h

wN?^
vK? }^^
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wN?^
Netchsar
`
V NP
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`
u?KA T><
P Sum
vQ`
VK?

*
kw]H`

KA

X Spectr
Spectrum Guide to Ethipia page 235

3.19
< 3.
19 I: ELM NO% E F :

I. AB3
AB3  % ELM Na
 ELM Na

? 9 % A AB Dg<++ A{ A A

 Dg<++ No  482 p :l


9" AB3  

" &>. ."++ No

I:  &g ?<) :9" 

Y<++ 79b % " 2' ."++

&_qE

" F6  k

FA< 35)"   

  Rn ><!

! >l++  Na  \ x Y% Ej Dz 3<++


E

200 p )

 3 <"(% 5_
No "? 31 A?B

k:(% Dgl++ E.` A?B E :<4" ?b E  AVHK pR

<K k@K CK QY ) @ 4"++


AE Ab

86

I: En Dz 4"++

` Na &9:^ AE  Dgl++ No  

A AB:%

3.20
< 3.2
0 AB3  ELM Na Dz s  &Al AE k :

9.A ELM Na


A

ELM

Na

A{

A A

&

 225 p )  Dg<++


No  756 p ."++
` Na &9:^  E Dgl++
E.U K AVHK AAK pR
<K

tK

A K

_K

I

% 4"+++

3.21
D
?
< 3.2
1 A ELM Na D
< 
?

. A &@% ELM Na


A &@% ELM Na

_qE  A{ A A 400 p )  Dg<++ No

? 9 & ;;9 ` Dg<++  &g !? :4" <^ <^  E
"? Dgl++ No FF : &F"

No

I: Dz : 5 _V AVH ) ) @

&Al E  E; A_V 9F< 3 . ++

87

A AB:%

3.22
< 3.2
2 : A &@% ELM Na

` Na

I: En Dz A A\

 E FZ4" 35<++

&2' 

\oK K RK @K A.K QYK <><K &oK A'K  A'K A  k@
Dgl++ No AE A \b

A AB" En Dz E AE 4"++

 E Ro5 R+# 6A3B

Ec 6A3B +F3j b 5 #4?

E F : F9:  (% E AE A_V ER_A4"  !A4"


 (% 4"++
E _ BZ0"
I:

E.`  (% E |. AE  Fx_< &99 ."++ ARz >\

E.`  (% '_ A%<++

 3 E F : F9:  (% Al++ ?$c AB k| F :

F9: E{7 : F : F9:

. F?) n<++

)? 9 )0q

E; F : F9:  (% A&"l++


I. AB k| F : F9:
 F : F9: A{ A A & 570 p ) 0 A AB Dg<++ `
F : F9:   _qE  FDvb 35<++  6,982 p ."++
F : F9:  " &F" )R. k| 9F B| A9?! S> A K
AVH  A: " Dgl++
9. ;) t
t F : F9:
;) t F : F9:

F8-r A" FD\ A{ A A

&_qE

320 p

)  D | 54 "_ .p  A9"++  F : F9: &F" I:


E E |." t 9F3_x ."++

`   >K   AVH &Al 

E Dgl++
. : F : F9:
: F : F9: A{ A A &_qE 550 p )  5_ u: :F"
FD\ t: 5; A AB Dg<++ ` F : F9:    2,496 p ."++

88

A AB:%

 F : F9: FF : &F" t ? 9'R . ++ .D x   


9% 24 A?B E FZ : ."++ 9 AAK  AVHKpR A: 3^
E; 4"++

 F3j b o^
ELM NO% E E k:(% 9F  9FAE  'l++ NOc
xY

Wx & ! 9|6 AAB" E E &lA4<++

SE(% Al++

mE0&;E

` a: AD

A AB" E E   9' \ AF 783 >?l++

ELM NOc Eb Eb

9 ! AD b r% |." :D9xl++

! 
9\ F3j b$


I: 35! NO% A ."++

< 3.23
3.23 'S ELM Na e<

No _qE ELK EL0;% Wk% a<< A{ A A &_qE 782 p
)  Dg<++ b 2162 p ."++ No Ou 5k DA |."
'S 5k 79 3 ><++ No 56 A?B E -.$% Dgl++ SK
)X8K A K A'8K .EK t F;l No Dz E; 4"++
'S ELM Na &F" E.G.A
_ 0x0'   A9"++  Na
FE. 35! NO% A ."++

1979 -. . ++ No d \K x


_qE EL EL0;% Wk% a<< b 

89

A AB:%

 uUY^p ]" T>< wN?^ `


u= T>< wN?^ ` u}T] uUY^p ]" a w< m wN?^ `
K<:: 7c<U au= L< }K< MKA Sum `' c[@+ wN?^
`' ? dz wN?^ ` "vK? wN?^ ` <:: wN?^ ` 7ed
7 KSup SkT<U vh` u` w SeIw KLK<:: eK=I uSY
} <[ }c< 7w"u? [LM::

! 
993 b$ 5U
'$' Na

t: D c=J

&9:^ A_V(% FV4" &9^ E

x<D% F : F9: A.&g   ."++ E AA : E F :


F9:   Dq E:\Q \0

`:"  l++ No E.` x<D< E

A " W534" 9F3_x b  FE E{|6 9'\0x ."++


No E AA : x<D% FAE AD SE(%
s:^4" '%l E

AX P QE34"

E ) E{:^A4" :_`V<++ A K A'8K

.E =E up`w `k SKK<++

a9 ?:(% 3.5


a"

I. E")  &F/0b
&F/0b ?:(%
x< 
ELM Na 9A\ A AB ;" ?  \ ."?

q\ 
ELM NO% 9 E_ ! AX '35 AHV=3%7 9_n%7 A q++

9. /
/[ &xA
?\ 
I: \ 3 /3%7   ELM NO% AF<ab++

90

A AB:%

KA qh

R+# Ro52- FFF  :l 5 9A_V &V9  E ':


FAB:  

?@F2- 8 5 xE E

E! k3] $ 2- A(3M 5 Al3M &jEZ :\[ ;(% A' .


>[
>[ a;&$%

F3j b$2-

E+2-

0 2- 5_ E F<r


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