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TABL E
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a rtist wa s t o r e nd e r t h e truth b e d e
si r e d to p r e s e nt without r e g a rd to t h e
b e a uty o f t h e r e p r e s e nt a ti o n : b e a d
h er e d t o t h e a ctu a l a n d ga v e n o p l a y
t o i m a gin a tion or ae sth e ti cs
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fro m i t s i nfa ncy to th e p res e nt tim e
t h e r e h a v e b e e n c e rt a in ch a r a ct e ristic gur e s a ttribut e s o r symbo l s
wh ich h a v e m a de a p a rt o f t h e l a ngu a g e o f w h a t m a y b e c a ll e d
C hris t i a n A r t T h e s e a r e m e a n ingless o r wors e p e rh a ps a de
formity
to t h e e ye o f on e wh o und e rst a nds t h e m not ; b ut th e y
a d d mu ch to t h e p o we r o f a r e pr e s e nt a tion to t h e d e pth of s e nti m e nt
a n d e x p r e ssion w h e n righ t ly a ppr e hend e d
T h e s e symbo l s a r e u s e d
in t wo wa ys to e x pr e ss a g e n e ra l fa ct o r s e nti m e nt or a s the
e s p e ci a l a ttrib ut e or ch a r a ct e risti c of t h e p e rson r e p r e s e nt e d
My
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of this subj e ct
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G EN E R A L
T H E GL O R Y , A U R E O LE ,
AND
AR T
S Y M B OL S
r e p re s e nt l ight o r brigh t
n e ss a n d a r e t h e symbols of sa nctity T h e n i mb us surro unds t h e
h e a d ; t h e a ure ol e e ncirc l e s t h e who l e body a n d the gl o ry is t h e
un ion of t h e n imbus a n d a ur e o l e T h e n i mb us b e l o ngs to a l l holy
p ersons a n d s a ints as we l l a s to t h e r e p res e nt a tions o f d ivin ity T h e
a u reole strict l y sp e a k ing b e l ongs only to t h e p e rsons o f th e G odh e a d ;
b ut t h e Virgin M a ry i s i nv e st e d wit h i t ( 1 ) w h e n s h e ho l ds the
S a viou r in h e r a rms ( 2) i n p i ctur e s o f t h e A ssum p tion ( 3) w h e n
s h e i s r e pr e sent e d a s t he int e rc e ssor for h um a nity a t t h e l a s t j udg
ment
w h e n r e p r e s e nt e d a s th e W om a n o f t h e A p oc a lyps e
T h e a ure ol e h a s a lso b e e n used a s a symbo l o f t h e a p oth e osis of holy
p ersons ; b ut this i s a d e gen e ra t ion from its origin a l d e sign a n d t h e
The glory a lso belongs e sp e
u s e a ssign e d it in a n ci e nt tr a d ition s
T h e obl o ng a ure ol e is c a ll e d i n L a ti n
c i a l l y to Go d a n d t h e Virgin
t h e m a n d o r l a (a l m o nd )
T h e cruciform or
ve si c a p i s c i s ; in It a l i a n
tri a ngul a r n imb us or t h e gu r e of a cross i n t h e n i mbus b e l ongs
p ro p erl y to t h e p e rsons o f th e T rin ity ; t h e n i mbu s of s a ints a n d
l e ss e r b e ings should b e circ u l a r A squ a r e n i mbu s i s u sed for
p ersons still l i ving wh e n t h e r e p re s e nta tion wa s m a de ; th e h e x
p e rson a g e s T h e s e symbo l s did not
a gon a l n i mb u s for a ll e gori c a l
a pp e a r in Christi a n a r t u ntil t h e fth c e nt ury
a n d d uring t h e f
t e e n t h a n d sixt e e nth c e nturi e s th e y d is a p p e a re d
T h e y a r e h o wever
e mploy e d i n th e pres e nt d a y a lthough not w i th th e c a reful d istin o
tion i n th e e mp l oym e n t o f t h e v a riou s forms w h ich ch a ra cteri zed
th e ir e a rl i e st u s e T h e color o f th e s e symbo l s in pa in t ing i s go l d e n
o r th a t w h ich r e p r e s e nts l ight ; i n som e inst a nces i n m ini a t ur e s or
on gl a ss th e y a r e o f v a rious co l ors D id r o n bel iev e s th e s e t o b e
symbol ic a l b ut is not sur e o f t h e sign i c a tion of t h e col ors
T H E FISH
A sh most fre qu e ntly a do l p h in w a s t h e e a rl iest
I t h a s sev e ra l sigui
a n d most u ni v e rs a l of t h e C hristi a n symbo l s
T h e G r e e k word for sh I X O Y E i s com p osed of t h e
c a t i o n s
i ni ti a l l e tters of t h e G re e k I no o c Xp w r o c @ 6 0 53 W69 S um jp t h e
an
a ll
'
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
sp e ci a lly
t e r an d
e m in e n t ly
s ucce ssf u l
i n th e h a nds of M
i
is
th
ey
t
e mb l e m a ti c of Christi a ns g e n e r a lly
in W
m e
b e i n g l ik e n e d to sh i n t h e c a ll of t h e A postl e s (M a tt i v
an d
But
a lso t ypi e d by t h e m ir a culous dra ugh t of sh e s (John
it i s not tru e th a t t h e sh i s a l wa ys a Christi a n emble m 3 a ccord ing
to D i dr on it is n e v e r m e t a s su ch i n G re e k a r t a n d h e b e l iev e s th a t
th is e mbl e m on t h e tombs i n t h e c a t a combs a t R om e signi e d t h e
o ccup a tion of t h e p e rson b uri e d i n th e m
T H E 0 3 0 8 8 h a s a d e e p e r m e a ning t h a n t h a t of oth e r symbo l s ;
i t i s i n a c e rt a in s e ns e not m e r e l y t h e instrum e nt o f t h e su ffe rings
but h i ms e l f su ff e rin g 24 6i c r u x e st m a r tyr
In
o f Christ
C hristi a n i con o gr a p hy t h e cross holds a most i mport a nt pl a c e
A ccord ing t o t h e t ra dition o r l eg e n d of t h e T ru e Cross i t w a s c c
a n d w ill a pp e a r at t h e
l a st j u dgment
e xist e nt w ith th e worl d
Ch os r oe s b e l i e v e d th a t in p oss e ssin gth e cross of Christ h e possesse d
T h us i n
t h e S a viour a n d s o i t wa s e nthron e d a t h is right h a nd
e a rly r e pr e s e nt a tion s o f t h e thre e p e rson s of th e G odh e a d the cross
without t h e gur e wa s consi d e r e d not only to r e c a ll Christ to t h e
b ut a ctu a l ly to sh o w h i m T h e re a r e fo ur di ff e re nt l y fo rm e d
m ind
cross e s : T h e L a t in or R om a n C ross
is
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1
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e
( )
w hi ch Chri st su ff e r e d a n d i s t h e
o n e pl a c e d in t h e h a nd of a s a int
T his cross i s i n t h e form of a m a n
w ith th e a rm s e xtend e d 3 t h e d i s
t a nc e from t h e h e a d to t h e shou l d e rs
b e i n g l e ss th a n from t h e shou l d e rs
t o t h e feet a n d t h e l e ngth o f t h e
a rms l e ss th a n th a t of t h e w ho l e
3
4
(
(
gur e
T h e Gr e e k Cross (2) h a s
f our equ a l br a nch e s
T h e C ross o f
S t A ndre w (3) i s a cross s a l ti e r o r a n X 3 a n d t h e E gyp ti a n or
en
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
I N
cording t o E u s e bi us E N T O Y T Q N I KA ( Conqu er by
F re
qu e ntly wh e n t h e cross wa s m a d e o f gold or si l v e r t h e ve wounds
of Christ we re re p re s e nt e d by ins e rting in it a s m a ny c a rbuncl e s or
rubi es th e r e b e ing o n e in t h e c e ntr e a n d o n e at e a ch e xtr e m ity
T H E L AM B h as b e e n a n e mbl e m of t h e S a v iour from the e a rl i e st
p e riod of C hristi a n a rt It w a s th e t ype of h i m i n th e O ld T est a
m ent a n d t h e n a m e giv e n h i m by S t Joh n t h e B a pti st ( J oh u i
7 W h e n st a nding b e a ring t h e cross o r a b a nn e r w ith a n imbus a bout
i th e h e a d it i s t h e L a mb of Go d a n d i s fre qu e nt l y inscri b e d E cce
A gn u s D e i
T h e T wel v e A p ost l es a r e r e p r e s e nt e d by a s m a ny l a mbs ;
w h il e t h e t h irt e e n th t h e symbo l o f C hri st b e a rs t h e cross o r h a s a
a n d is fre qu e nt l y l a rg e r th a n t h e o th e rs
, n imbu s a bo ut the h e a d
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)
e yes ( R e v v
T h e l a m b i s a l so a g e n e r a l symbo l o f mod e sty
\
i t y a n d innoc e n ce a s w h e n m a de t h e a ttrib ut e of S t A gnes
T H E L I O N i s a noth e r symbo l of Christ t h e
Lion of J ud a h an d
i s som e ti m e s r e pre s e nt e d w ith a cruciform n i mb us
A ccording t o
a n E a st e rn tr a d ition t h e cu b of t h e l ion is born d e a d a n d i s l ick e d
by its sire u ntil i t com e s t o l ife on t h e t h
s sym
b ol i c a l o f th e r e s urr e ction
I t is giv e n
other
h e rm i ts a s t h e e mblem o f s ol itud e ; to thos e
t he
a m ph ith e a tre a s th e symbo l o f th e ir d e a th 3 a n d is p l a ced a t t h e feet
o f som e to d e not e th e ir coura ge a n d fo rt itud e u nder t h e su ff e rings
o f m a rt r d o m
T H E P EL IC A N wh o t e a rs o p e n h e r bre a st to fe e d h e r young with
h e r b l ood i s t h e e mb l e m of o u r redem ption through t h e su ff erings
i s a lso a s ym bo l o f t h e E u ch a rist
O N i s the symbol o f S a ta n a n d sin I t is re p re se nt e d
by C hri sti a n ity a s in t h e l e gends o f S t M a rga r e t S t
r ge
a n d S t S y l v e st e r
I n t h e l e g e nd o f S t M a rth a
.
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
IN
it r e p re s e nts a oo d a n d p e sti l e nc e T h e j a ws o f h e ll a r e r e pr e
s e nt e d by t h e o p e n mouth of a dra gon e m itting a m e s
T H E S E RP EN T a noth e r e mb l e m of sin i s som e ti m e s pl a c e d b e n e a th
t h e fe et of t h e Virgin ; som e ti m e s t win e d a r o u nd a glob e to i ndi
c a t e th e po we r of sin ov e r the e ntir e world
In som e symbolic
p icture s of t h e Cru ci xion t h e s e rp e nt l i e s d e a d a t t h e foot of th e
cross or i f a l i v e l ook ing im p ot e ntly u p a t the s e cond A d a m upon
t h e tree of our s a lv a tion a s befor e a ccording to a r t he look e d tri
ion
e
s ing e r of Isra e l (Ps a l m
a n d i s a l so an e mbl e m o f sol itud e a n d h e rmit l ife
T his fa b ulous cre a tur e w a s s a i d t o b e a bl e to
T H E U N I C OR N
e v a d e a l l p ursuers e xc e p t a v irgin of p e rf e ct purity i n h e a rt m ind
It i s giv e n a s a n a ttrib ut e only t o t h e Virgin a n d S t J u s
a n d life
t i n a a n d is t h e e mb l e m of fe m a l e ch a stity
T H E P E A C O C K i s s e e n on tombs s a rc op h a gi a n d a m o ng fun e r e a l
It sym b o l iz e s t h e ch a ng e from l ife to immo rt a l ity I t
e mb l e ms
wa s borr o we d from p a ga n a r t w h e re it r e pr e s e nt e d the a p otheosis o f
It w a s t h e b ird of Jun o b u t wa s not the symbo l o f
a n e m p r e ss
p rid e until mod e rn ti m e s
T H E D OV E i s t h e e mb l e m o f t h e s o u l w h e n r e p r e s e n t ed a s i ssu ing
from t h e m outh of t h e dying ; a n e mb l em of p uri ty when given to
t h e V i r gi n a n d c e rt a i n fe m a l e s a i nts ; a lso th e symbo l of t h e Holy
It symbol iz e s t he d ivine S pirit
Ghost a n d of spiritu a l ins p ir a t i on
wh e n it h ov e rs o v e r holy m e n a s t h e e mb l e m of their h e a v e n sent
inspir a tion ; a n d i s s e e n in p ictur e s o f th e B a p tism o f C hrist t h e
P e nt e cost , a n d t h e A nn u nci a t io n
T H E O L I V E a s t h e e mbl e m of pe a c e
i s gi v e n to t h e A r ch a n ge l Ga bri e l a n d
I t i s s e e n upon th e
t o som e s a ints
tombs of m a rtyrs a n d i s someti m e s
born e by t h e a nge l s wh o a nn o unc e t h e
n a tivity
T h e u s e of t h e p a l m
T H E P ALM
a s th e
symbol of m a rtyrdo m is a u
vi i
t h or i z e d by S criptur e
R
v
e
(
'
S Y M B OL I S M I N
AR T
I t is p l a c e d in
It b e longs to a l l t h e nobl e a rm y o f m a r tyrs
their h a nds a n d c a rved on their to mbs I t is som e tim e s brough t t o
them by a ngels a s if from h e a v e n i t s e lf I t i s v e r y m uc h v a ried
i n form a n d siz e
T H E L I L Y w h e r e v e r s e e n h a s b u t o n e sign ic a ti o n w h ich i s
ch a stity a n d p urity I t b e l ongs e s pe
p ictur e s o f t h e A nn unci a tion
c i a lly to
a n d to S t
J os e p h w hos e rod wa s sa id
t o h a v e p u t forth l i l i e s
F RU IT 0 R F L O W E R S a lthough f r a
qu e nt l y e m p l oy e d m e r e l y a s o r n a men ts
h a v e und e r c e rt a i n circumst a nc e s d if
f e r e n t s ign i c a t i o n s
A s t h e a p pl e i s
i n m a ny p i ctur e s so wh e n p r e
a n e m b l e m o f t h e fa ll i n P a r a d is e
sent e d to t h e infa nt S a v iour o r i n h i s h a nd i t sign i e s r e d e m p
R os e s a r e il l ustr a ti v e o f t h e l e g e nds of S t
t ion
E liz a beth o f
H u n g a ry S t C e cil i a a n d S t D oroth e a a n d a typ e o f t h e Virgin
R os e o f S h a ron
as t h e
A b ursting pom e gr a n a t e i s t h e symbol
o f a h o p e fu l futur e
A n y fruit in t h e h a n d o f S t C a th e rin e i s a
S Y M B OL I S M
of
o l d it i n t h e h a n d It i s s om e ti m e s a m e re circ l e t
o we rs 3 a n d a ga i n it is m a gn i c e nt w ith go l d a n d
the
oft e n
pr e ci
AR T
IN
S WORD , A XE ,
L A N C E A N D C L U B a r e a l l sym b o l s o f m a rtyr
a n d a r e t h e a ttrib ut e s o f c e rt a i n s a ints a n d signify th e m a nn e r
of d e a th th e y s u ff e r e d T h e s word i s a lso a n a ttrib ut e of the wa rrior
s a ints a n d s o m e ti m e s is a n e m b l e m o f a v i o l e nt d e a th W ith o ut b e ing
t h e instru m e nt e m p l oy e d
T H E S K U LL A N D S C OUR GE sy m b o l iz e p e n a nc e
T H E S HELL p ilgr i m a g e
T H E B ELL sign i e s t h e e xorcism o f e v i l s p irits
T H E A e L i s t h e a ttrib ut e o f S t A dri a n a n d i s t h e sy m b o l o f h i s
d e a th
T H E A R R O W i s t h e a ttribut e o f S t S e b a sti a n S t U r su l a a n d
S t Christin a
T H E P O N I A RD o f S t Lu ci a
T H E C A L DRO N of S t C ecil i a a n d S t J o h n t h e E v a nge l ist
T H E S H E A R s A N D P I N CE R s of S t A g a th a a n d S t A po l l o ni a
T H E W HEEL S of S t C a th e rin e
It b e
T H E S T A N D AR D 0 R B A NNE R i s t h e symbo l o f vict o ry
l ongs to th e m il it a ry s a in t s a n d to thos e Wh o c a rri e d t h e gos p e l
t o h e a th e n l a nds
It i s h om e by C hrist a ft e r the r e surr e ction
S t R e p a r a t a a n d S t U rsu l a a r e t h e o n l y fe m a l e s a ints to w ho m it
i s giv e n
T H E CH A L I OE is t h e e mb l e m o f fa ith a n d is a n a ttribut e of
S t B a rb a r a
W ith a s e rp e nt i t i s th a t of S t John t h e E v a ngelist
T H E B OOK i n th e h a n d of S t S t e p h e n is th e Old T e st a ment 3 i n
t h e h a nds o f t h e E v a ng e l ists i t r e p r e s e nts their o wn writings
In
oth e r ca s e s i t i s t h e S cri p ture s o r t h e symbo l o f the l e a rning a n d
wr itings o f t h e s a int wh o h e a r s i t
T H E C H U R C H i n t h e h a nd o f S t J e rom e i s t h e symbol of h is l ov e
a n d c a r e for t h e who l e Christi a n C h urch
In oth e r c a s e s i t is ge n
e r all
t
h
m od e l o f som e p a rt icul a r ch urch a n d t h e s a int wh o h e a r s
e
y
i t wa s its fo un d e r o r rst bisho p
T H E S HIP
I n e a rly t im e s t h e a r k wa s t h e symbo l o f t h e Chris
t i a n Ch urch b ut l a t e r a n y sh i p h a s h a d th is signi c a nc e
T h e bo a t
of S t P e t e r tem p e st toss e d a n d guid e d by C h r ist is sym b ol i c a l o f
h is wa tch fu l c a r e o f h is Ch urch
HE
S Y M B OL I S M
T H E A N CHOR
is
of
IN
AR T
r l i e st Chri st i a n sym bo l s It i s s e e n
i n the c a t a combs a n d o n v e ry a nci e n t ge m s It is t h e e mbl e m o f
i mmov a bl e ho p e a n d untiring p a tienc e
It is a n a ttribut e of som e
s a ints in ill ustra tion of th e ir l e g e nds a s i n t h e c as e o f S t C l e m e nt
T H E S Y M B O LS O F T HE P A SS I O N A N D C R U C I F I X I O N a r e n u m e rous 3
a n d a lthough r a r e ly s e e n i n t h e c a t a combs a n d i n e a r l y sc ul p tur e
th ey a re const a ntly foun d i n ch urch e s T h e y a r e th e t wo swords of
the A p ostl e s t h e e a r o f M a l ch u s S t P e ter s sword t h e p ill a r a n d
cord t h e scourge t h e cro wn of th o rns t h e thre e d i c e t h e s p e a r t h e
spong e t h e n a i l s t h e cross t h e th irt y p i e c e s of si l v e r t h e h a m m e r
a n d pincers t h e l a dd e r t h e l a nt e rn t h e box e s o f s p ic e for e mb a l m
i n g t h e s e a m l e ss g a rm e nt , t h e p urs e a n d t h e c ook T h e ve wo unds
a r e r e p r e s e nt e d by t h e h a nds a n d fe e t w ith a h e a rt i n t h e c e ntre
e a ch p ierc e d with o n e wound 3 or by a h e a rt a l on e
W ith ve wo unds
E A RS O F C OR N A N D B U N C HE S O F G RAP E S were symbo l s o f t h e b r e a d
a n d w in e o f t h e H o l y E u ch a rist ; w h i l e t h e r e p r e s e nta tions of th e
l a bors o f t h e v i n t a g e we re ty p ic a l o f thos e o f C hristi a ns in t h e v ine
T h e v i n e o r v in e l e a f wa s a n e mb l e m o f t h e
y a rd o f t h e L o rd
S a vi ou r t h e t ru e vi n e
T H E C A N DE L AB R UM wa s a n e mb l e m o f C hri st a n d h is C h urch t h e
l igh t o f t h e wo rl d W i th s e v e n bra nch e s i t r e fe rs t o t h e s e v e n gi fts
o f th e S pirit or to t h e s e v e n ch u rch e s
i
R
e
v
(
L ITT LE N A KE D B OD I E S a r e t h e symbo l s of t h e so u l s o f m e n a n d
a r e s e e n i n pi c t ur e s of S t M ich a e l wh e n h e i s r e presented a s the I ntro
d uctor of sou l s T h e y a r e a l so p l a c e d i n t h e h a nd wh ich symboliz e s
G o d t h e F a th e r
on e
the
ea
II
S Y MB OL I S M OF CO L OR S
t he
r e ,
d ivin e l o v e
O p o s it e s e ns e i t
p
,
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
R e d a n d bl a c k combin e d we re t h e
symbolized blpq d wa r a n d
colors of S a t a n purga tory a n d evil spirits R e d a n d w h it e roses a r e
emblems of lov e a n d innoc e nc e or lov e a n d wisdo m a s i n t h e ga rl a nd
of S t Ceci l i a
B L U E th a t o f t h e s a p ph ire sign i e d h e a v e n h e a v e n l y l ov e a n d
truth const a ncy a n d delity C hris
bl u e m a ntle 3 S t J ohn a bl u e tun ic
G R EEN t h e e m e r a l d t h e c o lor o f s p ring e x p r e ss e d ho p e a nd l
,
the
o f Go d
y e llo w
d ingy h u e
th e n sign i e s j e a lo usy i n c on
rri a ge a n d f r u i t f u l n e s
Y e llo w h a s a ls o a
such a s the u su a l dr e ss o f J ud a s a n d
st a n c y a n d d e c e it
V I O LE T O R A M E T H Y S T signi e d p a ss ion
P e n it e nts a s t h e I M a gdal hE m
t ruth
m
'
R AY
Is
the
co l o r o f p e n a nc e
su ff e ring o r lov e a n d
h
tl
M
a
donn
a
e
a
rs
w
5i
T
an
ccus e d
innoc e nc e
B L A C K w i th wh it e sign i e d h u mility mo urn ing a n d p urity of l ife
A l on e i t s p o k e o f d a rk n e ss w ick e dn e ss a n d de a th a n d b e longed to
In p ictur e s o f t h e T e m p t a tio n J e sus som e tim e s we a rs bl a ck
S a ta n
.
III
S Y M B OL S OF GOD T H E F A T H E R
r
t
a
belonged to E a st e rn or W estern or to G re e k or L a tin
for t h e
10
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
of th e F a th e r i s e xt e nd e d t o h i m a s i f in a m a nn e r to a ssist h i m t o
rise
I n a noth e r repr e s e nt a tion o f the h a nd of G o d it i s ll e d w ith
l ittle n a ked gures w hos e h a nds a r e j oin e d a s if i n pra yer T h e s e
a r e t h e soul s of th e righ t e o us w ho h a v e r e turned to G o d
T h e n e xt symbo l o f t h e F a th e r w a s a fa c e i n the clouds th e n a
bust ; a n d gr a d u a l ly by th e end o f th e fou rt e e nth c e ntury a gur e
a n d distin ct ch a r a ct e ristics r e p res e nt e d t h e rs t person of t h e Go d
h e a d I n t h e b e gi nn ing there wa s l ittl e o r no d istin ction bet w e e n
th e r e pr e sent a t ions of t h e F a th er a n d S on 3 b ut gra d u a l ly t h e F a th e r
w a s m a d e old e r W h ile the pl a ce of honor t h e roy a l cro wn o n h is h e a d
a n d th e glob e i n
h is h a n d indi c a ted a su perior d ignity a n d consid e r
1
a t ion
F ro m th is tim e to th a t of t h e R en a iss a nce h o we ver t h e
repr e s e nt a tion s of G o d w e re b ut l itt l e more than thos e of a p o pe or
ki ng ; t he tri pl e ti a ra wa s inde e d incr e a s e d by t h e a ddition of t w o
m ore cro wn s a n d w h e n i n t h e g a rm e nts o f a k ing a n i mbus e ncircl e d
t he cro wn W ith t he ae sth e ti c g e n i u s a n d progr e ss of t h e R e n a is
s a n ce w ith M ich a el A ng e lo P e rugino a n d R a ph a el c a m e r e pre s e nt a
tions of G o d th a t m or e s a tisfa ctorily e mbody th a t m ent a l concep t ion
w h ich c a n n e ver b e e mbod i e d
t h e con cept ion o f G o d of J eho va h
th e Cre a tor a n d A nci e nt of d a ys B ut a t l e ngth i t c a m e t o be re me m
bered th at n o p e rson a l r e present a tion of t h e F a ther should e ver be
m a de N o mort a l m a n h a th s een or c a n s e e h i m ; a n d Jesus being
t h e Word w a s t h e s p e e ch of G o d a n d wa s t h e tting r e present a tio n
of t h e F a th e r W hen e v e r h e h a d s p o k e n S inc e t h e sixteenth cent ury
the F a th er h a s b e e n symbol ized by th e tri a ngl e w h ich i s h i s l ine a r
e mblem or som e other g e om e tric a l g u re inscribed w ith h is n a m e
T h is r a d i a ting c ircl e i s i tsel f a n
a n d su r rounded w ith r a ys of l ight
e mb l e m of eternit y
S ometi mes a ood or bl a ze o f l igh t a lone is
'
Ch ris t
as
G od ,
e qua
t r
t o t h e Fa he
as m a n ,
i n f e r i or t o t h e F a th e r
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
I N
11
IV
S Y M B OL S
O F GO D T H E S ON
12
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
S Y M B OL S
OF
TH E
H O L Y G HO S T
S YIV
I B OL I S M
of
IN
AR T
13
an ii
Kor
v isit e d th e skies a n d form ed th e r e s e v e n h e a v e ns
(
S om e c a th e dra ls h a v e seven ch a p e ls a s th os e a t R h e i ms a n d Ch a rtr e s
D uring t h e ten t h century th e Holy G host w a s som e tim e s r e pr e
s e nted a s a m a n ; b ut thi s r e pr e s e nt a tion wa s n e v e r rec e i v e d w ith a s
m u ch fa vor a s th e oth er
H e w a s m a de of e v e ry a g e from t h e
e a rl i e st to t h e l a t e st y e a rs of l ife A s a litt l e ch ild h e o a t e d on t h e
wa ters ; a s a young child h e w a s i n t h e a rm s o f the F a th e r ; h is a ge
i s a ccording to the fa ncy o f t h e a rtist o r t h e suppos e d r e qu ir e m e nts
A mo n g t h e l e ge nd a ry p ictures in wh ich h e
of the r e p res e nt a tion
wa s th us r e pr e s e nt e d i s th a t o f th e r e c e pt ion of C hrist in h e a v e n
a ft e r h is
e a rthly m issio n wa s e nd e d ;
t h e Ho l y G host i s s e a t e d
by t h e F a th e r a n d h a s a h oo k symb o l i zing w isdom He bl e ss e s
J e sus a s do e s t h e F a th e r ; h e a l so a ssists a t the coron a tion of th e
V irgin
I n som e in st a n c e s th e t wo r e pre s e nt a tion s of th e H oly
G h o st we r e co m bin e d by t h e gure of a m a n w ith a cl ov e on h is h e a d
or h a nd S til l a nother symbo l i s th a t o f a dov e from wh ich e m a
n a t e ra ys o f l ight S pr e a ding o ut in e v e ry dire ction forming a ra d i
a ting a ur e ol e a bo ut it
T h e dov e is a lso o n e of t h e g e n e r a l symbo l s
of a r t a n d a s such is e mbl e m a tic a l of p urity a n d innoc e nc e w h ich
sign i c a tion wa s m a de m ost e mph a t i c by its u se a s t h e s a cri c e
the
14
S Y M B OL I S M
f or
is t h e
p urity
ttri b ut e
I N
AR T
Je wi sh l a w A s be fore m e ntion e d it
of c e r t a i n fe m a l e s a ints d e noting ch a stity a n d
the
VI
S Y M B OL S
i n O n e w e re e m p l oy e d i n
I t w a s symbo l iz e d by t h e combin a tion o f
a r t from its e a rl i e st a ges
thre e tri a ngl e s thre e circl e s thr e e sh e s a n d m a ny oth e r re p re s e nt a
tions mor e obscure in th e ir m e a n ings I n l a t e r a r t th e thre e pe rson s
o f t h e T rinity h a v e b e en r e pr e s e nt e d by t hr e e h um a n gur e s e a ch
w ith its s p e ci a l a ttribut e th a t of t h e H oly G h o st b e ing t h e dov e
A noth e r mod e r e pres e nts t h e F a th e r a n d S on w ith the dov e b e tw e e n
th e m 3 i n t h e th irt e e nth a n d fourt e e nth c e nturi e s t h e dov e wa s oft e n
s e en hovering b e tw e e n the rst a n d s e cond p e rsons of t h e T rin ity
w ith t h e t ips of t h e wings touch ing t h e l i ps of e a ch T h is r e p re se n
t a t i on i s c a l l e d t h e d o uble p roc e ss i on of t h e S pirit ; il l us t r a tive of th e
proc e e di n g fro m t h e F a th er a n d th e
w ords of t h e N ic e n e Cr e e d
T h is r e p r e sent a ti o n b e l ongs to t h e L a tin Ch urch
I n th ese
S on
r e pr e s e nt a t ions wh e n t h e l oc a l ity i s h e a v e n t h e gur e s a r e a l wa ys
s e a t e d T h e r e is a d e vi c e c a ll e d t h e It a l i a n T rin ity wh ich wa s p o p
u l a r from t h e t we l fth t o t h e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury I n th i s t h e F a th e r
h o l ds a cru ci x by t h e e nds o f t h e tra nsv e rs e b e a m t h e fi gure of
Christ h a nging b e t we en h i s kn e e s ; th e d o v e p roc e e ds dow nw a rd s
from t h e l i p s o f t h e F a th er a n d t o uch e s t h e h e a d of t h e S o n or is
S om e a tt e m pts h a v e b e e n m a de to
m e re ly sitting on t h e cross
by t h e r e pres e n t a tion of a body w ith th re e
e mbody th is mystery
h e a ds or a h e a d with thr e e fa c e s ; bu t th e y a r e only fri ght fu l a n d
monstrous
R
p re s e nt a tions o f
OF T H E T R I N I T Y
D i vin e
t he
T hr e e
VI I
S Y M B O L S O F A N GE L S
S Y AI B OL I S M
IN
AR T
15
h a v e a n op e n boo k T h e s e t wo ord e rs st a nd a l wa ys b e fo re G o d
p ra ising a n d a doring hi m
3 T H RO NE S a r e r e pr e s e nt e d c a rrying a thron e o r t o we r a n d th e ir
d uty is to support t h e t hrone of Go d
I I G OV E R N OR S T h e s e rul e t h e st a rs a n d r e gu l a te t h e un i vers e
4 D OM I N A TI O N S repres e nted w ith a s word a trip l e cro wn a n d
sc e ptr e or a n orb a n d cross
5 V I R T U E s T hes e c a rry a b a ttl e a xe a n d p e n non or a cr o wn
a n d c e nser a n d a r e i n compl e te a rmor
6 P O W E RS
T
a b a ton or a r e i n t h e a c t o f scou rging
ho
l
d
hese
or ch a in ing e vil s p irits
I I I M E S S E N GE R S O F GO D
7 P R I N C E D O M S OR P R I N CI P A L I T I E s T h e s e a r e i n a rm or w ith
e
nnons
or
holding
l
i
l
y
a
p
8 A R C H A N G EL S
Of th e se three a r e un i v e rs a lly k nown b y n a m e
e s p e ci a l ly vener a ted a n d depicted i n C hristi a n A r t
a
M IC H A EL ( lik e unto
c a pt a in gen er a l of t h e host of
he a v e n pro t ector o f th e Hebre w n a tion conqueror of th e h osts
of he l l 3 lord a n d gu a rdi a n of souls p a tron s a int a n d princ e of the
Ch urch M ilit a nt
b GA B R I EL ( G o d is my
gu a rdi a n of t h e Bl e ss e d
Virgin th e b e a r e r of import a n t mess a g e s th e a ngel of t h e A nn u m
th e preceptor of t h e p a tri a rch Joseph
c i a t ion
the ch i e f o f gu a rd i a n a ngels
0
R AP H A EL ( t h e m ed icin e of
t h e con ductor of t h e young T obi a s
T r a dition n a m e s four o t h er a rch a n gel s
C H AM U EL ( o n e wh o s e e s G od ) is b e l i e v e d by som e to b e
e
t he y
te d i n Ch r i sti a n A r t a s h ol d i n g i n h i s r i gh t h a n d a d r a w n
A n ot h e r t r a d it i on n a m e s t h e
sw or d a c r o s s h i s br e a st w ith a m e s o n h i s l e ft
th r e e l st m e n ti o n e d a r c h a n ge l s a s f oll o ws S e a l t i e l t h e P ra yi n g S pi ri t sa i d t o
h e t h e a n ge l w h o a p p e a r e d t o A ga r i n t h e wi l d e r n e s s w h o m A r t d e pi c ts w i t h f c e
a n d e ye s c a s t d o w n
a n d h i s h a d s c l a s p e d u p o n h i s b r e a st a s i f h e w e r e a p e n i
t e n t ; J e h u d i e l t h e R e m u n r a to r su pp o s e d t o b e t h e a n ge l w h o m G o d s e n t b fo e
t h e c h i l d re n f I sr a e l a n d wh o i n p i c t r e s h o l d s a g o l d n c r o wn i n h i s r i gh t h a n d
a n d a s c o u r e o f t h r e e b l a c k c o r d s i n h i s l e ft ; B a r a c h i e l t h e H e l e r s a i d t o b e
p
g
t h e a n g e l wh o s p o k e t o A b r a h a m
a n d wh o r e b u k e d S a r w h e n sh e l a u h e d a n d
g
wh o i s p a i n t e d w i th t h e l a p o f h i s c l o a k l l e d w i th w h i t e r os e s
1
Ur i e l i s
r e pr e s e n
16
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
IN
a rd i a n of t h e tr e e
a uty of G o d
J
O
P
H
I
EL
the
be
th
e
gu
of
(
f
knowledge a n d t h e one w ho drov e A d a m a n d E ve fro m the G a rden
o f E den th e prot e ctor of thos e wh o se e k truth the pr e c e ptor of the
sons of N o a h t h e en emy of a l l wh o p urs ue v a in knowledge
e ss of
A
h
Z
ADK
I
EL
t
righteou
sn
ccord
ing
to
som
e
e
9
(
from s a cri cing Is a a c ;
a uthorities h e st a y e d the h a n d of A br a h a m
b ut oth ers bel i e v e th a t this w a s done by M ich a el
Th e a ttributes of M i ch a e l a r e t h e s word a n d sc a les ; of G a bri e l
t h e l ily ; of R a ph a e l t h e st a ff a n d gou rd of the pilgri m ; of U riel
a rol l a n d book ; of C h a m uel a cu p a n d st a ff ; of Joph iel a a ming
sword 3 a n d of Z a dk iel t h e s a cri ci a l kn ife W hen r e presented merely
ch a r a cters they a r e i n
a s a rch a ngels a n d n ot i n their distin cti v e
com plet e a rmor h old ing their swords w it h p oints u p w a rds a n d
som e tim e s w ith trum p e ts
9 A N G E L s V a rio usly r e p r e s e nted a ccord ing to t h e p ur p os e for
wh ich th ey a r e sen t forth
T h e G ree k word for a ng e l sign i e s l it e ra lly a bring e r of tidings 3
th e refor e t h is t e rm though a ppl i e d to a ll h e a v e nly beings b e lo w t h e
Godh e a d belongs most prop e rly to a rch a ngels a n d a ngel s w ho a r e
brough t into com m uni c a tion w ith m a n k ind W h e n C hrist i s r e p
A ngel s
C heru b w h os e n a m e sign ies to kno w shou l d be bl u e
should a l w a ys b e young b e a utiful perfe ct b ut so repre s e nted a s to
s e e m im mort a l r a th er th a n et e rn a l S inc e they a r e cre a ted beings
I n e a rly a r t th ey were a l w a ys d ra ped ; a n d a lth ough a l l colors a r e
employed in th e dr a pery w h ite sh ould b e the pre v a iling one Win gs
the
on e
S e e t h e A n g e l s , o r B i sh o p s ,
R e v e l a ti o n s , o f S t J o h n
1
of
th e S e
ve n
Ch u rc h e s , i n t h e A po c a l y ps e ,
or
S Y M B OL I S M
IN
AR T
17
VI I I
S Y M B OL S O F
VI R
TH E
GI N
A mong t h e
18
S I ZI I B OL I S M
AR T
I N
S Y M B OL I S M
IN
19
AR T
infa nt J e sus T h e y a r e th o s e wh o h a v e r e fe rr e d e s p e ci a ll y t o
th e Inc a rn a tion T h e y a r e
M oses b e c a us e h e beh e ld t h e burn i n g bush
A a ron whos e rod blossom e d m ir a culou sly
G id e on w hos e e e c e wa s we t with d e w wh e n i t wa s dr y a ll a r o und
D a ni e l (D a n i i
D a vid both proph e t a n d a nc e stor
Is a i a h wh o proph e si e d th a t a v irgi n sh o u l d c on c e iv e a n d b e a r a s o n
E z e ki e l (E z e k x l i v
F r e qu e ntly t h e gur e s of th e s e p roph e ts a r e o mitt e d a n d symbols
o f th e m i ntroduced a s t h e burn ing bush for M os e s t h e d e wy e e c e
for G ideon t h e rod for A a ron e t c
C e rta in wom e n too a r e r e ga rd e d a s typ e s of M a ry a n d a r e o ft e n
s e a t e d a t h e r feet or oth e r wis e re p r e sent e d n e a r h e r a s
J udith a n d E sth e r wh o we r e e mbl e m s of t h e Virgin i n h a ving
brough t d e l i v e ra n ce to Isr a el
R uth bec a us e sh e wa s th e a nc e stre ss o f D a vid
B a thsh e b a b e c a us e sh e s a t on t h e right h a nd of h e r s o n
d the
'
20
S Y AI B OL I S M
AR T
I N
I a m t h e ros e of S h a ron a n d t h e l i l y o f t h e v a ll ey
T H E LILY
C
a nt i i
(
T H E R O S E i s o n e e mb l e m o f l ov e a n d b e a uty a n d e s p e ci a ll y d e d i
A pl a nt a tion or ga rd e n of ros e s is o ft e n r e p re s e nt e d
c a t e d to M a ry
T H E E N C L O S E D G ARD EN (C a nt i v
W h e n sh e
T H E S T A R i s often e mbroi d e r e d on h er v e i l or m a nt l e
h a s a cro wn o f t we l v e st a rs i t i s illu stra ti v e o f th e descript ion in
t h e R e vel a tion
S h e i s a lso c a lled S tell a
M a ris th e S ta r of the S e a 3 S tell a J a cobi
t h e S t a r of J a cob ; S tell a non E r r a tic a
th e F ix e d S t a r 3 a n d S t e l l a M a t utin a t h e
M orn ing S t a r
T H E S U N A N D M OO N r e fer to h e r a s
t h e wom a n o f t h e
A poc a lyps e
A
wom a n cloth e d w ith t h e s un h a ving th e
m oon und e r h e r fe e t a n d on h e r h e a d
a crown of t we l v e st a rs
T H E S T E M O F J E S S E i s r e p resented a s a
gr e e n bra n ch t win e d wi th o we r s (I s a
xi
T H E P OR T A C L AU S A o r C l os e d G a t e
zek
xl
i
v
E
(
T H E W ELL F OU N T A I N C IT Y o r D A
V I D T E MP LE O F S O L OMO N A N D T O W E R
O F D AV I D a r e a l l sy mbols borro we d
from t h e C a ntic l e s
T H E O L I V E T HE C Y PR E SS A N D T H E
P A L M a r e a ll embl ems of t h e Virgin T h e
rst sign ies p e a c e h o pe a n d a bun
d a nce 3 t h e s e con d p oin ts to h e a v e n a n d
t h e th i r d s p e a k s o f vict o ry
T e t a m or ph
TH E
I N
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
IX
S Y M B OL S
OF T H E E VA N GE L I S T S
W h e n t h e E v a ng e lists a r e r e p r e s e nt e d tog e th e r it is i n th e ir ch a r
u pon wh os e t e st i mony the t r u th of C hristi a nity
a cter of w itnesses
rests 3 w hen th e y a r e singl e th e y a r e usu a lly pre s e nt e d a s t e a ch e rs o r
p a trons The e a rl iest sym
bol of the E v a nge l ists wa s
a Gre e k cross w ith a scroll
or book i n e a ch a ngl e
e mblems o f th e writers o f
T he s e c
t h e four G osp e ls
ond symbo l wa s th at of t h e
four ri vers w hich ris e i n
(M i ) S t M k
P a r a dise
S om etimes th e
S a viour w ith a l a mb or th e symbol i c A gnu s D e i wa s repr e s e nt e d on
an e m in ence w it h t h e fo ur stre a m s symbol izing t h e E v a ngeli s t s
owing from b e n e a th hi m T h e ir next
Symbol wa s th e fo u r e ry cr e a t u res o f
E zek i el s vis ion (E zek i
T h e se
w e r e interpre t ed by t h e Jews a s r e p
r e senting th e a rch a n gels 3 a lso th e
prophets Is a i a h J e remi a h E zek iel
a n d D a ni e l ; b ut t h e e a rly Christi a ns
expl a ined th e m a s e mbl e ms of t h e
St M k
E v a ngelists
T h e fou r be a st s of t h e A p oc a l yps e r e ce i v e d t h e sa m e e xpl a n a
,
osa c
ar
ar
22
S YM B OL I S M
IN
AR T
had
the
b e co m e
distincti v e
J e rome ex p l a ins t h e i n di vi
d u a l a p p l ic a tion o f th e s e symbols
th us
I T h e C h e r ub wh ich most r e
e mbl e s a h u m a n b e in g wa s gi ven
s
>
2
to S t M a tth e w b e ca us e he spe a ks
m ore o f the h u m a n than o f t h e
d i vin e n a tur e o f o u r S a vio ur
2 T h e Lion sym bol iz e s S t M a rk
(M s i 5 t h C t y ) S t L k
for thre e re a son s
a
H e comm e nc e s h is e p i stl e w ith the m ission of S t J ohn t h e
O thers re g a rd e d th e s e b e a sts a s sh a d
o wing forth t h e Inc a rn a tion P a ssion R e s u r
r e ction a n d A scension o f J esus ; a n d th e y
a r e a l so bel ie ved to repr e s e nt th e fo urfo l d
ch
king
h
igh
a r a cter of Christ
a s m an
St L k
(M i A D
p riest a n d God
T h e se sy m bo li c c re a t ur e s w er e a l wa y s r e p re s e nt e d a s win ge d Th e
St
en
o a c,
ur
e.
osa c ,
en
ur
osa c ,
u e
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
IN
23
J a m e son s a ys : I t w ill b e i n
t e r e s t i n g to p a us e for a moment a n d t a k e a r a p id re t ros p ectiv e
v ie w of t h e progress from rst to l a st i n the e xpression of a n id e a
through form F irs t w e h a v e t h e m e re fa ct t h e fou r scrolls o r
t h e four boo k s
N e xt th e id e a
t h e four ri v e rs of s a l v a tion ow ing
f ro m on high to fe rtiliz e t h e w hol e e a rth
T h irdly t h e pro p h e ti c
t h e winged ch e ru b o f fo urfo l d a s p e ct
symbol
N e xt t h e Christi a n
c o.
ra
co
24
S Y M B OL I S M
IN
AR T
S Y M B O L S O F T H E A P O S T L ES
ea
S a c re d
and
L e ge n d a ry A rt
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
25
ra
c o.
26
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
t r a t i on
XI
S Y M B OL S
OF
T H E M O N A S TI C O R D E R S
'
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
27
Th e O r d e r
of
S t F ra n c i s
.
28
S Y AI B OL I S M
I N
AR T
T H E S CO U R GE
an
S Y M B OL I S M
I N
AR T
29
C A RT H U S I A N S found e d by S t Bru n o ;
T H E C I S T E R CI A N S founded by S t Bern a rd of C l a irv a ux ;
T H E O L I V E T A N I found e d by S t B e rn a rdo P t o l o m e i 3
T H E C L U N I A CS found e d by S t Peter of Clu gny ;
a n d some oth e r l e ss i m p ort a nt br a nch e s w h i ch are gov e rn e d by t h e
R ul e of S t B e ned ict
T h e color of the h a bit i s n o t e sp e ci a lly d e t e rm in e d in t h e B e n e
d ietine R ul e
In th e e a rly picture s of S t B e n e dict h e we a rs bl a ck ;
b ut i n som e p ictures p a int e d for t h e refor m e d Ben e dictin e s h e is i n
a w h it e h a bit
T h e bl a ck h a b it i s gi v e n to S t S chol a stic a a n d t h e
p upils o f S t Ben e di ct S t M a urus a n d S t Pl a cid a s a n d to S t
F l a vi a ; a lso to S t Bonifa c e the A post l e of Ge rm a ny ; S t B e nn e tt
Bishop of D urh a m 3 S t B en e dict of A n i a n ; S t D unst a n of C a nt e r
b ury 3 S t Wa lpurg i s of E ichst a dt ; S t G iles of L a ngu e doc ; S t Ild e
fo u s e of T ol e do ; S t B a von of G h e nt ; a n d to ne a rly a l l B e n e di ctin e s
wh o l iv e d b e for e t h e y e a r 1 020
T H E C AMA L DO LE S I a n d th e ir fo und e r w e a r wh it e
T H E V A L L O M B R OS I A N S gra y or a sh color
T H E CL UN I A c s bl a ck
T H E C I S T E R CI A N S w h it e
T h e ir h a bit is l ong a n d l oo s e w ith v e ry
wid e s l e ev e s
T H E C AR T H U S I A N S w h i t e
T H E O L I V E T A N I w h it e
These ord e rs furnished t h e e a r l i e st a rtists a n d a rch it e cts of E ur op e
T h e monastery of M ont e C a ssino wa s found e d by S t B e n e dict
Its
ch urch a n d cloist e rs cont a in m a ny works of a r t a n d a mong the m
th e st a tu e s i n m a rbl e of t h e m ost note d m emb e rs a n d b e n e fa ctors
of t h e comm u n ity Th e c a v e a t S ub i a co t h e S a cro S p e co i s of gr e a t
int e r e st a n d p a i nted w ith v e ry a n ci e nt frescos T h ey w ere don e
i n 1 2 1 9 a n d a r e i mport a nt in t h e h istory of a r t A mong th e n e st
ed ices of the B e n e dictin e s m a y be m e ntioned t h e B a silic a of S a n
P a ol o (fuori l e m ura ) at R om e S a n S everino at N a pl e s S a n G iustin a
a t Pa d ua
t h e mon a stery of B a mb e rg i n G e rm a ny S t M a u r M a r
moutier a n d F o n t e vr a u l d i n F ra n c e F or t h e ir con vent a t Pi a c e n z a
t h e M a donn a d i S a n S isto wa s p a i n t e d ; for th a t a t Gr e t t a F err a t a
t h e l ife of S t N ilu s by Domen ich ino ; at S a n S everin o the l ife of
F o r t h e Va l l o m h r o si a n s
S t Benedi ct by A nton i o 10 Z ing a ro
P erugino p a inted the A ssum p tion
T a dd e o G a ddi p a int e d m a n y
TH E
30
S Y M B OL I S M
p ictur e s for
IN
AR T
the
'
TH E A
o rd e rs re v e r e nc e
T h e se
p a tri a rch
U G U S T IN E S
of H i ppo
S t A ug usti n e
.
as
t h e ir
ge n e ra l
fo und e r T h e y e mbr a c e
T H E S E RV I fo und e d by S t Ph ilip B e n i z i 3
T H E O RD E R O F M E R C Y foun d e d by S t P e t e r N ol a s c o ;
1
T H E B R I G ITTI N E S fo unded by S t Bridget o f S weden
T h e A ugustin i a ns r e v e r e nc e S t Joseph th e h usb a n d of t h e Virgin
M a ry a s th e ir p a tri a rch a n d p a tron s a int T h e h a bit of t h e A ngus
t i n i a n s is bl a c k
S t A ugu stin e a n d h i s moth e r S t M on ic a a r e t h e
p rin cip a l person a ges i n t h e picture s of t h e ord e r S t Joseph a n d a l l
t h e e v e nts of h is life a r e a lso fa vorit e subj ects ; a n d th e e a rliest m a r
tyrs a n d bishops th ough common to a l l orders a r e e speci a lly h onore d
by t h e A u gustini a ns T h e pri miti v e h e rm its S t A nthony a n d S t
P a ul a l so re ceiv e m u ch v e n e ra tion ; b ut th e ir ch i e f s a i nt is N ich o l a s
o f T olentino
T h e most i m p o r t a nt ch urch e s of t h e A gostin i in I t a l y
a r e t h e S a nt A gostino a t P a vi a w h i ch con t a ins t h e m a gn i c e nt shrin e
o f th e ir found e r wh ich h a s i n a l l t wo h undr e d a n d n in e ty gur e s
work e d in m a rbl e
T h e prin ci p a l e vents of t h e l ife o f S t A u gustin e
an
1
of
S om
th e R
th e r
u e , of
o r d e rs
of m
S t A ug usti n e
.
en
.
an
w om
en
fo ll o w t h e R
u e , or a
m od
i ca ti o n
AR T
IN
S Y M B OL I S M
31
TH E F R
A N oI se A N s .
F ra ncis a t th e ir h e a d th is o r d e r e mb ra c e s
T H E C APU C H I N S 3
T H E O B S E RVA N T S 3
T H E C O N V EN T UA L S a n d
T H E M I N I M ES
W ith
St
'
32
S YM B OL I S M
IN
AR T
St
TH E
T he se
D OM I N IC A N S
c a l l e d t h e Pr e a ch i n g F ri a rs a n d h a v e S t Domin ic k a t
t h eir h e a d
T hey w e a r a w h it e wooll e n h a bit fa st e n e d w ith a w hit e
girdle ; ov e r th is a w h it e sc a pul a r w h i ch h a ngs to t h e feet from t h e
n eck both before a n d b e h ind l ik e a long a pron ; over a l l a bl a c k
clo a k w ith a h ood T h e sc a p ul a r of t h e l a y brothers i s bl a ck
T h e D om in ic a ns a l w a ys w e a r shoes
T h e ir tra dition s t e a ch th a t
th i s h a bi t w a s a dop t e d i n a ccord a nce with t h e d ire ction s o f t h e
Bless e d Virgin T h e w h ite symbol iz e s puri ty ; the bl a c k m o r t i c a
tion a n d pen a nce
T h ei r four prin ci p a l s a ints a r e S t D om in ick
S t Peter M a rtyr ; S t T hom a s A qu in a s t h e A ng e l ic Doctor ; a n d
S t C a therin e of S ien a
T he Dom in ic a ns h a v e e mbra c e d som e of t h e
m ost s p l endid a rtists a n d p a tr o ns of a r t
T h e shrin e o f S t D o m in ic k
a re
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
I N
33
TH E
C ARM EL IT E S
34
S Y AI B OL I S M
TH E
T hes e
IN
AR T
J E R O N Y M I T ES
a
a l l belong to t h is ord e r w hich is r e m a r k a b l e for the m a
It ly
g
n i c e n c e of its e dic e s
.
TH E
T he
J ES UI T S
mb e rs of th i s order a r e n ot e a si l y di st ingu i sh ed i n a r t
T hey we a r the bl a ck frock b utton ed to t h e ch in w h ich is so u nfa vor
a bl e for a p ictur e th a t th e y a r e oft e n re p resent e d in the pri estly vest
m e n ts a s i n t h e c a se o f S t Ign a ti u s Loyol a a n d S t F ra ncis Xa vi er ;
or in c a ssoc k a n d surpl i ce a s i n t he c a se of S t A loysi us a n d S t
S t a n is l a u s Ko s tk a
I f the h e a d i s cover e d it is by a sq u a re bl a c k
ca
T
h e Jesuits d id n ot a ppe a r to v a l ue a r t a s h i g hly a s m a ny o f
p
th e o ld e r orders T hey l a v ish ed l a rg e su ms of m oney on their
ch urches ; b u t i t w a s spent i n brill i a n t d ecor a tions of gold a n d
S il ver r a re m a rbl es a n d even j e wels ra ther th an i n pictures a n d
st a tu es ; a n d yet th ey w ere ( a fter som e roy a l p e rson a ges ) th e ch ief
p a tron s of R ubens a n d V a n Dyc k w h o decora t e d t h e splend id ch urch
of their order a t A ntw e rp
m
XI I
VOT I V E
P I CT UR E S , A N A CH R O N I S M S ,
ETC
a re
AR T
IN
S Y M B OL I S I I I
35
t
e
e
a
e
e
e
surround
d
by
thos
who
l
ived
ith
r
c
nturi
s
b
for
or
f
er h er
e
e
e
is
self I t m ust be borne in m ind th a t s uch pi ctur e s were not i ntended
to represent physic a l fa cts b ut a r e d e votion a l i n their ch a r a cter a n d
m e a n ing A n d if t h e person s represented a r e not l iving they kno w
no more of ti me 3 for th e m i t no l ong e r e x ists a n d th a t w hi ch a t a
c a reless gl a n ce a pp e a rs to b e th e result of ignor a nce or b a d t a ste i s
but
a
singl
e
spect
th a t is in its rel a tion to Chri st a n d h is
n
a
i
Ch urch A l l thos e w ho preceded h i m foresh a do wed h i m a n d pr o p h e
sied of hi s com ing T herefore these G reeks som etim e s be a r scrolls
inscribed w ith senten ces from t h e ir writings w h ich a r e interpreted
I n th e ex a min a tion of l a rge n umbers of
a s rel a ting to th e S a vio ur
rel igio us pi ctures ch ronology shoul d be e ntirel y fo rg ott en for tim e
wa s not though t of in their a rr a ngem e nt a n d m a ny other c o n s i d
C ert a i n
e r a t i o n s d e term ined th e a rtist i n h i s a ssoci a tion of persons
s a ints a r e brought together bec a us e th e y a r e j oint p a tron s of t h e
pl a ce for w h i c h they w ere p a inted a s i n t h e V en e ti a n picture s of
A ga in th ey a r e con
S t M a rk S t G eorg e a n d S t C a th e rin e
n e c t e d by the s a m e a t t ributes or si mil a r ev e nts i n their li v e s a s is
t h e c a se wi th S t R och a n d S t S e b a s t i a n
th e rst h a ving tended
the sick wh o su ff ered fro m th e pl a gue a n d t h e l a st being a pro
t ector a g a inst it
Or th ey w e re fri e nds on e a rth a s S t Cypri a n
a n d S t Cornel ius ; or they rest tog e th er i n de a th a s S t
S tephen a n d
S t L a u rence
S ome of th ese or other like re a sons w h ich were good
a n d su fcient to th e m inds of a rtists a n d their p a trons a l wa ys ex
pl a ined t h e a pp a r e nt i nconsistencies of these pictures a n d w ere per
f e c t l y understood i n t h e a g e to wh ich th e y b e longed
A ga in som e
s a ints a r e so m uch more frequ e ntly represented th a n others as to
T h is m a y b e e x p l a in e d in p a rt by
occ a sion surpris e a n d r e m a rk
.
36
S Y M B OL I S M
AR T
I N
B a d ge
of
th e
Od
r e r of
Me rc y
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
AND
W H I C H H A V E B E E N I LL U S T R
St
A bb o n d i o wa s
ATED I N
AR T
born a t T h e ss a l on i c a H e wa s t h e fourt h
tim e of L e e I H e is r e pre s e nted in th e
is th e a postl e a n d p a tron s a int of th a t p or
.
Bish op of Como in t h e
c a th e dr a l of Como a n d
t ion of It a ly
The a pocryph a l gosp e l s p o k e n of by E n s e
A h ga r u s K i n g
T hi s
A n a n i a s h is F ootm a n to J e rus a lem inv iting H i m to E d e ss a
lett e r op e n s w ith gr e etings to the S a v io ur a n d goes on to urge h i m
to go to E dess a to cur e th e k ing of a s e rious dis e a s e
I t a dds :
38
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
I L L US TR A TE
IN
AR T
39
M ay 1 2
d e l a i d e or A l i c e o f G e r m a n y wa s t h e d a ught e r o f
H e r fa ther d ied wh en s h e w a s si x y e a rs o l d
R a lp h I I of B urgundy
H e r h usb a nd
a n d a t sixt e e n sh e m a rri e d Loth a ire K ing of I t a ly
d id not l i ve l ong ; a n d a ft e r h is d e a t h A d e l a id e wa s im prison e d a t
S h e a t l e ngth e sc a p e d a n d e d to wa rds
P a vi a by B e r e n ga r i u s I I I
S h e was m e t by t h e E m p e ror Otho I wh o w as m a rch ing
Germ a ny
w ith h is a rmy to rel e a s e h er Oth o m a d e a tr e a ty w ith B e r e n ga r i u s
a n d m a rried A l ice
But t h e tre a ty wa s soon bro k e n wh en Otho s e nt
B e r e n ga r i u s a prisoner t o Ge rm a ny a n d h e h i mself wa s cro wn e d
emp e ror a t R om e A d e l a id e m a d e u se of h e r r a nk an d pow e r to do
good a n d e d uca t e d h er son Otho I I w ith c a re fuln e ss T h e e mperor
d ied a fter a r e ign of th irt y six y e a rs ; a n d h is son suff er e d h i mself t o
b e inuenc e d by evi l a dvis e rs a n d e speci a lly by h is s e cond w ife
T h e oph a ni a so th a t h e b a nishe d hi s good mother from th e court
B u t being ov e rt a ken by m isfortun e h e rec a lled h er a n d a ttempt e d
to a ton e for his w icked cruelty H e died a ft e r a reig n of n ine y e a rs
a n d h is w i fe
so long a s sh e l iv e d i n sulted S t A del a ide by t h e most
disres pe ctful tre a t m e nt 3 b u t she soon d i e d a lso a n d A del a id e bec a me
regent F rom thi s ti m e s h e d e voted h e rself to good work s a n d bu ilt
m any r e l igiou s e dic e s
T h e p e ople wh o l ov e d h e r w ere gu ided by
h e r into v irtu e a n d p i e ty
S h e d i e d a t S a l o is wh e n on a j ourn e y
St
40
L E GE N
p a rt of
b e r 1 6,
re l ics
he r
9 99
DS
A ND
S T OR I E S
p re s e rv e d in
a re
shrin e i n H a nov e r
D e ce m
d e l a i d e w a s t h e w ife of S t L u po a n d t h e m oth e r of S t
G r a t a w ho together w ith S t A l e x a nder the m a rtyr a r e s a ints b e
l onging e s p e ci a lly to Berg a mo t h e l a st two b e ing the p a tron sa ints
of t h a t city S t G ra t a a ft e r t h e d e a th of h e r h u sb a n d beca m e a
C hristi a n a n d convert e d h e r fa th e r wh o w a s D u k e of B e rga mo a n d
T hrough th e in u e n ce
h e r moth e r S t A del a id e to t h e s a m e fa ith
o f S t Gra t a S t
L u p o fo und e d th e c a th edra l at B e rg a mo A f ter t h e
d e a th of h er p a r e nts G ra t a govern e d Berg a mo a n d found e d t hre e
ch urch e s a n d a hospit a l w h e re s h e h e rself m in istered to the si ck
S t A l e x a nd e r wa s a so l di e r of t h e T heb a n L e gion a n d wa s beh e a d ed
outsid e B e rga mo Gra t a wra pp e d th e h e a d i n a n a pk in a n d g a v e
honora bl e b uri a l to t h e r e m a ins S t A del a id e is repres e nt e d w ith a
cro wn a n d a long v e il S t L upo w ith a roy a l crown S t A l e x a nd e r
a s a R oman wa rrior w ith a p a l m a n d S t G ra t a a s c a rrying t h e h e a d
o f A l e x a nd e r
Ay
A Sp t a vo s 3 L a t S A dri a nn e ; F r
S t A d r i a n ( Gr
St
A dri e n 3 I t a l S a nt A dri a no) w a s a m il it a ry s a int a n d for a g e s wa s
consid e r e d n e xt to S t G eorg e in N orthern E urop e I n the N orth
o f F r a nc e
F l a nd e rs a n d Ge rm a ny h e wa s the p a tron s a int of sol
d i e rs a n d p r o t e ctor a g a in st the pl a u e H e is a l so th e p a tron o f
F l e mish br e we rs H e w a s a nobl e R om a n son o f P rob us A t t h e
ti m e of th e tent h p e rs e cution of t h e C hri sti a ns a t N i c o m e d i a a city
of B ithyni a (A D
h e s e rv e d i n t h e gu a rd s of th e E m peror
G a l e r i u s M a xi m i a n
H e wa s l e ss th a n th i rty y e a rs old a n d w a s
m a rri e d to N a t a li a wh o w a s a C hristi a n s e cre tly S h e w as e xce e d
i n gly v irt uous a n d b e a utiful
T h e i mp e ri a l ed ict wa s torn down by
S t G e orge w h ich so infu ri a ted t h e e m p eror th a t th irt y four C hri s
ti a ns w e re s e ntenc e d to t h e torture at o n e time I t fel l by lot to
A dri a n to sup e ri ntend t h e e x e cu tion of t h e s e nt e nc e
W h e n h e sa w
t h e m a nn e r in w h ich t h e C hristi a ns su ff er e d for th e ir fa ith h e wa s
suddenly converte d a n d s e a ting h i msel f i n th e ir m idst e xcl a im e d
He
Consid e r m e a lso a s o n e of ye 3 for I too w il l b e a C hristi a n
wa s i mm e di a t e ly im prison e d
N a t a l i a h e a ring th is wa s fu l l of j oy
a n d going to h i m encou ra ged h i m to su ff er for C hrist
A dri an wa s
soon condemned to d ie ; a n d t h e n igh t before h is execu tion b e bri be d
h is j a i l e r to pe rm it h i m t o visit N a t a l i a S h e h e a ring th a t h e r
St A
'
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
41
42
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
r e pl i e d
It i s tru e I a m u n worth y to be a r th e n a m e of Christi a n ;
n e verth e l e ss H e w ho di d not rej ect M a ry M a gd a l ene w hen sh e
w a sh ed h is feet w ith h e r t e a rs w ill not rej ect me
S h e wa s b urn ed
a li ve ; a n d a s sh e pr a y e d i n th e m idst of t h e re a ngel s bore h er
spirit to h e a v e n S hortly a ft e r h e r moth e r a n d the thre e m a idens
w e r e e x e cuted for th e ir fa ith a n d s u ffe red w it h const a ncy A ugust 5
A D 3 04
S t A f r a p a tron e ss o f Br e sci a is su p po sed to h a v e be e n o f
n oble fa mily
S h e w a s con verte d by th e work s of S a n F a usti no
a n d S a n G iov it a
a n d su ff ered m a r t yrdom
F
ustin
us
a n d Jo vit a
a
(
)
w ith Ca l o c e r u s
T h e ch urch ded ic a t e d to h e r is o n e of t h e n e st
orn a ments of Bre sci a
A
a th e 3 I t a l S a nt a
g
S t A ga th a
L
a t S a nct a A ga th a 3 F r
t
e
S
(
A g a t a 3 Ge r D i e Heilige A ga th a ) v i rgin a n d m a rtyr 3 p a tron ess of
M a lt a a n d C a t a ni a a lso protectress a ga i n st re a n d a l l d ise a ses of
t h e br e a st
Th e E mperor Deci us stra ngled h is predecessor Ph ili p 3
a n d desiri n g to m a k e
i t a ppe a r th a t h e d id th is b e c a u se Ph il ip
w a s a Christi a n a n d n o t for h is own a d v a ncement b e instituted
gre a t pers e cutions of th e C hristi a ns through out h i s em pire
He
m a d e Qu i n t ia n u s k ing of S icily H ere a t C a t a n i a d wel t A ga th a
a m a id e n of gre a t be a uty w h o m
Qu i n t i a n u s tem pted w ith p resents
a ttery a n d prom is e s w ith out success H e th en g a ve h er to F ron
d i s i a w ho w a s a cou rtes a n w i th n ine d a ught e r s a l l a s w icked a s
po ssibl e a n d promised h er gre a t rich es i f s h e wo uld s ubd u e A ga th a
to h i s w ishes F r o n d is i a a ttempted t o inu e nc e A ga th a by e very
m e a ns i n h e r p o we r fo r th irty thre e d a ys ; b ut s h e r e m a ined xed
ca me
to he r
I L L US T R A T E
p urity
her
I N
AR T
43
F r on d i s i a s a id to Qu i n t i a n u s
S o on e r sh a ll that sword a t thy side
b e com e l ike liqu i d le a d a n d th e rocks d issol ve a n d o w l ik e w a ter
th a n the h e a rt of th is d a msel be subdued to thy w ill
T he n Q uin
t i a n u s i n fury com m a nd e d h er to b e brought a n d a tt e mpt e d t o
m ove h e r by thre a ts ;
but she s a id
I f tho u shouldst thro w me
to th e w ild be a sts th e po wer of Christ would r e nder th em we a k
a s l a mbs ; i f tho u sho uldst k in dl e a r e to consu me m e
the a n gels
would qu e nch i t w ith th eir d e ws from h e a ven ; i f t ho u shou ldst
te a r me w ith scourges th e Holy S pirit w ith in m e w ould render
Th en t h e tyra nt ord e red her to be b e a ten
t h y t ortures h a rmless
A fter th a t sh e w a s thrown
a n d h e r bosom to b e torn w i th she a rs
into a d a rk dungeon A t m idnight there c a m e a n aged m a n be a ring
a v a s e of ointment a n d a yo uth w it h a torch
I t wa s S t Pet e r
and a n a nge l b ut A gath a d id not k no w th e m 3 a n d t h e l ight w hic h
lled t h e d unge on so frightened th e gu a rds tha t they e d l e a v ing
B ut s h e replied
G o d forbid th a t I sh ould y from my crown o f
m a rtyrdom a n d b e th e occ a s ion that my k e e p e rs sho uld su ff er
wound s
Wh o h a t h h e a l ed th e e ? a sked h e ; sh e r epl ied He
w hom I confess a n d adore w ith m y h eart a n d w ith m y lips h a t h
sent hi s a postle a n d he a led m e a n d deli vere d m e
T hen Q ui n
t i a n u s ordered h er to be b urned ; and a s sh e w a s thrown i n t h e
re a gre a t e a rt hqu a k e shook t h e city a n d th e people r a n to t h e
p a l a ce crying
T hi s has f a ll e n u pon us b e c a use of t h e su ff erings
an
d he r
44
DS
L E GE N
AN D
S T OR I E S
T h is youth i s sic k
a l most u nto d e a th
T h e n t h e physic i a ns s a id
of unre qu ited love a n d ou r a r t c a n a v a il noth ing
W hen th e pre
fe e t qu estioned h i s son h e told h is fa th e r of h is l ov e for A gn e s a n d
that u nl e ss sh e would b e h is w i fe h e m u st d ie T h e n S e m proni u s
b egged o f A gnes a n d h er p a re nts th a t s h e should m a rry h is son ; b ut
sh e replied a s before th a t s h e p referr e d h e r b e troth e d to th e son of
the pre fect W hen h e h a d i nq uired h e r me a n ing a n d found th a t s h e
w a s a Christi a n h e w a s gl a d 3 for there wa s a n ed ict a g a inst the Chris
ti a ns a n d he fel t she wa s i n his power H e th e n told her th a t s i n c e
s h e wo uld h a v e no e a rt hly h u sb a nd s h e m ust becom e a V e sta l V i r gi n
the
'
IL L US T R A
T ED I N
AR T
45
46
EGEND S
S TOR IE S
AN D
48
EGEND S
S T OR IES
A N D
said
Wh ere shall we seek hi m ?
A nd the an swer was
I n th e
h ouse of E uph em ian the patrician
S o th ey all went instan t l y an d
E uphem ian led t h e wa y ; and as h e cam e n ear h om e t h ey told h i m
t hat the beggar h ad d ied an d th ey ha d laid h i m on th e s t eps before
the door Wh en he un co v ered the face it was as the face of an angel
and a great glory o f l igh t sh o n e from i t Then h e said Th is i s t h e
ser v a n t o f Go d of w h om th e v o ice spok e j ust
An d the pope
took th e letter fro m t h e d ea d han d of Alex is an d read i t alo ud
The father was o v erwhel med w ith grief T h e w ife and th e m oth er
rushed o u t and thre w themsel v es on the dead body S even d ays th ey
watched beside i t and many sick and i nrm were h ealed b y to uch ing
the h oly remains of Alex is He is th e patron of p ilgri m s and beg
gars an d on th e spot where stood h is fa t her s h o use is n o w th e
ch urch of S t Alexis Th e marble steps beneath wh ich h e l ived and
d ied are preserved i n th e ch urch ; and a statue of t h e saint i n th e
dress of a pilgri m w i t h a staff beside h im an d a letter i n h is hand
is ex t ended beneat h t hem C ard inal Wiseman wrote a charm ing
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
49
"
'
50
E GE ND S
S T OR IES
AN D
"
IL L US T R A
IN
TE D
A R T
51
ge
l u s , th e Carmel ite
Ga
M a y 5 , A D 1 2 25
.
St
or A n n i a n u s
I n th e Acts of S t M ark we are
told that thi s saint was a shoemaker whom S t M ark healed whe n
h e rst entered the city of Alexandria H e becam e so zealous a
convert an d learned so ra p i dly tha t S t M ark m ade h i m bish op
during h is absence He go v erned t he ch urch at Alexandria fo ur
years wi t h S t M ark and eighteen years aft er h is dea t h There was
a church i n that ci t y ded icate d to hi m April 2 5 A D 8 6
S t A n n a th e m other of th e Blessed V irgin wh ose name sigu i
words :
E very one that hath forsaken ho uses or bre t hren or
sisters or fa t h er, or m oth er or w ife or ch ildren or lands for my
name s sak e shall recei v e a h undred fold , a n d shall inh eri t e ver
A
ia n us,
52
E GE ND S
S T OR IES
AND
cried o ut
O L ord J esus Christ ! w h ere wert th o u i n th ose m o
m en t s of ang u ish ?
An d Christ sai d gently Anthony I wa s h ere
b eside t h ee and rej oiced to see thee contend and overcom e B e of
good heart 3 for I will m ake thy nam e famous t hrough all the world
Then h e resol ved to go even farther i nto the desert As h e trav
c l l e d h e saw h ea p s of gold an d sil ver but h e knew they were t h e
tem p t ati ons of S atan ; an d wh en h e looked away t h ey disap p e a red
i n t he air H e was n ow th ir ty ve years old , w h en h e sh ut hi msel f
i n a cav ern for twenty years and s a w n o one neith er w as h e seen
of any ; b ut wh en h e cam e forth all could see th at he h ad bee n
m iraculo usly s u stained for h e wa s n o t waste d or changed ex cept
,
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
53
sai d to h i m i n a v is ion
There is one holier than tho u art, for Paul
the herm it has served Go d i n sol itude and penance for nine ty years
S o he resol ved to seek Paul ; an d as he j ourneyed he m et a centa ur
w h o poi nted t h e way to h i m 3 and agai n a satyr wh o besought h i m
to pray for h i m and h is people T h e th ird day h e came to t he ca v e
of P aul At rst Paul woul d not receive h i m 3 b ut at leng t h m o v ed
by h is p rayers and tears h e adm i t ted h im Then t h ey held com
m union together 3 and as th ey sat a rave n brought them a loaf of
the earth
T hen Anthony wond ered for the gift of the cloak w a s
unknown to all B u t h e ki ssed Paul an d hastened to bring th e
c l oak 3 for h e feare d h e sh ould not reach h i m agai n before h is death
R eturning when h e was about three hours from h is ca v e h e heard
heavenly m usi c an d looking u p s a w th e s p irit of Paul , as a star
borne b y pro p h ets apostles an d angels to hea v en Then Anthony
lamented an d went w ith haste to th e cave where Paul was dead
i n th e a tt itude of p rayer T hen h e we p t o ver h i m and recited the
o fce for th e dead and h e though t how h e could bury h im for h e
h ad not s t rengt h to dig a grave T hen cam e two l ions across th e
d esert roaring as if i n sym p athy an d w ith their paws they dug a
grave i n wh ich A nthony laid Paul wrapped in th e cloak of A t ha
n a siu s
When h e had return ed to th e con vent he told all these
thi ngs whi ch w ere belie v ed by th e w hole Church an d Paul was
ca n on ize d F ourteen years after A n t hony being one h u n dred and
.
54
E GEND S
S T OR IE S
AND
i
old m eagre half clo t hed n pal m leaves h is hair long and w h i te
sea t ed o n a rock i n m ed itation an d a pal m tree n ear h im S t
An thony Jan uary 1 7 A D 3 5 7
S t A n t o n i o Archbishop of F lorence was a native o f F l orence
H e was born about 1 38 4
H is though t fuln ess and stud io usn ess
caused h is frie n ds to regard h i m as tted for a rel igio us l ife H e
wen t to F iesole a n d ask ed ad m iss i on t o t he D om in ican C on vent at
ft een Th e prior aft er talking w i t h h im told h i m that wh en h e
h ad learned perfectly t h e Book of D ecrees h e would recei ve h i m
T h i s h e d id i n on e year and then was sen t to C orton a to pass h is
n ovi t iate i n study
He took h is v ows at F iesole an d t h ere formed a
tender at t achm e n t to th e wonderful pain ter m onk F r a G iovanni
called 1 1 Beato a n d Angel ico I t i s bel ieve d that t h e great l earning
of An t onio was of ad vantage to the h eavenly m in d of Angel i co a n d
tha t their com m un ion was n ot w i t hout i t s effects u pon th e la tt er s
pic t ures
The Archbisho p of F lorence dying the p ope w ish ed t o
give th e o f ce to Angel ico ; b ut h e begged that An t on io sh ould
h ave i t i ns t ead wh ich t h e p o p e granted Thi s grea t ly pl eas ed t h e
F loren t ines as h e was n ot only m uch belo v ed but a nati ve of t h ei r
city
He died at t h e age of se v en ty th i rteen years aft er h e wa s
m ade arch b isho p d uring wh i ch t i me h e wa s d is t inguish ed for h is
w isdo m and h ol iness
He is al ways represented as an archbish op
and wears the palli u m o v er the habit of th e D o m i n ica n s M ay 1 0
,
l 4 61
IL L US T R A T E D IN
St
of
L
at
(
P a dua
AR T
55
Anton i us Thaumaturgus ;
I t a l S an t An t onio d i Padova I l S anto ; Sp S a n A n ton io de Pad u a
S o l brillan t e de la I glesia Gloria de Portugal
T h is sain t was
a Portuguese by bir t h H e became a F ranc iscan and stands i n
t hat order n ext to i t s founder
Aft er the martyrdom of th e rst
m issionaries i n M orocco A ntony determ ined to h e h i mself a m is
si on a r
and
martyr
and
w
ent
to
con
v
ert
t
he
M
oors
B
ut
h
e
was
y
seized w i t h an illness that compelled h im to return to E urope He
w as drive n by th e winds to I taly and came to A ssisi where S t F rancis
was holdi n g th e rst chapter of h i s order S t F ra n cis fou n d h i m a
v aluable assis t ant and h e preached at th e uni versi t ies of Pad ua B o
logn a Paris and T o u louse b ut at length he preach ed to th e people
H e did m uch good in I taly as a preacher H is i magination was vivid
and h is language e ffecti v e Hi s sim iles were v ery beautiful H e
died at t h ir t ys i x aft er a m in istry of ten years G reat ho n ors hav e
bee n pai d hi s mem ory and th e ch urch of S ant Anton i o at Padua i s
w onderfully rich in adorn ments of both an cient and modern art He
performed many m iracles wh i ch are represented in p ictures i n v ariou s
ch urches and convents especially i n It aly and S p ain O ne of t h ese i s
th us related When preaching at the fu n eral of a very ri ch man h e
The
h is t reasure ch est 3 go seek i t there and you w ill n d i t
friends of t h e man broke o p en th e chest and to t heir surprise foun d
the heart 3 they then exam ined h is body a n d found tha t h is heart was
indeed wanting H is attribu t es are the l ily an d cruci x He i s young
and wears t h e hab it and cord of S t F rancis J une 1 3 A D 1 23 1
S t A p o l l i n a r i s o f R a v e n n a (I t a l S ant A p olli nare 3 F r S t
A p ollinaire ) This saint came w i t h t he A p ostle Peter from Antioch
t o R ome ; and Peter hav ing l ai d hands on h im sent h i m to p r each i n
the east o f I taly He becam e th e rst Bishop of R avenna and per
formed su ch m iracles and so preach ed as t o con vert m ul t i t udes At
l eng t h h e was seize d an d i m p risoned His j ailer allo wed h i m to e s
ca p e ; b u t h is enem ies p urs ued h im beat h i m and wounded h i m so
tha t h e d ied The Basilica of Apolli naris i h Classe is on the spot
where h e was m artyred J uly 2 3 A D 7 9
S t A p o l l o n i a o f A l e xa n d r i a (F r S t e A p olline ) Th e paren t s
of A p ollon i a were hea t hens and h ad n o ch ildren t hou g h they con
as a
w
a ch ild
pray
Her
father
st a n t l
e d t h e gods t o gra n t t h e m
y
.
ton y
L E G E ND S
56
S TOR I E S
AND
z l i n gl
wh
i
t
e
wh
ich
h
e
th
re
w
o
ver
her
say
ing
Thi
s
i
s
Apollon
ia
,
y
the ser v ant of G o d ! Go n ow to Alex andria and announce t h e fai t h
of Chris t
S h e obeyed and converted m any ; b u t oth ers accused her
to her fa t her wh o gave h er to th e hea t h en governor He com manded
h er to worsh i p t h e idol of t he c ity B u t s h e made the sign of the
cross before th e idol and com m anded its demon to d e p art T h e de
m on
broke th e statue and ed crying Th e h oly v irgi n Apollonia
drives m e for t h
T hen t h ey bound h er to a col u mn an d dre w h er
t ee t h o ut one by on e w i t h p in cers and t hen kindling a re t h ey
bu rn ed h er S h e is th e pro t ec t or a gain st too t hache and a ll d iseases
of t he tee t h Her a t tribu t es are a pair of pin cers w i t h a too t h and
th e p al m ; som eti mes a golden tooth suspended on h er neck chai n
F ebruary 9 A D 25 0
L a t S A th anasi us Pater
S t A t h a n a s i u s ( Gr A y A a va m o ;
O r t h o d o xi ae ; I t a l S an t Atanasio ; F r S t A t hanase )
Th is sain t
b es t kno wn by th e creed wh ich bears h is nam e was an Alexan d rian
and a p u p il of S t An t hony He rst s t ud ied science and l i t era
t ure ; and being con v er t ed h e was ordained d eacon
H is o pp o
s i t i o n t o Arius at th e C oun cil of N ice gain ed for h i m th e t i t le of t h e
F a t h er of O rth odoxy
H e becam e Bish op of Alexandria and d ur
ing the great h eresy of his a ge m aterially aided by his perse veran ce
i n t he v i ctory of the Cath oli c C h urch
H e was bi sh o p fort y six
years but h e was i n ex ile d uring twenty years of t hat t ime M ay
m
"
2, A D 3 73
.
St A
or S t A u s t i n (L a t S A ugustinus ; I t a l S ant
A g ostino ; F r S t A u g ustin )
T h e fa t h er of S t A u g us t i ne wa s a
h ea t h en ; h is m o t her M on ica was a C hris t ian
He was born i n
T a g a s t e N u m idia
I n h is you t h h e was so devo t ed t o p leasure t hat
h is mother feared the destruction o f h is character, and in her s orro w
.
u gu s
tin e
IL L US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
57
58
S T OR I ES
L E GE ND S A N D
B u t th e B ri t
as sistan ce i n h is m issionary w ork am on g th e E ngl i sh
ons ha t red of t heir oppressors sadly obs t ructed S t A u gustin e s p iou s
and paci c w ishes
I n v i rt ue of h is a uthori ty as Papal L egat e h e
v isi t ed all th e British bish ops 3 and these w ill ingly responded to h is
inv i t a t ion to a conference at A u s r i c on th e edge o f Worcestersh ire
a place later called A ugu stine s O ak
A ugus
n ear Herefordsh ire
t ine requ ired o f them aid i n con v e rt i ng th e pagan E ngl ish ; con
form i ty to th e c usto m of th e U n i v ersal C h u rch as to th e t i me o f
celebrating E aster and as to th e man ner of adm inistering bap t ism
Th ese th ings they refused because of their h atred of the ir n ational
IL L US T R A
IN
T ED
AR T
59
T hey
had made two wi ndows sh e desired the m to add another
were afraid to do th is b u t she insis t ed ; and whe n h er fa t her asked
60
St
rt h o l o m
E GE ND S
AND
S T OR IES
(L a t
"
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
61
a c su n
B e d ae
t in
f os sa
o ssa ,
had an idol called Bel to whom were gi v en every day twel ve great
measures of n e our and forty sheep and six v essels of wine
And
,
62
S T OR IE S
L E GE ND S A N D
Then sa id D an iel
0 king be not decei ved ; for th is i s but clay
w ith in and brass wi t ho ut and d i d ne v er eat nor drink a n ything
So
falsely against us
N o w they d id thi s because t hey h ad an entrance
whi ch w as h idden u n d er th e table an d by th at they could go o ut
and i n as th ey liked Then th e king set th e food before Bel as t h e
priests had sai d 3 and D an iel com manded th e servan ts to bring ashes
an d h e stre wed th em upon th e oor 3 an d when all was ready they
closed the temple and the k ing sealed i t w i t h h is own seal T hen i n
th e n igh t the priests cam e w ith th eir w ives and ch ildren as th ey
were accustom ed to do and consu med all th a t h ad been p rovided
N o w i n th e m orn i n g t h e king cam e w i t h D an iel and th ey foun d t he
seal s wh ole and th ey broke the m an d went in And w h en t h e king
saw t h at th e food was gone h e cri ed out G reat ar t thou O Bel and
w i t h thee is n o d eceit at al l !
Then D a n iel lau gh ed and said t o t he
th ese
S o whe n th e k ing s a w th e foo t ste p s of men w om en and
ch ildren h e was angry and took th e priests wi t h their w i ves an d
c h ild ren and th ese showed h i m th e door wh ere t h ey had gone in an d
Then t he k in g sle w th em an d gave th e idol Bel t o D an iel an d
ou t
h e d es t royed b o t h the g od and h is t em pl e N o w i n t he sam e place
was a g rea t dra g on wh ich was also worsh i pp ed b y the Ba bylon ians ;
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
63
64
E GEND S
S T OR IES
A N D
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
65
66
E GE ND S
S T OR IES
AND
IL L US T R A T E D
AR T
I N
67
th e M on t s de Pi t
H e was a most eloquent man and p reache d
at the church of S anta C roce i n F lorence against Jews and usurers
an d on t he n ecessi ty that th e poor shoul d be protected from them
I t is certai n t hat th e t wo Bernardi nos labored i n this m atter b ut no t
easy to decide to wh i ch b elongs the greater h onor
S t B e r n a r d P t o l o m e i (I t a l S a n Bernardo dei T olome i )
He
w a s of an illus t rio us fam ily of S iena ; born i n 1 2 72 He d istinguished
h i mself as a la wyer 3 bu t at length seized with th e religiou s p assion
of the age h e went i nto a m ountain called th e M ount of O l ives
abo u t ten m iles from S iena Here he formed the order called O l i
ve t a n i
T hey followed th e R u le of S t Benedict and w ore a w h ite
h abit
Augu st 2 1 A D 1 3 4 8
e
68
St
EGEND S
S T OR IES
AN D
rn a rd in o o f S ie n a
Th is saint w as of the fam ily o f
A l b i z e sc h i
H e w as born a t M assa a S ienese town i n 1 3 8 0 H is
m o t her dying h e was ed uca t ed b y a n aun t whose i n uence devel
o p ed n o t only h is t alen t s bu t grea t p urity of charac t er also A t
seven t ee n h e j oined a bro t h erhood whose m em bers were devo t ed to
t he service of th e hospi t als
A pestile nce soon broke o ut w h ich
d es t roy ed great n umbers and among t he m physicians and pries t s
F o r four m onths B ernardino w ith t wel v e others cared for t h e inma t es
of the plagu e h ospital H is health su ff ered greatly from h i s labor
H e became a F rancisca n at t wenty t hree
He was a celebra t ed
preacher and went all o ver I taly He end eavored to reconc ile the
G uelphs and G h ibell ines
H e was o ffered three bishoprics w h ich
h e refu sed
Th e D uke o f M ilan o ffended at h i s preachi ng threat
ened h i m i n v ain ; he then sent h i m m oney w i t h wh i ch h e went to
the prisons and l ibera t ed poor d eb t ors H e founded the order called
i n It aly O sservan t i and i n F ra n ce F r eres d e l Ob se r v a n c e b e
cause they obser v e strictly th e R ule of S t F ran cis goi ng barefoot an d
k eeping stri ctly the v o w of p over t y
W hen p reach ing h e h eld i n
h is hand a tablet o n wh ich was t h e nam e of Jesus in a circle of golden
rays A m a n w ho had li ved by m aking cards and dice complai ned to
th e saint that on accou nt of th e reform s i n religion h i s occupation
Bern ardin o advised h im to carve table t s l ike h is to sell
w a s gone
to th e people He d id so 3 and a peculiar blessing be ing at t ache d
t o th em h e sold large n umbers an d m ade a fortune i n th is way
S t Bernardino i s said to h a v e founded t h ose i nsti t ution s called still
M a y 20, A D 1 4 4 4
.
B ib i a n
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
69
F ran ci s to be healed
W hen the saint saw h i m h e exclai med
O
b uona v en t ura ! w hereu p on h is m other dedicated h i m to G od by th e
n am e of Bon aventura
H is p rogress i n study was amazing ; an d at
t wenty t wo h e became a F ran ciscan and went to Paris to study
th eology H e soon becam e celebrated 3 but h is h umil ity was so great
that h e fe l t u n wort hy to recei v e th e Holy Comm u n io n a n d l egends
,
7O
E GE ND S
S T OR IE S
A ND
us
'
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
71
A D
.
444
r i d ge t o f I r e l a n d
Although n early e v ery v estige of th is
saint is gone she still l ives as their p atroness i n the h earts of the
I rish p eople Her moth er was very lo v ely and th e capti ve take n i n
war of a powerful ch ieft ain H is w ife being j ealous of her turned
her away before the b irt h of Bridget B ut t wo d isciples of S t Pat
rick took p ity on them and baptized th e m other and ch ild Bridget
gre w up wi t h such beau t y of m ind an d p erson that sh e became
fam o us and h er fa t h er desired to h ave her an d to m arry h er to a
ch ief But Bridge t de v o t ed h erself t o G od s servi ce espec i ally to th e
ins t ruc t ion of women S h e recei ve d the v eil at th e hands of S t
L E G E ND S
72
S TOR IE S
AND
S h e m ad e m an y
title of the R ule of the O rder of our S a v io ur
pi l gri mages to Ro m e and Co m po s t e l l a
S t B r u n o was th e fo under and rst abbot o f the Carth usian
O rder H e was of a noble family of C ol ogne and o n account of h is
great talents was sent to Paris to study t heology u nder R ay m ond
H e aft er wards taugh t in th e school at R h ei ms 3 but after long r e e c
t ion de t ermined on a m onasti c l ife W ith six com pan ion s h e w en t t o
G renoble whe n H ugo the bish op ha v ing been warn ed i n a dream of
t heir coming ga v e them som e barren lan d at C hartre u x Here Bruno
founded h is rst m onastery a n d h i s order was conrmed by th e po p e
Th e robes and hoods of the C arth usians are wh ite and their whole
h eads sha v en U rba n I I ha d been a pupil of Bruno at R heim s and
wh en h e became p e pe sent for h i m to aid h im i n h is great cares an d
desired to make h i m Archbishop of R eggio B ut th is B runo refused
and n ot l ik ing t h e li fe at co u rt retired to Calabria wh ere h e fo u nded
another monastery He d ied i n 1 200 Th e order wh ich h e establish ed
is of great interes t I t i s am ong th e m ost severe i n its rule of all
th e m onastic orders a n d adds al most perpet ual silence to th e u sual
v o ws O nly once a week can these m onks talk together They never
taste esh a n d make b ut o n e m eal a day of pul se bread and wa t er
an d th is i s eaten separately They labor too w ith great d iligen ce
an d t h eir d iscipline has been d escribed as m ost fearful i n its se v eri t y
I n spite of all th is th ey h a v e an extrem e love of t h e beautiful an d
have done m u ch for art T heir ch urches and garden s w ere wondrou s
i n their perfec t io n 3 a n d th eir p i ct ures at th e C hartreuse of Paris
i
n th e Chartre use of S anta M aria de las Cu e vas
n o w i n the L o u v re
(
)
near S e v ille at Paular and other places possess a world of i n teres t
J uly 1 8
Ca d m o n t h e P o e t l i v e d i n th e m onastery o f th e Abbess Hilda
as a servan t u ntil past m iddle l ife H e knew n oth ing of l i t erature
or poetry ; and when it cam e h is t urn to sing at ta b le h e went away
O n ce as h e d i d th i s and w e n t to the stable to care for the h orse s
U l ph o
She
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
73
74
E GENDS
S T OR IE S
AND
Ca t herine ; for thee h ath the K ing of glory d eligh ted to honor
Then sh e stood up and followed t h em an d t hey led h er t o a chamber
where the queen was surro unded by angels sain t s an d mar tyrs an d
h er beauty n one could descri be The angels p resen t ed C atherine to
h er and besought h er to recei v e her as h er daugh t er Th e q ueen
bad e h er welcome a n d led h er to o ur L ord B ut the L ord t urned
godmo t her
Then Christ sm iled o n h er an d p ligh ted h is tro t h to
h er and p u t a rin g on h er nger An d when she awok e th e rin g was
still t here ; and from t hat ti me sh e des pised all ear t hly t hings and
thought only of the ti me w he n she should go to h e r hea v e n ly Brid e
.
IN
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
75
h er
wheels revol ving i n d i ff erent d irections that sh ould t ear h er
in many p ieces When t h ey h ad bound h er to th ese an angel cam e
and cons umed th e wh eels in re an d th e fragments ew arou nd
and killed th e executioners an d three th ousand p eople B ut agai n
M axim in ordered h er to be sco u rged a n d beh eaded T hen angels
came and bore her body to th e t op of M t S inai and th ere i t res t ed
i n a m a rble sarco p hagus I n t h e eighth century a m onastery w as
b uil t over her burial p lace an d h er re mains are still grea t ly v ener
ated It i s said by som e that M ax im in was cons u med by an i n ward
re 3 by others th a t w ild beasts d evoured him C a t h erin e is p atron
ess of educa t ion science an d p h iloso p hy of all students and of
colleges As p a t roness of eloquence sh e was invoked f or all d is
eases of t h e t o n gue S h e i s al so p a t r o n e s s o f V en ice and a favorite
saint of ladies of royal b ir t h S h e i s re p resen t ed as richly dressed ;
and h er p eculiar a tt ri bu t e is t h e wheel ei t her whol e or broken S h e
has also t h e m artyr s p al m the crown of royal t y the b ook whi ch
expresses her learning 3 an d frequen t ly she t ramples on the head o f
.
76
L E GE NDS
AND
S T OR IES
A D
.
3 07
Ca t h e r i n e
f B
o o gn a
St
Ca th e r i n e
t h e P on t ica te
of
re c o n c
il d
e
Urb a n V I
t he F
l o re n t i n e s
to t h e H
ly
S e e , i n 1 3 78 ,
d u ri n g
ILL US TR A TE D
AR T
IN
77
re
t
cause
of
m
isrule
i
n
the
h
urch
that
th
e
popes
w
ere
absent
C
a
g
from R om e an d sh e used all her p owers to persuade G regory X I to
return to th e L ateran wh i ch h e did I n th e great sch ism wh ich fol
l owed the death o f G regory C atheri ne took the p art of U r b an V I
w ho appointed her ambassadress w ith S t C atherine of S weden , to
the court of J oa n n a I I of S icily w ho had sided wi t h the an t i pope
C lement
But h er failing heal t h p re v ented her from fu lll ing the
m ission C atheri ne died at thirty three after great physical s u ff er
i n g still full of zeal and faith
S h e was one of th e most noted of
T h e facts of her
female saints and is know n at S iena as la S anta
h istory render h er l ife i nteresting in m any ways S h e is represented
i n p ictures i n th e hab it of th e D om ini can O rder w ith th e stigmata
w h ich s h e is said to h a v e recei v ed April 3 0 A D 1 38 0
S h e i s suppose d to ha v e l i v e d
S t Ce c i l i a ( F r S t e C e cile )
i n the t h ird century and th e honor p a id to h er can be traced to
that ti me S h e w as th e daughter of a noble R oma n wh o w ith h is
w ife had secretly becom e Chri stian s
Cecilia was i n ch ildhood r e
m a r ka bl
h
serious
and
p
ious
e early m ade a v o w of chastity and
S
y
devoted hers elf to a rel igious l ife S h e al ways carried a copy of t he
Gos p els i n h er robe
S h e especially excelled i n m usic and compose d
and sung hy m ns so s w eet that angels cam e to l iste n to h er B ut
the instruments employed i n secular m usic were i nsu f cient to ex
press th e m usic o f her soul an d she i nvented th e organ an d couse
crate d it to G od s service Her parents desired her when sixtee n
years old to m arry V alerian a rich yo ung noble S h e did so 3 b ut
beneath her bridal robes sh e wore a garment of penance and rem em
beri n g her v o w prayed G o d to h elp h er to preserve her ch astity
H e so ans wered her prayer that when sh e told V alerian of her faith
h e became con verted an d was ba p ti zed and respected her vow
C ecil ia h ad tol d Valeria n that she had a guard ian angel 3 and w hen
h e returned fro m h is baptism h e h eard sweet m usic and saw th e
angel standing n ear h er w ith t wo cro wns m ade of t he i mmorta l
roses w h ich bloom i n Parad ise C ecilia an d V alerian knelt an d
th e angel crowned them w ith t h e o wers and tol d V alerian th at
because he had listened to Cecilia and respected h er vow w hatever
L E G E ND S
78
S TOR IE S
AND
w hen the cel ebra t ed statue of S t Cecil i a ly ing dead was m ade
wh ich represents her as sh e appeared i n the co f n S h e i s the pa t ron
ess of m usi c and m usicians Her proper attri b ute i s the organ an d
a roll of m usi c S h e also h as the cro wn of roses an d a n a t tendant
angel S h e i s ri chly dressed an d often has j ewels N o v ember 22
wa s
A D 28 0
.
Ce l s u s (I
ta l
S a n Cel so )
IL L US T R A T ED IN
AR T
79
A D
.
6 73
Ch a n t a l , l a M e r e
Ste
80
S T OR IES
L EGE ND S A N D
Ch a r l e
n
g e
is
n ot m e n
ti
on e
i n t h e Ca th o l i c Ca l e n d a r
f e a st, J a n ua ry 28 , h as b e e n k e p t b y t h e Ge rm
of
a n s an
v e a s B l e ss e d
F re n c h o n l y s i n c e 1 4 8 6
Sain
s , sa
H is
IL L US T R A T E D IN
A R T
81
exclai med
E cce v en i c
H is remai n s repose i n a rich shrine at
M ilan H e is represented i n card inal s robes and barefooted a rope
a bout h is neck and one hand raised i n benediction w ith a book i n th e
o t h er N ovember 4 A D 1 5 8 4
S t Ch e r o n was a d isciple of S t D enis an d was Bisho p of
C hartres H e was attacked by robbers and h is head was struck o ff
when on h is way from C h artres to Paris to v isit S t D enis Taking
h is head i n h is hand he contin ued h is j ourn ey O ne of t h e w indow s
i n th e cathedral of C hartres represen t s the h istory of S t C heron
h
S
e is
h
t
e
T
S
r
i
t
i
anta
ristina
C
ristine
F
I
t
a
l
n
C
a
S
h
s
C
St
)
;
(
supposed to hav e been born at T i r e a town on the borders of L ake
Th e legend
B olsena wh i ch h as sin ce been swallowed u p i n th e lake
of th is saint h as been rej ected by the Ch u rch but she is celebra t ed i n
central a n d northern I taly S h e was the ch ild of a R oman patricia n
wh o go v erned th e city S h e called h erself C hristina because sh e had
been converted to th e doctri nes of C hrist
As she stood one day
wa t ch ing t hose wh o begged al m s and had nothi ng to gi ve sh e th ough t
of t h e golden idols of h er father an d she broke the m i n p ieces and
gave the m to th e p oor H er fath er was furious and ordered h i s
servan t s to beat her an d thro w her into a d ungeon
H ere angels
cam e and healed her wounds H er father th en comm anded her t o be
throw n i nto the lak e with a m ill stone t i ed t o h e r n eck But angels
bore h er u p and Go d c l o t hed her w ith a w h ite robe and led h er
safely to land S h e was then thrown into a ery furnace wh erei n sh e
remained unharm ed ve days an d s ung G od s p raises H er f a t her the n
ordere d her head to be shaved an d tha t sh e sh ould b e taken to the
tem p le of Apollo to sacrice 3 b ut w hen she came th ere t h e idol fell
do w n before her w h ic h so frightened h er father that h e di ed B ut
J ulian h earing that she sang i n her p rison sent orders that h er
tongue sh oul d be c ut o ut wh en sh e s t ill contin u ed to sin g to th e
amazement of all S h e was n ext sh ut up w i t h p oisonous re pt iles b u t
sh e was not harm ed At last i n des p ai r h e comm anded her to be
bound t o a p ost and sh ot w ith arrows till sh e d ied T h us was sh e
m artyred
and angel s bore h er soul to h eaven O n an island i n th e
lake of Bolsena wh ich f e w travellers visit i s a chu rch ded icated t o
S t C hri s t ina t h e p ai ntings in wh ich are attrib uted to the C aracci
T h e cathedral o f Bolsena i s consecrated to h er patroness of B olsen a
u o u sl y
82
E GEND S
S T O R IES
A ND
A D
.
29 5
Ch r i s t o p h
t he bearer
H e was proud o f h is v ast size and streng t h 3 bu t i n
sp i t e of thi s h i s poverty com pelled h im to become a servan t S o b e
resol ved th at the m ost po werful m onarch of t h e earth alone shoul d
be h is mas t er an d h e went to seek h im At length aft er m any days
of wandering h e cam e to th e co u rt of a k ing sai d to excel all o t hers
i n power an d weal t h an d to h i m h e o ffered h is serv ices T h e king
acce pt ed h im gladly for no o t her m onarch of all th e eart h co uld
boas t of such a servant N o w O ff e r o kne w n o t h ing of th e po wer of
C hrist or S a t an and su pp osed h is m as t er to be afraid of no one sin ce
h e was th e grea t est monarch of th e earth 3 b ut on e day as h e stood
beside h im a m instrel w ho was si nging m en t ioned frequ en tly t h e
n ame of S atan and e v ery ti me h e d id so the k ing trembled an d
crossed h i msel f O ff e r o ask ed th e m ean i ng of th is ; an d when t h e
T h en th e ki ng said
leave t hee
I make t h is si g n t ha t S a t an m a y
h av e n o power o ver m e ; for h e i s very m ighty and as wicked as
stron g and I fear lest h e shall ov erco m e m e
Then O ff er o fel t
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
83
fo u r r oa d s met
W hen the D e v il s a w th i s h e t ur n e d w i th gr eat
haste an d fear an d went a long d istance o u t o f h is way to avoi d th e
cross
Then sai d O ff e r o
Why is th is ? W hat i s th i s c r oss and
w herefore dost tho u avo i d i t ?
But S atan spoke n ot T hen sai d
T hen sai d
and w hen I behol d i t I y lest h e sh ould o v e r come me
S uch a ser v i ce i s for weak ones b u t not for me sa i d the proud gi ant
Then sa i d the he r mit I f tho u w ilt u s e thy strength kno w est thou a
deep w i de r i v er that i s o ften s w ollen w i th rai ns a n d swee p s away i n
I
i t s s wi ft cur rent many o f th ose wh o would cross i t ?
O ff e r o said
T he n go the r e
kno w such a str eam
sai d th e h er m i t an d a i d
th ose w h o str uggle w i th i t s w a v es ; and the weak a n d th e l ittle ones
b ear tho u from sho r e to sho r e on thy b roa d shoulders
T his i s a good
work 3 and if Ch r i st w il l ha v e thee f o r th i s serv i ce he w i ll assure thee
T hen was O ff er e glad for this was a task w h ich
of h is acce p tance
suited h i m well S o h e w ent to the r i ver and b uilt upon i t s b ank a
b u t o f the boughs of trees An d h e aided a ll w ho came 3 an d many he
bo r e u p o n h i s sho u lders and was n e v er weary by day or n ight i n
assisting those w h o c r ossed the r i ver An d after h e began h is work
not one pe r ish ed w h er e befor e so m an y had been s we p t away F o r
a sta ff he used a p alm tree w h ich h e p ulled up i n the for est an d i t was
not too lar ge for h i s great h eight and strength As Jes us beheld this
h e was w ell p leased w i th Off e r o and h is labor 3 for though he woul d
n e i ther f ast nor pray yet had he fo u nd a w ay to ser v e h i m
At length
.
84
E GE ND S
AND
S T OR IE S
'
and it said
A n d h e w ent out
O ff e r o w i lt tho u carry m e o v er ?
quickly b ut he coul d n d no o n e B ut w h en he h a d aga i n la in do w n
the sa me v oice call ed a s before an d at the th ird call h e arose an d
sought w ith a lantern At last he foun d a l ittle ch il d w h o besought
h im Offe r o O ff e r o carr y m e o v er to n i ght
H e l i fted h i m u p an d
carryi ng h is sta ff began to cross th e stream I mmedia t ely the wi nds
ble w t h e wa v es were tossed and t h e roar o f th e waters was as m any
th unders and the l ittle ch i ld gre w h ea v y an d more h ea v y u ntil
B ut w ith the
Offe r o feared he should h i msel f si nk an d both be lost
aid of h is pal m sta ff at length h e crossed and p ut h is b urde n safely
dow n upon the other s ide Then h e cried out
W hom have I born e ?
D a g n u s sent h i m
am no w called Christ Off e ro the bearer o f Chri st
to p rison an d tried to seduce h im to i dolatry by sending beauti ful
w omen to h im w h o urged h i m to si n B ut C hristo p her w as faith fu l
and by h is i nuence the women became C hristia n s and su ff ered d eath
beca u se they too w orsh i pp ed Jesus
T he n D a g n us tortured h i m
greatly a n d commanded hi m to be beheaded When they led h i m
to ex ecution h e kneeled do w n an d p rayed that all w h o beh eld h i m
a n d bel ie v e d i n Ch ri st sho ul d be de l i v ered from ear thq u ake re an d
,
I LL
U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
85
Ch r i st oph or i S a n c ti s p e c i e m qu i c um qu e t ue t ur ,
I
ll o n a m
u
e
q
di e
nu
ll o l a n gu or e t e n e tur
n
i
S
t
h
o
t
W
hoe
v
er
shall
behol
th
e
mage
o
f
hr
i
stopher
s
a
ll
d
C
(
fa i nt or fai l on that
July 2 5 , A D 3 64
T hi s saint cam e to
S t Ch r y s a n t h u s (I t a l S a n G risante )
R o me from Alexandria an d S t D aria cam e from Athens T hey
w ere betrothed b ut Ch r ysa n t h u s persuaded D aria t h at a state o f
v irgin ity was m ore favorabl e to a religious l ife than that of mar
r i a ge
T h ey were remarkable for their d e votion to th e F ai t h
T hey were at length acc u sed and m ar t yred i n th e reign of N u
m erian according t o som e 3 b ut Baillet bel ie v es i n th e persecu t io n
of V alerian I t i s said that soon aft er th eir b uri al a large number
of C hristians who were prayi ng at their tomb were walled up i n the
cav e and th u s buried ali ve The part of the catacombs where they
w ere interred was long called the cemetery of S S Ch r ys a n t h u s and
D aria Th e Greek C hurch h onors the m on M arch 1 9 and O ctober 1 7 3
th e L atins O ctober 2 5 A D 2 3 7
S e e S t A nastasia
S t Ch r y s o g o n u s (I t a l S a n Gr i so gon o )
He
S t Cl a i r (L a t S C larus ) is one of the beheaded saints
was an E nglish man o f noble ex t raction and l i v ed and labore d in
the cou n ty of V exin , i n F rance H e preached wi t h great faithful
n ess and was m urdered at a v illage wh ich bears h is name by r u i a n s
Th is
h ired by a lewd wom an wh o coul d not overcom e h is chastity
v illage i s between R ouen and Pontoise
H is shrine is greatly v en
c rated an d vi si ted by pil rims
He
represented
on
a
w
indo
w
at
i
s
g
S t M aclo u in R ouen
N o vember 4
S t Cl a r a ( L a t S an cta C lara ; I t a l S anta Ch iara ; F r S t e
C laire) C lara (1 Assisi was the daughter of a n obleman F avorino
S e i ff o ; her mother was named O rtolana
Her beauty and the great
w ealth of h er f am ily caused her to recei v e many offers of marriage
S h e had early dedicated herself to a rel igious l ife and went to
86
S T OR IES
L E GE ND S A N D
S t F rancis
l 25 3
IL L US T R A T E D IN
Cl a r a
of
AR T
87
on
88
L E GE N D S
S TOR IE S
AND
S t Clotilda w as a B urg
Clotilde )
d ian princess and th e w ife of Clov is S h e i s famed a s hav ing
C hristianized F ran ce Her h usban d after long resisting h er a t
tempts for h is conversion c a lled u pon the G o d of Clotilda i n th e
m id st of an unfortunate battle I mmediately th e fo r tunes of h is
arm s w ere changed ; and by th is h e was con verted an d w as bap
A t h is baptism i t i s said that the o il w as
t i z e d by S t
R em i
brought from h eaven by a dove 3 and tradition says th at an angel
came down bearing three l il ies w h ich h e gave to S t R em i and he
i n turn gave th e m to Clotilda and at th is ti me th e arm s of F rance
were ch anged fro m the three toads (crapau ds ) of earl ier days to
th e e u r s de lys the e mble m s of p u ri ty an d regeneration J un e 3
A D 5 45
S t Cl o u d was a grandson of S t Clotilda w ho w hen h i s broth
ers were m urdered e scaped to a convent an d becam e a monk of t h e
B enedictine Order
S eptember 7 A D 5 60
Constantine w h il e still an idolater
Co n s t a n t i n e E m p e r o r
and a persecutor of the C hristians w as af icted w ith a leprosy
T he priests of t h e idols prescribed th at h e sho uld bath e i n ch ildren s
bl ood Thre e thou sand ch ildren w ere collected to be slain 3 b ut a s
th e em peror rode to th e pl ace w h er e they w ere th e moth ers of th e
ch ildren so entreated h i m that h e stopped h is chariot an d said
F ar
better is it that I shoul d d ie th an cause t he death of these i nno
cents
He then comm anded the ch ildren to be restored to th e ir
m others to w h om h e gave l arge gifts to compensate for their s u ff erings
Th at n ight i n hi s sl eep S t Peter an d S t Paul appeared to h i m and
told h i m th at C hrist had sent them to h i m because he had spared
the innocents They told h im to send for S yl vester w ho woul d sho w
h im a pool in wh i c h he could wash a n d be cl ean and that from that
tim e h e sho uld cease to persecute th e C hristians and h imself wor
sh i p their G od N o w S yl vester was th e Bishop of R ome wh o h ad
h id aw a y fro m th e cruel ties of Constanti ne and was i n a cave near
M onte C a l vo T h e e mper o r sent for h i m ; an d w hen th e sold iers
found h i m a n d led h i m a way h e thought i t w as to h is ex ecut ion
They took h i m to th e em peror w ho asked h i m w ho th e two god s
w ere wh o h ad appe a red to h i m the pre viou s n ight S yl vester r e
pl ied t h a t th ey were n ot gods b ut th e apostles of J es us Cons t an
S yl v e st e r
t i ne then desire d to s e e the e fg i e s of these apo s t l es
St
Cl o t i l d a
F
r
(
Ste
AR T
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
89
90
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
AND
'
I L L US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
91
2 7,
30 1
S eptember
Co s t a n
N o t hing i s k nown of th is
Bishop of Perugia
saint b u t t h a t h e s u ffered m ar t yrdom i n th e reign of M arcus
The co untry be t ween Perugia and F oligno i s called th e
A urel i us
S trada d i Costanza an d h e i s m u ch venerated i n th at portion of
I taly
S t Cr i s p i n a n d S t Cr i s p i a n u s ( I t a l S a n Crispino e S a n Cris
piano ; F r S S Cresp i n e t Cr e s pi n i a n ) These saints were brothers
They
w h o went w ith S t D enis fro m R om e to preach i n F ran ce
supported themsel ves by m aki n g shoes and were suppl ied with leath er
by angels to m ake sh oes for the poor Bei n g d eno un ced as Christian s
they were cruelly tortured and then beh eaded a t S oissons
T he
R oman t radition xes their death in A D 300 b u t other authorities
gi ve the date thirteen years earlier T heir proper attributes are the
awl a n d shoe m aker s kn ife O ctober 25
M arch 3 A D 1 04 0 (S e e S t H enry of
Cu n e g u n d a
St
Bav a ria )
St
Cu n i b e r t to w ho m on e of the m ost an cie n t ch urch es of
Cologn e i s dedi cated was bishop of th at city He w as t he ad viser
of K i n g D agobert a n d so m e of his successors an d an i n ti m ate frie n d
of Pep i n d H e r i s t a l He h eld hi s d iocese thirty seven years A ccord
i n g to th e l egend S t Cu n i b e r t was d irected by a d ove to t h e spot
w here S t U rsula a n d h er compan io n s were buri ed He i s represe n ted
in th e episcopal dress hold i n g i n h is h an d the m odel of a ch urch
Th e do ve is h is attribute N ovember 1 2 A D 6 60
w as a sh epherd in h is yo u th i n th e
S t Cu t h b e rt o f D u r h a m
valley of th e T weed I n h is ch ildhood an an gel appe a red to h i m a n d
urged h i m to a pi ou s l ife He was i n structed at a m o n astery near h is
ho m e whe r e S t A idan was the prior One n ight as C ut h bert te n ded
h is ocks h e saw a dazzl ing l ight and look ing u p beheld a n gels bear
i n g S t A idan to h eaven
H e th en e n tered th e m onastery and soo n
bec a m e a n oted p r each er He n o t o n ly m ade co n verts but h e
preac hed m u ch to such C h r is t ians as l i ved u n w orthy l i ves I t w as
said t h at w h en b e appe a l ed to the m a n a n gel ic bright n ess sho n e i n
h i s f a ce a n d n o n e could decei ve h i m or co n ceal th e s i n of th eir hearts
He w a n dered a m o n g the mou n t a i n o us regio n s and pre a ch ed i n
v illages considered al mos t i naccessi ble He later dwelt on an island
St
z o
92
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
'
IN
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
93
Al b a n B u t l e r i n h i s s k e t c h o f S t C yr il s l i fe t ou c h i n g o n t h e
S h e w a s m u c h r e s p e c t e d a n d c o n si d e r e d
d e pl or a b l e m ur d e r o f H y p a t i a sa y s :
T h e m o b w h i c h w a s n ow h e r e m or e
b y t h e g o ve r n o r a n d o f t e n v i s i t e d h i m
u n ru l y or m or e f o n d o f r i o t s a n d t u m u l t s t h a n i n t h a t p o p u l ou s c i t y t h e s e c o n d
i n t h e wor l d f o r e x t e n t u p o n a s u s p i c i o n t h a t sh e i n c e n se d t h e go ve r n or a ga i n st
t h e i r b i sh o p se d i t i ou sl y ro se p u l l e d h e r ou t o f h e r c h a r i o t c u t a n d m a n gl e d h e r
e sh a n d t or e h e r b ody i n p i e c e s i n t h e s t r e e t s t o t h e g r e a t gr i e f a n d s c a n d a l o f
e s p e c i a l ly o f t h e p iou s b i s h o p
C yr i l
a l l goo d m e n
A n d t h e s a m e a u th ori t y
I t i s v e ry u n j u s t i n s o m e m o d e r n s t o c h a rg e h i m [Cyri l ] a s c o n sc i o u s o f
a d ds
s o h orr i b l e a c r i m e
w h i c h sh o c k s h u m a n n a t u re
T h e si l e n c e o f O r e s t e s a n d
o f t h e h i s t o r i a n So c ra te s bo t h h i s d e c l a r e d e n e m i e s su fc e s t o a c u i t h i m
q
1
Th e R
ev
94
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
95
O t h e r wo n d e r s w e r e a l s o wrough t t h roug h S t D i e go s i n t e r c e s s io n ; fo r a s
ou r r e a d e r s k n ow t h r e e m i r a c l e s o f t h e r s t c l a ss a re r e q u i r e d f or t h e c a n o n iz a
t i o n o f a sa i n t
L E GE N D S
96
S T OR I E S
AN D
c
P
e
F
p
F n
1
w as a Castil ian of noble descent o f the house of G u zman
H is
mother dreamed before h is birth th at sh e had brough t forth a dog
w ith a torch in h is m o n t h A t h is baptism a star descended fro m
heaven to crown h i s brow He stud ied at Valencia a n d be c ame at
the instance of the B ishop of O sma a regular canon of S t A ugus
ti n e a t th e age of t wenty e igh t years When th irty years old h e
w ent to F rance and being shocked at the heresies of the A lbigenses
He w ent t he
h e preached w ith su ch e ff ect as to conver t m a n y
second t ime to F rance w ith hi s bi shop to condu ct t o Castil e th e
young princess w ho was to espo use Prince F erdinand H e r death
j ust a s he arri ved w as a great shock to h i m and thencefort h h i s zeal
and religiou s d e votion were great e ned He obtained perm ission fro m
th e pope i n 1 207 to pre ach to t h e A lbigenses in th e V audois H e
w rote out th e arti cles of faith ; and i t is said that w hen th is book
w a s thro w n i n th e re it wo uld not remain bu t leaped o ut uninj ured
A s the h eretical books w ere burned this m iracle had th e e ffect to
conv i n ce a n d convert man y A s to th e persecution of th e A lbigenses
it is certain th at he was extremely earnes t i n h is prayers a n d e n d e a v
2
H e un ited w ith several
o r s to secure th e trium ph of th e C h urch
priests w ho w ent abou t to preach barefoot
F rom th is arose h i s
order w h ich w as con rmed i n 1 2 1 6 S t D om in ick by h eavenly
i n spiration ins t ituted th e devotion o f t h e rosary A rosary sh o uld
h a ve fi ftee n large an d on e h und r ed and ft y sm a ll be a ds The l arge
represent th e Paternosters and the sm all th e A ve M arias Th is use
of the rosary w as a great assi stan ce to S t D om in ick i n h is l abors
.
E m p re s s E uge n i e
F ra n c e i s a c i o n o f t h e h o u s e o f G u z m a n
2
S t D o m i n i c k m a i n t i n d t h a t t o l a bor w i t h s u c c e s s a m o n g th se h e re t i cs
e rs u a s i o n a n d
e xa m p l
b
good
s
h
ou
l
d
a n d by n o m e a n s t e rror
m p l oy e d
e
p
e n a n ce
H i m s l f k n w n o o th e r r m s th n t h o s e o f i n s t ru t i o n p a t i e n c
fas t i n g
p
w a t c h i n g t e a r s a n d p ra y e r H e was a z e a l o us a d v o c a t e o f p o p u l a r e d uca t i on
1
T he
e x
t-
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
97
1 2 1 8 S t D omi nick
98
S T OR I E S
L E GE N D S A N D
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
99
on th e w a ll pl a y ed to h i m the hym n
Ga udete a n i mi
D u n stan
w a s m a de t h e k i n g s tr e a surer a n d A bbot of G l a stonbury
b ut wh en
E dwin c a me to th e throne a n d l iv e d a sh a m el e ss l ife w ith E l g i va h e
drove D un stan a g a i n from co urt Wh e n E d ga r wa s k i n g th e s a int wa s
a g a in honored
H e wa s m a de Bi shop of W orcest e r a n d th en A rch
b isho p o f C a nt e rbury I n 9 60 h e wen t t o R om e a n d rec e i v e d gre a t
honors a s Prim a t e of t h e A n glo S a xon n a tion
O n h is return h e
founded n u merou s sch ools a n d mon a st e ri e s H e rel a t e s i n h i s writ
ings a v ision in wh ich h e beh eld h i s moth er espoused to Christ wh ile
a ngel s s a ng a ro u n d t hem
O n e of th e a ngels a sked D u n sta n w hy
h e d id not sing ; and wh en h e repl ied th a t h e w a s ignora nt a n d
could not sing t h e a n ge l t a ught h im th e hym n a n d t h e next d a y
h e co uld sing th e s a me to h is m onks M a y 1 9 A D 9 8 8
D u n s S c o t u s wa s a F r a ncisc a n a n d a ri v a l i n th eologic a l con
t r o ve r sy of S t T ho m a s A qu in a s
T h eir O pin ions ga ve rise to th e
p a rties c a lled T hom ists a n d S cotists H e w as one of th e m ost ze a lous
defe n d e rs of t h e doctrin e of the I mm a cul a te Con ception He wa s a n
E n gl ish m a n and w e nt to P a ris a bout 1 3 04 where h e wrote h is com
m e n t a r ie s
H e w a s sent to C ologn e i n 1 308 wher e he was received
T her e w a s
wit h gre a t honor 3 a n d th ere h e died i n the s a m e ye a r
a fa ble of h is h a ving b e e n b uri e d a li v e
wh ich i s disputed by good
a uthorities
T h i s saint w a s a bbess of t h e l a rgest
S t E b b a o f Co l d i n g h a m
mon a stery wh ich e xist e d in h er ti m e a n d h a d monk s as w e ll a s
n un s und e r h e r ru l e A bout th e ye a r 8 70 there was a n incursion of
D a n ish pir a t e s a n d S t E bb a w a s a l a rm ed for her ch a sti t y a n d t h a t
of h e r n uns S h e a ss e mb l e d th e m in t h e ch a p ter hous e a n d m a d e a n
a
w ork e r
I N
1 00
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
bene a th a n y ga rment
F or
a nsw e re d sh e
prid e m a y e xist under
the g a rb of wretch edness ; a n d a m ind m a y be as p ure u nder th ese
1
S h e d ied a t the a g e o f
v estments a s u nd e r your t a t t er e d furs
t wenty three S h e li v e d to see the consecra tion of t h e ch urch sh e
h a d bu ilt in honor of S t Denis b ut d ied forty three days a f ter
St
D unst a n was w a rned of her a ppro a ch ing end w h il e celebra ting m a ss
on th e occ a sion of the con s e cra tion S eptember 1 6 A D 9 8 4
E d i th o f P o l e s w o r th
S e e S t M o d we n a
T h e eccl e si a sti ca l l e g e n d o f
S t E d m u n d k ing a n d m a rtyr
K i n g E dm und i s th is : R a gn a r L o dh r og wa s a D a n e o f roy a l blood
H e w ent out fowl ing in a sm a ll sk iff a n d a storm com ing on he w a s
d ri ven u pon th e E ngl ish co a st i n N orfol k
H e was t a k en to K ing
E dm und wh o m uch a d mire d t h e str e ngth of t h e D a n e a n d h is sk il l
a s a h untsm a n
w hil e L o d h r o g wa s d a zzled by the a ccom pl ishm e n ts
of the young k ing a n d th e splendor of h is court T h e h un tsm a n of
E dm und bec a m e j e a lous of th e D a n e and k i l led h i m
A dog wh ich
L o d h r og h a d r e a red w a tch e d o v e r h is body u nt il i t wa s discovere d
T h e h untsm a n confe ssed h is cri m e a n d a s a pun ish m e nt wa s p u t
a
B u t , a s o ur
p oe m s h a v e b e e n m a d e
r e a d e rs k n o w , t h e d r e s s o f n un s o f e ve ry o r d e r i s r e u l a te d b
an d
g
y a s t ri c t ru l e
t h e l e ge n d a ry a n s we r o f t h e n u n E d ith t o S t E t h e l wo l d , th oug h e m b o dy i n a n
g
1
S o fa r t h e
l e ge n d
on
wh i c h s o m
un
ue s
q
ti o n
virgi n s t o
th e
t rut h i n o t i n a c c o r d n wit h
a u th oriti e s o f t h e Ch ur c h
,
ce
.
th e hum b
le
subm
i ssi o n
of
Ch ri s tia n
'
L E G EN D S
S T OR I E S
AN D
'
E liz a beth )
T h e H e bre w sig ni c a tion of thi s n a me is
worshi p pe r
of G o d or con s e cr a ted to Go d
T h e G os p e l describes E l is a beth as
w a lk ing in a l l th e com m a n d ments of t h e Lord bl a meless ; a wom a n
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 03
S a l ut a tion ,
e nt itle it to a pl a ce i n
legend a ry lore
S h e w a s t h e d a ughter of
th e Ki ng of H ung a ry a n d wa s born in 1 207 T h e y e a r o f her birth
w a s full of blessings to h e r count r y a n d from h e r e a rli e st d a ys sh e
w a s reg a rded a s a n e sp e ci a l fa vorit e of G o d a n d one who shoul d
bring good to h er people T h e rst words sh e uttered w e re those
of pra yer a n d a t t hre e ye a rs old sh e showed her ch a rity by givi n g
h er toys a n d g a rments t o those l ess fortun a te than h erself W hen
H erm a n o f T h uringi a heard of these th ings h e desire d this princess
as a w ife for h is son Prince L oui s and sen t a n emb a ssy to sol icit
h er of h er fa ther His a mb a ss a dors were of gre a t ra nk ; a n d w it h
them w ent t h e noble Berth a of B e i n d e l e b e n w ith a tra in of knights
a n d l a dies
T h e ir request wa s gr a nted
a n d m a ny rich presen t s
a n d th e little E liz a beth only fou r ye a rs
o l d w a s gi ven t o them
Her fa ther ga ve her a si lver cra dle a n d b a th a ri ch w a rdrobe a n d
a tr a in of tw elve m a iden s
He also sen t to Herm a n a n d h i s w ife
S oph i a m a n y sple n did a n d precious th ings w h i ch h e h ad obt a ined
fro m Const a ntinople T h e princess w as recei ved a t the c a stle o f
Wa rtburg a t E is e n a ch w ith gr e a t a n d imposing c e r e mony T h e
,
1 04
L E G E N DS
S T OR I E S
AND
I L L US T R A T E
IN
AR T
1 05
to h i m s a id L e t h e r do a s she w i l l
But she k issi n g h im m a ny
1 06
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AND
c e n d e d were he a rd to ch a nt
R eg n u m m und i c o n t e m p s i
S h e wa s
t wen ty four ye a rs o l d a n d Lo u is h a d be e n d e a d thre e ye a rs a n d a
h a lf S h e wa s c a nonized four ye a rs a ft e r h e r d e a th H e r shrin e in
th e church at M a r bourg wh ic h b e a rs her n a m e w a s visi ted by
p ilgri ms a n d its ston e steps worn a wa y by thei r kn e e s
I n t he
R eform a tion s e c a lled this shrin e w a s des e cra t e d a n d her r e m a ins
sc a ttered no one knows w here T he shrin e is still p reserv e d a s a
c uriosity in th e s a cristy of the ch u r ch T h e c a stl e of Wa rtburg i s
in ru ins T here a r e m a ny pi ctures of th i s lov e l y s a int ; b ut th e most
celebra ted wa s p a inted by M urillo for t h e ch urch o f t h e Ca r i t a d a t
S eville
N ovember 1 9 A D 1 2 3 1
S t E l i z a b e t h o f P o r t u ga l (S p S a n t Is a be l d e P a z )
T h is
E l iz a beth wa s th e d a ught e r of t h e K ing o f A r a gon a n d th e gra nd
n ie c e of E liz a beth of H unga ry S h e wa s m a rri e d t o D ionysi us K ing
o f P ortug a l
H e wa s most fa i th l e ss a n d crue l a s a h usb a nd b u t a
good king to h is su bj ects A ft e r forty y e a rs of gre a t domesti c tri a l s
s h e wa s l eft a widow
S h e d ied a t six t y fi ve a n d c a n be d istingu ished
fr om the oth e r S t E liz a beth o f wh om we h a ve spoken by her a ge
a s the former i s a l w a y s re resented as
wh
ile
th
i
s
one
i
s
o
l
d
on n
p
y
a n d v e n e ra b l e
S h e wa s s o p a ti e n t a n d so o ft e n r e c o nci l e d t h e
.
AR T
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
1 07
St
E l p h e ge
S e e S t A l p h e ge
E n u r c h u s , or E v u r t i u s , was
.
1 08
S T OR I E S
A ND
L E GE N D S
IN
I L L US T R A T E D
St
E th e l r e da
AR T
1 09
'
1 10
AN D
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
111
112
S T OR I E S
AN D
L E GE N D S
'
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
113
A nnals of
I n th e
F erd inand was pla n n i n g an exped ition to A frica
th e A rtists of S pain w e are told th a t h e fo unded the cathedra l of
Burgos
w h ich points to h eaven w ith spires more rich and deli
cate than any that crown the cities of the I mp e rial R h ine H e also
St
114
S T OR I E S
A ND
L E GE N D S
began to reb uild the cathedral of Tol edo w here d uring four h undred
ye a rs ar t is t s s wa r m ed a n d l a bored l ike bees and sple n d id prelates
l a vish ed t h e ir pri n cely reven ues to m ake fair an d glorious the tem ple
of G o d i n t r us t ed t o their care
When u rged to tax h is pe opl e i n
order to recruit h is ar m y and ll h is empty co ff ers h e made a reply
w h ic h re flects m ore glory u pon h is character th an h is victories or h is
God
c a t hedral fou n d ations can gi v e
h e repl ied i n w hose cause
I fear more th e curse of one poor old
I ght w ill supply my n eed
wo m a n than a w hol e army of M oors
H e d ied as a pen iten t w i th a
cord abo ut h is neck and a cruci x i n h is h and Hi s d aughter E lenora
w a s m arried to E dward I o f E n gland
S h e possessed th e pi ety a n d
coura ge of her fa ther I t was sh e w ho s ucked the poison fro m her
h usba n d s wound
Wh en the d ecree o f F erdin and s canoniz a ti n
re a ch ed S evi lle th e greatest religio us festi val e ver h e ld there took
place H e w a s buried in th e cath edral of S ev ille There i s a por
trait o f S t F erd ina n d tho ugh t to be auth enti c in the co n ve n t of S a n
Cle m ente at S ev ille M ay 3 0 A D 1 1 5 2
S t F i l o m e n a (L a t S a n cta P h i l u m e n a ; F r S t e Ph ilom e n e )
W i th in th e past half century th i s saint h as gr own i n th e p o pul a r
Ve k n o w but li t tle of her h i story
\
veneratio n
I n th e begi n ning
of th e present ce n t ury a sep ul chre w as discovere d in t h e Catac o m b
o f Priscilla at R ome
i n w h ich was th e skeleton o f a you n g girl
I t w as a dorn ed w ith various rudely pai n ted symbol s and a portion
of an i n scription the beginning and end of w h ich were gone I t
was
l u m e n a pa x t e c u m
,
T h c se
'
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
115
been M a xi m i a n
Th e priest F rancesco da L u cia carr ied the rel ics
to N aples T h ey were inclosed in a case m ade i n th e form of a
h u man body I t w as dressed i n a crimson t uni c and a wh ite satin
petticoat T h e face was painted a garland of owers p ut u po n t h e
h ead and a l ily an d a j avel in w ith i ts po int reversed emblemati c
of h er p urity and h er martyrdom w ere p ut i n her han d S h e wa s
placed half sitti n g i n a sarcophagu s w ith gl ass sides A ft er ly i n g
i n state i n th e ch urch of S an t A n giolo she was carried in pr e ces
sion to M ugnano ami d th e acclamations of th e peopl e m iracles bei n g
wrought through h er intercession o n t h e way Jewels of great val ue
n o w decorate h er shrin e
Her i mage is fou nd i n Ve n etian ch urches
i n B o l o gn a an d L omb a rdy
A t Pisa in the ch urch of S a n F rancisco
and at P a ris in th e ch urches of S t G er vais an d S t M erry t here are
ch apels d ed icated to S t F i l o m e n a A ugust 1 0 A D 303
Th is saint was not a m artyr b ut
S t F i n a o f G e m i gn a n o
recei ved th e honor of canonization o n account of h er patience a n d
ch eerfulness d uring long and fearfu l su ff eri n gs fro m d isease S h e
l abored as long as was possible for th e rel ief of all th e poor a n d
w retch ed w ith in h er reach S h e i s scarcely kno wn o utside of th e
l ittle town w h ere sh e d welt ; b ut there h er name i s typ ical of p a
fortit ude a n d ch a rity
S h e w as w arned of h er de a th by
t ie n ce
a vision of S t Gregory w ho m sh e especially ho n ored a n d at th e
moment of h er decease all th e bells in S a n G em ignano were m i r a c u
l o u sl y tolled
A s h er bod y w as bo r n e to th e grave sh e raised h er
h and as if to bless h er aged n urse who from th at tim e was h ealed of
a troublesome d isease T h e l ife of th i s saint i s beautif ully pai n ted
on the ch apel ded icated to h er in th e cathedral of S a n G emignano
M arch 1 2 A D 1 25 3
S t F l a v i a was th e d aughter of a R oman S enator an d sister of
S t P l a c i d u s w ho w as tak en by h i s fath er at the age of ve years to
S ubiaco to be edu cated by S t Be n edict
F lavi a followed h er broth er
to S i ily w h ither h e was sent by h is superior ; and sh e w ith P l a c i d u s
a n d th irty of th ei r compan ions w as sl a in by th e barbarians outsid e
of th eir con vent n ear M ess i n a T h i s n arrati ve i s not considered
authe n ti c by later Benedicti ne writers O ctober 5 A D 5 4 0
He was a
S t F l o r i a n i s on e of th e guardian sai n ts of A u stri a
R oma n soldier wh o o n account of h is Chris t ian faith was put to
death i n t h e reign of Ga l e r i u s A mi ll stone w as tied ro und h i s n eck
.
'
116
L E GE N D S
ND
S T OR I E S
A D
.
1 4 40
I L L US T R A T E D
ra n c is
of
L
at
(
ssisi
IN
A R T
117
F ran ciscus ,
Pater S e r a ph i c u s ;
St
I t a l S a n F rancisco d i A ssisi ; F r S t F ran cois d A ss i s e )
said
These are th e rich es reserved for my servants and the
118
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
I L L US T R A TE D
IN
AR T
119
1 20
AND
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
'
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
I N
1 21
1 22
S T OR IE S
AND
L E GE N D S
F r a n c i s n ot k n ow i n g t h e fa c e wou l d o n l y s w e a r i t wa s t h e body o f t h e
e m p r e s s be c a u se
f ro m t h e c a r e h e h a d t a k e n h e was s u re n o o n e c o u l d h a ve
c h a n g e d it u o n t h e ro a d
T h e R e v A L B A N B UT L E R
p
1
AR T
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
1 23
1 24
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
1550
Th i s sai n t
)
w as a nat ive of I rela n d H e was m ade Bishop of L ucca to w h ich
place he had gone i n 5 60 Th e princi pal o ccurren ce in h is l i fe w h ic h
i s repr e sented i n a r t is h is turning th e co urse of th e ri ver S erch io
T h is h e d id by draw i n g a
w hen i t threatened to del uge L u cca
b a r r o w a long the ground a n d th e ri ver followed th e course h e th u s
m arked ou t
H is w hole h istory is painted i n a ch urch at L ucca
c a lled by h is n ame
S t G a b r i e l ( Gr A y I a p t h ; L a t S G abriel ; I t a l S a n G abri
T h is
S a n G abriele L A ngelo A nn unzi atore ; F r S t G abriel )
c llo
d ia n
re
of
L
a t
(
ucca
F r igd i a n
us
"
'
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
1 25
'
1 26
AND
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
I L L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
1 27
1 28
S T OR I E S
A ND
L E GE N D S
h e lov e d e xce edingly A t lengt h the lot fell to her Th e k ing o ff ered
a l l he possess ed even to the h al f of the k ingdom th a t sh e m igh t be
sp a red ; bu t the people s a id t h a t as i t w as by h i s o wn edi ct th at the ir
ch ildren had bee n sacri ced there w as no reason for allow ing h im to
w ithhold h is o wn a n d they threatened to take th e princess by force
i f sh e was n o t d el ivered to th em Then th e k ing ask ed th at sh e
m ight be spared to h i m e ight days longer T h is w as granted a n d at
th e e n d of that ti me Cl e o d o l i n d a went forth to the sacri ce clothed
i n h er royal robes and declaring h erself ready a n d w illi n g to d ie for
h e r people
S h e moved slowly towards the place wh ere th e d ra on
ca m e daily for h is v icti ms an d th e w ay w as stre wed w i t h the bones
of those w ho h ad already perished J ust then S t G eorge came to the
pl a ce ; and seeing h er tears h e stopped to learn the cause o f h er
del i ver you ! b ut sh e repl ied O noble yo uth ! tarry n o t h ere lest
thou perish w ith m e ! b ut y I beseech thee !
Then S t G eorge
a n s w ered Go d forbid th at I should y ! I w ill l ift my hand agai nst
th is loathly th i n g an d w ill del i ver th ee through th e power of J esu s
E ven as h e spoke th e drago n approached th em
Christ !
Then th e
I L L US TR A T E D
I N
AR T
1 29
1 30
S T OR I E S
A ND
L E GE N D S
'
LL U S T R
A mbrogio
I N
A TE D
AR T
1 31
S t G i l e s Ca th e dr a l E d i n b u rgh i s o n e
t h e so c a l l e d R e f orm e r s i n S c o t l a n d
1
of
of
th e
ve ry
fe w t h a t
e sc a pe d
th e f
ur y
1 32
S TOR IE S
AN D
L E GE N D S
h ere ever bloomed the mys t ic thorn at the feas t of the N at ivity
I t w as u pon t h e strength of th is legen d th at the k ings of E n gland
claimed precedence of the kings of F rance in the rel igiou s coun cils of
P isa Constance S iena and Basle T hey declared that Joseph of
A rimathea c a me to E n gland in th e fteenth year after th e a s s u m p
tio n of the Virgin M a ry and th at F ran ce recei ved not the rel igio n of
Chris t until the tim e of S t D en is ; and t h at for th is reason they
d id
a r transcend all other k ings i n w or t h an d ho n or so m uch as
cro w n of thorns
He called h imself the D efender and G uard ian
of the H oly S ep ul chre
A little l ater G odfrey defeated the S ara
cens in the plai n of A scalon th us possessi n g h i msel f of all P alesti n e
He l abore d to organ ize a S tate but d ied in J uly 1 1 00 j ustly
lamented for h is piety valor and k ingly v irtu es A n equestria n
sta t ue of G odfrey de Bo u illon stands i n a square of B russels Tasso
sang h is praises i n
Jerusale m D el ivered ; and h istory d e cl a r e s
h i m to hav e b e en o f rs t rank b oth in w ar and co unc il
,
I L L US T R A T E D
St
St
G r a ta
S e e S t A delai de
IN
AR T
1 33
G r e g o r y , or G r e g o r y t h e G r e a t
n u s ; I t a l S a n G regorio M agno or Papa
; F
L
at
(
r.
Gregori us
S t G r egoire
Ge r
M ag
.
Der
w as born at R ome i n
5 40
H is father Gordian was a senator Hi s m o t h e r S yl vi a was a
w om an of remarkable ch aracter ; and like many of the mothers of
th at ti me w h o bore sons d estined to act a great part i n the world
sh e h a d a vision wh ile h e was b ut a baby i n h er arms i n w h ich
S t A n tony revealed to her that thi s son should be th e head of th e
Ch urch on earth W h en grown h e stud ied and practised l a w an d
w as pr aet o r of R ome for twelve years H is ch aracter was however
al ways deeply religious and th e piety of t h e m oth er seemed to h ave
descended to a n d becom e i n tensi ed in the son O n the death of h is
father he de voted hi s w ealth to religion and ch ari ty H e made h is
h ome on th e Ce l i a n Hill a hospital and mon astery and dedi cated
i t to S t A ndre w He then took a cell w ithi n it and taking t h e
habit of a B enedi ctine devoted h imself to stud ies w h i c h tted h im for
h is d uties i n later l ife T h is monastery i s n o w the churc h of S a n
G regorio
Wh en a fearful plague broke o ut i n R ome G regory de
v oted h imself to th e n ursing of th e sick
One of the vi ctim s of the
pestilen ce was Pope Pelagi us The people desired to h ave G regory
as h is su ccessor ; b ut h e shrank fro m th e o f ce and even entreated
the emperor not to assent to the w ish es of the people When n ally
h i s election wa s conrmed he h id h i mself i n a cave away from R om e
T hose wh o sou gh t for h i m w ere led by a celestial l ight about the
place w here h e w as h idden an d h e w as b rought agai n to R om e
H e soon prove d th at th e ch oice of th e people had been a w ise one
H e w as the most h u mble of men and was th e rst to call h imself
St
G r e gory sa i d th a t c on ve rsi on s t o t h e
fai th sh ou l d
n ot
be forc e d, b ut won
1 34
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
AN D
cou n ti n g
Holy F ath er there are surely tw el ve only !
G regory
said no more b u t at the end of th e m eal h e asked th e u n inv ited
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
IN
1 35
out of Hel l
a n d contrary to Catholi c faith an d th e S criptures
there i s n o salvat ion recounts th e m anner i n w h ich S t Gregory
released Traj an from torment I t i s said th at on on e occasion whe n
th at emperor w as leading h is soldiers t o battle h e w as stopped by
a poor wido w wh o thre w herself before h i s horse an d demanded
vengeance for th e death of h er son wh o h ad been k illed by the son
of Traj an T he emperor promised that on h is return h e wo uld a t
te n d to her request
B u t sire repl ied the w idow
should you be
said Tra jan T hen sh e repl ied Wh at w ill it sig n ify to you great
emperor th a t any o t h er than yourself sh ould do m e j ustice ? I s i t
not better that yo u shou ld d o this good action yourself th an leave
another to do i t ?
Then th e emperor aligh ted and li stened t o h er
story and nally gave h is ow n son to h er and besto wed u pon her a
large d o wr v N o w as G regory was one day th inking of th is story
h e beca m e greatly troubled at t h e th ough t th a t so ust a m an as th is
should be condemned as a h eath en to eternal torments and h e
e n tered a ch urch and prayed most earnestly th at th e soul of the
emperor might be released fro m su ff eri ng Wh ile still at prayer
1 36
St
S a nctus
Fr
St
"
Ay
r pm
/op e
@c ok y os ;
La t
N a z i a n z e n us ; I t a l S a n G regorio N az ian ze no ;
de N a z ia n c e ; Ge r S Gregor von N azi an z ) w as
G regori us
G re goire
r
G
(
a z ia n z e n
G r e go r y
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
IN
1 37
Th e lege n d relates th at at th e
S t G u t h l a c o f Cr o y l a n d
t ime of h is birth a h and of ruddy splendor w as see n extended from
A lt h ough
h eaven t o a cross w hi ch stood at h is mother s door
th is w as thought to indicat e fu ture sanctity in the child h e gre w up
w ild and reckless an d at th e age of s ixteen organ ized a ban d of rob
bers and w as their leader ; bu t su ch was h is innate good n ess th at
h e al ways gave back a th ird part of the spoi l to those whom h e
robbed
He l ived th us eight years w hen h e s a w th e sinfulness of
h is life and th e rem ainder of it w as devoted t o penance and repara
ti on A t th e monastery of R epton h e learned to read and studied
the lives of the hermits H e w ent at length to a wi lderness wh ere
h e encou ntered evil spirits as n u merous as those w h ich tormented
S t A nthony
S t Bartholomew was the chosen saint of G u t h l a c
an d he often ca m e to h is rescue and drove th e demo n s into th e sea
T he place of h is retreat was a m arsh A t rst a little oratory was
b u ilt and at length a spl end id monastery was raised on piles an d
ded icated to S t Barthol om e w The m arsh es w ere drai n ed and la
bor an d culti vation chan ged the appearance of the place and put to
ight the demon iac i nh ab ita nts of the former solitude Th e ruins of
Croyland A bbey c over t wenty acres The cou n try is again neglected
and an u nh ealthy m arsh Th e re m ains of a beautiful statue said to
be S t G u t h l a c may still b e seen S t P ega th e sister of S t G uth
l ac gave to th e m onastery the w h ip of S t B artholome w A pril 1 1
A D 71 4
S t H e le n a
I t is admitted by all authorities that S t H elena
w as born in E ngland ; bu t th e exact location of h er birth place is a
-
1 38
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
T h e Ca t h o l i c Ch u r c h
i n c l ud e s
th e
Books
of
M a c c a be e s
am
on g
the
i n s p i re d
I L L US T R A TE D
IN
AR T
1 39
1 40
S T OR I E S
AN D
L E GE N D S
I L L U S T R A TE D
I N
AR T
1 41
th at come to h urt it
A n d t h e things concern ing H e l i o dor u s an d
the keeping of the tr e asury fel l out on th is sort
He married C une
S t H e n r y o f B a v a r i a was born in 9 72
gu nda daughter of S iegfried Co un t of L uxembourg
Bot h are
sain ts and both obtained that glory by their perfect and ent ire de
to th e C h urch Th is was so m arked a featur e of Henry s
v o t i on
ch aracter and reign t hat i t caused a revolt among the prin ces of
h i s empire as they thought h e had n o right t o lavish so mu c h
treasure i n th e s e rvi c e of rel igion
H enry w as no l e ss a soldier
than a Christian A fter defeating t h e sed itiou s nobles b e restor e d
to them t heir possessions and treated th e m as i f noth ing h ad o c
curred Whe n he went to war to subj ect and conv e rt Polan d an d
S c l a vo n i a h e pu t h imse l f and h i s army u n d er t h e protection of S S
H e gird e d on t h e s word of t h e last
L auren ce George and A drian
n amed wh ich h ad lo n g b e en pr e s e rved in Walbeck Ch urch T h e
legend relates that t h e thr e e saints w e re v isible ghting by th e side
of Henry and th at th rough their ai d h e conqu e red T h e ch urch of
M e r se b e r g wa s b u il t to com memorat e th is victory
H e also fough t
i n I taly and drove th e S arac e ns from A p ulia Henry h ad an especial
veneration for t h e V irgin ; an d w hen on h is exp e d itions u pon e ntering
a place al ways repaired rst to some ch u rch or shrine dedi cated t o
her
On on e occasio n at Verdu n h e w as seized w ith s uc h a d is
gust an d w eariness of h is i m perial l ife a n d d uties th at h e desire d
t o becom e a monk
The prior told the emperor that h is rst
duty would be obed ien ce
Wh en Henry declared h imself ready
to obey th e prior commande d h i m to retai n h i s ofce an d d is
charge its du ties
He nry an d Cu n e gu n da together founded an d
ri chly endowed the cathedral an d con vent of Bamberg i n F ran
conia as well as many other rel igious edi ces i n Germany an d
also i n I taly A fter they h ad been un ited several years d uri n g
w h i ch t ime by m utu al consent th ey l ived i n t h e strictest contin ence
Henry
Cu n e g u n d a was s u spected o f unfaith fulness to h e r h usband
bel ieved i n t h e p urity of h i s w i fe and sh e w ould h ave looked u po n
th ese reports as trial s sent fro m h eaven to test her patience but sh e
felt that her position demanded her j ustication and sh e asked to be
allowe d t h e trial by ordeal S h e walked over burning plo u gh shares
uni n j ured Henry tried to m ake a m e n ds to h er by showing her th e
greatest respect and tenderness b ut sh e pr e ferr e d to retire to t h e
142
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
O
ur
Blessed
ady
i
n ; and th e legend says that th is so pleased
L
g
that she pu t forth her h and and took the appl e and gave i t to o u r
L ord Jesus wh o sat u pon her knee and both sm iled u pon H erm an
W hen still young Herman took the h abit of th e Premonstratensi a ns
H e had many beau tiful v isions i n on e of w h i ch th e V irgin descen d ed
from heaven an d pu t t ing a ring on h i s nger called h i m h e r espoused
F rom th is vision h e acqu ir e d the additional n ame of Joseph A pril 7
A D 1 236
S t H e r m e n gil d u s w as t h e son o f K ing L e o v ig il d an d during
the contest between t h e Cathol ics and A rian s h e w as p u t to deat h
by h is fath er for rel inquish ing t h e A ri an faith H e i s on e of th e m ost
fa mous S pan ish m artyrs Th e c h ef d a u vr e o f H errera i s the a po t h e
osis of th is sai n t He i s carri ed i nto glory w h ile S t I sidore and S t
L eander stan d on each sid e an d th e young son of H e r m e n g i l d u s
gazes u pward s as h is father i s born e to h eaven Th e saint hold s a
cross an d w ears a cuirass of bl u e steel and a scarlet mantl e A pril
,
H ila
S e e S t D on ato of A rezzo
rion
S t H i l a r y (I t a l S an t I lario ; F r S t H ilaire) was B ish op of
Poit iers A lthough F ren ch h e i s greatly reverenced i n I taly and
is one o f th e patrons of Par m a w h ere i t i s said a part o f h is rel ics
repose Jan uary 1 4 A D 3 6 3
S t H i l d a o f W h i t b y was th e great grandd aughter o f K ing
S h e w as a bbess of Wh itby and celebrated for h er piety a n d
E dwin
l earn i n g a n d th e excellent tr a i n i n g w h i ch sh e gave al l u nd er h er
ch arge S i x bish o ps were elected o ut of th e mon astery of m en at
S t r e a n e s h a l e h wh ich w as u nd e r h er j urisd iction
S h e attended a
St
AR T
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
143
'
'
1 44
L E GE N D S
S T OR I E S
A N D
'
AR T
IN
I L L US T R A T E D
1 45
th w i t h h i s b ro th e r S t P ro f u s i s m e n t io n e d i n
C a l e n da r a s h a vi n g s u ff e r e d m a r t yr d om u n d e r D i o c l e t i a n A D 304
1
St
H ya c i n
10
th e L
i b e r ia n
1 46
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
I gn
tius
of
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 47
E go vob is R om ae p r o p i t i u s ero
a n d a ga i n a n
a n gel held before
h i m a t a bl e t thu s inscribed
In hoc v o c a b i t u r tibi nomen
J uly
t he
I l d e f o n s o or A l f o n s o (Ge r D er H eilig e I l de ph o n s) T h is
s a int wa s one of t h e rst Ben e di ctines in S p a in H e de voted h i m s e l f
to t h e servic e of th e Blessed Virgin a n d wrot e a book to prov e h er
perpetu a l v irgin ity H e h a d tw o rem a rk a ble visions I n one S t
Leoc a d i a to whom h e h a d vow e d p a rticul a r devo t ion ros e out of her
tomb to a ssur e h i m of t h e fa vor of t h e Virgin a n d of the a pp rov a l of
St
148
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AN D
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
I N
1 49
k ne l t a t h is d e votions ne a r by O n e da y w h e n h is m a st e r th irsted
He
I sidor e stru ck a rock w ith h is go a d a n d pur e w a t e r owed o ut
restored a ch ild to l ife by his p r a yers a n d p e rform e d v a riou s oth e r
m ira cles M a y 1 0 A D 1 1 70
E gr e gi u s Doctor
S t I s i d o r e B i s h o p o f S e v i l l e is s t yl e d t h e
H isp a ni cs
His brother Le a nder w ho pr e c e d e d h i m i n h is bishopri c
He
S a i nt Y ves H e l o r i A voc a t des
f e s s i o n h e is styled
belonged to a nobl e fa m ily a n d fro m h i s moth er A z a d u P l e ssi s wh o
conduc t ed hi s e a rly e d uc a tion h e deriv e d h is rem a rk a b l e p i e ty A s
H e wa s b u t fourte e n when
a boy h e h a d a n
a mbition t o b e a s a int
h e w ent to Pa ris a n d h ere a n d a fterw a rds a t Orl e a ns h e d e vot e d h im
sel f to leg a l studies I t h a s b e en s a id th a t l a wy e rs h a ve chosen h i m
a s th e ir p a tron r a t h er th a n p a ttern
a s h e wa s distingu ish ed for
h is love of j u stic e a n d its v indic a tion und e r a l l circumst a nces A l l
t hrough h i s y e a rs of study h e g a ve m a ny hours to r e ligious d uties
a n d especi a lly to the l a bors of ch a rity
H e a l so a t th is t im e m a de
A fter return ing hom e h e studied theology
At
a v o w of cel ib a cy
t h e a g e of th irty h e wa s m a d e j udg e a dvoc a t e
H e a l w a ys a t
t e mpted to recon cile contending p a rties w ithout r e sorti n g t o l a w a n d
w a s a lw a ys re a dy to ple a d for t h e poor w ithout recompens e
At
l e ngth he e n tered t h e priesthood B efore a ssu ming h is priestly ga r
m e nts he ga v e thos e h e h a d worn to the p oor a n d w e nt out from
th e hosp it a l w here h e h a d distributed them w ith b a re h e a d a n d feet
W h en a priest h e contin ued to b e the A dvoc a t e of the Poor a n d h is
do uble duties w ore on h is h e a l th H e d i e d a t the a ge of fty He
i s the p a tron o f l a wy e rs in a l l E urop e
M a y 1 9 A D 1 3 03
S t J a m e s t h e G r e a t (L a t S J a cobu s M aj or 3 I t a l S a n Gi a
como or J a c o p o M a ggiore 3 F r S t J a cqu e s M a j e ur ; Sp S a n J a go
or S a nti a go E 1 T utel a r)
S t J a m e s c a lled t h e M aj or th e Gre a t
or t h e E ld e r
is pres e nt e d to us i n two v e ry di ff er e nt ch a ra cters
,
1 50
L E GE N
DS
S TOR IE S
AN D
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
151
J a m e s a n d Ph i l etu s a n d bring th em to h i m 3 b ut on th e w a y th ey
m et a comp a ny of a ng e ls wh o pun ished th e m severely S t J a mes
th e n ord e red t h e d e m on s to bring H e rmog e n es bound to h im T hey
obey e d a n d b e sought h im a s they l a id the sorc e rer a t h is fe e t th a t
h e wo u ld h e re v e nge d for th e m a n d h ims e lf on a common e nemy
B ut J a mes a ssur e d t h e m th a t h is M a ster h a d t a ught h im to do good
for evil a n d so rele a sed t h e p rison e r H e rmoge nes c a s t a ll h is book s
i n to the s e a a n d e ntre a t e d J a mes to protect hi m from th e demons
w ho h a d been h is sl a ves T h e A p ostl e ga ve h i m h i s own st a ff ; a n d
fro m th a t tim e t h e p ers e cutor b e c a m e t h e e a rn e st a n d fa ithful d is
A t length the J e ws
c i pl e
a n d pre a ch ed t h e F a ith w ith gr e a t fruit
w ere d e t e rmin e d to destroy h im a n d sent to dr a g h i m before Herod
H i s gentleness a n d t h e m ira cles wh ich h e d id on t h e wa y
A gripp a
so tou ch ed the soul of one of h i s t o r i n e n t o r s t h a t h e b e gge d to d i e
w ith him J a mes ga v e h i m a kiss s a y i ng P a x vob is 3 a n d from
152
L E GE N
DS
A ND
S T OR I E S
j udge mock e d th e m a n d s a id
Wh a t s a yest tho u good wom a n ?
T hou a r t beside thyself ! I f thy son l ives so do those fowls i n m y
d ish
H e h a d h a rdly spoken w hen the two fowl s w h ich w ere a
cock a n d a h en ros e u p fe a thered i n th e d ish a n d the cock bega n to
cro w T h e j udge c a lled th e priests a n d l a wyers a n d they wen t to t h e
pl a ce of executi o n a n d del i vered th e young m a n to h is p a rents T h e
cock a n d h en th us m i r a c u l o u sl v resuscit a ted w er e pl a ced u nder t h e
protection of rel igious a n d th eir posterit y preserved for a lo n g ti m e
T he most not a ble occ a sion u pon w h ich S t J a mes a p pe a red to l e a d
the sold iers of S p a in wa s in th e ye a r 9 3 9 w hen K ing R a mirez dete r
m ined not to s ubmit longer to the t r ibute o f one h u ndred v irgins
w h ich w a s a nn u a lly p a id to th e M oors
H e d eed A b d e l r a m a n to a
b a ttle wh ich took pl a ce on th e pl a i n of A l ve i d a or Cl a vij o A fter
T h a t n igh t S t
a furiou s contest th e Christi a ns were d ri ven b a ck
J a mes a p pe a red to R a mirez a n d prom ised to be w ith h i m th e follo w
ing d a y a n d give h i m th e v ictory T h e king rel a ted th is to h is
o f c e rs a n d a lso to h i s soldi e rs w h e n th e y we re re a dy for t h e eld
.
I L L US T R A T E
IN
AR T
1 53
In e a rly
h a s b e e n t h e S p a nish wa r cry
S a nti a go !
t h a t da y
w orks of a r t S t J a m e s i s us u a lly if not a l w a ys repres e nt e d w ith th e
other A postles a n d m a y b e k no wn by hi s p la c e wh ich is t h e third
B ut l a ter h e h a s been portra yed in a l l the di ffer e nt sc e nes of h is l i fe
I n t h is ch a ra ct e r
of Co m p os t e l l a
a n d very frequently a s a p il gr i m
h e h e a r s the p ilgri m s st a ff a n d w a ll e t the clo a k a n d sh e ll wh il e h is
h a t i s often on h is should e r
T h e most e ff ective repr e s e nt a tion of
th is th a t I h a v e seen i s t h e st a t u e by T horw a lds e n in t h e C h urch
of Our L a dy a t Cop e nh a gen J uly 25 A D 4 4
S t J a ques M ineur ; I t a l S a n J a copo o r
S t Ja m e s M i n o r
G i a como M inor e ; L a t S J a cobu s F ra t er D omini 3 Gr A Sc Acpcide o e ,
broth er of t h e
T hi s s a int h a s a nother most honor a ble
titl e of T h e J ust
H e w a s the son of Cleo p h a s a n d M a ry the
s ist e r of t h e Virgin M a ry 3 i n r e a l i ty cousin germ a n to t h e S a viour
bre a d H e bl e ss e d t h e br e a d a n d g a v e it to J a m e s s a ying M y
brother e a t thy bre a d 3 for t h e S o n o f m a n is risen from a mong
the m t h a t sleep
May 1
S t J a n u a r i u s (I t a l S a n G enn a ro ; F r S t J a nvi e r) T his s a int
wh o w a s Bi sh op of Ben e v e nto c a me i n t h e tenth persecu t ion to
H
1 54
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
S t B e n e d i c t, h o we v e r, i s
.
re ga r de d as
t r o f M on a sti c i sm
t h e fa h e
in th e
We s t
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 55
Wh o
t h a t h e w a s com m a nded to a pp e a r b e for e G o d for j udgment
a r t tho u ?
Jerom e r e pli e d A Christi a n
w a s t h e rst question
T he n c a m e a fe a rfu l r e p l y :
T is fa lse ! tho u a r t n o Christi a n ;
tho u a r t a C iceroni a n W h e re t h e tre a sure is t here w ill the h e a rt
be a lso
A fter ten y e a rs of h e a rt rending t e mpt a tion a n d struggle
of w e a ry controversy a n d l a bors h e returned to R om e
H e re h e
pre a ched w it h a l l th e enth usi a sti c e loqu e nce h e coul d com m a nd
a g a inst t h e lu xury of t h e R om a n cl e rgy a n d l a ity a n d m a int a i n ed
H e especi a lly
t h e necessity of extr e me self d e ni a l a n d a bstinen ce
i nuen ced the R om a n w omen som e of t h e most d istingu is h ed b e c o m
ing converts t o h is pre a ch ing of C hrist crucied a n d re a dy to follo w
P a ul a a descend a nt of t h e S cipios a n d
h i m in a n y self s a c r i c e
G ra cchi w hos e cell i s shown i n t h e mon a st e ry a t Bethleh e m w a s
perh a ps th e most celebr a t e d of thes e converts b ut M a rcell a i s a n
other n a m e h a nd e d dow n to us w ith h is S h e i s by som e h e ld to be
t h e rst w ho fo unded a r e l i giou s comm u n ity for w omen wh i l e o t hers
gi ve t h is h igh honor to S t M a rth a
J e rom e r e m a ined b ut t hre e
ye a r s i n R ome w hen h e r e turn e d to h is mon a stery a t Bethl ehem
Here h e d i e d ; a n d wh en he kn e w t h a t d e a t h w a s a ppro a ching h e
desire d to be born e into the ch a pel wh ere h e rec e ived the l a st rites
of th e Ch urch expiring soon a ft e r H e l eft m a ny e pistles a n d con
t r o ve r s i a l writings a n d th e cell in w hi ch h e w rote a t Bet h lehem i s
reg a rded w ith gre a t v e ner a tion T h e J e r o n ym it e s w ere d istinguish e d
for t h e m a gni c e n ce of som e of t h e ir ch urch es a n d con vents T h e
E scuri a l w a s th e irs a s we ll a s th e M on a stery of Belem i n Portuga l
a n d that of S t J ust to w h i ch C h a rles V r e tired when h e g a ve u p h is
throne T h e proper a ttribu tes of S t J e rome a r e books illustra t i ve
o f h is wri tings a n d t h e l ion wh ich i s e mbl e m a t ic of th e boldn e ss a n d
but th ere is a lso a leg e nd wh ich a ccounts
wa tchfulness of th e s a int
for th e a ssoci a ti on of t h e lion w ith t h e holy m a n
One e vening h e
w a s si tting a t the g a te of h is mon a stery w h en a l ion entered l imp
ing a s if w ou nded T h e m onks ed terri ed except Jerome w ho
T h e poor be a st l ift e d h is p a w a n d i n it
w ent t o me e t the l ion
Je ro m e fo und a th orn wh ich h e extr a ct e d a n d th e n t e nd e d t h e wo und
.
1 56
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
T he
W a n de rin g
a n dering J e w
W
J
I
t
a l
S
an
G
F
T
io
Jo
S t J oa ch im
a cch ino ;
S
t
a ki m
w
a
t
h
e
s
(
)
h u sb a nd of A nn a a n d the fa th er of the B l e ss e d Virgin H e w a s of
N a z a reth a n d h is w i fe of Bethleh em a n d both of t h e roy a l r a ce o f
D a vid Jo a ch i m wa s ri c h a n d a n extremely devo ut m a n
H e wa s
ch ildless ; a n d i t h a ppened th a t o n a cert a in fe a st d a y wh en h e
brough t h is o ffering to the T emple it wa s refused by I ss a ch a r t h e
Se e
"
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 57
A n d A nn a r e p l ied
throughout th e w hole world
A s t h e Lord
li veth wh a tev e r I sh a ll bring for t h b e i t a m a n ch ild or m a id I w il l
N o w kn o w I th a t th e Lord h a th bl e ss e d me
I who w a s a w ido w
am
no l onger a w ido w
I w h o wa s b a rren sh a ll become a j oyfu l
'
1 58
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
W ord of
S t J o h n t h e E v a n g e l i s t (Gree k titl e 6e o A6yoc
L a t S J oh a nnes ; I t a l S a n G iov a nn i E v a ngel ist a ; F r S t
God ;
J e a n M e ssire S t J e h a u ; Ge r D e r H e il ige J oh a nn )
M ore is know n
a
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
I N
1 59
o f th is
Th e
tra di ti on th a t h e
n e
ve r
di e d
i s ts
but h a s
n o
gr ou n d i n Ca th oli c b e l i e f
1 60
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
th em of th eir country a n d s a id
When ye sh a ll h a v e a rri v e d i n
your own co u ntry go to King E d w a rd a n d s a l ute h i m i n my n a m e
S a y t o h i m t h a t I th a nk h i m for t h e a l ms w h i ch h e besto wed on m e
i n a cert a i n stre e t in W estmi nster 3 for th e re on a cert a in d a y a s I
begg e d of h i m a n a lms he b e stowed on m e th is ring wh ich till n o w
I h a v e preserv e d a n d ye sh a ll c a rry i t b a c k to h i m s a y i ng th a t i n
si x months fro m th is tim e h e sh a ll q u i t t h e w orld a n d come a n d
am
a n d where i s th y d welling
l
I
Joh
n
th
e
a ce ?
A
n d h e repl i ed
p
E v a ngel ist
E dw a rd your k ing is my fr iend a n d for th e s a nctity of
h is l ife I hold h i m d e a r Go n ow th e re fore del i ver to h i m t h i s
,
I L L US TR A T E
IN
AR T
1 61
11
1 62
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AN D
DS
2 7,
99
w ithout
inj u ry
D e ce mb e r
J o h n C a p i s t r a n o w a s a F r a ncisc a n fri a r w ho a ft e r t h e
c a pture of Const a ntinople by th e T urks wa s sent o ut to pre a ch a
crus a d e for th e defen ce of C hristendom A t the si ege of Belgr a de i n
1 4 5 6 when M oh a mmed w a s re pulsed by t h e H ung a ri a ns th is s a int
w a s seen w ith h is cruci x in h a nd i n th e m idst of t h e b a ttle e n c o u r
H e d ied t h e s a m e ye a r a n d i n
a ging a n d l e a ding on the soldiers
H is a ttrib ute is t h e crucix or t he st a nd a rd
1 6 9 0 he wa s c a nonized
w i th t h e cross A coloss a l st a tue of h i m is on th e ext e rior of t h e
c a thedra l a t Vienn a H e h a s a T urk under h is fe e t wh ile h e be a rs
Octob e r 2 3
i n one h a nd a st a nd a rd a n d in t h e oth e r a cross
St
l 45 6
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
IN
1 63
1 64
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 65
J o h n d e M a t h a (Sp S a n Ju a n d e M a t a ) wa s a n a t ive o f
F a u con in Proven ce He w a s born in 1 1 5 4 a n d h i s p a rents were of
noble fa mily Like so m a ny s a ints h e w a s cons e cra ted to Go d by
h is mother w hose n a m e w a s M a rth a H e wa s a student in th e U n i
versity a t P a ri s a n d a fter b e com i n g fa mo us for h is p i e ty wa s ord a ined
a priest
T h e rst t ime b e celebr a ted the m a ss h e h a d a v isi on of a n
a ngel w hose h a nds cross e d over e a ch o t her r e sted on the he a ds of
two sl a ves w h o knelt on e a ch side of hi m On t h e br e a st of t h e
w h ite robe wh i ch th e a ngel w ore wa s a cross of red a n d blu e
F el ix
d e V a l ois a no t h er ho l y m a n wa s a friend of t h e s a int 3 a n d w hen
Joh n h a d told h i m t h e vision a n d th a t b e reg a rded it a s a n int i
m a tion from he a ven th a t h e wa s to l a bor for the rel ief of prison e rs
a n d c a pti ves th e two determ ined to fo und a n e w order h a ving t h is
1 66
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AN D
Y e t a l ittl e w h il e a n d ye sh a ll n o t s e e m e
chose th e text
He
N ot
e nde a vored to pr e p a re h ims e l f a n d a l l w ho h e a rd h i m for de a th
long a ft e r a s h e a ppro a ched t h e p a l a ce t h e emperor s a w h i m from
th e w indow a n d being seiz e d w ith o n e of h is t e mpers he ordered h i m
to be brough t before h i m A g a in he dem a nded the confession of t he
T h e s a int k ept perfect silence
T hen the em peror com
e mpress
m a n d e d th e gu a r d s to thro w h im over th e p a r a pet of th e bridge into
T h e l e gen d rel a tes th a t a s h e s a nk ve st a rs h overed
t h e M old a u
over t h e spot w h i ch w h en th e e mp e ror s a w th em so d i str a cted h i m
T he
th a t he ed a n d h id for som e ti me in th e fortress of Ca r l s t e i n
em press gr e a tly mourn e d a n d t h e p e o p l e c a rri ed h i s body in p r o c e s
sion t o t h e Ch urch of t h e H oly Cross W h e n Pr a gu e wa s besieged
in 1 6 20 it is bel ie ved th a t S t J oh n N epom uck fough t w ith h is
peopl e
T h e empress d id n ot long survi v e h er fa ithful fri end a n d
confessor H e wa s a c a non regul a r of S t A ugu sti n e
H e i s p a tron
H is
s a int of bridges a n d runn ing w a t e r i n A ustri a a n d Bohem i a
st a tue st a nds on th e bridge a t Pra gu e on th e very spot wh en ce h e
w a s thro wn down
F i ve st a rs a r e h is proper a ttri but e S ome t i mes h e
h a s h is n ger on h is mouth 3 sometim e s a p a dloc k on h i s mo uth or i n
h is h a nd in token of silence H e i s p a tron of d iscretion a n d si l e nce
a n d protector a g a inst sl a n d er
M a y 1 6 A D 1 38 3
S t J o h n a n d S t P a u l were broth ers a n d R om a n o f c e rs in t h e
service of Co n st a nti a T hey were put to d e a th by J u l i a n t h e A pos
t a t e T heir ch urch on t h e bro w of t h e l i a n Hill i s on t h e s po t
w h ere their h ou se stood wh i ch i s on e of the most lovely i n a n cien t
R om e
I t h a s existed sinc e 4 9 9
T h e ch urch a t V e ni c e wh ic h
b e a rs th e ir n a m e wa s b ui l t by co l oni e s from t h e co n v e nt o f S t J oh n
.
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
1 67
l
i
e
o
n
a
n
d
H istory of Joseph i n t hese words : Wh e n M a ry w a s
g
fourte e n ye a rs old th e priest Z a ch a ri a s (or A bi a th a r a s h e i s els e
wh e r e c a lled ) inquired of the Lord conc e rn ing h er what w a s r ight
to be done 3 a n d a n a nge l c a m e to h i m a n d s a id Go forth a n d c a l l
togeth e r a l l the widow e rs a mong t h e p eople a n d l e t e a ch bring h is
rod (or wa nd ) i n his h a nd 3 a n d h e to w hom th e Lord sh a ll show a
sign let h i m be th e husb a nd of M a ry
A n d Z a ch a ri a s did a s t h e
a ng e l comm a nded a n d m a de procl a m a tion a ccordingly
A n d Josep h
the c a rpen ter a right e ous m a n throw ing down h i s a xe a n d t a king
h i s sta ff in h is h a nd r a n o ut w ith t h e rest W hen h e a ppe a re d b e
for e the priest a n d presented h is rod 10 ! a dove i ss ued o u t of it
a dove d a zzl ing w h ite a s snow a n d a fter settl ing on h is he a d e w
t ow a rd h e a ven
Then th e h igh priest s a i d t o h im T ho u a r t t h e
p e rson chos e n to t a ke the Virgin of th e Lord a n d to k e e p h e r fo r
an
d St Pa ul
.
at
S t J e rom
.
e as se
rts th a t h e
wa s
al
wa ys vi rgi n
1 68
L E G E ND S
A ND
S T OR
IE S
H im
And Joseph w as at rst afr aid and drew back b u t a fterward
h e took her home to h is house and said to her Beh old I h ave
taken thee from the T emple of the L ord and no w I w ill leave thee
i n my house fo r I m ust go and follo w my trade o f b u i l d ing I w il l
return to thee and m ean wh ile th e L ord be w ith thee and w atch
over thee
S o Joseph left her and M ary rem aine d i n her house
Jerome makes a d i ff erence w hi ch artists h ave fol l o wed H e relates
t hat among the suitors for M ary w as th e son of th e h igh priest an d
that they all deposited their wan ds i n th e Templ e o ver n igh t N ext
morn ing Joseph s rod h ad blossom ed
Th e others i n th e ir d is
appointment brok e the ir wands and tram pled on the m ; w h il e one
Agabus w ho was of noble race ed to M t C armel an d became an
anchorite In many pictures th e espousal s tak e pl ace i n t h e open
air and variou s places o utside th e Temple h aving n o appearance of
the sacrament of marriage Th is is expl ained by th e fa c t th at among
the Je ws marriage w as a c i vil contract rather th an a rel igious cere
mony Joseph s next appearance i n th e legends is on th e j ourn ey to
Bethleh em The way so long an d w eary to th e su ffering Virgin is
"
IL L US T R A T E D
I N
AR T
1 69
of M ary :
And my mother th e V irgin arose an d she cam e n igh
to me and said 0 my beloved S o n n o w m ust the good old man die
And I answered an d sai d unto h er O m y most dear moth er needs
m ust all created beings d ie ; and Death w ill h ave h is rights even over
th ee beloved mother : b ut death to h im and to th ee i s no death only
th e passage to etern al li fe 3 an d thi s body I h ave deri ved fro m thee
sh all also undergo death
T hen a fter gi vi n g an account of the
1 70
S T OR
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
IL L U S TR A T E D
I N
AR T
1 71
bequeathed to
t e m p l a t e d th e establ ish ment of one and yet h e
Christendom o n e of th e n o blest of all its rel igi o us insti t u ti o ns
In
1 72
of
E G E ND S
AND
S T OR
IE S
San
1550
d e l a Cr u z
He
is
m
ention
ed
by
M
r
S
ti
r
ling
as
a
j
h oly m a n who was frequently favored w it h interviews w ith o ur
S avi o ur and w ho on one of th ese occasions m ade an u n cout h
sk etch of the D i v ine apparition w h ich w as long preserved as a
re l ic i n the convent of the In carnation at A v ila
He was the rst
bare footed C armel ite and is fam o us for h is terribl e austerities an d
p e nances
He w as the ally of S t Teresa i n a l l h e r reforms an d
is fre quently represented w ith h er
Books w ith the titl e s of h is
wri tings are often introd uced into h i s p ictures
N ovember 24
St
uan
A D
.
15 91
J u d a s I s c a r i o t (I t a l G i uda S c a r i o t a ; F r Judas I s c a r i o t e )
T h e silence of the G o spel concerning the l ife of J udas before h e
b e cam e a d isciple is m o re than lled by th e l egends of th e M id d le
Ages T hey relate that h e was o f th e tribe of R eu ben and t hat h is
m o ther dreamed before h is birth that h e wo ul d m urder h i s fath er
comm it incest w ith h i s mo t her and betray h i s G o d fo r mon ey Hor
r i fi e d at th is prospect
h is parents determ ined that he sh o uld not
l i ve to full such proph ecies ; so th ey put h i m in a chest an d thre w
it int o the sea b ut th e chest was w ashed on sh ore and the chil d taken
by a certai n k ing and reared as h is son T his k ing h ad a son who m
J u d a s hated fro m th e n atural ugli ness of h is di sp o siti o n At lengt h
h e killed h i m i n a qu arrel an d e d to J ud aea and was em p l oyed
as a page by P o ntius Pilate w ho w as attract ed by th e c o m el iness
of h is person In c o urse of time h e fulls the dreadful pro ph ecies
regard ing h is parents a n d at length learns fro m h is m o ther th e
secret of h is birth He i s lled w i th h o rror of h imsel f and h aving
h e ard o f th e power o f Christ t o fo rgi ve sins h e seeks to bec o m e h is
fo ll o wer Jesus rec e ives h im kn o w ing all J udas n o w adds avarice
to h is o th er vic e s and bec o mes so c o m pl e tely c o rru pt as t o t
h i m fo r t h e awful destiny fo reshad o wed fo r h i m
T h e bri b e ry
betrayal r e p e ntance and d e ath fo ll o w a cc o rd ing t o th e S cri pture
acc o unt H is r e pentance i s i n s o m e cas e s m ost v ividly p o rtra yed
Re morse is m a de a real person w ho seizes and torments h im unti l
.
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
1 73
1 74
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
IL L
A T ED
US T R
AR T
IN
1 75
o ffered her fo od ; b ut she said I w ill not eat thereof lest there be
an o ff ence 3 b ut provision sh all be m ade for m e of th e thi n gs th at I
h ave brought
And w hen h e said If thy provision should fail ?
1 76
L E G E ND S
A ND
S T OR
IE S
m eat bag a n d they wen t forth into th e vall ey as was th eir c ustom
B ut n o w they kept on ti l l th e y came to Beth ul ia ; and J ud ith called
to th e watchman w hen they w ere still af ar o ff And w h en her voice
w as h eard all t h e city hastened to hear what n ews she m igh t b ring
And she commanded the m to praise Go d and showed the m th e head
of H o lofernes and the si lken can o py Then J udith gave an order
that they should h ang the head on the highest part of th e w all and
w h en the morn ing s h o ul d come e very m an should take h is we a po n
and go forth as if to batt l e 3 then the Assyrians wo uld go to th e tent
of Holofern es and fear sho u l d fall u pon them and they woul d ee
before the men of Beth u l ia And it was all as she said N o w w hen
V a ga o knocked at the door of the tent h e had no answer h e w ent
not in fo r h e thought th at H olofernes h ad slept w ith J ud ith
but
w hen he coul d hear no one he entered and found the body from w h ich
th e head h ad been c ut away Then was th e Assyrian cam p lled w it h
d ismay and th ey ed into e very w ay of the plain and of th e h ill co un
try And the ch ildren of Israel fell u pon th em and smote them an d
chas ed them beyond D amascus And the tent of Holofernes w ith a ll
its rich appoint ments w as given to J ud ith ; and the m en of Beth ul i a
sp o iled th e camp of the Assyrians Then J ud ith sang a song of tri
u mph
and sh e went to J erusalem and gave th e tent an d all its
bel o ngings to the san ct uary an d they feasted there for three months
A n d J u d i t b l i ved to be one h undred and ve years o l d 3 but sh e
would not m arry tho ugh m any desired h er An d th e people of
I srael esteem ed h er according to her worth 3 and w hen she died they
of Beth ul ia mourned h e r seven d a ys and b uried h er by the side of
h er h usband M anasses
S t J u l i a ( F r S t e J u lie ; I t a l S anta G i ulia ) w as a noble v irgin
w h o i s o ften represented w ith th e Brescian saints
S h e was martyred
at Corsica and her rel ics carried to Brescia w here a ch urch and con
v ent were d edicated to her S h e i s painted yo ung lovely an d richly
attired S h e d ied in the fth century M ay 22
J u l i a n t h e A p o s ta te
J ul ian F lavi us C l audi us E mperor of
R o me nephe w o f Constantin e th e G reat F amou s for h is attem pt
to r e establish pagan ism Born at C o nstantin o ple i n 3 3 1 d ied of a
w ound recei ved i n battl e n e ar C tesi ph o n when ghting against S apor
K ing o f P e rsia b e ing th irty tw o years o ld W hen young he was kept
in obscurity by h is cousin Con s t a n t i n e from j eal ousy He w as rs t
-
IL L
US T R
A T E D IN
AR T
1 77
th is great sin !
But she repl ied Nay my broth er can I allo w
thee to depart an d w ithou t m e ? Thy grief i s my grief an d w h ith er
thou goest I w ill go
S o they travelled till th ey came to a strea m
swollen by mountain torrents i n wh ich many who tried to cross w ere
drowned H er e Jul ian bu ilt a cel l for h ims e lf an d a h ospital fo r the
poor 3 and h e constantly ferried th e travellers over the ri ver w ithout
reward At length one stormy nigh t in w inter w hen it see med that
n o boat could cross th e stream h e heard a sad cry from th e opp o site
bank He w ent over and found a yo u th wh o was a l eper dying fro m
,
12
1 78
L E GE
S T OR
AND
ND S
IE S
3 04
St
IL L
US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
1 79
A D
.
3 03
St
of
i t (I t a l S a n L am berto ; F r an d
b e rt
am
a e st r c h
1 80
L E GE
ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
as
IL L
US TR A T E
D IN
AR T
1 81
saying
Behold here are th e treasures of Christ s Chu r ch !
T he
prefect then o r dered hi m to be tort u red u ntil h e should tel l what h e
w ish ed to know B ut n o horrors co uld subdue the saint ; and th e
prefect ordered h i m to be carried by nigh t to th e bath s of O lympias
w h ich w ere near the v illa of S all ust and a n e w torment inicted o n
h i m w h ich was th at h e shoul d be stretched on a n iron bed made of
bars l ike a gri diron an d roasted over a re k indled beneath Th is
w as done 3 and all w ho s a w were lled w it h horror of the tyrant
w ho could concei ve su ch cruelty and condemn so gentle and comely
a youth to s uch su ff ering B ut L aurence was still u nsubd ued and
'
1 82
L E GE
ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
r u s (L a t and
Ge r
sam e as E n g 3 F r S t L az are ; I t a l
aza
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
S t L eocadia ,
AR T
1 83
A D
.
559
e o po
1 84
E G E ND S
S T OR
AN D
IE S
A D
1 1 36
A D
.
77 9
r
F
a in c t
t
a l
n
t
L
S
i
ongino
ongin
I
S
a
L
S
n
u
s
;
g
(
St
on
IL L
US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
1 85
G iorgio i n Alga
H e cam e t o h is mother s palace to beg
per i
poveri d i D i o
S h e lled h is wallet an d h id herself i n her cham
he r
H e becam e so d istingu ish ed for h i s p iety that he w as m ad e
B ishop of Castello Wh en th e patri arch ate of Gr a d e was remo ved
to Ven ice L orenzo was the rst to ll the o f ce Th e people so
r evered him th at th ey belie ved his prayers h ad saved th em from
war fam ine an d p l ague ; and h i s memory recei ved general and e n
t h u s i a s t i c homage long before h e was canonized by Al exander VI I I
S epte mber 5 A D 1 4 5 5
S t L o u i s B e l t r a n or B e r t r a n d (I t a l S a n L u dov ico Bertran do )
was born at Valen cia He became a celebrated Dom in ican and wa s
a m issionary He l ived i n the sixteenth century He was a friend
of S t Teresa F eeling called to preach to th e h eathen h e went t o
Per u 3 b ut h e declare d th at h e en cou ntered greater trials from th e
w ick edness of th e C hri stians than from th e ignorance of the h ea
th en H e has no especial attrib u te ; bu t Peruvi an s or Peru v ian
scen ery often determ ines h is personality
E spinosa placed h i mself
a n d h is f am ily under the care of th i s saint during th e pl ague i n
V alencia in 1 64 7 3 and in consideration of their protect ion fro m
harm h e pai nted a series of pi ctures and placed th em i n th e chape l
of the saint i n the convent of S a n Dom ingo at V al encia October 9
.
1581
St
i G o n z a ga or S t A l o y s i u s w as born in 1 5 68 H e
w as the oldest son of th e M archese d i C astigl ion e He entered th e
S o ciety of Jesu s when not yet eighteen years old
He becam e em i
n e n tl
distinguished
for
h
is
learn
ing
p
iety
and
good
works
and
d
ied
y
.
ou s
1 86
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
US T R A T ED I N
IL L
AR T
1 87
ou s
1 88
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
h ealed L u ci a pers uaded her to allo w that she sho uld remai n s ingle
and w ished her dowry to give to th e poor Her m o th er feared lest
she sh o uld be a beggar befo re she died an d h oped to die soon if L uci a
th us d istri buted he r wealth B u t th e daugh ter so entreated an d
argu e d that at length E u t yc h i a consented w illingly
Th en L uci a
gave to the po e n a l l sh e h ad Th is so enraged the yo ung pagan to
w h o m sh e w as betroth ed th at b e accused her to P a sc a s i u s as a
Christian S h e was taken to this cruel govern or wh o ordered her to
sacrice to th e gods ; and wh en sh e w o uld not b e condemned h er to
be taken to a vile place an d treated w ith indign ity S h e assured h i m
that he could not mak e h er sin a lthough h e could control h er body
for that w as not sin to w h ich th e m i nd d id not consent Th en the
tyran t in fury com manded her to be taken away ; b ut w hen they tried
they could not move h er Then they fasten ed ropes to h er an d
pulled h er but still she remained xed All the magicians an d
sorcerers were bro ught but th e ir spells had no power o n h er T hen
they k indled a great re about h er 3 b ut sh e prayed th at th ese
h eath ens migh t be confo unded and th e re d id not h arm h er At
th is Pascasi a s was so enraged that a servant in order to please h im
m urdered h er by piercing h er throat w ith a poniard H er body w a s
buried by th e C hristians on the very spot w here sh e d ied 3 and not
long after a ch urch was erected there an d dedi cated i n h er n am e
Th is l egend w h i ch i s one of th e most an cient does not speak of th e
l o ss o f her eyes b ut more modern ones relate th e fo llow ing add itional
st o ry T here d welt in S yracuse a youth w ho h aving seen h er b ut
on ce was so enamoured of her that h e took e ve r y m eans to w oo h er
and c o nstantly protested that i t was h er wond erfully beauti ful eyes
wh i ch so haunted h i m and p o ssessed h is so u l th at h e could not rest
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
1 89
St
L
t
I
a
L
S
u
ca
We are
3 t a l S a n L uca 3 F r S t L u c )
(
of S t L uke in the Gospel It wou l d seem th at h e w as
uke
tol d b ut litt l e
not converted u nti l after th e Ascension of o u r L ord He was a
disciple of Paul and w as w ith h i m u ntil h is death S om e say h e was
crucied at Patras and others th at he died a peacefu l death That
h e was a physician may be inferred from th e fact th at Paul speak s of
1 90
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
I n h ell
M a c a r ius
W here is thy s o ul ?
And th e sk ull repl i ed
IL L
A T E D IN
US T R
AR T
1 91
M aria i m Tempel )
The legend says : An d w h en th e ch ild w as
three years o ld Joach i m said : L e t u s in vite the d augh ters of
Israel an d they shal l take each a ta per or a lamp an d attend o n
her that th e ch ild may not t urn back from the temple of t h e L ord
And be ing come to th e temple they p l aced her on the rst step and
sh e ascended alone all the steps to th e altar ; and t he h igh priest
recei ved her there ki sse d her and blessed h e r saying M ary the
L ord hath magnied thy n am e to all gen erations and in t hee shal l
be made kn own the redemption of th e ch ildren of Israel
An d
being pl aced before th e altar she dan ced w it h her feet so th at all
the house of Israel rej oiced w ith her and lo ved her Then h er
parents returned home blessing G o d because the m aiden had not
t urned bac k fro m the Temple
There are vario us pictures of the
l ife of M ary i n the Temple S h e is represented as instructing her
a don n a
1 92
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
v o ice w h ich said H ail tho u that art full of grace l b ut sh e c o uld
see no one Being troubled she return ed to her h ouse and her
w ork w h ic h i s sai d to h ave been purpl e and fi ne l inen S t Ber
n ard rel ate s th e e vent in th is w ise :
M ary w as st udying th e b o ok
IL L US T R A T E D
AR T
I N
1 93
,
.
13
1 94
E GE ND S
S T OR
AND
IE S
w o rd s
And whence i s th is to me that the moth er o f my L ord
should c o m e t o me ?
July 2
T h e N a t i vi t y (F r L a Nati vit ; I t a l l l Presepio I l Nasci mento
del N o stro S ignore ; Ge r D ie G eburt Christi ) A n anci ent legen d
r e l ates that ab o ut th e sam e tim e th at C aesar Augustus decreed that
all th e w o rld sh o uld be taxed he was w arned by a sibyl o f the birth
of J esus The pictures and scul pture s represen ting th is l e gend are
n o t i mproperly considered i n connection w ith th o se of the N ati vity to
'
IL L
US T R
A TE D
IN
AR T
1 95
to say V erb u m s u m
an d looks upward to the an gels w ho in th e
h eavens sing h i s glory H is h and sometimes rests on a wh eat sh eaf
emblem of th e bread of life M ary kneels on on e side and Joseph
if present also kneels 3 and often ange l s adore and su stain the ch ild
.
1 96
E G END S A ND
IE S
S T OR
When other gu res are introd uced th ey are saints o r votari es for
w hom the picture was painted December 25
T h e A d or a t i on of t he S h ep he r ds ( F r L A d o r a t i o n des Bergers ;
Ge r D ie Anbetung d er Hirten ; I t a l L A d o r a z i o n e de i Pas tori )
The sh eph erds present their o e r i n gs of fru its l ambs or doves and
w ith uncovered heads sh o w th e ir de votion w ith rude simpl icity
Women dogs and sh eep someti m es accompany them ; an d th ere i s
a l egend that th e Apost l es S im eon and J ude w ere of th eir n umber
S o metimes th e ch ild sl eeps an d th e V irgi n or Joseph raises th e
covering to show h i m to th e sh epherds W h en a n gels scatter owers
they are those gath ered i n h eaven
T h e A d o r a t i o n of t h e M a gi ( Ge r D ie h ei l ige dre i Kon ige n 3 D i e
Anbetung der W eisen aus dem M orgen l an d 3 I t a l L A d o r a z i o n e d e
M agia ; L E p i fa n i a 3 F r L A d o r a t i o n des R o is M ages ) Th i s picture
w h ile i t makes one of th e h istorical series in th e l ife of th e Virgi n
h as another deep interest i n th e consideration that i t i s th e e x
pression of the E piph any o f th e m an ifestation to th e G entiles of
Th e legend follows the S cri pture account and th e
G o d made man
reason able inferences to be ded uced from i t m ore cl osely than m a ny
others It i s th at these M agi w ere not m e n w ho kne w the arts of
m agic b ut w ise pr i nces of som e e as tern coun try Th e proph ecy o f
Balaam h ad been held in remembrance by thei r peop l e I sh all see
h im b ut not now ; I sh al l behold h i m b ut not n igh : there shall
IL L
A TE D IN
US TR
AR T
1 97
1 98
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
T h e P u r ic a t i on
T e m p l e ( It a l
b r in gu n g i m
th e
h
r is t i n
C
f
Vi r g i n ; T h e P r e s e n t a t i o n
P n r i c a z i o n e
th e
della B Vergine ; Ge r D ie D ar
Tempel )
Th e Virgin after the birth o f h er son
c o mplied w ith all the requ irements of the l aw and th e scene i n
the Temple is so meti mes called the P uri cation b ut more f r e
quently i t is regarded as referring especially to th e S aviour ; an d
m any representations present the proph ecy of S i meon as th e i mpor
tant e vent i n the scene It is also con sidered as the rst of th e
that h e should not see death till h e h ad seen the L ord s Chri st
S o he l ived until th ese th in g s came to pass and th en h e was led
t o the T e m pl e o n th e very d ay wh en this Virgin M o th er came t o
pres e nt there her D i vine S o u And th ere it was th at he exclaimed
La
IL L U S T R A T E D
IN
AR T
1 99
200
E G E ND S
IE S
S T OR
AND
a
r
t
i n very early
rarely i f at all befo re th e sixteenth centu ry
When other gures than those of the V irgin an d ch ild w it h Joseph
are intr o d uced i t is not a R ip oso b ut a H o ly F a m i ly Th e legend
states that th e Holy F am ily reposed beneat h a sycamore grove nea r
th e village of M a t a r e a a n d that near the same v illage a fo untai n
sprang fo rt h m iracul o u sly for their refresh men t T his gave a reli
gions i nterest to th e sycamore and th e Crusaders brough t i t to E u
r o pe 3 and th is same F oun tain of M ary was shown m e by th e Arab
gu ides a fe w m iles from C airo M ary is someti mes painted d ipping
water and again w ash ing l inen i n th is fountain w hi ch th e legend
als o tells that sh e d id
I n pictures of th e R epose angels ofte n
min ister to th e com fort of the travellers in various ways and w it h
beau tiful propriety Th ere i s a w ild ballad legend w h ich probably
originated in th e E ast wh ich gi ves an account of the m eeting of M ary
and a Z ingara or gypsy The gypsy crosses the pal m of th e ch ild
an d tells h is fut ure according to th eir cust o ms Her prophecy of
all h is s u ff erings qu i t e o vercomes the Virgin 3 bu t the Z inga r a con
s o l e s h er w ith th e assurance of th e redem ption of mank ind thr o ugh
all these s o rrows and ends by ask i ng forgi veness of her s iu s i nstead
of the u s ual gold or sil ver p iece the gypsies love so well Th is a f
fo rds a ne subj ect fo r art and h as been painted When th e H o ly
F am ily are seen as on a j o urney and th e S av io ur represented a s
w alk in g it i s th e retur n from E gypt th at i s intended
T h e H o l y F a m i l y ( F r L a S ainte F am ille 3 I t a l L a S acra F am igl i a
L a S acra C o n versazione )
F rom th e return to N azaret h until J esus
is twel ve years old the G o spel s rec o rd no events of the l ife of th e
Virg in o r her S o n U nder th e title o f H o ly F am ily there are h u n
dre d s o f pictures repres e ntin g the i mag inary l ife o f these exal ted
one s whose e very act wa s full of interest to all th e worl d Th e
.
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
IN
201
or
L e S omm e i l d e J e s u s
W he r e there are three gur e s it is gen
e r a l ly S t
John who is a dded but som eti m e s S t Jos e ph m a k e s th e
third
F our gures in cl ud e e ith er S t Joh n a n d S t E liz a b e th or
more r a r e ly S t Joseph a n d S t John F iv e gur e s incl ude a l l wh o
h a v e b e en n a m e d a n d Z a ch a ri a s someti m e s m a k e s t h e sixth M or e
th a n th e se a r e u n u su a l a lthough there are pi ctur e s in w h ich l a rge
n umb e rs surro un d th e Holy F a m ily proper a n d are s u ppos e d to r e p
r e s e nt t h e rel a t i v e s of th e S a v iour e s p eci a lly th os e wh o were a ft e r
But a n y d e scri p tion of th e s e
wa rds to b e h i s disciples a n d follow e rs
pi ct ures would ll vol um es M a ny of them are design a t e d by som e
La Ma
L a Vierg e a l a D i a d em e
L a Vierg e a l O r e i ll e r V e rd
L e R a bote ur e t c
donn a del B a cino
L e M en a ge d u M en u isi e r
T h e D i sp u t e i n t h e T e m p l e (I t a l L a D is p ut a n e l T e m p i o 3 F r
J s u s a u m ili e u des Docteurs ) W h il e th is is the r e pres e nt a tion
of a very i mport a nt act in t h e l ife o f Jesu s i t is qu i t e a s fre q u e ntly
m a d e o n e of th e series fro m t h e li f e of t h e V irgin
A n d in rega rding
th es e pi ctures it w il l a i d on e to consider w h eth e r it i s th e wonderful
knowledge of J e s us or t h e gri e f of M a ry wh ich is the mor e forcibly
p ortr a yed
T h e D e a t h of J osep h (I t a l L a M o rt e d i S a n G i us e pp e 3 F r L a
M ort de S t Josep h 3 Ge r J o se f s T o d) S e e S t J oseph
T h e M a r r i a g e a t Ca n a i n Ga l i l e e (I t a l L e N ozze d i C a n a ; F r
L e s N oces d e C a n a 3 Ge r D i e H ochz e it z u C a n a )
A lth ough J esu s
p e rform e d h is rst m ira cl e a t th i s m a rri a ge fe a st i t w a s not a f a
vor it e
subj e ct i n e a rly a r t I t is a ccou nt e d gre a tly t o t h e Virgin s
honor th a t th is m ir a c l e wa s don e at her req u est H is a nsw e r th a t
h is h our h a d not ye t come a n d h is perform ing the m ira cl e i m m e
d i a t e l y a ft e r is construed t o m e a n th a t a l though th e period h a d not
fully a rriv e d for t h e u se of h is pow e r still out of reg a rd to h is moth er
a n d h er w ishes th e po we r w a s p ut forth
In som e pictures the brid e
i s dress e d a s a n u n a bou t to m a ke h e r vows 3 a n d a n a nci ent legen d
decl a r e d th a t th is wa s th e m a rri a g e of S t John t h e E v a n gel ist with
M a ry M a gd a l e ne a n d t h a t im m e di a t e ly t h e y sep a ra ted a n d l ed
,
2 02
D S A ND
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
d u P am o i s o n
or
a s th e F ren ch c a l l t h e m o urn ful festiv a l w h ich
th ey k e ep i n P a ssion W eek to com me mora te th i s e ven t
The
or L a
I t a li a ns c a ll th es e repres e nt a tion s
I l Pi a nto d i M a ri a
M a donn a dello S p a simo
B u t i n a l l th ese p i ctur e s a n d those of
the Crucixion M a ry i s a promin e nt gure T h ere h a s be e n m uch
s a id a n d written u pon t h e i mpropriety of representi n g the Virgin a s
too g r e a tly overcome w i th h er grief a s i t is though t to detra ct fro m
t h e gra ndeur of h er ch a r a cter 3 a n d it w o uld seem th a t a lthough th e
ti me h a d come w hen S i m e on s proph e cy was ful lled yet h er h e a ven
gi ven p a t ie n ce a n d h ope sh ould h a ve sus t a ined h er a n d she sh ould
l
h a ve e nd ured w h ere a n y oth e r moth e r m igh t h a v e fa inted
The
l egend rel a tes th a t i n t h e D e sc e n t fr o m t h e Cr oss w h e n Jos e ph of
A rim a the a a n d N i cod e m us removed the n a il s fro m t h e h a nds of t h e
S a vio ur S t Joh n too k them a w a y secretly th a t M a ry m igh t not s e e
th em 3 a n d wh ile N icod e m us dre w forth those wh ich h eld th e feet
Joseph so su st a ined the body t h a t th e h e a d a n d a rms of Jesu s h ung
over h is sho ulder T h en M a ry a rose a n d k issed th e bl eeding h a nds
of her belo ved S o n a n d cl a sping them tenderly s a nk to th e e a rt h i n
a nguish ; a n d th is a ction i s usu a lly represented i n pictures of t h e
Descen t from the Cross
I n th e D e p os i t i o n o r the a c t of l a ying
d own t h e bo d y of Christ t h e Vi rgin su pports h er S o n or bends t e n
d e r l y o ver h im
I n older p ictures sh e i s fa inting h e re w h ich does
n o t m eet w ith th e s a m e censure from critics in th is c a se a s
in t h e
Procession to C a l v a ry T h e Virgi n 1 8 a l so s e en in t h e repres e nt a
t ions of th e E t o m bm e n t a l though t h is is n o t p a int e d i n t h e seri e s
of th e Li fe of th e Virgin 3 a n d in th is a s in th e others h er sorro w is
T h e n ext subj ect in cou rse i s J oh n
oft e n expressed by fa inting
.
N o w,
th e r e
st ood
by t h e Cross
of
J e s us, h i s M o th e r
"
.
Joh n
xix
25
I L L US T R A T E
IN
AR T
203
be a utifu l a s it is d id not
sevent e e nt h cen tury so th a t it is
not frequ e n tly s e en A lthough not r e corded i n S cri pture the tra d i
tions tell th a t Jes us a ppe a red rst of a l l to h is mother a n d the
story is th us tol d : A fter a l l wa s n ished M a ry retir e d to her ch a m
ber a n d w a ited for the fullment of th e promis e of Christ s resur
T h e n Chris t
R egin a Coe l i l ae t a re A ll e l ui a !
t h e E a ster hymn
entered be a ring t h e st a n d a rd o f th e cross a n d fo ll owed by t h e
p a tri a rchs a n d prophets w hom h e h a d r e le a sed from H a des A l l
knelt befor e M a r y a n d th a nked her bec a u s e th e ir del ivera nce h a d
co m e through her B u t sh e gr e a tly d e sire d t o h e a r th e voice of
Jesus a n d h e ra ised h is h a n d in bened iction s a ying I s a l ut e thee
Is i t thou
A n d she fell on h i s neck excl a im i n g
O m y mother !
i ndeed my most de a r S o n ?
T hen h e show e d her h is wounds a n d
b a de her be comforted s inc e h e h a d t ri umph e d ov e r d e a th a n d hel l
T hen M a r y on her knees th a nked h i m th a t sh e h a d be e n h is m ot h er
a n d t hey t a lked toge t h er u ntil h e left h e r to sh ow h i msel f next t o
M a ry M a gd a lene T h e represent a t ions of t h e A pp a rition of C hri st
to the Virgin a r e in th e most m a tter o f fa ct style a n d poorly port r a y
t h e spirit of thi s be a utiful legend
T h e A sc e ns i o n of Ch r i st is th e
seve n t h of the m ystic a l sorrow s of th e Virgin for by it sh e wa s left
a l o ne
T h e legends s a y th a t sh e wa s present a n d g a zing a t the
e,
w h ich ,
2 04
L E GE N
DS
S TOR IE S
AND
an
d A s s u m p t i o n ( if t h e Vi r g i n ( L a t D o r m i t i o , P a u s a t i o ,
T ra nsitus A s s u m p t i o , B V irgini s ; I t a l I l T ra nsito d i M a ri a , 1 1 S onno
a n
L A ss o m p t io n 3 Ce r D a s A bsterben d e r M a ri a ,
S ometimes these two events a r e represented
M a ri a Hi mm el fa hrt )
togeth e r t h e de a t h
m a k ing the lower a n d t h e a potheosi s t h e u pper portion of th e pictur e
Bu t so m a ny circ u mst a nc e s of t h e legend a r e portra yed in these p i c
t ur e s th a t they c a nnot be well u nderstood w ithout a knowledg e of it
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
2 05
ll o we d t o h a ve a n y po we r o v e r m e
A n d t h e a ng e l s a id W hy
dost thou a s k my n a me ? My n a m e i s the G re a t a n d the Wonderful
A n d n o w do ubt not th a t a l l t h e A postles sh a ll be r e un ited to th ee t h is
d a y 3 for He who i n form e r times tr a nsport e d t h e proph e t H a b a kk u k
from J u d ae a to J e rus a lem by the h a ir of h is h e a d c a n a s e a sily bring
h ither t h e A postles A n d fe a r tho u not t h e e vi l spiri t 3 for hast t h e n
not bru ised h is h e a d a n d des t royed h is k ingdom ? A n d h a ving s a id
th ese words th e a nge l dep a rted in t o h e a v e n 3 a n d th e p a l m bra n ch
w hich h e h a d l e ft beh ind h i m shed l ight from e v e ry l e a f a n d sp a rkl e d
a s t h e st a rs of t h e morning
T h e n M a ry lighted th e l a mps a n d pre
p a red h er bed a n d wa it e d u ntil th e hour w a s com e A n d in t h e s a m e
ins t a nt John w h o wa s p re a ching a t E ph esus a n d P e t e r w ho w a s
pre a ch ing a t A ntioch a n d a l l th e other A postles w ho w ere d isp e rse d
i n d iff erent p a rts of t h e worl d were suddenly c a ught u p a s by a
m ira culou s pow e r a n d found th e msel v e s before t h e door of t h e habi
Wh e n M a ry s a w t h e m a l l a ssembled roun d h er
t a t i on of M a ry
sh e blessed a n d t h a nked t h e Lord ; a n d sh e pl a c e d in t h e h a nds o f
S t Jo h n t h e sh in ing p a lm a n d d e sired th a t h e sho uld be a r it befor e
h er a t the t i me of her buri a l T hen M a ry kn e e ling down m a d e h er
pr a yer to th e Lord h e r S o n a n d t h e oth e rs pra y e d w it h h e r ; th e n
sh e l a i d herself down i n h er b e d a n d composed h e rself for de a th
A n d a bout t h e th ird hour of th e night as
A n d Joh n w e pt b itterly
Pet e r stood a t the h ead of th e b e d a n d John a t th e foot a n d t h e
other A postl e s a round a m ighty so und ll e d the h ous e a n d a
deliciou s p e rfu m e lled the ch a mber A n d J esus h ims e lf a ppe a red
by a n inn umera ble com p a ny of a nge ls p a tri a rchs
a ccomp a n i e d
singi n g
a n d proph ets ; a l l these surro und e d t h e b e d o f th e Virgin
hymns of j oy A n d J e sus s a id to h is moth e r A ris e my b e lov e d
m in e
com e w ith m e from L e b a non my e spou s e d ! rec e i ve
e lect !
A n d M a ry a nsw ering s a id
t h e crown that is destin e d for th e e !
M y h e a rt i s r e a dy 3 for i t wa s writt e n of m e th a t I should do thy
T h e n a l l th e a ngels a n d b l ess e d spirits w ho a ccom p a n ied
w ill !
J e sus b e g a n to sing a n d rej oic e A n d th e soul of M a ry left her
body a n d w as r e cei v e d into the a rms of her S on 3 a n d togeth e r they
A n d th e A postl e s looked u p s a ying
0 most
a scend e d into h e a ven
p r u dent Virgin rememb e r u s w h e n tho u com e st t o glory ! a n d th e
Who is t h i s
a ngels wh o r e c e i ved h er into h e a ven sung t h ese words
th a t cometh u p fro m the w ilderness le a n ing u pon h e r Belo ved ? S h e
be
206
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
'
I L L U S T R A TE
IN
AR T
207
d ow
n t o h i m h er girdle the s a m e w h ich i s to th is d a y pres e rv e d i n
A n d there w er e pres e nt at t h e d e a th of th e
t h e c a th e dr a l of Pr a to
Virgin M a ry b e sides th e twel ve A postles D ionysi us t h e A reop a gite
T i mothe us a n d H i e r o t h e u s ; a n d of th e w omen M a ry S a lome M a ry
The
Cleoph a s a n d a fa ithful h a ndm a i d whos e n a m e wa s S a v i a
F rench legend gi v e s M a ry M a gd a len e a n d M a rth a a mong those wh o
w itnessed the Virgin s de a th T h e full ill ustra tion of t h is legen d
requires seven d i ff erent scen es ; n a mely (1 ) T h e A nge l a nno unces her
S h e t a kes le a ve of th e A postles 3
D e a th a n d presents th e P a l m ;
T
h
e E ntomb
Her
De
th
Be
a ri n g to the S ep ulchre ; (5
3
4
h
a
T
e
; ( )
)
( )
h
F
re
T
e Coron a tion in H e a ve n
ssum
ption
7
m e nt ;
6
T
h
A
e
;
( )
( )
qu ently two or three of these scen e s a r e repre s e nted together ; a s th e
D e a t h belo w a n d th e A ssum ption a bov e a n d someti mes the Coron a
t ion a bove a l l
T h e a ngel w ho a nnoun ces the de a th frequently
presents a t a p e r to the Virgin I t i s custom a ry to pl a c e a blessed
t a per in the h a n d of one dying T h e d e a th of the Virgin i s someti mes
c a lled t h e S leep (1 1 S onno dell a M a donn a ) a s in e a rly t im es a belief
exist e d th a t she only slept before h e r a ssu m pt ion T his belief h a s
since been decl a red heretic a l T here a r e t wo m odes of tre a ting th e
A ssu mption : on e r e presents th e a ssu m pt ion of th e soul a n d i n th is
Christ r e ceives th e spirit s t a nding ne a r th e de a th bed of t h e Virgin
T h e other portr a ys t h e u nion of the soul to t h e body w hen i t ris e s
from t h e tomb a n d le a v ing e a rth a n d a l l e a rthly th ings t h e M other
so a rs to meet the S o n a n d t o sh a re h is glory a n d h is t hron e for
evermore S h e i s represented in a m a ndorl a or a ureole crown e d or
veiled ( sometimes both ) h er dress sp a ngled w ith st a rs a n d s urrounded
by a nge l s T hese are t h e m ore ide a l or devotion a l pi ct ures T h e
strictly h istori c a l ones h a ve th e won d ering A postles the doubting
T hom a s a n d t h e blossom ing tomb belo w 3 wh ile M a ry
qu a si a urora
i s borne tow a rds he a ven T h e L e ge n d of t h e H o ly Gi r d l e
c o n s u r ge n s
belongs properly t o the consider a tion of the pi ctu res of th e A s s u m p
tion of the V irgin It is of Greek ori g i n a n d rel a tes th a t S t T hom a s
w hen a bout to go to t h e f a r E a st g a ve th e girdle t o one of h is disci
ples for s a fe keeping T h e girdle rem a i n ed for a tho u s a nd y e a rs
gu a rded from profa ne e y es a n d wa s i n th e possession of a G reek
priest to w hom i t h a d descended fro m a remote a ncestry H e h a d
one d a ughter de a rly beloved to w hom h e ga ve the c a re of the s a cred
girdl e I t h a ppened th a t M ich a el of P ra to wh o h a d gon e on th e
,
208
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
A N D
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
209
Veni E lect a m e a
S a viour h a s a n open book w ith t h e inscription
m e um etc
Com e my C hos e n One a n d
e t pon a m t e in t h r o n u m
I w ill pl a c e thee u pon my t hrone
M a ny ch a p e ls are dedic a ted t o
'
14
21 0
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AND
T h o u g h fo r t h e h o n o r
,
V i rgi n
wa s ge n e ra ll
of
he r Son , the I
be li e ve d f r o m
m m a c ul a e
t h e be gi n n i n g
Co n c e pti o n
of
the B
le sse d
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
I N
21 1
l
a m e nting a n gels are introduced
Th
is
r
e present a tion h a s
y
been v a ried in every possible wa y w h ich could express sorro w r e s ig
n a ti on tend e rness love a n d d ignity B ut usu a lly t h e S o n i s in the
a rm s on th e l a p or lying a t the feet of the M oth er
T h e Vi r g i n of M e r c y O u r L a dy of S u c c or ( I t a l L a M a do n n a d i
M isericordi a ; F r N otre D a m e de M is ricorde 3 Sp N u e s t r a S e o r a
de G ra ci a 3 Ge r M a ri a M utter des E rb a rmens ) T h is p icture r e pr e
sents th e Virgi n a s the M e rcifu l M other of H um a n ity I n it sh e
som eti mes st a nds w ith outstretched a rms crowned or veil ed 3 h er
extended by a ngels over kneeling vot a ri e s a n d wo r
a mpl e robe
sh ippers S ometi mes these embra ce a l l ra nks a n d a ges a n d a g a i n
those of some p a rticul a r order w ho seek her aid B u t th ese inst a nces
a r e r a re a s sh e us u a lly be a rs th e ch ild i n h er a rms signify ing th a t
from her m a tern ity itself a l a rge por t ion of h er sy mp a thy is derived
In picture s of the D a y of J udgment t h e Virgin is a lso represented
S h e is on the righ t h a nd of th e S a viour
a s O ur L a dy of M ercy
M a ry i s usu a lly a l ittl e
w h il e Joh n t h e B a ptist k n eels on the left
lower th a n the S a v i our b u t h a s been represented in a ncient pictures
se a ted by h is side S h e a pp e a rs as a medi a tor a n d i ntercessor for
mercy w h a tever her position I n one inst a n ce t h is inscription is
p a inted bene a th h er : M a ri a F il io suo pro E cclesi a suppl ic a t
T h e Vi r g i n a n d Ch i l d E n t h r on e d (L a t S a nct a D ei G enitrix Virgo
D e i p a r a 3 I t a l L a S a ntissi m a Vergin e M a dr e d i D io 3 F r L a S a inte
Vierge M ere de D ieu 3 Ge r Die Heil ige M u tter Gottes ) T h e very
t itle of these p ictures w h ich a r e n um b erless e xpl a ins th e ir s i gn i c a
tion T hey a r e devotion a l a n d represent the mo t h e r a n d ch ild i n
v a riou s positions a n d w ith su ch di fferences of expression a n d senti
m ent a s m ust inev i t a bly r esult from t h e v a st n u m ber of a rtists who
h a ve tre a ted th is subj ect
I t s be a u t ies a r e inexh a ustible a s they
are indescrib a bl e a n d there are f e w h e a rts th a t h a ve not been lled
w ith emotion a n d a dmira tio n by som e of thes e represent a tions of
w h a t is purest a n d holi est i n w om a n
I n a ddition t o t h e M a donn a s a lre a dy m entio n ed there a r e n umer
o us voti ve M a donn a s both publ ic a n d pri v a t e T heir t itles usu a lly
indic a te the obj ects for wh ich the y w ere p a inted as those p a inted
21 2
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AN D
as
the M a donn a d i
a lly be a r the n a me of those w ho O ffer them
F olign o w hi c h w a s presented b y S igism u nd Conti O f F o l ign i in
fullment O f a vo w m a de w hen i n d a nger from a se vere storm
T here is sca rcely a c hurch or a religious institu ti o n of th e C a thol i c
Ch urch whi ch do e s not possess a t le a st o n e voti ve M a donn a
T h e M a t er A m a bi l i s ( I t a l L a M a donn a col B a mb ino ; F r L a
Vi erge e t l enfa nt J sus ; Ge r M a ri a m it de m K ind ) T h is i s the
represent a t ion of the Virgin a s T H E M O T HE R a lon e ; a n d its exqu isite
be a uty a n d fe el ing w hen p a inted as it should a n d m a y b e i s only to
as
I L L US T R A T E
AR T
I N
21 3
21 4
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AND
"
IL L US T R
A T ED I N
AR T
21 5
but
Si
d ou c e
e st
l a M a rgu e r i t e
,
.
21 6
E GEND S
AND
S T OR IES
th is pri vilege unt il s h e should pro ve h e r pen ite nce by a m ore wor
t hy life Bu t a t len g t h sh e t ook the habit of S t F ranci s i n 1 2 7 2
Tradi t ion rela t es t ha t a s she knel t one d ay before th e crucix Chris t
bowed h is head i n ans wer to her prayers an d from t h a t t im e she was
h eld i n g rea t re verence by th e peo p le o f Corto n a S h e is painte d
young and beautiful her dress not al ways that o f th e n u n but u s u
ally wi t h t he cord for a girdle wh ich ind icates the Th ird O rder o f
H er attribute i s a dog w hich is seldo m om i t ted
S t F rancis
F ebruary 2 2 A D 1 2 9 7
S a n t a M a r i a M a d d a l e n a d e P a z z i was of th e n ob l e F lore n
S h e was a C arm el i t e n un
H er
t ine fam ily whose nam e sh e h e a r s
l ife was one of extreme san c t i ty and h u m il ity yet comparatively
uneven t ful M ay 2 7 A D 1 60 7
T h i s splend id ch urch at R om e is
M a r i a M a gg i o r e S a n t a
said to owe its origi n t o a v isi on related i n a l egen d called tha t
IL L US T R A T ED
I N
AR T
21 7
21 8
S T OR I ES
L E GE ND S A N D
fo r
I LL
US T R A T E D IN
AR T
21 9
Whi ch
s t ory in I I Perfe tt o L egendari o goes on t o say of th is
th in g should not be accoun t ed as th e leas t of h e r meri t s see ing t hat
M ar t h a was a chaste and p rudent v irgin and th e o t h er p u b l icly
contemne d for her e vil l ife ; no t wi t hs t anding wh i ch M ar t ha di d no t
des p ise her nor rej ec t h er as a sister bu t w e p t for h er sham e and
ad mon i shed h er gen t ly an d w i t h p ersuasi ve words and reminded h er
of h er noble bir t h to whi ch sh e was a d isgrace and t ha t L azarus
th eir bro t her be ing a soldier would cer t ainly get in t o t rouble on h er
account S o sh e pre v ailed an d cond ucted her sister to the presence
of C hrist ; and aft erwards as it is well k nown sh e lodged and en t er
T h e Proven cal legends re l ate
t a i n e d t he S av iour i n her o w n h ou se
tha t M ar t ha was t he rs t wh o fou nded a con ven t for h er own sex
and t h e rst on e aft er th e Blessed V irgin wh o consecrated h er virgin
ity t o G od
Wh il e M ary M agdalene mad e converts i n M arseilles
M ar t ha m ade known th e F a i t h at Aix
I n t hose days there was
a fearful d ragon wh o inhabited t h e ri ver R hone and ravaged th e
coun t ry by night He was called t he Tarasque and on t h e scen e of
h is life th e ci t y of Tarascon n ow s t ands N o w M ar t ha S p rinkled t h is
mons t er wi t h holy wa t er and bound h i m with h er gird le and t hen
h e was s p eedily kill ed by t h e p eo p le
When aft er many years o f
labor dea t h a pp roach ed sh e desired to be b orne t o som e S p ot where
sh e could see th e sun i n t he heavens
S h e w ish ed t h e s t ory of t h e
Pa ss ion of O ur L ord to be read to h e r ; and as she died she said
in
220
E GE NDS
AND
S T OR IES
F ath er ,
' '
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
2 21
'
22 2
E GEND S
S T OR IE S
AND
A D
.
39 7
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
223
Corto n a
2 24
S T OR IES
L E G END S A N D
A D 4 33
.
AR T
1N
I L L US T R A T E D
225
as to be called T H E S I N N E R
M arth a lo v ing her sis t er and lled
w ith sorro w by h er sinful l ife con t in ually re b uked h er and nally
persuaded h er t o l isten to th e teach ings of Jesus Th e se ven ev il
spirits wh ich Jesus cas t out were th e seven deadly sins to wh ich sh e
h ad b een su bj ect before her con v ersion T h e en t ertainment of t he
S aviour a t the house of M ar t ha the sup p er a t th e ho use of S i mo n
the Pharisee t h e devo t io n of M ary to Jesus and t he scenes con
n e c t e d w i t h h is dea t h an d resurrec t ion are given in the legen d as i n
the G os p els It then adds t h a t aft er t he ascension of Chris t L azarus
and h is si sters w i t h t heir handmai d M arcella M axi m in wh o had ba p
t i z e d them and th e b lind m an to wh om Jesus had gi ven si g h t calle d
Cedon were placed i n a boa t w i t h no rudder t o s t eer and no oars nor
sail s to S p eed t h e m an d se t adrift Th is was done by t he h ea t hen
T hey were carried b y w i nds an d waves to a h ar b or wh ich p roved
to be t ha t of M arseilles T h e p eo p le of t ha t p lace were also hea t hen
and t hey refused to give th e cas t aways food or shel t er T he n these
found a res t ing p lace in t h e p orch of a t em p le and M ary be gan t o
tell of Chris t and t o urge t he p eo p le t o forsake t heir i dols ; and
bo t h t h e sis t ers did such m iracles t ha t many were con ver t ed and
ba pt ized When M axim in was dead L azarus was m ade rs t b isho p
of M arseilles B u t M ary desired t o li ve i n soli t ude and re t ired t o
a fri g h t fu l wilderness where sh e l ived t h ir t y years a life of p en i t ence
and sorro w for t h e sins she never ceased t o regret and b e wa il It
was su pp osed she was dead ; bu t a t lengt h a h erm it whose cell was i n
the sam e deser t as her own s a w a m iraculous sigh t wh ic h disclosed
t he tru t h t ha t sh e still l i ved I t a pp ears t hat oft e n i n her h u n g er
and d uring t he l a s t
a n d exha us t ion a n g els h a d m ini s t ered t o h er
years of her l ife they b ore her every day u p i n t o re g ions wh ere she
could h ear celes t ial harmonies and see the glory p re p ared for t h ose
I t wa s this daily ascension t ha t t h e
w h o re p en t and b elieve i n G o d
h erm it saw ; and he has t ened to t h e ci ty t o rela t e t he wonderful
,
15
2 26
EGEND S
S T O R IES
AND
v isio n
L egends disagree concern ing th e place and m anner of her
death
S ome rela t e t ha t i t oc c urred i n t he desert where angels
wa t ched over her a n d cared for her w h ile o t hers say sh e d ied i n a
ch urch aft er recei vi ng t he last sacramen t s fro m S t M axim i n T h e
scene o t her soli t ary penance i s said t o be t he si t e of t h e m onas t ery of
T
ain
t
e
Beaum
e
or
the
Holy
C
ave
b
e
t
ween
M
arse
illes
and
oulon
La S
cen
t
ury
som
e
remains
b
el
ieved
t
o
t
hose
of
b
e
h
I n t he t h irteen t
S t L azarus and S t M ary M agdalene were fo und a b out twen t y m iles
n or t h of T oulon at a place called S t M ax imin Her c a ch urch was
b u il t i n 1 2 79 b y C harles C o un t of Provence bro t her of S t L o uis
K ing of F rance A few years la t e r Charles was m ade prisoner by t he
K ing o f Arago n ; and b e ascri b ed t h e praise of h is l i b era t ion t o M ary
M agdalene who was h is chose n pro t ec t ress M any m iracles were
w rou gh t t hrough h er i n t ercessi on one of wh ich has been frequen t ly
re p resen t ed i n p ic t ures A cer tain prince of Pro vence cam e t o M ar
seilles wi t h h is wife t o sacri ce t o t he p agan gods T hey l is t ened to
t he ins t ruc t ions of M ary and were p ersuade d t o leave the servi ce of
the idols O ne day t he h us b and told M ary of h is strong desire to have
a son M ary asked h i m if he wo uld believe i f h is prayer were h e a r d
H e p rom ised t ha t h e would belie ve N ot long after th i s p rince de
cided t o g o t o Jerusalem t o see S t Peter and to ascert ain i f wha t
M a gdalene t old h i m agreed w i t h t h e preach ing of t h at sain t T h e
w i fe de t ermi ned to go also but h e said
H o w sh a ll i t b e p ossi b le
seein g t ha t t hou art wi t h ch il d a n d t he dan g ers of t h e sea are very
Bu t sh e so en t rea t ed h i m t h at b e gran t ed her req ues t and
t h ey de p ar t ed A ft er a d a y and n ight had p assed a t erri bl e storm
arose T h e p ains of ch ild b ir t h came u p on t he wom an and in th e
m ids t of t he t em p es t the b a b e was born and t h e m oth er d ied The
sailors w ished t o t hrow t h e body in t o t h e sea b elieving t hat t h e s t orm
would no t cease wh ile i t remained i n the sh i p ; b ut th e p rince p er
s u a d e d t he m wi t h en t reaties and m one y to retain i t awh ile
S oon
t hey arrived a t an island w here h e laid h is wife on the shore and
p lacing t h e ba b e on her b reas t h e covered t hem w i t h h is cl oak and
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
227
H e was instructed b y
S t Pe t er and saw th e places wh ich had b een hallo wed by t he li fe
and dea t h of the S a v io ur N o w on h is re t urn h e landed at t he island
w here he h ad left the body of h is wife t ha t he m ight wee p a t her
las t res t ing place Who can tell h is surprise wh en h e s a w h is ch ild
runn ing about on the shore ? And when the infant s a w t he s t ran g e
m a n h e was afraid and h i d beneath t h e cloak t hat covered his de a d
m o t her T hen when t he fa t her approached the mo t her also o p ened
h er eyes and sm iled and pu t o u t h er arms t o embrace he r h usband
Then did the pri nce grea t ly rej oi ce and t hey all re t urned to M ar
seilles and thre w t hem sel ves a t t he fee t of t he M a gdalene an d were
ba pt ized T here are legends (though n ever accep t ed by t he Ch urch )
wh ich rela t e t hat an a tt ach men t exis t ed be t ween S t Joh n t h e
E vangelist and M ary M ag dalen e ; and even tha t the feas t whi c h
Jesus a tt ended at Cana of G alilee was on t he occasion of t h e mar
D o n a t e ll o s fam ous s t a t u e carved in wood
r i a ge of t hese t wo saints
s t ands above her altar i n the bap t istery i n F lorence It re p resen t s
her as t h e was t ed sorrowing pen i t ent and is strangely i n contrast
w i t h t h e loveliness of m any represen tat ions of her H er proper
a tt ri b u t e is th e jar of oin tment Th is signi es either th e ointment
wh ich sh e brake u p on th e feet o f th e S av iour or th at wh i ch sh e
pre p ared for the anointing of h is crucied body I t v aries i n size and
form i s us u ally ei t her in her ha n d or s t andi n g n ear h er th o u gh som e
ti m es borne b y a n attend ing angel T h e colors of t h e dress of t h e M ag
d alene are red ex p ressi n g lo ve v iole t peniten ce and mourn ing ; an d
bl ue cons t an cy S om etimes she wears a violet tuni c and red m an t le
S om e S p a n ish pi ctures represent h er wi t h dark h air ; b ut i t sh oul d
be l uxuriant fair and golde n
Pa t roness of frail a n d pen i t ent
wom en ; o f Prove n ce an d M arseilles J uly 2 2 A D 68
S t M a r y t h e P e n i t e n t (I t a l S anta M aria Pen itente ; F T S t e
T hi s M ary was th e n iece of t h e h erm it A b ra
M arie la P n i t en t e )
ham a n d her life was m ostly s p en t i n t h e desert s of S vr ia S h e t oo
w as a sin ner an d becam e a pen i t en t t o whose p rayers G od gran t e d
m iraculou s answers H er fa t h er h a d large rich es and li ved i n s p len
dor W hen h e d ied th e daugh t er was carried to her herm it u ncle
to b e rel igiou sly i nstructed S h e was seven years old w h en take n
to t h e desert Abraham bu il t a cell close to h is own an d openi n g
i n t o it by a w indo w and there placed th e ch ild Here he taugh t
.
228
E G E ND S
S T OR IES
AND
c r ie d o u t
O my fath er ! if t ho u th inkest t h ere i s h ope for m e I
w ill follow th ee w h i t hersoever th ou goest and kiss thy foo t s t e p s wh ich
lead m e out of th is gulf of sin an d death !
Then h e com for t ed her
and leav ing beh ind all h er j ewel s and gay attire, she re t urned wit h
h im to t h e cell i n th e desert Here sh e m in istered to h er aged uncle
and l ived a l ife of con t rition and penan ce F o r m any years aft er
h i s d ea t h sh e s t ill con t in ued th e sam e l ife ; and so g rea t was t h e
sick wh o were brou g ht to h er were
v ir t ue of h er prayers that the
cu red wh en sh e p rayed Wh en sh e died sh e was h o m e by angels t o
p ara d ise C on ve rs i on of M ary the Peni ten t O c t o b er 29
S t M a tt h e w ( L a t S M at t heus ; Ge r D er H eili g e M a t th aus ;
F r S t M a tt h ieu ; I t a l S a n M a tt eo )
Am ong the E vangel is t s S t
M a tt he w h old s th e rst p lace on accoun t of having wri t ten h is G ospel
rs t I n re p resen ta t ion s of th e disci p l es h e is the seven t h or eigh t h
H e h a s not b een a p o p ular subj ect of art T h e S cri p ture a ccoun t
tell s only t h a t h i s nam e was L evi and his o fce t h at of tax gatherer ;
a H e b rew by bi rth When C hris t called h i m he i m m ed iately l e f t
all else to obey ; a n d h e also m ade a great feast i n h is h ouse at
,
'
'
IL L US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
22 9
23 0
E GE ND S
S T OR IES
AND
US T R A T E D IN
I LL
AR T
23 1
A D 5 84
.
S t M e r c u r i u s ( Gr A y E pa s z signi cation
G od s messen
T h e re p resen t a t ions of th is sain t belong es p ecially to G reek
ar t He was an o fcer wh om J ul ian th e Apos t ate p ut to dea t h o n
acco u nt of h is C hris t i an fai t h
W hen J ul ian afterwards fought
against th e Persian s S t Basil h ad a v ision i n wh ich h e s a w a woman
sea t ed on a t hrone and surrounded by angels To one of these she
said
G o forth with and awaken M ercuri us w ho sleepeth i n the
se p ulchre, that he m ay slay J ulian the Apostate that p roud blas
and
against
my
As
S
on !
s oon as th e v ision
h
e m e r against m e
p
had p assed Basi l went to t h e t omb of M ercuri us but nei t her th e
body nor th e arm or wh ich h ad been buried w ith h i m were i n th e
tomb Bu t t h e next day th e body of t h e saint an d all th e arm or
F or
was as before except that the lan ce was s t ained w ith blood
on t h e day of ba tt le wh en th e wicked em p eror was at t h e h ead
of h is army an u nknown warrior bareheaded and of a pale an d
gh as t ly countenance was seen moun t ed on a wh ite charger wh ic h
h e s p urred for ward ; an d brandish ing h is lance h e p i erced J ul ian
throu g h th e body and th en van ish ed as suddenly as h e h ad
a pp eared A n d J ulian being carried to h is te n t he took a handful
of t h e blood w h ich owed from hi s w ound and ung it in t o t h e
ai r exclaiming w i t h h is las t brea t h T ho u hast conquered G ali
lean ! T ho u has t conquered !
T hen the demons received h is p art
ing s p irit
B u t M ercuri u s h aving p erform ed th e behest of t h e
Blessed V irgin r e en t ered h is tomb and laid h imself down to sleep
till th e D ay of J u dgment
St
23 2
S T OR I E S
AND
L E GE N D S
t h o d i u s S e e S t Cyril
S t M i c h a e l ( L a t S M i ch a el A ngelus ; F r M onsei gneur S t
S t M i c h a el
M ich el I t a l S a n M ichele S a m m ichel e A y M LXa vjA )
I L L U S TR A T E D
IN
AR T
233
L E G E ND S
234
AND
S TOR I E S
I N
I L L US T R A T E D
AR T
235
Th e virgi n refu sed the presents b ut sh e h ealed the sick boy Then
the ki n g sent for her to come to E n gla n d He was surprised at her
le a rn i n g a n d pie t y ; and he b uilt for her a co n ve n t a t Polesworth i n
W a r w i c k s h ir e a n d gave h is daughter E di t h i nto h er care
This
E dith of Polesworth as sh e i s called be c ame a holy n u n and w a s
can onized S t M o d we n a i s represented i n the bl a c k h a b i t of a B e n e
d i e tin e n un w ith a w h ite veil ; i n one hand a crosie r as rst abbess
of her m o n astery an d in th e other a book J uly 5 A D 1 38 7
S t M o n i c a (F r S t e M o n i qu e ) was the mo t her of S t A ugus
ti n e and a Christian w h ile h is fa ther was a heathe n
M onica was
sorely troubled at the dissipated life of her yo ung son she we pt
an d prayed for h i m an d at last sought th e ad vice and aid of t h e
L E G E ND S
236
S TOR IE S
AN D
h e j o u r n e ve d to R o m e seven ti mes
H e is des c ribed as h u mble to
a ll
a ff a ble i n
con versa t ion w i se in tran s acti n g bus iness v e n erabl e
i n a s pec t severe i n cou n te n ance mo d erate e ven i n h is w a l k u pri g h t
c a l m t e m pe r a t e a n d ch a r i t a bl e
He d w el t at o n e ti m e i n a w ild
sol it u de i n C r n w a ll H e d ied i n 8 78
T w o t o w n s i n E n gl a n d
h e a r h is n a m e
H is attributes are the pilgri m s s t a and wallet
October 28
,
'
ILL US TR A TE D
St
e re u s
t
I
a l Sa n N e re o
)
(
.
I N
AR T
23 7
S e e S t A ch ille a s
L E G E ND S
23 8
AND
S TOR IE S
ILL US TR A TE D
I N
AR
39
L E G E ND S
24 0
S TOR IE S
AN D
I L L U S TR A T E D
I N
AR T
24 1
16
L E G END S
24 2
S TOR IE S
AND
the aus t eri t y of h is life that i t has been said th at h e did not l i ve
b u t l a n guished through life
H e w as s uccessful as a preacher a n d
h is m iracles a n d v isions are n u mb erless H e n e ver allo w ed h i m self
to t a ste an im al food ; and w h e n h e w as v ery w eak he refused a dish
of doves that h s breth ren brought h im and waved hi s h a n d above
th e dish when the doves rose u p and e w away Tradi tion rel a tes
th a t a t t h e h o u r of h is bir t h a brilliant s tar sh ot th rough t h e heavens
from S ant A n gelo w h ere h e was born and rested over th e city of
Tol e n ti n o wh ere he afterwards l ived I n th e year 1 60 2 a pl a gu e
v isited th e c ity of Cordova and accordi n g to the lege n d the governor
caused th e im a ge of S t N ich olas of Tol entino to be ca r ried through
th e city i n solem n procession on the d a y wh ich was observed as th e
festi v a l of that s a in t F a ther G d e U a va s beari n g a cru c ix m e t
t h e pro c essi o n w h en the gure of Chris t s t o o ped fro m
th e cro ss an d
embra c e d that of S t N ichol a s and i mmed i a tely th e pl a gue w a s
s t a yed He i s also represented i n a r t as restoring a ch ild t o l i fe
a n d d o i n g m a ny oth er m i ra c l es
He i s p a i n t ed i n th e black h a bi t
of h is o rder w i th a st a r o n h is bre a st ; h e oft e n bears a c ru c i x
w rea t h ed w i t h l il ies typical of the p urity an d austeri t y o f h i s life
S e pt e m ber 1 0 A D 1 3 09
ILL US TR A TE D
G r o tt a F
of
IN
AR T
24 3
r r a t a (I t a l S a n N il o ; F r S t N i l l e
a s co n nec t ed w ith m a ny interesti n g e ven t s in
w
S
t
N
e uu e
i
l
us
j
)
R oman h istory i n l ife and si n ce hi s de a th i s ass o ci a ted w i t h a r t i n
an interest ing m anner He was a G reek born near T a r e ntu m
It
w as not u ntil after th e loss of h is w ife w hom h e loved devot e dly
that b e e m braced a religio us vocation
He took the h abit o f th e
G reek Order of S t B a sil and w as soon m ade th e s uperior o f h is c o m
m u n ity on acco u n t of h i s worth a n d l ear n ing
The ch an c e s of w ar
drove h im to th e west of I taly and h e ed to th e co n vent of M onte
C assi n o at Capu a w h ich wa s of t he Bened icti n e O rder
He w a s
recei ved w it h great k indness an d a small con ve n t a ssig n ed to h i m
A t th i s tim e C a p ua was gover n ed
a n d h is followers by th e abbot
by A l o a r e wh o was th e w idow of the Prince of C a pua a n d reigned
Th i s w i c ked moth er h ad
i n th e n ame an d right of her t w o sons
i n uenced her ch ildren to mu rder their co u si n w h o w as a powerfu l
and worthy nobleman N o w sh e wa s sei zed w ith th e agony of r e
a n d sough t S t
N il us to co n fess h er crim e and entre a ted
m orse
absol ution at h is hands H e refused th is except upon condition that
sh e should gi ve u p o n e o f her sons to the f a mily of th e m urdered
1
man to be dealt w ith as they s a w t
This sh e woul d not consent
to do Then S t N i l us d enounced h er unforgiven an d told her that
w h at sh e would n o t gi ve Heaven wo uld soon exac t of her
Sh e
offered h i m large sum s of mo n ey and begged h i m to pray for h e r ;
but h e t hrew do w n h er money i n scorn a n d left h er N o t lo n g after
thi s t h e younger son k illed the elder in a ch u rch an d for this do u ble
crim e of fra t ricide an d sacrilege he was p u t to death by command of
H ugh Cap e t N ilu s afterwards went to R ome and l i ved i n a con
vent on the A ventine w h ere l arge n umbers of s ick people v isited
A mong others h is c a r e
h i m and h e d id m any and great m iracles
of an epilepti c boy forms a subj ect for art Cresce n ti a s was co n sul
at th is ti me an d h ad set u p P h i l a ga t u s Bishop of Placenti a as
agai n st G regory V w ith th e t itl e of Joh n XV I
Then
a nti pope
Otho I I I cam e to R ome to expel th e anti pope and lai d siege to th e
castle of S t A ngelo to w h ich Crescenti a s had retired A fter a short
siege the castle was gi ven u p on honorable term s ; bu t not h eeding
St
ilus
Th i s
sa n
t ;
sp i r i t
an
i n ci d e n t i s
d t h e pl e dge
n ot
m en
xa c te d
ti
on e d
of
the
in the R
th e r
m o
e v.
c om
Al ba n B u t l e r s s k e t ch o f t h e
i
h
h
e Ch r i s t i a n
o
r
s
n
o
t
t
t
w
t
p
244
S TOR IE S
AND
L E GE N D S
LL US TR A TE D
IN
AR T
24 5
S a n c t i t y e ve n
,
in
h e ro i c
d e gre e
is
t i bl e
at a n a
in
ve ry st a te
of
lif
L E G E ND S
24 6
S TOR IE S
AN D
I L L US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
24 7
A n d h is
h i s right hand sayi n g
M ay th is h and n ever w ither !
prayer was granted ; for at Os wald s death h is heathen enemies cut o ff
his head and hands and set th em on stak es but h is h ead w as taken
to t h e ch urch of L indisfarne and b uried i n S t Cuthber t s tomb b e
tween th e arms o f th at sai nt : h i s right hand was carri ed to Bam
borough Castle wh ere i t was a lo n g t im e pre s erved free fr om decay
At
A t on e t ime Os wald w as dri ven fro m h is thron e by Cad wallader
H e ra ised an ar m y ;
l e n gt h h e deter m i n ed to regain h is ki n gdo m
and w h en in sigh t of h is enemies he ordered h i s men to mak e a l arge
w ooden cross and hi m self h elped to pl a ce i t in the ground T hen
h e cried out L e t us all kneel down an d beseech the l i vi n g G o d to
d efend u s from th e h augh ty an d erce e n e m y for h e knows th a t w e
A n d wh en
h ave u ndert a ken a j ust war for th e safety of our n ation
th e y fought O s w al d was v ictorio us T h e gre a test proof of h is ch arity
of heart is shown in the fact that as he d ied h e prayed for t hose wh o
k illed him
M ay Go d hav e mercy on th eir souls as Oswald sai d
,
'
L E G E ND S
24 8
S TOR IE S
AN D
64 2
O tt i l i a
I
t
a l
(
Pan
c ra s
San
ILL US TR A TE D
IN
AR T
24 9
t a l e o n o f N i c o m e d i a (I t a l S a n Pan taleone ; Gr A y
I I a V r a Ae wV ) w as born (according to tradi ti o n ) at N icomedi a i n B ithy n ia
He was remarkable for h i s personal beauty and elega n t man n e rs on
account of w h ich after completi n g th e study of m edicine h e becam e
th e favorite physician of t h e E mperor G a l e r i us M a xi m i a n T h e
fa th er of Pantaleon was a pagan and h is mother a Christian but at
th e heathen court the s o n forgot all th e instruc t ions tha t h is m other
had carefully given h i m A t le n g t h h e heard a pries t H e r m o l a u s
preach an d was co n ver t ed When th e persecution broke out h e
k n e w h e could not con ceal h imsel f and he prepared to su ffer a cruel
m artyrdom
He went abou t to th e sick and n eedy and w el l ear n ed
the title of th e a l l merciful w h i ch is th e G r eek sign i cation of h is
n am e
When accused before the e mperor h e was condemned to be
beh eaded toge t her w ith the a ged a n d venerable H e r m o l a u s wh o was
a ppreh ended at th e hou se of Pa n taleon
Th e latter was boun d to an
ol i ve tree and as soon as h is blood ow ed to th e roots of th e tree i t
b urst forth w ith leaves and fruit
He i s especially venerated at
Ve n ice There have been some w ho doubted h i s existence a n d b e
l i e v e d hi s name to have been deri ved fro m the w ar cry of th e Vene
t ia n s Pi anta L eon e ( Plant th e L io n ) ! B ut Ju stin ian erected a
ch u r ch u nder h is patronage i n Con stantin ople an d h e w as celebrated
in th e G reek C h urch at that ti me w hen V enice w o uld have been
more l ik ely to introd uce his veneration from th e E ast th an to have
origin ated it in any oth er way Patron of physicians H e i s r e p r e
sented as young beardless and h andsome A s a martyr he i s bound
to an ol ive
tree w ith h is h ands n ailed to it above h is head a sword
at h is feet W itho u t observation h e m igh t be m istak en for S t
Wh e n h e i s painted as patron he wears th e physi c i a n s
S ebastian
robe and b e ars th e olive or palm or both
J uly 2 7 F o urth
century
S t P a t r i c k (L a t S P a t r i c i u s) was th e son of Christ ian pare n ts
H e was carried a capti ve to I rela n d when a boy a n d tended th e
herds of h i s m aster H e was greatly moved at th e ig n ora n ce a n d
h eathen ism of the people abo ut h i m ; and when at l ast he m ade h i s
escape and returned to h is hom e h e had vision s i n w h i c h it appeared
that th e ch ildren of I rel a nd not yet born stretched forth th eir h a n d s
to h i m and cried for sal vation Patrick resol ved to become a m is
H e recei ved h is mission
s i o n a r y an d prepared hi mself f o r h is labo r
St
Pan
'
L E G E ND S
25 0
S TOR IE S
AND
fro m Pope Cel e stin e and retu r ned to I reland He labo r e d th ere
fo r t y years He gained many disciples an d preached w ith t h e
greatest s ucc e ss H e bap t ized t h e k ings of D ubl in and M unster
H avi n g foun d I rel a nd
a n d the se ve n sons of the K ing of Conna u ght
under the sp irit u a l sway of th e D ru ids h e left it Chris t ian ized w it h
school s whi ch becam e famo us and sent forth m a n y learned schola r s
The fa m iliar story o f th e expulsion of the reptiles from I reland by t h is
s a i n t h as t h e mean ing of m any other legends and allegories an d fi g
u res probably th e tri umph of goo d over evil H e d ied and w as b uried
at D own i n th e provi nce of U lster H is resting place i s still vene
rated by th e people and h is rem ains were preserved m any years ;
b ut h is ch urch at D own w as d estroyed i n th e reign of Henry V I I I
a n d such rel ics of hi m as re mained were scattered either by th e sol
d iers of E l iz abeth or by those of Crom w ell Vl h e n represented as
bishop h e w ears th e u sual dress w ith th e m itre cope and crosier
w hile a n eophyte regards h i m w i t h re verence A s t h e A postle of I r e
l and h e sho uld wear a h ooded gown and a leathern girdle T he sta ff
w allet standard w i t h th e cross and the G ospel are all h is proper
attri butes S erpe n ts are represented as running fro m h i m at the
motio n of h is crosier M arc h 1 7 A D 4 64
S t P a u l (L a t S P a u l n s I t a l S a n Paolo S p S a n Pablo ; F r S t
Paul Gr A y H a Ao s) S t P a ul a n d S t Peter occupy th e rst pl a ce
among th e A postl es S t Peter more especi ally represented the con
v erted Jews a n d S t Paul th e G entiles ; together they represent t h e
U n i vers a l Ch urch There a r e f e w legends co n nected w ith S t Paul
b ut th e scenes of h is l ife as gi ven in th e G ospel hav e furnished
i n exhausti ble subj ects for th e ill ustrations o f art S t Paul is so oft en
re presented w ith S t Peter th at i t i s n ecessary to be able to d istin
guish the on e from th e other A ugustine a n d other early wri ters
all u de to por t raits o f S t P a u l as existing i n their ti me ; a n d it is
s u pposed t h a t the trad i t ionary picture o f h i m wh ich is so strictly
fo ll o w ed had its origi n i n those portraits H e i s small of stature
w i t h h igh fo rehead sp a rkling eyes a n d aqu il ine nose H is hair and
h e a r d are bro wn and the l atter long an d o wing
L ater artists h av e
varied th e head of S t P aul more than that of S t Peter b u t the most
an cient pi c t ures a r e exa c t in these parti culars When t h e t w o A postles
are toge t her their proper place i s o n e a ch side of th e S a viour or of
the Virgi n e n throned Their picture s should be placed on each side
.
'
"
ILL US TR A TE D
I N
A R T
25 1
L E G E ND S
25 2
S TO R IE S
AND
h ou l d e rs c u r ve d
Bl a c k h a i r a n d vi v i d e ye a n d
H i s p ro m i n e n t f e a t ur e l i k e a n
Of
t t u re t a l l
m e a gr e c h e e k
e a gl e s b e a k
an
s a
"
TE D
I L L US T R A
I N
AR T
25 3
L E G E ND S
25 4
S TOR I E S
AND
I t re sts
Cy ri l
an
of
on
f J e ru s a l e
t h e pa ga n
t s t i m o n y f Ch r i s t i a n F a th e r s
m
A ugus t i n Ph i l a st r i u I s i dor e o f l
wr i t e r D i o n Ch rysos t o m u s
th e
as
s,
S ts J u s t i n
l us i um
A m b ro se
T h e o do re t ,
e tc
I N
I L L US T R A TE D
AR T
25 5
'
25 6
DS
L E GE N
S TOR IE S
A N D
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
25 7
A D
.
1 25 8
r R e ga l a t o
T hi s s a int a pp e a rs i n t h e l a t e r It a l i a n
a n d S p a nish pi ctures of t h e F r a nci sc a ns to wh i ch ord e r h e belonged
H e w a s e speci a lly distinguish e d for h is sub l im e gift o f pra yer
M a rch 30 A D 1 4 5 6
P e t r o n i l l a (F r S t e
St
P e rnel l e ) wa s t h e d a ugh t e r of S t
Peter When a t R om e with h im s h e wa s d eprived of th e u se of
her li mbs by sickness On e d a y w h e n som e of his d iscipl es s a t a t
dinner w ith th e A postle th ey a sk e d wh y it w a s th a t wh e n h e he aled
others h is own ch ild rem a ined helpless Pet e r repl ied th a t it wa s
good for h e r to be ill ; b ut t h a t the glory of Go d should b e m a n i
fest he com m a nded her to rise a n d serve th e m T h is sh e d i d a n d
when the dinn e r wa s ov e r l a y down hel pless a s b e for e
Y e a rs a fter
St
P e te
17
25 8
DS
L E GE N
S T OR I E S
AND
wh en sh e h ad b e c om e perfected by s u ff ering sh e w a s m a de w e ll i n
N o w Petronill a wa s very be a utiful
a nswer to her e a rnest pra yers
V a leri us F l a c c n s desir e d to m a rry her S h e
a n d a young noble
a n d prom is e d th a t i f h e r e turned i n thre e
w a s a fr a id to refuse h i m
d a ys he should c a rry her home S h e t hen e a rnestly pr a y e d t o b e
d eli vered from this m a r ri a g e ; a n d w hen t h e l over c a m e w ith h is
friends to cel e bra t e the m a rri a g e h e foun d h e r d e a d F l a c c u s l a
T h e a ttend a nt nobl e s bor e h e r t o h e r gr a ve in w h i ch
m e n t e d sorely
th ey pl a ced her crowned w ith roses M a y 3 1
S t P e t r o n i u s w a s bishop o f Bo l ogn a a n d distingu ished h i mse l f
by h is ze a l a g a inst the A ri a n h e resy H e wa s a R om a n of a n
il l ustrious fa mily Hi s p i ct ur e s a r e con n e d to Bologn a ; a n d th e re
is in th a t city a be a utiful ch urch d e dic a ted in h is n a me He i s
represented in episcop a l robes w ith m itre a n d crosier He h a s a
th ick bl a ck h e a r d i n a n a ncient represent a tion but g e nera ll y i s w ith
His a ttribut e i s a model of Bol ogn a w h ich h e holds in h is
o u t it
h a nd October 4 A D 4 3 0
St
S t P h i l i p (I t a l S a n F ilippo A post o l o ; F r S t Ph il i ppe )
Ph il i p wa s born a t Beth s a id a Beyond t h e fa ct th a t h e w a s th e rst
c a lled to follo w the S a vio ur l i ttle is told of h i m in th e G ospel Af ter
th e a scension of C h ri st he pr e a ched in S cythi a t wenty ye a rs T h en
going to H ie r o p ol i s i n Phry gi a he found th e p e opl e w orsh ipping a
h uge serp e nt or dra go n w ho m they though t to b e a p ersoni c a tion
of M a rs T hen Philip took pi ty o n th eir ignor a n ce H e h eld u p
th e cross a n d com m a nded th e serpent to d is a ppe a r I mmedi a tely it
gl ided from bene a th t h e a lt a r a n d a s it moved i t sent forth s o dre a d
ful a n odor th a t m a ny d ie d a n d a mong th e m the son of the k ing ;
b ut Ph il ip restored h i m to life T hen th e priests of th e serpen t were
so wroth w i th the A postle t h a t they cru cied h i m a n d w hen h e w a s
f a stened to the cross th ey ston e d h im
T h e S criptur e s s t a t e th a t
Phil i p h a d four d a ughters wh o di d proph e sy (A cts x xi
St Ma
r ia m n e
h is sister a n d h is d a ugh t e r S t H e rm ion e a r e m a rtyrs i n t h e
G reek C a lend a r
S t Ph il i p i s represented a s a m a n of middl e a g e
sc a nty be a rd a n d be n e volent fa c e
H is a ttribu te i s a cross w h ich
a
i
n
v ries
form
sometimes a sm a ll cross in h i s h a nd ; a ga in a
h igh cross in th e form of a T or a st a ff w ith a sm a ll c r o s s a t t h e
top I t h a s three s ig n i c a t io n s : i t m a y represent the pow e r o f t h e
cross wh ich h e h e ld b e fore th e dra gon ; or h is m a rty r dom ; or h is
,
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
25 9
Dra w n e a r a n d j oi n thysel f to t h e
w a s i mpressed by th e words
ch a riot
He w ent h om e f u l l of thou gh t u pon t h ese words a n d
w h en he slept h e h a d a visio n of th e V irgi n se a ted i n a ch a riot a n d
sh e told h i m to dra w ne a r a n d join her serv a nts T he n h e retired
to M onte S e n a rio ; b u t such wa s h is modesty th a t it wa s l o n g before
g
n
i
i
h
t h e br e thren understood t h e exten t of h is le a rning
s
f
t
{ g i l hi
.
'
260
L E GE N
DS
A ND
S T OR I E S
1 28 5
i l i p N e r i (I t a l S a n F il ippo N e ri ) t h e founder of t h e
Order of the O r a tori a ns wa s a F loren tin e a n d bor n i n 1 5 1 5 H is
fa ther wa s of on e of t h e old e st T u sc a n fa m il ies a n d a l a wye r When
eighteen y e a rs of a ge Ph i l ip w ent to R om e a n d b e c a m e a t utor i n
By h is i ntellect eloquence a n d puri ty o f ch a r a cter
a noble fa mily
h e bec a me very inuenti a l i n t h e religio us movements of h is ti m e
H e wa s th e in ti m a te friend a n d a l moner of S t Ch a rles Borrom e o a n d
H e wa s e ver e mplo y ed in work s of
i n this c a p a city did m uch good
ch a rity a n d g a thered a bo u t h i m young men m embers of th e nobility
a n d of the le a rned professions w ho w en t a bo ut re a d ing a n d pr a y ing
w ith th e sic k a n d n eedy fo und ing a n d v isiting hospit a ls a n d doing
v a riou s ch a rities T hey w e re bo und by n o vo ws a n d were not sec l uded
from th e world T h ey c a lled themsel ves Ora tori a ns a n d fro m the m
1
a rose the P e r e s de l O r a t o i r e
o f F ra n c e
S t P h ilip N e ri w a s t h e
spiritu a l a dviser of the M a ss i m i fa m i l y ; a n d it is r e l a ted th a t wh en
the son a n d he ir of P rinc e F a bri zio M a ssi m i d ied o f a fever S t
Phil i p c a me i nto the ch a m b e r w h ere th e fa mily w e re l a menting o ver
h is de a d body Phi l i p l a id h is h a n d on th e he a d of t h e boy a n d
c a lled his n a me ; h e op e n e d h is e yes a n d s a t u p Ph ilip t h en s a id
A r t th o u u nwill ing to d i e ?
N o rep l i e d t h e boy
A r t th o u
Ph
1
e
o
p
so,
the
O r a to r i a n s
t a n d a s c e ti c wr ite r
of
was ,
E n gl a n d ,
an
f wh o m
d Ca rd i n a l N e wm
th e
an
l te
a
is,
F re de r i c
d e v o te d
Wil f r i d
m em
be r
F a be r,
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
2 61
P la n t i lla
r e se n
t a t ion
262
DS
L E GE N
AND
S T OR I E S
wa s a
I L L US T R A T E
IN
AR T
263
an
d M a y 1 9, A
S t P risc a
148
The
A D
.
2 75
St
P r o c o p i u s wa s
Th i s
l e ge n d o f S t
Pr oc n l us i s
a m on
g the
un a u
th oriz e d l e ge n ds
264
L E GE N
St
P u de
tia n a
DS
S T OR I E S
AN D
I
t
a l S a nt a P u d e n z i a n a
(
Fr
S t e P ot e n t ie n n e )
Pra xed es
t
r
o
o
r
A
ccord
ing
n a t i or t h e F o ur Crowned Broth ers
C
o
a
t
u
Q
to tra dition these were four Christi a n broth e rs work e rs i n wood a n d
ston e w h o dwelt i n R o me i n the time of D iocleti a n T hey r e fuse d
to employ their a r t i n fa sh ioning gods or b uilding temples for them
S om e w er e scourged som e h e
a n d for th is s u ff ered m a rtyrdom
he a ded a n d som e p ut i n iron c a ges a n d c a st i nto t h e s e a T h e
A D
.
4 00
St
h
n
w
a
s
t
e
H
i
n
t
i
son
of
Z
eno
b
c
a m e conv e rt e d
e
e
a
n
d
Q
g a ve u p a high comm a nd wh ich h e h e ld in the R om a n a rmy in ord e r
to pr e a ch H e l a bored e sp e ci a lly i n Belgi um a n d a t A m iens H e
w a s a ccu s e d b e for e t h e p r e fect B i otins V a rus a n d s u ff ered d e a th by
being i m p a l e d o n a n iron spit T his instru ment of h is torture i s h is
a ttribute wh ich i s not a l wa ys r e pr e s e nt e d
Octob e r 3 1 A D 28 7
S t Qu i r i n u s wa s a so l di e r in t h e a rmy of A ure l i a n
H e b e ca me
a Christi a n a n d pre a ch ed so op e n l y a s e sp e ci a l l y to e x a s p er a t e h is
o i c e r s wh o were p a g a ns
H is m a rtyrdom wa s extrem e i n cru e lty
Hi s t ongue w a s rst t a k en out a n d thrown to a h a w k H e wa s th en
d ra gged to de a th by horses H e is repre sent e d in a rmor w ith a h ors e
a n d a h a w k a n d a sh ie l d
w ith n in e b a l l s a s we ll a s th e m a rtyr s
pa l m
S t Qu i r i n u s B ishop o f S iss e k in Cro a ti a
H e w a s m a r tyr e d by
being drowned w i t h a m i l lston e a bou t h i s n e ck O n e of t h e e igh t
gu a rdi a n s a ints o f A ustri a J un e 4 A D 3 09
S t R a d e g u n d a w a s th e d a ughter of t h e K ing of T h urin gi a
B e r t h a i r e a n d th e w i fe of Cl o t h a i r e V of F ra nc e who r st c a rrie d
her c a ptiv e with a l l h e r fa mi l y a n d a fterw a rds m a rried her T h i s
u
I L L US T R A TE
I N
AR T
265
266
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
T h e Ch urc h
i n c l ude s t h e
B o ok
of
T o bi as
a m on g
th e
i n spi re d writi n gs
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
267
'
268
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
A n e a rthly
S t R a ymond then s a id
a i d R a ymond to go a w a y
k ing h a s deprived u s of th e m e a n s of e sc a pe b ut a H e a venly King
T h e n w a lking u p to a rock w h ich proj ected into
w i ll s u pply them
th e s e a h e spre a d h i s clo a k on the w a ters a n d setting his st a ff
u pright a n d tying one corn e r of t h e clo a k to it for a s a il h e m a de the
sign of the cross a n d boldly e mb a rked i n th is n e w k ind of vessel H e
w a s w a fted over t h e surfa c e of t h e oc e a n wi th su ch r a p id ity th a t i n
si x hours h e r e a ch ed B a rc e lon a T hi s m ira cl e w a s a ttested to by
ve h undred persons w ho sa w h i m l a n d a t B a rc e lon a a n d t a ke u p
h is clo a k perfectly dry fro m the wa t e r a n d wra p it round h i m a n d
then w ith gre a t h u m ility retire to h is c e l l D on J a ym e ov e rcom e
b y th is m ira cl e rep e nt e d of h is obstin a cy a n d a fterw a rds govern e d
h is k ingdom a n d h is life by t h e a d vice of S t R a ym ond H e is r e p
resented i n th e h a bit of h is ord e r a n d k ne e ls on h i s m a ntle w h il e
h e i s borne over the s e a or els e the m i ra c l e is r e p res e nted i n t h e
b a ckground J a n u a ry 23 A D 1 2 75
S t R e g u l u s w a s a n A fric a n b isho p
H e e d from h is dioces e
in the time of the cont e ntio n s betwe e n th e A ri a ns a n d t h e C a thol ics
He c a me t o T usc a ny a n d l i ved t h e l ife of a n a nch or e t I n t h e i n
v a s i o n of T otil a h e w a s beh e a ded
A ccord ing to tr a d iti on h e too k
u p h is he a d a n d proceeded tw o st a di a w hen h e s a t down Being
found th us by two of h i s di sci ples h e g a ve th e m h is h e a d a n d th ey
b uried h i m th er e w ith gre a t re v e re nc e a n d (wh a t i s n o t stra nge )
w i th u n sp e a ka bl e a we
S t R e p a r a t a wa s a virgi n of Ces a r e a in C a p p a d oci a
In t h e
perse cution under Deci u s s h e w a s m a rtyre d though only t we l ve
ye a rs old A s sh e di ed h e r spirit wa s seen to issu e from h e r mouth
i n sh a pe l ike a dove a n d to y to he a ven T h is s a int wa s for s i x
h undred ye a rs the ch ief p a troness of F loren ce a n d t h e D uomo wa s
ded i c a ted in h e r n a me ; bu t i t wa s r e dedic a ted to S a nt a M a ri a del
S h e i s re presented in v a rious colored robes a n d b e a rs th e
F iore
crown p a l m book a n d a b a nn er w ith a red cross on a wh i te ground
S t R o c h ( L a t S R och us ; I t a l S a n R occo ; F r S t R och or
R oque ) w a s the s o n of nobl e p a rents
M ontpel ier in L a ngu e doc
wa s h is birth p l a c e
Wh e n he wa s born there wa s a sm a ll r e d cro ss
.
'
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
26 9
270
L E GE N
DS
S T OR I E S
AND
I L L US T R A T E
I N
AR T
2 71
c a ll e d by t h e F rench l a G a rgouille
T his monster spre a d conster
n a tion a l l a long the shore s of t h e ri ver T he n t h e s a int by t h e a i d of
a w ick e d m urd e rer w e nt forth a n d sl e w the b e a st
F rom th is t i m e
it wa s t h e privileg e of t h e ch a pt e r of R ou e n to p a rdon a cri min a l
cond e mned to d e a th ; a n d t h i s wa s so unti l t h e t im e of t h e R e vo l u
F e bru a ry 2 8 A D 639
t ion
S t R o m u a l d o wa s born a t R a v e nn a of t h e nobl e fa m ily of t h e
On e sti a bout t h e ye a r 9 5 6 He w a s tr a ined like oth e r yo u n g nobl e
m en
a n d l ov e d t h e ch a s e ; b ut often a s h e rod e on th e h unt i n t h e
forests of R a venn a h e wa s sooth e d a n d ch a rmed by the be a u ty of
t h e sc e n e ry a n d w ould sl a ck e n h is p a ce a n d b e com e a bsorbed in t h e
t hought of t h e qu iet p e a c e of those who d we lt a lon e w ith N a tur e
T hen h e would bre a th e a pra y e r a n d return t o h is bu sy l ife of
pl e a sur e B ut hi s fa ther S e rgi us w a s a m a n of v e ry d i ffe re n t
m e tt l e
H e wa s p rou d a n d se l f w ill e d a n d co uld brook no opposi
tion H a ving d is a gre e d w i th a r e l a t ive conc e rning t h e succession
of a c e rt a in p a sture h e ch a ll e ng e d h i m to comb a t a n d slew hi m
R om u a ldo wa s presen t a t t h e tim e a n d wa s so ov e rpowered w ith
horror th a t h e b e l iev e d it h is duty to e xpi a te h is fa th e r s crim e
H e retir e d to a mon a stery ne a r R a venn a S a nt A pollin a re i n Cl a sse
Bened ictin es But h is e nth usi a stic
a n d a ssu med t h e h a bit of t h e
a n d sensiti ve temper a me n t s u ffer e d m u ch from th e irregul a riti e s of
cert a i n monk s ; a n d b e concei v e d t h e i d e a of est a bl ish ing n e w mon a s
tic instit utions a ccord ing to the pure spirit w hi ch h e fel t sh ould
control th e m a n d o f reform ing t h e old on e s a n d ra ising th e m to t h e
s a m e st a nd a rd H e nc e fort h h is l ife w a s a continuous b a ttl e H e
.
Th e re
a re n o a u
th e n ti c
a c s of
th e
l i fe
of
St R
.
oc h .
2 72
L E GE N
DS
AN D
S T OR I E S
1 02 7
l o (L e t S R om u l us ) wa s a nob l e R om a n w hom
a ccord ing to t h e legend S t
Pet e r sent t o p re a ch t o t h e p e o pl e of
F iesole wh ic h wa s th e n a m ost i mport a nt E trusc a n city
A ft e r th us
being the a postle h e bec a m e t h e rst bi shop of F i e so l e H e wa s a t
l ength a ccu sed b e fore t h e praetor a s a Christi a n a n d wa s s e ntenced
to su ff er de a th T h is wa s in t h e t i m e of N ero A fter su ffering th e
m ost cruel t orture s h e w a s sl a in w ith a d a gge r T h e old c a th edra l
o f F i esol e i s ded ic a ted to S t
R om ulo
H e i s r e pr e s e nt e d i n t h e
e piscop a l robes a n d be a rs th e p a lm
J uly 23
S a n t a R o s a d i L i m a wa s born a t Li m a i n Peru a n d is t h e only
c a n on ized fem a le s a int of th e N e w World S h e w a s d istinguished by
h er extreme h a tred of v a nity T h e sev e riti e s of h er li fe a lso w ere
v e ry gre a t S h e wa s e sp e ci a lly be a utifu l i n h e r com pl e xion ; h e n ce
St
om
IL L U S T R A T E D I N A R T
her
273
name
S h e rejected many su itors and at l ast destroyed her
great charm w ith a compound of pepper and qu icklime W hen h er
mother commanded her to wear a wreath of roses she so arranged it
that it was in truth a crown of thorns Her food was principally
bitter herbs S h e was a model of l ial devotion and maintained her
parents by h er labor after th ey had become poor toiling all day i n
her garden and all night w ith her needle S h e took the h abit of
T h e Peruvian legend r elates
the T h ird Order of S t Dom in ick
th at wh en Pope Clement X w as asked to canonize h er h e refused
18
27 4
L E G E ND S A N D
IE S
S T OR
A D
.
1 1 60
ry T h e
Th e beads used by Cathol ics and called by this
name are so often represented i n a r t th at a n expl anation of their
Th e u se of beads to
u s e an d sign i cation w ill not be out of place
assist th e memory in regard to th e n u mber of prayers recited i s of
very ancient date an d of E astern origin
Th ey w ere employed by
th e an cient anchorites an d also by t h e Bened ictines before th eir
became general i n the C h urch T he rosary i n i t s present a o
u se
Dom in ick He in vented a n e w
c e p t e d form w as instituted by S t
arrangement of th e beads and dedicated i t to th e Blessed Virgin
T h e festival of the R osary was instituted by G regory X II I after th e
battle of L epanto A D 1 5 7 1 and fro m th is ti m e i t becam e p o pular
as a subj ect of art and th ere are large n u mbers of p ictures w h ich
relate to its instit ution A complete rosary has one h undred and fty
small beads and fteen l arger ones T he l atter represent th e Pater
nosters and the former the Ave M arias Th e large beads d i vide th e
rosary into fteen decades each one con sisting of ten Ave M arias
preceded by a l arge h e a d or Pater noster and all concl uded w ith a
F i ve decades m ak e a ch aplet wh ich i s a th ird part
G lori a Patri
r
e
o r about the person of a s a i n t signies th at they obtained aid
p
R
osa
IL L
A T ED
US T R
IN
AR T
275
2 76
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
F ebru ary 1 0
pressed t o h er bosom an d a l ily i n h er h and
about 5 4 3
S t S e b a l d i s one of th e most distingu ished among the early G e r
man saints and is especially venerated i n N uremberg Th e l egends
relate that he was the son of a Dan i sh k ing and l eft E ngl an d w ith
His name i n E ngl ish i s S ew ard S i ward or S ig wa r d
S t Boni face
He travelled through the north of G ermany preach ing as a m i ssion
ary and at last l ived permanently i n N uremberg Wh il e h e d wel t
i n a cell not far fro m th e city he w ent th ere al most d aily t o teach
the poor H e w as i n th e h abit of stopping to rest in th e b u t of a
cartwrigh t O n e day w he n it w as v ery cold h e fou n d t he family i n
the b u t n early frozen and th ey h ad n o fuel T hen S ebald com manded
th em to bring in th e i cicl es wh i ch h ung fro m the roof and u se them
to feed the re They obeyed and w ere t hu s m iraculo usly warmed
Again the saint desired sh for a fast day an d sent th e same cart
w right to b uy it Now th e L ord of Nu remberg h ad com mand ed th at
no pers o n sh o u ld b uy sh unt il th e castl e w as su p pl ied ; so th e p o or
m an was punish ed by h aving h is e yes p ut o ut B ut S t S ebald r e
stored h is sight His wonderful sh rine in th e ch urch at N uremberg
w as m a d e according to i ts inscription by Peter Visch er an d h is ve
sons These sons with their fam il i es all d welt w ith th e fath er Peter
and shared al ike h i s labors h i s re wards and h is fam e I t was com
ni sh ed i n 1 5 2 3 and remains und isturbed T he
m e n c e d in 1 5 08
sain t i s represented in h is statue by Peter Vi sch er as a pilgri m w ith
shell in b a t rosary staff and wall e t He holds i n h is h and a model
of h is ch urch About A D 7 70
S t S e b a s t i a n ( L a t S S c b a s t i a n u s ; I t a l S a n S ebastian o or
Bastiano ; F r S t S e bastien S p and Ge r S ebasti an ) Th e legend
o f th is saint th o ugh very old h a s th e ad vant a ge o f being better
authenticated by h ist o ry th an m any anti qu e trad itions S ebasti an
w as descended from a noble fam ily w h i ch had been h on o red w ith
h igh o fces in th e empire He was born at Narbonn e and wh en still
q uite young was m ad e com mander of a com pany of th e Praetorian
G u ards a n d was th us al ways n ear th e em peror D i o c l etian w i th
w h om he was an especial favorite N o w S ebas tian was secretly a
C hristian and wh ile from th i s very fac t h e c o nscientio usly fullled
all h is d uties to th e em peror h e also protected the Chri stians and
ende avored to make converts an d i n th is last h e wa s very successfu l
.
IL L U S T R A T E D
AR T
I N
277
Among those whom he had thu s in uenced w ere two young soldiers
of noble fam ily called M arcus and M arcel l in us Th ey were accused
as C hristians and condemned to the torture this they rmly end ured
an d w er e led out for execution Th en th e ir famil ies their w i ves an d
ch ildren besought the m to recant and l i ve That wh ich th e tortures
coul d n ot effect these prayers and tears were about to do they
w ave r ed ; then S ebastian regardless of hi mself rushed forward an d
el o quently exhorted the m that they sho u ld not betray their R e
deemer S o earnest w as he and so great was h is power that th e
two s o ld iers w ent boldly to their death w h ile th eir friends many of
the guards and e ven th e j udge h imse l f were also converted a n d
secre t ly baptized N o w S ebastian s ti me h ad come ; but before h is
u b l i c accu sation the emperor so loved h i m that h e sent for h im to
p
see if pri vately h e could not in uence h im to sav e h is life And h e
said Have I not al ways h onored th ee above th e rest of m y o fcers ?
W hy h ast tho u disobeyed my commands and insulted my gods ?
T hen an swered the young saint w ith courage b ut also w ith meek
n ess
O C aesar I h ave ever prayed in the n am e of Jesus Christ for
thy prosperi ty and h ave been true to thy servi ce ; b ut as for the
gods who m tho u wouldst h ave m e worsh ip th ey are devils or at
bes t i dols of wood and stone
After th is D iocletian ordered th at
S ebastian sho ul d be bound to a stake and shot to death w ith arrows
bu t t h at it should be inscribed on th e stak e that h e had no fault but
that of being a Christian Then th e arch ers d id the ir d uty an d h e
w as left for dead being pi erced with many arrows At night Irene
th e w idow of one of h is friends wh o h ad been martyred came w ith
her compan ions to tak e h is body away to buri al And 10 ! it was
foun d th at h e was still alive for none of th e arrows had entered a
v ital part Then Iren e took h i m home and carefully tended h i m
unti l h e was w el l again W h en h i s friends sa w h i m they begged
that h e would y from R om e an d save h is l ife b ut S ebastian went
to th e pal ace and stood wh ere h e kne w th e emperor m ust surely see
h i m and h e pl eaded fo r certain condemned ones an d plainly t o ld
the emperor of h is cru elty an d w i ck edness T hen D iocletian being
278
E G END S A ND
IE S
S T OR
F ro m
cease
th is ti me S ebasti an became th e un i versal patr o n
against pestilence wh ich h onor h e h as shared in l ater years w ith
S t R o ch
The pictures of S t S ebastian are innu merable an d n u
m istakable
He i s young beautiful w ithou t d rapery bound to
a tree and pierced by arrow s
H e l o ok s to h eaven w h ence de
scends an ang e l w ith pal m and crown He i s th e favorite sai nt
o f Rom an w omen
and indeed of the women of al l I taly Jan u ary
,
I L L US T R A T E
D IN
AR T
279
c un
du s ,
'
280
L EGE N
D S A ND
IE S
S T OR
'
d df l d y t h d y f i
S h ll k i dl t h
v gi g
A
d t h x piri g w rld
A d E rth
S i byl
i d f ld
A d
t h p r ph t k i g f r t ld
S h ll b i r i h rl d
T he
re a
e a
r ou n
e e
as
en
re
re
sa
u n
as
o e
"
I L L US T R A T E D IN
V arro ,
AR T
28 1
28 2
L E G EN
DS
AN D
IE S
S T OR
representations are the h igh est h onor that art has rendered to th e
sibyls
Their variou s attribut es dress an d age as nearly as i t i s
possible t o give th em are as follows :
T h e S i by l l a P e r si c a w as s upposed to be a daughter in l aw of
M oses S h e predi cted th e com ing of th e M essiah S h e i s old ; a n d
h er attributes are a serpent beneat h h er feet and a l antern in her
h an d
T h e S i byl la I / i bg/ca proph esied th e m an i festati o n o f Christ to t h e
Gen ti l es
S h e is twenty four years o l d an d bears a l ighted torch
.
IL L US T R
l
i
b
S y la
The
E r y t h r ce
A T ED I N
AR T
283
'
28 4
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
May 1 ,
A D
im
e on
in
5 25
T h
P roph
Se e
the M adonn a
T he Presentation
em ple
S t S i m o n Z e l o t e s or T h e Z e a l o t ; S t J u d e T h a d d e u s
or L e b b e u s ( It a l S a n S imon e S a n T addeo ; F r S t S i mon l o Z e lc
S t T h a d d e ; Ge r J ud as Thadd a us )
S t S imon is surna m ed the
Canan aean or C anaan ite an d Zelotes or the Zealot t o distingu is h
h i m fro m S t P e ter and from S t S im eon the brother o f S t James
t h e L e ss
Th e name Canan aean has in Syro C haldaic t he same
IL L
A T E D IN
US TR
A R T
28 5
desired th e Wa t i c u m
The l and l ord a L uth eran wou l d not su ffer i t
to be brought p ubl icly to the house w hereupon th e saint seemed
i n a vi si o n to receive comm union at the hands of a n angel He is
represented i n art on a co uc h w it h a n angel at h is side He is one
of th e patron saints of Poland and as s uch h is attribute i s the lily
No ve m ber 1 3 A D 1 5 8 9
S t S t e p h e n P r o t o m a rt y r (L a t S S teph an us ; I t a l S a n S t e
fano ; F r S t E tienne ; Ge r Der Heilige S tefan ) L ittle has been
added to th e S cri pture account of this holy deacon by tradition or
the fancy of his votaries H is name i s sign i cant of faith devotion
z eal and end uring l ove
; i t com mands the veneration of th e world
father and mother were bapti z e d l ate in l ife by S t Adel bert the N orth
u mbrian m issionary
T hey gave th eir son the name o f the P ro t o
S tephen was th us t h e rst C hristian k ing of H unga ry
m artyr
He
found h is country i n ignorance and heathenism h e not only Chris
b ut he s ubd ued oth er pagan nations abou t h i m and
t i a n iz e d it
br o ught the m also into the C h urch H e sent to R om e requesting
th e pope to gr a n t h i m the titl e o f king an d to gi ve h i m h is bened ic
tion The pope sent h i m a cro wn and a cross to be borne before h is
army M aria Teres a w as crowned w ith th is diadem w h ich was pre
served at Presburg S t S teph en m arried the sister of S t H enry
c a lled G ise l a No ch ild survi ved h im a n d h is s o n S t E meri c i s
associated w ith h i m in th e veneration of the H ungarians H e i s rep
resented i n armor with h is crown A s apostle of H ungary h e h e a r s the
standard w ith the cross and th e sword S eptember 2 A D 1 03 8
S e e S t Veron ica
S u da r i u m
S t S u s a n n a was th e d augh ter of G a b i n i u s brother of Pope
S h e was r e
Ca i n s an d nearly related to th e E mperor D iocletian
m arkable for her beauty b ut more so for h er l earn ing
D iocletian
desired her as a w ife for h is adopted son M a x im u s S h e h ad m ad e
a vo w of ch astity and refused even thi s tempting o ff er
T he n
D iocl etian desired hi s e mpress S erena to try her inuence w ith th e
m aiden
B ut S eren a was herse l f a Christian and sympathi zed w ith
A t length D i o cleti an becam e e xa s
S usann a in h e r d eterm ination
e r a t e d at her rmness
and
sen
t
an
exec
uti
o
ner
who
k
illed
h
er
i
n
p
h er o wn ho use H er attributes are the sword and palm August 1 1
.
A D
.
200
n a
T h e Ca th o
gi ve n ,
am on
g
li
th e
i c l ud e s
i n sp ire d writi n gs
Ch urc h
t h e B ook
of
D a n ie
in
wh i c h th is
h i s to ry is
IL L U S TR
IN
A TE D
AR T
28 7
28 8
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
cry and there aro se a yo ung man called Dan iel and cried o ut
I
am clear from the blood o f thi s woman
Th en the people asked th e
m ean ing of h is words an d h e declared th at i t w as no t j ust to con
d e m n a daughter of Israel w ith o ut exam ination and h e begged the m
to return again to the place of j udgmen t S o they returned ; and
D aniel desired that the elders m ight be separated that he m igh t ques
tion rst on e and th en the other An d i t was so ; an d tak ing them
separately Dan iel asked th em of th e place w h ere th ey h ad seen that
And they contradicted each other
o f wh ich they accused S usann a
for one said it was beneath a mastic tree a n d th e other said t he tree
w as an holm Then D an iel said that hav ing th us l ied th ey c o uld
not be trusted and th e w hol e acc usation was false an d he desired
that they might be p unish ed for their false w itness according to th e
S o they w ere put to death e ven as they h ad intended
l a w of M oses
to k ill S usanna
Then th e fam ily of th e w oman and J o a c i m h er
h usband rej oiced greatly becau se th ere w as n o d ishonesty found i n
h er and Dani el from that d ay forth had great rep utation in th e sight
of th e people
S t S w i db e r t wh o w as a Benedictine monk l eft E ngl and to lead
He
t h e li fe of a m issionary i n F riesland an d th e D uchy of Berg
b u ilt a large m onastery i n Ka i s e r we r d t (abou t six m iles belo w D u s
H e i s represented as a bishop h old ing a
s e l d o r f ) on th e R h ine
star wh ich pr o bably sign ies th e rising ligh t of the G ospel wh ich h e
preach ed to th e pagans M arch 1 A D 7 1 3
S t S w i t h e n was associated w ith S t N eot in ed ucating Alfred
th e G reat H e w as Bishop of W in chester I t i s told of h i m that
w hen su perintending th e bu ild ing of a bridge n ear Winchester 8
poor w o m an com plained to h i m that a w orkm an h ad br o k en the eggs
i n her basket w h ereupon S t S w i then m ad e th e eggs w h o l e H e
wen t to R ome w ith Alfred He d esired th at h is body sh ould be
IL L US T R A T E D IN
AR T
28 9
19
29 0
L E G E ND S
IE S
A N D S T OR
B ut sh e adds At
n o t nd th e repose for w h ich she had h o ped
length Go d took pi ty on me
I read th e C o nfession s of S t A u
gustine
I saw h o w h e h ad been tem pted h o w he had been tried
and h o w h e had at length conqu ered
F rom th is tim e th ere was
a ch a nge i n h er l ife and feeling Abou t t h e y e a r 1 5 6 1 Teresa set
h er min d u pon refo rm ing th e Order of M o u nt Carme l F rom the
people of Av ila she o btained m oney an d th ere sh e founded h er con
vent S h e dedi cated it to S t Joseph w hom she had chosen fo r h er
patr o n saint W h en sh e entered h e r con ven t sh e had b ut eigh t
n un s w ith her ; befo re h er death there w ere t h irty con vents estab
S h e m et w ith great d i ffi c ul ties bu t
l i s h e d accord ing t o her rule
sh e overcam e them ; and d uring th e l ater years of h er l ife sh e
travelled from con vent to con vent promulgat ing th e refo rm ed rul e s
of h er order and settling all points of d ii c ul t y H er labors w ere
n o t for n unneries al o ne ; sh e also e ff ecte d ch anges in m onasteries and
indeed fo unded fteen con vents for m e n
I t was sh e w h o made th e
IL L
US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
29 1
l 5 82
c a
29 2
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
B ut Thecla s u b
T h e j udgm ents declared in th is city are unj ust
only ask ing o f the governor that her
m i t t e d w ithout reproaches
chastity m ight be respected un t il t h e ti me of h er m artyrd o m No w
w hen the time arri ved th e am ph itheatre was cro wded w ith spectators
Th ecla was depri ved of h er garments and a girdle fa stened about
her w aist and t he beasts w ere l et i n u pon h er M urm urs of rage
and d isapprobation arose from the populace The w omen cried out
th ee !
And Thecla repli e d
I am a servant of th e l i v ing G o d
'
"
IL L
US TR
A T E D IN
AR T
29 3
T h o p h il e : signication
a lover of
S e e S t D oroth ea
S t T h o m a s (I t a l S a n T o mmaso ; Sp S a n Tom ) was a G al i
lean sherman ; h e is called D idym u s the tw in and is th e sevent h
i n the ranks o f t h e A postles
F rom th e S cripture h is character a p
pears to be affectionate and sel f s a c r i c i n g : L e t u s go also th at we
m ay die w ith h i m
But so great was h is incred ul ity th at h e has
always been re membered for that rather than for h is other ch arac
Accord ing to tradition he travelled very far into the E ast ;
t e r ist ic s
fo unded a ch urch in Indi a and m e t the three M agi whom h e bap
t ize d
The legend called that of L a M ad o nna della Cintola r e
lates that w hen the Virgi n ascended to heaven Thomas was not
present w ith the other Apostles Three days later wh en h e r e
turned h e cou l d not bel ieve their account and desired her t o mb to
.
294
L E GE
ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
T h e l ncred ul ity of T h o m a s
and th e M adonna d el la Cintola are
easil y rec o gn ized Patr o n o f P o rtu g a l a n d Parm a Dec e mber 2 1
S t T h o m a s a B e c k e t S t T h o m a s o f Ca n t e r b u r y ( L a t S
Th o mas E pisc Ca n t u ar i e n s i s e t M art y r ; I t a l S a n T o mm a s o ( a n
t u a r i e n se ; F r S t Th o mas de Ca n t o r b e r i )
M rs James o n i n her
,
IL L
US T R
A T E D IN
AR T
295
L egends
29 6
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
Where i s th e trait o r ?
t e n d a n t s all arm e d b urst in to th e ch urch
answered
T hen d ie !
said Tracy The rst blow ai med at h is
h e a d was brok en in its force by h i s cross bearer so th at h e w as b u t
sl igh t ly w ounded F eel ing th e blood on h i s f ace h e bowed h is head
or are c o mm an d ed
H e a d ded
I h umbly com mend my spirit t o
a n d instantly b e was struck down and w a s s oo n
G o d wh o gave i t ;
dead ; but so many bl o w s w ere l avish ed on h i m that h i s brain s
strewed th e pavemen t befo re th e altar H is monk s buried h i m i n
th e crypt at C anterb ury Acc o rd ing to trad i tion as they b o re h i m
to th e t o m b angel s w e re h eard singing th e beginning of the S ervice
of th e M artyrs L ae t a b i t u r j ustus
The m o nks w ere fo r a m o ment
amazed ; t h e y ceased their funeral hymn ; th e n as if inspi red they
j o in e d th e ir v o i ces w ith th e ang e l ic hymn and b o r e t h e great bish o p
in tri umph t o h is g rav e I n d u e ti m e h e was can o n ized l l is remains
were encl o s e d i n a spl e ndid shrin e and v o tari e s fr om all p a rts o f t h e
B ut l ater
world m ade pilgrimages to the scene of h i s martyrdom
he
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
29 7
the
L E G E ND S A ND
29 8
IE S
S T OR
li
L a te r
n e ss
ti m
e s
h a ve
P o pe L e o X I I I
n ot
.
A n ge li c D o ctor S t T h o m
.
pro
uc e
u rg e s o n
as
a ll
A qu i n as
h is
ua
l i ti
e c c e s as
uc h
cs
the
e ss
h is
t dy o f
s u
ri
r
a
n
d
;
p
t h e w ork s o f
su
h is
tho
IL L
A T E D IN
US T R
AR T
2 99
Orphan s an d fo u ndlings ;
The l ame sick and inrm ; (6) S tra n
gers a n d travellers w ho came to th e city w ithout th e means to pay
for food an d lodging F o r these he had a large k itchen al ways open
w here they could h ave fo od ; rooms wh ere they could sleep ; and i n
addition a smal l s um of mon ey when they went on the ir way Amid
all these cares h e d i d not forget h is d uties as a S piritu al teacher
Wh en the hour of h is deat h came h e had gi ven aw ay everyth ing
except the pallet on w hi c h h e lay a n d th is was to be given to a j ailer
w h o assisted h i m i n executing h i s ben evolent design s S o strange
w as it that in sp ite of all he had given away h e s t i l l left no d e bts
that it was bel ieved that h is money had been m iraculously i n creased
accord ing to h is w ants Thousand s of poor people foll o wed h i m to
h is grave W he n he was b e a t i e d it was also decreed that h e sh o uld
b e represent e d w ith an open purse i n place of th e crosier ; bu t th e
l atter i s not al ways om it t ed He i s usually surr o und ed by poor
people kneeling Th e nest p ictures of th is saint are S panish One
of M urillo s of great beauty represents h i m as a ch ild di viding
h is clothing among four ragged l ittle on es The one cal l ed th e
3 00
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
'
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
3 01
3 02
L E GE
AN D
ND S
IE S
S T OR
IL L
US T R
A T E D IN
AR T
3 03
and m i r a bzl e d i c t a the h ead of the saint also ! The people kne w
not wh at to do whe n two angels appeared d i ved beneath th e water
a n d brought again the h ead of the saint and gave i t to the archbishop
F o r a ti me th e
S t Torp e was t he patron of P isa before S t R an ieri
latter sain t was th e more popular but S t Torp e s fam e rev ived i n
the seventeenth cen tury H e i s represented as a R oman so l d ier and
bears a wh ite banner w ith a red cross
A long time after Ada m was
T r u e Cr o s s H i s t o r y o f t h e
driven out of Paradise h e gre w so w eary of h is l ife of toil and hard
sh i p that h e longed for dea t h an d he sent h is son S eth to the ange l
w ho guarded th e Tree of L ife to ask h i m to sen d h i m the oil of mercy
wh ich Go d had prom i sed h i m w hen h e was d ri ven ou t of Paradise
After hi s father h ad pointed o u t the w ay S eth w ent ; an d w he n h e
asked the angel for the oil the latter repl ied Th e oi l of m ercy wh i c h
Go d promised to A d am can only be gi ven after ve tho usand ve
h undred years shall h ave elapsed ; bu t take these three seeds th ey
3 04
E G E ND S A ND
S T OR
IE S
A T E D IN
I L L US T R
AR T
3 05
20
3 06
E G E ND S A ND
IE S
S T OR
full
h is
vi n
m on
m a ed
ft rw rd s
"
th
e
.
J e s us
sa
id
I t h irs t
ll
N o w t h e r e wa s
ve sse l
se
t the
re
d t h e y p u t a sp o n ge f u o f vi n e ga r a bo u t h yss o p a n d p u t it t o
Wh e n J e s u s t h c i e fo re h a d ta k e n t h e vi n e ga r, h e sa i , I t is c on s um
ga r
S t
an
J oh n xix 28 3 0
.
IL L
A T E D IN
US T R
AR T
3 07
308
L E G E ND S
A ND
S T OR
IE S
IL L U S T R A T E D IN
AR T
3 09
L E G E ND S
31 0
AN D
S T OR I E S
I L L US T R A T E D
IN
AR T
31 1
I '
L E G E ND S
31 2
S TOR IE S
AN D
ILL US TR A TE D
her
IN
AR T
31 3
31 4
L E GE N D S A N D
S T OR I E S
Of t h e U rs ul in e
n un s, e s pe c a ll y.
ILL US TR A TE D
St
V a l e ri a n
Se e St
I N
AR T
31 5
Cecil ia
S e e S t M artial
S t V a le rie
V e ra I c o n T h e
S e e S t Veron ica
S t V e r d i a n a is seen i n F lorentine pi ctur e s
S h e is in th e h ab it
of a Vallombrosan nun an d bears a basket from w hi ch serpents feed
.
1 222
ic a
Then h e told h er to go
f ace i s know n only to H i m who se n t m e
to her hous e and prepare h i m a m eal and before th e day ended h e
woul d come to h er Veron ica di d th is j oyfully an d wh en C hrist
came h e rst desired water to wash V eroni ca gave h i m thi s w ith a
cloth w h ereon to w ipe He pressed th e cloth to h is f ace a n d h is
image rem ained on it He then gave i t to Veron ica saying Th is i s
like m e and w i l l do great th ings
A bo u t thi s ti me the E mperor of
R o m e w as ill of a dreadful d isease
S om e say th e em peror was Ves
pasian and oth ers Tiberi us ; that h e h ad w orm s i n h i s he a d or a
'
wasp s nest in hi s nose I t wa s a fearful sight N o w he h ears that a
grea t physician perfo rms wonderfu l cures in J u d ee a S o h e se n ds hi s
m esse n gers to Jerusalem and nds t h at J esus the p h ysici a n had been
slai n three years before Th en Pilate is lled w i t h alarm and a ccuses
th e Je w s of t h e deed wh ile th e y i n turn m ak e h i m responsible f o r i t
Then t h e messe n ger inquires for th e fo l lowers of Jesus and a t l a st
Vero n ica is brought to h im He then desires to see the portrait
A t rst she denies h avi n g i t b u t at l e n gth acknowledges that sh e
tre a sures i t w ith great care and bri n gs i t to hi m The messe n ger
d e sires to t ake it t o R om e bu t sh e w ill not consent u nless sh e go e s
als o T hey there f r e dep a r t and arrive a fter a very short a n d p r os
e r o u s v oya ge
W h e n a l l i s e xpl a i n ed to h i m of t h e death of Jesus
p
th e m i r a c l e o f t h e pi c t u r e a n d i ts i n h ere n t vi r tue th e emperor regards
it b e l ievi n g a n d is he a led Pil a te w h o h a s been brought to R ome
i s then cas t into prison h e k ills h i mself and h is body i s throw n into
St
Ve
ron
I
t
a l S anta
(
L E G END S A ND S TOR IE S
31 6
M iddle A ges
Vera I c on another n ame for i t sign ies Th e S acre d
P i cture and i s the same as the nam e of the sai nt ; and i n fa c t the
I t is w ell to compare th is
picture is some t imes called a Veron ica
legend w ith that of K ing A h ga r u s as they probably came from th e
s a me source and are very l i kely d i ff erent versions of one legend
T h e la t er legend of S t Veroni ca does not m ak e her the h eale d
w oman but m erely a woman of J erusale m wh ose house C hri s t passed
w he n bearing h is cross S eei n g his sufferings sh e p i t i e d h i i n and gave
When h e returned i t to h er it w as
h i m h er v e il to w ipe h i s bro w
i m pressed w ith the sacred i mage Th is lege n d is recog n ized b v t h e
Ca t h o l ic Ch urch Th e house of S t Veron ica is shown at J erusal em on
th e Vi a D olorosa Th is l a tter legend also takes Veronica to R om e
bu t the emperor has d ied before her arriv a l an d she remains w ith S t
Peter and S t Paul and at last su ff ers m artyrdo m under N ero S till
another version mak e s h er go to E urope w ith L azarus a n d h is sisters
T he i mage i s the Vera
a n d suff er death i n P roven ce or A qui t a ine
l c o n or th e tru e i m a ge a n d the clot h i s the S udari u m ( I t a l I l
S u d a rio ; F r L e S a int S u aire )
A ch apel in S t P eter s at R om e i s
d ed icated to th is sai n t ; and t h erei n i s th e face of Christ i mpressed on
a l inen cloth th e veri t able V era I con S t Veron ica is unm istak able i n
art as sh e is represented hol d ing th e n a pk in T he festi val of S t V e ro
n ic a ( F r L a S ainte F ac e de J esu s Christ ) is h el d on S hrove Tues d a y
S t V i c t o r o f M a r s e i l l e s (I t a l S a n V ittore ) wa s a s o l d ier
u nder D ioclet i a n and s u ffered martyrdom i n th e tenth p e i s e c u t io n
H e end ured terrible tortures w i t h wo n derful strength and d evo
ti o n I n t h e m idst of the m a m i n i at ure al t ar was brought h i m o n
wh ich to sacrice to J upiter a n d th u s save h imself but h e d a shed
d w n th e i m a ge a n d destroy ed i t
H e was then c r a sh ed w i t h a
m illst o n e a n d aft er w a rd s beheaded
Whe n h e d ied angels w ere
ILL US TR A TE D
St
V ic tor
M i la n
of
I
t
al
(
AR T
IN
31 7
w as another R oman
soldier w ho su ff ered also in the te n th persecution He was a nati v e
of M auritan i a b u t su ff ered at M ila n w here th ere is a ch urch ded i
c a t e d to h im
He i s the favorite m ilitary sai n t of northern I taly
I t i s said that he was thrown into a he a ted ove n and a n oven w it h
ames bursting out is someti mes near h i m i n pictu r es b u t h e is m ore
frequently represented as th e Victoriou s so m e t i m es on horseback and
always in th e dress of a sold ier M ay 8 A D 3 03
S t V i n c e n t D eacon an d M artyr ( L a t S V i n centi us L e v ita
I t a l S a n V i n c e n z i o D iacono S a n Vi n cenzi no F r S t Vi n cent)
Th e
pri n cipal facts concern ing th is saint are so est a blished by good
authorities th at th ey cannot be den ied ; b ut imagin ation has had
great li cense in the legend as it i s i llustrated by those w ho paint ;
w h ether i t be w ith brush or pen artist or poet
I t i s as follows :
Vincent was born i n S aragossa A t the ti me of th e terrible perse
c u t i on
u nder D iocletian h e was about t wenty years old and already
a deacon Th e proconsul D aci an caused all th e Christians of S ara
gossa to be brough t t ogeth er w ith a prom ise of i mm u nity and then
ordered the m all to be m assacred S t Vin cent d id al l in h is pow er
to encourage and su stai n the people of G o d a n d at length was h i m
self arrested and brough t before th e tribu n al Wi th h i m w as h is
bishop V aleri us When th ey w ere accused Valeriu s an swered rst
b ut h e h ad an impediment i n h is speech and w as moreover old an d
feeble so that h is ans wers w ere al most uni ntelligible ; then Vince n t
excl aimed How i s th is my father ? can st tho u not speak alou d an d
defy th is pagan dog ! S peak that all the w orld may hear or suff er
m e w h o am only thy servant to speak in thy stead !
When th e
b ish op th erefore gave h i m leave h e proclai med h is fa i th aloud an d
deed al l tortures an d su fferi n gs Th en w as D aci a n v ery wroth
an d h e comm anded that th e young man sho uld be reserved to th e
t ortures b u t th e old man sentenced o n ly t o b a n ish ment from the
city T h e most fearful tortures were i nvented for Vi n ce n t to w h ich
h e subm itted w ith m iraculous strength Prudenti us says i n h is cel e
S a n V ittore )
L E G END S
31 8
S T OR I E S
AND
ILL US TR A TED
St
V in
AR T
I N
31 9
ce n
1419
frica
pirates
and
carried
into
sl
avery
H e remained thu s t wo
A
n
ye a rs and h a d several masters Th e w ife of th e last one p iti ed
h i m and w hen sh e spok e to h i m w as ch armed by h i s conversat ion
O n e d a y sh e ask ed h i m to sing and h e b ursting i n to tears sang
V in
ce n
'
L E G END S A ND S TOR IE S
3 20
ILL US TR A TE D
AR T
I N
321
21
3 22
L E G E ND S A ND S TOR IE S
d o st tho u linger ?
Then J esu s turned and said I indeed am going
ILL US T R A TE D
IN
AR T
3 23
I N D E X
A RO N 1 9
A bbo n dio
A b d e l ra m
A b e l a rd
an
66
A ga th a S t 7 4 2 4 3 44
A ge n i n A qui t a i n e 1 1 1
A g l ae R o m a n l a dy 4 7
St
1 52
37
A h
A c qu a p e n d e n t e
39
n e
A i g u e sm
21 9
,
-l a
1 68
A u gsb urg 4 1
Bre sc i a 42
,
of
9 5 , 1 1 0, 1 1 1
2 1 7, 223 , 238
5 8 , 8 5 , 9 3 1 90,
A l e x a n dri a C l e m e n t o f 1 5 9
A l e x a n dri a S t C a th e rin e of
A l e xi s S t 4 7 4 8
,
A g a n um , 1 29 , 230
A a , 15
g r
of
Al x d r
Al x d r
F li i t
Al x d r
M r t yr
A l e x a n d e r VIII 1 8 5
A l e x a n dri a Bis h o p o f 5 6
A l e x a n dri a C i t y o f 5 1 5 6
.
A f ra S t
A f ra S t
A g a bu s
I E g e a n S e a , 24 0
lE g e us ,
I E m i li a , 4 9
E s c u l a p iu s , 90
43
I Etn a,
Mt
61
A lb
A lb
r t ord h r
A lb rt
A lb rt u M g u
A lbig s s
F ily
Al l
A l ba n o po l is , 60
a n , S t , 46
a n s , S t , i n He
f
s i e , 46
e
t , 28 , 4 6
, S
e
s
a n s, 47
e n e , t h e , 96, 2 5 7
am
o f, 67
A l bi z e s c h i
c a a , 9 5 , 29 8
A l d r o va n sk i , 1 4 5
e
an e
S e v e r u s, 222
e c a s, 1 1 2
e a n e , S on of
t , 4 0, 4 7
the
a
e an e
, S
32 2
, 9 1 , 24 7
or t e s , 3 1 9
,
A ix
A ix C h a p e l l e 65
l a C h a p e l l e C ou n c il of
A i x
A lb a n o Ca rd i n a l of 70
A lb a n o Pa i n t e r 9 6
h a s u e ru s
A id a n S t
269, 297
A g r i pp i n u s , 3 09
A c re 4 6
A c t s o f Pa ul a n d T h e c l a 291
A d a m 266
A d a m a n d E ve 1 6
A d a m a n d t h e T re e o f M e rc y 303
A d a S y m bol o f 1 2
A d e l a id e S t 3 9 4 0
A d e lb e r t S t 1 8 9 28 7
A dora t io n o f t h e M a gi 1 69 1 96 279
A dor a t io n o f t h e S h e ph e rd s 1 96
A dri n Ca s t l e o f 1 9 0
A dri a n E p e ror 1 1 1
A dri a S t 7 4 0 4 1 1 41
A dri t i c t h e 3 05
n ae i n C ili c i a 9 0
m
A c h i ll e u s, S t
c m e r, 2 4 1
A g n e s o f A us t ri a 1 8 3
A g n e s o f Mo n t e p ul c i a n o S t 4 5
A g s S t 4 44
A gn us D e i 21
A gos t i n o S a n t C h ur c h o f 30 31
A g r i c o l a u s o f S e b a s t e 69
A gri pp a 1 5 1 28 1
A c qs , 3 1 9
1 87
'
31 6
K i n g 1 1 3 7 39
A bi a th a r Pr i e s t 1 67
A bij a h 304
A bis h a g 1 9
A bra h a m 1 5 1 6 227 232
A c a d e y o f P a i n t e r s 223
Ac h a ia 5 0
,
A gla , S t , 4 4
A g la ide s 9 2
A h g a r us ,
,
76
3 26
I N DE X
A l fo n so S t 1 4 7
A l f re d t h e G re a t 1 01 1 32
A li
m o th r
f St Be
o
A l i e of G r a n y S t 39
A ll t o \
V s h i g t o n 28 4
Pre f t 78
A lm ach i
A lo n zo 3 1 8
A loysi us S t 3 4 1 8 5
.
ce
n n
us,
2 79 , 28 3
66
A
A
l pa i d e , 1 7 9
l ph e g e , S t
4 8 , 1 07
on
3 06
a la b e r g a ,
St
1 37
323
A e th y st Sy m boli sm o f 9
A m i e s 1 79 264
A n a c h ro n is m s 3 4
A a c l e t us 66
A n a i a s S e r va n t t o Ki n g A hga rus
m
A n a rgy r e s , 9 0
.
Ap olli re i C l a s se S n t 271
A p olli a ri s i n C l a ss e B a si li c a of 5 5
Ap olli a ris o f Ra ve n a S t 5 5
Ap ollo 1 29
A p ol lo Te m p l e o f 6 4
A p ol lo n i a o f A l e x a dri a S t 7 5 5
Ap ollo n i u s 1 38
Ap ollo n i us S t 1 1 1
Ap o s t l e s C r e e d t h e 24
Ap os t l e s t h e T we l v 4 24 3 1 204
A pp a ri t io n o f C h ris t t o t h e V i rgi n 203
App i a n Wa y 25 5
App l e 1 9
App l e s Sym bol s 9 8
Ap uli a 1 4 1
A qu a S a l v i a s 25 1
A quil a H ous e f 263
A q uil a i A bruzzi 68
A qui t a i e 1 1 1
A qui t i e D u k e o f 65
n
an
A n i a n , t h e , 65
A n i a n us ,
A n n i a n us S t
n n a , S t , 5 1 , 1 5 6,
n n e of
s
a , 1 45
.
A u t ri
A ra go n
A ra go K i g
A rb a t h e R i ve r 5 1
A rc h a n g ls 1 5 1 24
A r c h a n g l G a bri e l 5
A rc h a n g l R a ph a l 29 9
A rc h ilo h us 4 9
A rd e n n e s Fore s t o f 1 4 3
A rd e n ts S t G e e v i e ve de s 1 26
A re a di S a n D o m n i o Bologn a
A re zzo 9 7 1 4 2 272
A re zzo C a th e dr l o f 98
.
5 1 , 21 7
i , 1 9 0, 1 9 5 , 222 , 28 8
1 8 0, 1 8 7
n
o f , 1 06, 226
or
e ,
o ,
A ra l
a n
21 0
A n s t a si a S t 4 9
A n h or Sy m boli sm o f 8
A d e rn a c h 8 9
A n dre a d e l S a rt o 30 1 64 260
A n dr e a o f C ors i n i 5 0
A n dre a () rc a q u a 3 3
A dre a R i c c io 32
A n dr e w S t 25 5 0 1 33
A n dre w S t C ros s o f 3 5 0
A n g e l f Ju d g m e n t 1 8 2
A n ge li o d a F i e sol e 33
A ge l i c o F ra 3 3 5 5
A n g e lo Mi h a e l 3 0
A ge lo S t 2 1 2
A n g e lo S t C a s t l e o f 243
A n g ls Sy m bols f 1 4
A n ge lus S t 28 5 1
A gh i ri B a t t l e o f 5 0
A n giolo S t C h urc h of 1 1 5
A n gl e s t h e W e s t 1 09
,
32
29 2
na
A
A
A po l l i n a , 4 9
A m a n d o f B e lgi u m S t 61
A bois e C a s t l e o f 1 2 1
A m brogio M a ggiore S a n t Mil a n 1 3 1
A m bros e S t 4 8 4 9 5 7 71 1 30 236 25 4
.
51
A n t o n i o d i Pa do va C h urc h
A t o n io S t 5 4
A n t o n y S t 1 33 1 37
A n t w e r p 3 4 24 5
A n v il Sy m bolis o f 7
A o us t A rc h d e a c o n f 67
Ap o c a ly p s e W o m a n o f th e
Ap o a ly pt i c L a m b 4 3 22
Am
113
i us, 5 9
n
of
a
te m
St
58
A l ph o so D 1 5 1
A l ph o so K i g o f Le on
A ls a e D u k e o f 2 4 8
A l va D u h e ss o f 290
A l v a re 2 4 3
A l e i d a Pl i n o f 1 5 2
A l ve r a Mou t 1 20
A l vi n o i n T us c a n y 21 5
n
A n th o y P d u a S t 27 28 32 5 4
A n th o n y S t 30 5 1
A n th o n y S t C ross f 3
A n th o y S t O rd e r o f 60
A n t io c h 5 5 5 9 9 2 1 46 1 62 205 21 4
260
t h e , 5 , 6, 1 2 , 1 24 , 1 9 2, 274,
A n n u n zi a ta t h e
A n s a n o f Si e n a
A u s i c E n gl a n d
ec
248 , 290
An n u n c i a t io n
33
3 27
I N D E X:
A r gy r op ol i s , 4 1
A ri a n s t h e 60 1 25
A ri s t od e m u s 1 5 9
A ri u s 5 6
A r m e n i a 60
A r m or 1 6
A r n o 302
A r n old d e Bre sc i a
,
A v ra n c h e s 233
A wl a n d S h o e m a k e r s K n i f e
A xe Sy m bolis m o f 7
A a d u Pl e ss i s 1 4 9
25 8 , 268
A B Y L ON
A r oa s , 1 23
A r ph a x a d K i n g 1 73
A rrow Sy m bolis m o f
A rrows 8 2
,
A r t e m i u s , 25 6
n
A r t e s i us ,
Ba
B
B
B
B
C ou t 1 30
A rth ur K i n g 1 32
Ba
A rt is t s S p i n ( S t irl i n g ) 273
A r t ois Rob e r t o f 307
A r v i r a g us K i n g 1 3 2
A s c e n io n t h e 22 203 274 279
A s h C olor 29
A s m od e u s 299
A s pe rge s or R od 5 4
A s s Sy m bol 1 9 5
A ssisi 5 4 1 21
A ssisi C h ur h a t
A ssisi C l a r a o f 8 5
A ss u m pt ion t h e 2 8 29 204 207 274 279
A s syri a n s 1 73
A s t e ri us 1 1 0
A s t i 279
Ath a n a si u s S t ( Bis h o p ) 5 3 5 6
Ath e n s 60 8 5 9 5 1 36 1 77
A tt il a K i n g o f t h e H un s 1 25 1 26
A ub e r t S t 233
A udre y S t 1 09
A ugsburg C i t y o f 4 1
A ugu s t i n e o f Ca t e rbury S t 5 7
A ugus t i n e O rd e r 8 7 298
A ugus t i n e S t 1 27 30 5 6 63 72 9 6
,
a
a
1 66, 2 35 , 24 5 , 2 5 0, 2 5 2 , 2 5 4 , 28 1 , 2 90
n e , t h e , 3 0 33
,
A ugus t i s
A ugu st u s E m p e ror 28 1
A ure li a n 39 4 6 264
A ur e ol e Sy m boli sm of t h e 2
A us t ri a 1 66 264
Aut un 89
A va lo n I sl a n d o f 1 32
A v M a ri a G ra t i a Pl e n a 1 25
A v e M a ri a s 9 6 1 9 3 2 74
A v e n t i e t h e ( R o e ) 4 4 24 3
A v ig o n S t C a th e ri n e a t 76
A v il a 28 9
A vi l a S t J oh n of 1 71
.
Ca st l e
263
o f,
29,
24 7
ne
n a
en
na
an
ea
a,
a,
a ca
en
,
.
an
e -m u
ca o
r,
a m
er
n a,
m an
ea
B gor
B a r Sy bolis m o f 7
B a a h ie l t h e H l pe r 1 5
B rb ra S t 7 36 5 8
B rb ross a E p e ror 1 9 7
B rb e ri i C rdi l 222
B r e lo 1 1 0 267
B rd y 24 8
B r f oo t C a rm e l i t e s
S c a lzi
P dri Te re s i a n i 290
B ri 24 1
B r k i g i E s se x 1 08
B r h e rzig B rii d e 1 70
B r b s St 59
B r th olo e w S t 25 60 1 37
B r t olo e o 24 4
B a r t olo m e o F a 3 3
B a si l o S C h ur h o f 24 4
B a si li a s O rd e r f 60
B a s l i a of S a n P olo f uori l
ra 29
B a sil i f S t A brogio M ggior e 4 9
B a si liss 1 77
B sil S t O rd e r o f 9 3
B si l t h e G r t S t 60 1 36 231 24 3
B a s k e t wi th R o se s 98
B s l e 1 32
B a ssi Pa olo (i i 1 1 6
B th s h e b 1 9
B th s f C r ll a 79
B va ri 70 24 8
B von o f G h t S t 29 61 1 8 4
B s t s t h e F our 21
Be to I I 5 5
B e a t rix d Ce p e d a 28 9
B le 1 43
B d t h V n ra bl S t 61 306
B e e h i ve Sy m bol 67
a
am
a a am
az
nne
ar
B a m b o r o u gh
8
an
, 5
Ba bylo n i a s t h e 61
c c io d e l la Por t a 33
g n e a T us a y 69
j e t S ul t a n 307
l
1 9 6 2 32
lbi a S t 5 8
ldwi I I 1 86 306 307
b e rg i G e r
y Mo n a ste ry
1 42
A r t h u s i a , 1 62
of
a
,
28 8 ,
91
3 28
I N DEX
Be e s S t 1 43
B ga 1 4 3
Be gga rs 28
.
an
ra go n
61
B e l a s t ro 297
Be l
Mo a s te ry o f 34
B e lgiu 264
B e lgra d e Si e ge o f 1 62
B ll 5 4
B ll ro ph o 1 29
B ll Sym bolis o f 7
Be m bo C a rdi l 33
Be n e d e tt o d M i a n o 32
Be e di t B e n n e t B isc op
c
em
na
We a r m
65
St Be n n e t
or
o ut h ,
of
B e n e ve t o 1 5 3
B e n i i S t Ph ili p 3 0
B e e t B i sc op S t 65
B n e tt S t 29
B e o S t 65
B e r e n ga ri a o f C a st il e 1 1 3
z
231
nn
1 09, 1 1 5 ,
n n
39
B e r e n g a r i us
on
rn a r
a,
er
a r
e r
us
71
72, 1 44
acco,
3 08
'
By za n ti u m
41
93
Bui ld r s R ul e 25
Bull Sy bol 9 0
Burgos C th dr l o f 1 1 3
B ur y S t E d u n ds 1 01
Bu t l r R v A ll a 2 43 307
Bu t l e r s A l l a n
L i ve s of
e
B u fa l m
1 96, 25 1
an
an
a n
Bri t i 5 7
Brow n D a r k 3 1
Bru L e 1 8 7
Bru o S t 29 30
Bruss ls 1 37
B r ig n ol le s , 1 87
en
e m
a,
a e
um
na
ra
een
a o
na
1 1 1 , 1 8 4, 276,
m m
B e r e n g r C ou n t 5 1
B e rg D u c h y of 2 89
B e rga m o C i t y f 4 0
B e r n a rdi n o d a F l t ri S t 68
B e r rdi o o f Si e a S t 32 67
B e r a rd f C l a ir va u x S t 28 66
B e r a rd f M e t h on S t 67
Be
d e Pi t ro 1 1 7
B r a rdo P t ol o e i S t 29 67
B r a rd S t 1 9 2
B r a rd S t Mo s t e ri e s o f 67
Be rth f B i d e l b 1 03
f E gl a n d 5 7
B rth Q u
B t h i e K i g 2 64
or B y o t 1 27
B yt
B th a y M r y f 224
B th sd t h Pool f 304
Be th l h
2 4 1 38 1 5 5 1 5 6 1 68
Be th s id a 25 8
B th uli a 1 73
B t r y l f C h ri st 279
Bibi a S t 68
Birds 1 9
Bi th y n i a 40 5 0
Bl c k S e a 28 1
B l a k Sym boli sm o f 9 29 80
e
Bo i fa c e ( S t A g la e ) 4 4
e s L e s 1 22
E o s ho
Book 5 9 67 75 9 4 9 7
Boo k f D c r e e s t h e 5 5
Boo k Sy bolis of 7 1 6 20 27
Boo k t h S e l d 2 1
Borg h e se Sc i p io C r di n a l 5 0
Borgi a F r a c is 28 6
Borgogn o e 3 0
Bra b n t 1 27 25 9
Bra b a t D u k e o f 61
B n a c c i C h p e l 33
Mira c l e of 1 34
B a de
Br r a Mil a 9 3
Bre sc i C i t y f 4 2 1 1 1 1 76
Bri e S t 7 1 1 8 4
Brid e o f C h ri s t t h e 6 209
Bridg t o f I r e l d S t 7 1
Bridg e t o f Swe d e S t 27 30 71
Brigi tt i e s or Brigi tt a O rd e r o f 30
,
a,
3 1 9 , 32 1
n a,
33 , 5 1 , 5 4 , 76, 9 7, 1 07, 1 1 5 , 1 45 ,
2 5 8 , 2 63
n a,
na
Bols e C th e dra l o f 8 1
Bols e
L ke 8 1
Bo a v n t ur S t 2 8 3 2 69
Bo n i f a e S t 27 29 70 71
Bolog
B e di c t i e H a bi t 5 8
Be n e di c t i e O rd r 5 7 63 64 8 8
B e e di c t i n e s t h e 28 274
B e e di c t o f A n i a S t 29 65
B e e di c t S t 28 29 63 67 94
ne
s,
B o l e sl a us , 1 8 9
.
1 55
d t he D
an
Be l
Bl a i se o f S e b a st e S t 68
Bl c h e o f C a s t il e 1 48 1 86
Blo k s be rg 32 1
Bloo d f C h ris t t h e 307
Blu e M a t l e 9
Bl u e Sym bolis m o f 9
B lu e T u n i c 9
Bo a t m e P t ro n o f 1 78
Bod l i a n L ibra ry O x f ord 73
B g a ri K i g f Bulga ri a 9 3
Bo h e m i a 1 1 6 1 66 1 8 9 263
th e
S a in ts
I N DE
A D WA L L A D E R
24 7
C ae d m o n t h e Po e t 72
Ca e r n a rvo n s h ire 220
C ae s a r A ugu s t us 1 9 4
C ae s a r e a i n C a pp a doc i a 60 98 1 8 4 294
C a i 1 79
C a iro 200
C a i us Po p e 287
Ca l a bri a 72 1 05 1 21
C a ldro Sy m boli sm of 7
C a li s ta 98
Ca lo c e s t h e M a r t yr 4 2
Ca l va ry Pro c e ss io n t o 274
C a l vi n is t s t h e 70
C a a ldol e si t h e 28 3 0 272
C a m p o M a ld oli 272
Ca m p o S a t a Pis a 1 08 1 79 1 90 266
C a n a o f G a li l e e 227
C a n d a c e Q u e e n 25 9
C a n d e l a bru m S y m bolis m of 8
Ca n dl e s t i c k f Mo se s t h e 1 3
C a n t e rbury 5 7
C a n t e rbury A r c h bi s h o p of 4 8 99
Ca n t rbury C a th e dra l 4 8
C a p is t ra n o S t Jo h n 1 62
C a p i t oli n e H ill 222
C a pp a do c i a 5 0 1 27 1 33 268
C a p u a 24 3
n,
n ,
ru
Ca p u c c i n i , t h e , 1 1 3
e,
39 , 79
Ca r d uc h o , 3 0
Ca r i t a d , C h ur c h o f , S e v i ll e , 1 06
Ca r i t a d , t h e , 1 70, 1 72
D o n , 95
Ca r l s t e i n , 1 66
Ca r sa g a m a l a , 28 6
Ca r t a p h i l u s , 322
Ce r f r oy , 1 65
C e r t o s a a t R o m e 30
C e r t osa di Pa vi a 30
C e s a re a 268
C e s a r e a S t 1 36
C e sa r e o or Cae sa r i u s
C e s e n a 269
,
St
79
St
79
C ha lc is 1 5 4
C h a li c e Sy m boli sm o f 7
C h a li c e w i th t h e S e r p en t 25
C h a lo s 31 8
C h a m u e l t h e A r c h a n ge l 1 5 1 6
C h a n t t h e G r e gori a n 1 33
C h a n t a l I a M e r e 79
C h a ri t y Bro th e rs o f 1 70
C h a rl e a g n e 65 8 0 1 79 1 8 4
C h a rl e s Borro e o S t 8 0 260
C h a rl e s of Pro ve e 226
C h a rl e s V 1 5 5 298
C h a rl e s VIII 1 21
C h a rt re s 8 1
C h a rt r e s C a th e dra l of 1 3
C h a r t r e us e 1 4 4
C h a r tre u se L a G ra n d e 72
.
51
72
n c
C a rt h ge 92 235 25 2
C a r th a g e Bi s h o p o f 5 7
Ca r th usi a n s t h e 29 3 0
C a s i m ir S t 28 73
Ca s pa r 1 97
C a ss i a n S t 73
Ca ss i n o Mo n te 244
,
Ch a l c e d on i a , 1 1 0
C a r m e l i t e B a r e f oo t e d 1 72
C a rm e li t e ( S t An ge lu s ) t h e
Ca rm e li t e s t h e 33 4 6 204
C a r e l M t 33 1 68 204
C a r m e l M t O rd e r f 290
C a r m i e C h ur c h o f 33
C a r p o ph oru s S t 264
m
C h a d o f L i c h e ld
Cha i n s 5 8
C h a l c e do n 1 63
Ce s l a s , 1 4 5
Ca p uc h i n s t h e 3 1 1 1 3
C a r a c a ll a B a th s o f i n R om
C a r a c c i A n n ib a l e 96
C a rdi a l s H a t 28
C a rlo s
C a s t e l lo 1 8 5
C s t iglion e Ma rc h e se di 1 8 5
C a s t il e 1 48 1 70
C a s t il e a d L e o n 1 1 3
C a s t l e o f S t A n ge lo 232
C a t a lo n i a 267
C a t a lo n i a G o ve r n or of 1 23
Ca t a n i a 4 2 1 87
C a t e ri n a d e V i g r i S t 76
C a th a ri t h e 25 6
Ca th e ri n e S t 6 7 3 5 36 9 7
C a th e ri n e of A l e x a dri a S t 73 76
C th e ri n e of Bolog a S t 76
Ca th e ri n e of Si e n a S t 27 28 32 4 6
C a th e ri n e o f Swe d e n S t 77
Ca to 8 9
C e c i li a S t 6 7 9 36 77
C e c ili a i n T r a st e ve r e C h ur c h of 78
C e d a r of L e b a n o n 2 1
Ge dd ( S t C h a d ) 79
C e do 225
C e l e s t i n e Po p e 25 0
C e lsus S t 78 1 3 0
Ce m e t e ry o f C a l i x t u s Rom e 78
Ce n ta 1 71
a
3 29
76
I N D EX
ENBC
)
C h a r tre ux M o n a s t e ry a t
C h e ro n S t 8 1
C h rub t h e 22
,
Ch st r
e
the ,
C h ildr e n 28
C h i a 1 23
Ch l d o m i r K i n g
n
Ch o s r o e s , 3 , 3 05
283
Co i , 25 2
31 1
7, 8 1
Cl e o d o li n d a , 1 27 , 1 28
C l e o ph a s 1 5 3
C lo a c a M a xi a 278
C los d G a t e t h e 20
Cl t a i e I L K i g 1 07
Cl t h a i r e V o f F r n e 264
C lo t ild a S t 8 1 88 1 26 28 3
C loud S t 8 8
m
1 9 7, 23 7, 2 38 ,
C o n s ta n t i us Ch l o r us 1 38
C o n t i Sigis m u n d 2 1 2
C o n ve n t u a ls t h e 3 1
C o pe t h e 5 8
C o p e n h a ge n 1 5 3
C ord K n o tt e d Sy m bo l 31
C ord li e rs t h e 1 1 8
C ordo va 1 1 3 24 2
Co r f e C a s t l e 1 01
C or n E a rs o f Sy m bo l i s m of
C or n e li us S t 3 5
C or n w a ll 236
Coro n a ti th e 264
e
2 49 , 28 7, 3 05
Co us t a n t i u s , 1 76
1 2 5 , 1 36, 1 6 2, 1 63 ,
Co m t s d e Sa in t
G ill e s 1 3 1
C o n c ordi a 1 4 3
C o n gr e ga t io n o f Sis t e rs of C h a ri t y 320
C o n n a ug ht 25 0
C o n o n Pri c e or E t h e r e u s 309 3 1 2
C o n ra d C o f e ss or o f S t E liz a b e th 1 06
C o n s ta n c e 1 32 270
C o n s t a n t i a 4 5 1 34 1 66
C o n s t a n t i n e C ross o f 4
C o n s t a n t i n e E m p e ror 4 5 73 88 1 38 1 76
Co m p o s t e l l a , 72 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 70
C h ryso t o m S t Jo h n 1 62 1 78
C h urc h o f S a n t a C ro c e F lore n c e 68
C h ur c h Sy bol is m o f 7 1 1
C i li i a 60 1 78
C i a bu e 3 3 1 64
C i q u e M a r t iri 264
C irc u s M a xi m us 4 9
C i rc u s of C a ligul a 25 5
C is t e rc i a n s t h e 29 30
C i t e a ux Mo n a s t e ry o f 66
C i tt a D u a l e U m bri a 1 1 3
C i t y o f D a v id t h e 20
C l a irva ux A bb e y f 66
C l a ra o f Mo n t e F a l c o S t 8 7
C l a ra S t 28 32 8 5 1 1 8 1 20
C l a udi us 2 5 4
C l v ijo 1 5 2
C l e m n t o f A l e x a n dri a 1 5 9
C l e m e n t Po p e 9 5
C l e e n t I V Po p e 297
C l e m e n t X Po p e 273
Cle m e n t S t 8
C l e m e n t e S a n C h urc h o f 8 7 1 46
C l e m e t e S a n C o n ve n t of Se vi ll e 1 1 4
,
1 20
46
9 9 , 1 1 1 , 1 29 , 1 42, 230, 244 ,
,
,
S t , 3 6 , 82
Ch r y s a n t h u s , S t , 8 5
Ch ry s og o n us , S t , 4 9 , 5 0, 8 5
,
264.
C olog e C a th e dr a l f 3 1
C olog n e K i gs f 1 9 7
C olors Sy bol is m o f 8
C ol u e ll e 2 8 3
C ol u a Ca rdi n a l 307
C o m odus 1 09
C o m m u n io o f M a ry 204
C o m o C a th e dra l o f 3 7
C o p a n y o f J e s us t h e 1 4 7
C h ris t o ph e r
C olis e u 264
C oll e d I n f e rn o
C ol n t h R i ve r
C olog n e 72 9 1
C h ris t a d A b g a rus 37
C h ris t c row e d w i th T h o rn s 274
C h ris t i n t h e Te p l e 274
C h ris t los t by h is Mo th e r 279
C h r i s t t h e I n f a n t 27
C h ris t wi th t h e D o c t or s 279
Ch r i s t e t a 9 8
C h ri s t i n a , S t
1 38
C oe li Syri a
2 79
Ch i ld e r i c , 1 26
23 3
Ch i ld ibe r t
,
1 4, 1 6
5 8 , 322
Ch e m b l m
72
I NDE X
Coron a t ion
2 09
V irgi n
th e
of
1 3, 207, 208 ,
an
61
a m
Cr i sp ia n u s S t
,
91
11.
a,
Cu n e g u n d a , S t , 9 1 , 1 4 1
Cu n ib e r t , S t , 9 1 , 3 1 4
.
C up t he 1 6
C u t h b e r t o f D urh a
Cyb l e 233
Cy p ss t h 2 0
Cy p ri S t 3 5 9 2
C y p rus 5 9
m
an
Cy r i a c a , 1 8 0
St
9 1 , 1 1 1 , 24 7
e a,
ne
"
s,
2 29
en
D i d r on , 2, 3
D ym
29 3
D e
(1
ca
.
id us
i go A l l a
D ie s Ir
280
D ig
41
,
St
95
i
D io l t i
D ia n a , S t
D j o n , 66
c
re
an
a,
na
ae
an
C ris p i S t 9 1
C ro a t i 264
C roc e S a t a C h ur c h of 68
C ro w e l l 25 0
C rosi e r 25 67
C ross S t A d re w s 25 5 0
C ross Sy bolis o f t h e 3 8
C ros s t h e G r e e k 21
C ross t h e T rue 3 1 38
C ro w n 75 8 2
C row o f R os e s Sy m bol 78
C row n Sy boli sm f 6
C row n f T h or n s Sy m b li sm of 8 27
C row n of T h or n s t h e 307
C royl a d A bb e y 1 37
C ru i x h e 27
C ru i xio n t h e 202 274 279 283
C ru c i fi xio Sy m bols o f t h e 8 1 0 1 2
C ru t c h 5 4
C t e si ph o 1 76
C u va s S a n t a M a ri a d e l a s 72
Cu
28 1
,
of ,
a,
C r e s c e t Sy boli sm
an
Cr e s c e n t i u s , 24 3 , 2 4 4
n
an
an e
am
an
84
a m a su
am
gob e r t K i g 9 1 95 1 07
D a l e A bb e y 9 4
D l ati
2 75
D
a sc us 1 76
Po p e 323
D
s
i S t 36 9 0 9 4
D
C o v t o f 86
D a ia o S
Da i
o S a n P e rugi a 1 1 7
119
D a i e tt
D
e g l t 1 02
i l 1 9 2 1 61 1 24 232
D
D
i l t h e Boo k of 288
3 08
D a ri
D ri
S t 8 5 94
D v id 1 3 1 9 3 03
D a v id R c e o f 1 5 6 1 67
D e a d N u s L e ge d o f 9 4
De d S
1 5 8 25 4
D e a th f Jos ph t h e 201
D e a th o f t h e V irgi
204
D e Bo o Mor t i s
th
71
D e i us E p e ror 4 2 2 3 4 268 279 280
D e c iu s P r se c u t io n f 1 1 1 279
D l ph i 28 1
D l ph i
S t 9 4 1 02
De o
t h e 67
De i
S t 3 6 81 9 1 9 4 1 00 1 32 1 4 3 1 36
Da
L yc i a
i g
A CI A N , 1 1 1 , 1 28
D a g n us, K n o f
ae
C yri l S t 93 25 4
Cyru s K i n g o f B a byl on
Cy r ia c u s , 3 1 2
,
3 31
95
an
9 0, 9 2 1 08 , 1 09 , 1 1 4 , 1 27, 1 28 ,
.
1 4 5 , 1 8 2, 1 8 7, 2 3 6, 24 8 , 25 6 , 264 , 276,
28 7 , 3 1 7
Pe rse c u t io of
D io n C h ry s o s t o m us 25 4
'
oc l e t i a n
4 6, 4 9, 5 1
3 32
D
D
D
I N DE
io n ysi u s 279
io ysi us K i g of Por t uga l
i o y i us t h A r o p gi t 1 4
n
D i o s c o r us , 5 8
D s
e in t he
1 06
9 4 , 207
,
.
in
om
m en c
m en
an
n ca n
n can
n can
n c
an
229
c o,
D ra h o m i r a , 1 8 9
D rus ia n a
an
E l e d a , 24 8
E f a , 1 01
E lg i va , 9 9
loy
29 , 9 8 , 1 00, 1 01
ur r A l t
ur h
Bis h o p
urh
C th dr l
uss ldor
St
1 07
or E
E n u rc h us ,
v u r t i u s,
E ph e sus 1 5 9 2 04 205
E ph e s u S t 1 08
E ph r e m o f Ed e ss a S t
E p i ph a n y t h e 1 9 6
E ra s m u s o f F or m i a S t
E r c ol a n o S t 1 08
E re m i t a n i t h e Pa du a
E rh a rd 2 48
,
St
A GI E , t h e , 22, 2 5 , 1 6 1
Ea r of
a c
m
,
.
a o
3
ea
o,
am
of ,
E c b a t a u e , 1 73 , 2 99
E w e A g n us D e i 4 1 5 8
.
1 08
E ry t h r ze
61
28 1
a,
31
E s c uri a l t h e 3 4 1 5 5 1 8 1
E sdr a s 1 5
E s p i n os a 1 8 5
Esq uili n e t h e 21 7 262
Es th e r 1 9
,
1 08
Ec l e i a s t i a l H is t ory S t B e d e
E d e ss a 3 7 3 8 4 7
E dg a r K i n g 9 9 1 01
c
M l h us Sy bol i sm
E rt h Sy b li
f 11
E b h f C ld g h
S t 99
E b b H d S t 1 09
E br t h 1 5 0
1 07
279
1 07 1 27
N oyo n
of
E ly C a th e dr a l o f 1 09
E m e ri c S t 2 8 7
E n c los e d G a rd e n t h e 20
E n gl a n d 1 8 1 1 8 2
E n n s t h e R i ve r 1 1 6
E n t o m b m e n t t h e 202
D u r a n d u s , 33
D e ,
b e r , 1 27
D
am ,
o f , 29
D
am ,
a
e
a of, 92
D
e
f , 290
99
E lph e g e , S t
E ly , 322
ubli 25 0
D u s S o t us
D u st
St
1 60
1 49
o t or H i s pa n i ee
246
St
l rid
1 09
Ki g
on
e ra
ra
9 9 , 1 4 2, 25 2
23 5
S t , 1 01 , 1 1 4 ,
E gy pt 1 68 1 8 6 1 90 2 1 7 229
E gy pt i a n C ro ss 3
E i c h s ta d t 29 321
E is e n a c h 1 03
E l e a z a r d e S a bra n S t 9 4 1 02
E l e n ora o f S p a i n 1 1 4
E l e u th e ri u s 9 5
na
E g re g i us D
n a
rid
E g i dio
E dwi n K i n g
E gb e rt K i n g
1 60
i put
T p l t h e 201
1 45
D ie s te r t h
D g Sy bol 9 7 2 1 6
Sy bolis o f 2
D l ph
D
t i ll
F l vi 39
Do
i h i o 29 1 5 6 244
Do
i o S 1 90
D o i a t io s t h e 1 5
D o i e quo v dis ? 2 5 5
Do i i
N u s O rd e r o f 9 7
Do i i
O rd e r 4 5 77 267
Do i i
s t h 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 4 5
D o i i k S t 32 96 1 4 5 25 6 274
D o i i k S t C o ve t Si e n a 76
D
i i k S t O rd r o f 273
D o iti
E p e ror 39 8 7 1 5 9 1 62
D o i t ill 8 7
D o t e llo 32 227
Do
t o f A re zzo S t 9 7
D o a t o S i 36 1 4 2
D or t C ro s f 4
D oro th e a S t 5 28 98
D o tt or S
ti
I I 3 2 69
D o v 6 1 9 1 1 07 1 09 1 3 4 1 67
1 2 24 28
D o v Sy bol is
of 5
D w
25 0
D g
Sy bol i s m o f 4 1 3 28
em
E d i n burg h 1 3 1
E di th o f Pol e sworth 1 00 23 5
E di th o f W i l t o n S t 1 00
Ed m u n d K i n g 9 9 1 00
E d n a o f E c b a t a n e 301
E dwa rd K i n g a n d C o n f e s sor
32, 1 03
I N DE
E t h e lb e rg a , S t
1 08
E t h e l f ri d , 5 8
E e e , 1 01
57
F stiv l
F s t i va l
1 09 , 3 22
1 00
5, 1 10
E u st oc h i um
St
E n t ro p i a S t
25 2
E v e , 1 6, 1 9
E ve , e c n
12
Fa i r
th e
, S ts
1 4 , 1 9 , 21
am
A B E R F r e d e ri c W il f rid 260
Fa bi a n S t 1 1 1
F a bri c i us 98
F a c e i n t h e C loud s Sy m b oli sm of
F a i th S t 1 1 1
Fa l c on 61
Fa r e s e Ca rdi n a l 24 4
F a th e r of O rth odoxy 5 6
F a th e r s o f t h e C h ur c h t h e L a t i n
,
av
10
Fa u c o n 1 65
F a us t i n us S t 4 2 1 1 1
Fe l i c e S a 21 8
Fe l i i ta s S t 1 1 2
F e li x d e Ca t a l i c i o S t 32 1 1 3
F e li x d e Va lois S t 1 1 2 1 65
F e lix or F e l i c e S t 1 1 3
Fe lix S o n o f Fe l i c i ta s 1 1 2
F e lix S t 230 23 6
F e rdi a d of C a s t il e S t 1 1 3 1 49
F e rdi n a n d Pri n e 9 6
F e rd in a n d S t 1 4 9
F e rdi n a n d t h e C a th ol i c 1 46
F e r m o 24 2
F e rr a ra 5 9 96 229
.
1 07, 1 5 8
261 , 268
4 8 , 66,
a n
a,
a n o
n
ra
ra
an ce
ca
ra
anc
an
a-
a-
F lor
A r h bis h o p
F lor t i s
F lori S t 1 1 5
F low rs Sy m boli sm of 6 20
F olig o 9 1
F o t i e 66
F o t Bra d Si e n a 76
t e v a l d F r a n c e 29
F
F orl i 23 1
F or i 1 08
Foru t h 222
Foss N o va 298
Foss N o v C rdi a l di 97
F ou ta i t h e 20
Fou t i f M ry 200
F
A ge li o 33
F
B rt olo
o 33
F
F ri a 80
Fr
s R o a a S t 1 1 6 25 5
F r is 1 22
F r c is S t 27 28 31 32 5 4 5 5
m
on
s,
an
27
om
28 1
28
na
ea
am
E ze k i e l
n an
an
S o d 21 0
E w ld t h e Bl a c k a n d E w a ld
111
am
am
69
a,
em
v g lis t s
E v g lis t s Sy bol s o f
,
E u t y c h ia , 1 8 7
E an e
t h e , 1 6, 23, 3 1 , 1 5 7
,
an
c
,
41 , 1 1 1
z ur z e ,
1 1 1 , 1 54
na o
E us e bi us 3 7
E u st a c e S t
or k sh ir e
Y
275
E up h r o s i n a , 9 7
25 5
S t Bl a is e i
f t h R os a ry
G io va i 69
1 80
1 61
F
F i e s l A g li o d 33
F ili ppi o L i pp i 33
F ilo e a S t 1 1 4
F i f G ig o S t 1 1 5
F ir Pro t e t or a ga i s t 5 4
F ir Sy bolis o f 6
F is h Sy bolis m of t h e 2 1 4 25
F is h w i th K y i i t s Mou th 66
R gi ld 29 6
F it
F i v W ou ds Sy bolis m of 8
F l g ll t io t h e 274
Fl e s f Fi r 5 4
F l e s Sy bolis of 6
F l i g H r t Sy boli sm of 6
F l i g Sword 1 6
F l d e rs 1 31
F l v i D i t l l a 39
Fl v i a S t 29 1 1 5 261
F l i a 1 62
F l v ius C l a udi u s 1 76
F 1e ur d L y 1 8 7
F l ur d e Lys Sy bol 8 8
F l ur d M ri 1 9 3
F lig ht i n t o Egy pt 1 68 1 99 279
F lor e c 3 1 3 3 5 0 5 5 68 70 9 1
o e
1 78
nn ,
F i da n g a ,
ie s o l e , 5 0, 5 5 , 272
E th io p i a 229
E u c h a ris t t h e H oly 8
E udoxi a E m p r e ss 1 63
E uge n i a S t 1 09
E ul a li a S t 1 09 1 8 2
E u n om i a 4 1 1 1 0
E u ph e m i a S t 1 1 0
E u ph e m i a n 4 7 4 8
of,
St
E t h e l wa l d , S t
,
Pa t r on
en,
F e sc e n n i u s , 9 5
e
a
of
th lr d
E th e lr e d a
3 33
Fe rrym
E th e lb e r t K i n g of E n gl a n d
8 6, 9 7, 21 6
68 , 69,
334
I N DEX
F ra c i s S t O rd e r f 1 02 1 8 7 273
F r is B rgi S t 1 23
F r is d P ul S t 1 2 1
F r i s d S l s S t 2 7 7 9 1 22
F r is f A ssis i S t 1 1 7 1 2 1
F r is X v i r S t 34 1 22
F r is s F ou d r f 1 1 7
F r is s O rd r f 31 3 2 5 4 1 86
115
Fr i o d L u
F r is o S C h ur h o f a t A quil a 68
F ra is o S C h ur h of a t Pi s a 1 1 5
F r t i 24 4
F r t i Mi ori 1 1 9
F r d e ri k
E pe ror 1 05
F r di a o f L u
S t 1 24
F ridoli
S h ill r s 1 07
F r ib rg 24 2
F re re s d l O b e a c e 68
F ri sl d 70 1 1 1 289
n
an c
a nc
a e
a,
anc
can
an c
ca n
nc
as c a
an
cca
'
rv
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L a c e t h e 2 5 306
L a n c e Sy bolis m o f 7
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L a n gu e doc 29 25 7 268
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L a t e ra n S t Jo h n C h ur c h o f 306
La t e r a t h e 77 89 1 1 4 1 1 9 1 35 264
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La ure n c e S t 3 5 1 41 1 4 3 1 80 287 3 1 7
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L i ol s h ire 2 48
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L io Sy bolis m o f 4 22
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Lore zo G i us t i i a n i S t 1 8 5
L or zo S i C re m o n a 30
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Lo r e tt o 275
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L ouis X III 320
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L oui K i n g o f B a va ri a 71
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L ouis S t 3 2 70 1 8 6 226 233 306
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M ss f S t G re gory 1 34
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M a t a r e a , 2 00
M t r A bilis 21 2
M t r A po t l o
203
M t r D oloros 21 0
M t e r S p i t i ae 1 9
M th a S t Jo h d e 1 65
M th uri s 1 65
Ma t i lda Q u e e n 1 31
a e
m a
a e
s o
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p e ror
1 1 3, 1 29 , 1 79, 230,
en ce
n ce
n c
an
am
70
M e l i a po r e 29 4
e , 24 7
e
M e m m i , i m n e , 33
en
e
117
c an
,
a e , S t , 231
e c
.
M lros
S o
M di t O rd rs
M r uri l
M rc uri us S t 1 77 23 1
M rc y t h e O il f 3 03
M r y t h O rd e r o f 30 267
M r y t h e Tre e of 303
M e rid 1 09
M rry S t C h ur h of 1 1 5 224
M
b e g C h ur h o f 1 41
M e so p o t a m i a 4 7 28 4
M e ss e ge rs of G od 1 5
M e ssi a 1 1 5 261
M th odi us S t 9 3 232
Mi h e l A ge lo 30 33
M i c h e l o f Pr a t o 207
Mi h e l S t 4 8 1 8 2
Mi h a l t h A r h ge l 1 5 1 6 206 232
Mil a 4 9 5 7 66 67 76 78 8 0 9 3 1 30
.
an
Mil a n Bi sh o p f 5 9
Mil D u k e f 68
Mills t on e Sy m bol 8 2
Mi i t o d e l Mo t e S a 1 63
Mi i t o or M i i S t 234
Mi i s t h 3 1 1 21
Mi s t r ls Pa t ro n o f 1 78
Miri a m 1 5 7
Mi se re r e 290
o
n a
1 9 7, 23 5 , 236 3 1 8 , 3 20
n a
n as,
en
r um
an
ac e o
,
M a xi i 225 226
M xi i Tyr t 75
M xi us 78 288
M y
3 21
M ye
C th e dr l f 3 1
M a y e e F irs t Bi s h o p of
M di c i F ily 9 1
M is se Bi h o p of 66
a a cc
e r se
21 9 , 223
1 58
229
s T id e 222
of
T ours S t
nm a
n o
M ry d Ma rth 1 8 2
M ry C l o ph s 207
M ry M gd l e e 35 36
M a r t i n i a n , 25 5
M a ry
60
2 93
ur
M xi
Ma rti
Ma r ti
M a xe n t i u s , 8 9
a
m a, 51
M a xi m i a n , E m
279
M a xi m i l l a , 5 0
ur -
n a
an c
en
M a ur S t F ra n c e 29
M a rus S t 29 64 230
an
M a u r i sa , 1 4 7
a,
a-
ne
M a tth e w S t 22 228 28 4
M tth e w S r G os p l f 5 9
M tth i a s S t 25
M ur lio or M a e l i s S t
M ure s Loire S t 231
M a uri c e O rd e r f S t 230
M uri c e S t 1 29 229
34 0
I N DE
e n
M o d we n a , S t
1 00, 234
Mo h
d 1 3 1 02
Mo h a
d s 1 24 1 73
Mol di G t 1 08
Mold u t h e 1 66
Mo h is Fou d e r o f 5 4
Mo s t ri s f S t B r rd 67
Mo s te ry o f N o va r a 67
Mo s t i O rd rs 26
Mo gib llo t h e V ol a o 4 3
Mo i S t 30 5 6 235
Mo r a l C h ur h f 1 8 6
Mo s J i l 25 5
Mo t Ca l v o 8 8
Mo te C ss i o 64 275 297
Mo t e C ssi o Mo a s t e ry of 29
Mo t e C lio 1 65
Mo t e Joy Mo a s t e ry o f 67
Mo t M yor 1 70
Mo t e P ll gri o 273
Mo t M r t r 9 5
Mo tp li r 268
M o t S a i t Mi c h l 233
M
t d e Pi t 68
Mo t s e rr t 1 4 7
Mo t s e rr t L a dy o f 1 4 7
M oo n Sy bol i s f 1 1 20
Moors t h 1 1 3 267
M oro o 5 4 1 1 9
am
an
ae
n ac
na
na
na
na
ca,
an cu a
n e
n e
on
cc
M o r se l le , 1 3 7
M o sc e t t a , 1 6 4
e
an
c,
274
ss o
267, 273 ,
Mus o v i t s t h 5 0
Myr 238 29 2
Mys t ri s f t h R o sa ry
Mys t i c Th orn 1 32
e
M us c i a t i n o , 208
a
29 9
n c
n n
nan
na
N e o t S t 236 290
N e p o m uc k S t Jo h n 1 65
N e r e us S t 3 9 237
N e ro 1 30 25 4 272 302 3 1 6 3 20
N e ro d e N e ri 261
N e n b e rg K lo st e r 1 8 3
N e wm a n C a rdi n a l 260
N i c a is e S t 2 37
N i c c olo d i L ido S a n 21 8
N i c c olo Pis a n o 3 3
N i c e C ou n c i l o f 5 6
N i c e n e C ou n c il 9 0
N i c e e C re e d 1 4
N i c h ol a s V Po pe 3 3
N i h ol a s o f Myra S t 23 7
N i c h ol a s o f T ol e n t i o S t 28 30
N i c h ol a s S t 36 2 1 8
N i c od e m us 202 28 7
N i c o m e di a C i t y o f 40 92
N il e t h e 235
N il us o f G ro tta Fe rr a ta 2 43 244
N il u s S t L i f e o f 29
N i m bus Sy m bolis m o f 2 26
N i n e ve h 1 73 301
N i n e ve h W i n ge d Bu lls 23
N is m e s 1 3 1
N o a h So n s o f 1 6
N o e ra Fort re f 8 6
N ol s c o S t P t e r 30
N o m e n ta n a V ia ( R o m e ) 4 5
N o n n a S t 1 36
n
1 36
a z i a n z um
'
ai
A B OR a n d Fe l ix S t C h urc h o f 1 30
N N bor S t 1 1 3 2 36
N a buc h odo osor Ki n g 1 73
N ls o f t h e C ross 3 07
N a i ls Sy m bolis m o f 8
N a k e d B odi e s Li tt l e Sy m boli s m of 8
N a n t e rr e 1 25
N a p l e s 29 76 1 1 5 1 5 3
N a p l e s a n d Si c ily 1 8 7
N a p ol e o n Lord 9 7
N a rbo n n e 276
N a rc is s us S t 4 1 236
N a t a li a Wi f e o f S t A dri a n 40 4 1 236
N a t i v i t y t h e 1 2 1 69 1 9 4 274 28 3
N a t i v i t y C h ur h o f 1 38
N a t i v i t y o f t h e Bl e ss e d V irgi n 1 9 1
N a t i v i t y o f Jo h n t h e B a pt is t 1 5 8
N v o n a Pi a zz a ( Ro m ) 4 5
N a z a r e th 1 5 6 1 67 1 69 200
N a z a riu s S t 78 1 30 236
N a z a ro e C e l so S S C h ur c h o f 79
N a z a ro S a n C h ur c h o f Mil a n 79
Mis e ri c ordi a t h e 1 70
Miss a l t h 28 0
Missus E s t 66
M i t r 28 5 8 O7
Mod a 1 25 1 79
,
24 2
I N DE
N on n a t us 267
N orb e r t S t 244
N orc i a 63
N or f ol k 1 00
N o r i c a Pri n c e o f 72
N or m a n dy 2 33
N or th u m b e rl a n d 61
N or th u m bri a 1 00
N orwi c h 1 4 5
N o va ra 67 1 25
N o va t u s 262
N oyo n 1 07
N e ria 8 5
N i di a 5 6
N u n c D i m i tt is 1 99
N ur e m b e rg 1 8 2 2 76
N u t sa l l or N us c e l l a A bb e y o f
.
O r i e n t i us , S t
Ostia
um
n ,
um
25 1
O sw a ld S t 9 2 24 7
O th o E m p e ror 39
O th o III 24 3 244
O tt e r t h e Sy m bol 92
O tt ili a S t 2 4 8
O ur L a dy o f M e rc y O rd e r of
O x t h 22
O x Sy m bol 1 9 5
O x f ord L ibra ry 73
O zi a s 1 74
.
Ga t e
70
4 7 , 1 65
O st ia n
O st h r id a , 2 4 8
1 07
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O rige n 5 8
O rl e a n s 1 26 1 4 9 28 3
O ro pe sa 1 70
O r S a Mi c h e l e C h ur c h
O r t ol a n a S t Cl a r a 8 5
O s c a or H u e s c a 1 8 0
O s m a Bi s h o p o f 9 6
O ss e rva n t i Ord e r of 68
78
1 80
34 1
O rg a n Sy m bol
A ugus t i n e s 5 8
O bs e qu i e s of S t E ph r e m Pi c t ur e
A K,
1 08
o f,
O bs e r va n t s t h e 3 1
Oc e a Sy m bolis m of 1 1
O ff a K i g 4 6
O ff e r o S t C h ris t o ph e r 8 2
O li ve Bra c h 1 25
O li ve Sy bolis o f 5 20
O li ve t a n i t h e O rd e r of 2 9
O n u ph r i u s , S t
c om
a,
c a
e -m
P ri s M tth e w
Pa rm a 35 1 42
a
an
25 9
D u 202
n a , 1 47
S t , 248
o i si n
an
ee
an
an
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Pa p e l u
P n ra s
P n o i a 220
P ta l e o of N i e di a S t 24 9
P th r i L y i 237
Pa ol a 1 21
P a ol a d ll e T e F o n t n e S a n 25 1
Pa olo f uori l ur S 29 25 1
P olo S t C o v n t o f 8 6
Pa ph u t i us 24 6
P ra dis e R i v rs o f 21 24
P ri s 30 5 4 66
8 1 95 97
a
Pam
a m
a m
O ra t ori a n s O rd e r o f 260
O r t ory o f S t Ca th e ri n e Si e n a 76
O r c a g n a A dr a 33
O rd e a l T ri a l by 2 4 6
O rd e r o f M r c y 30
O rd e r o f O ur S a v iour 72
O rd e r o f S t A th o y 60
O rd e r of S t B a sil 9 3
O rd e r o f S t F r a n c is 1 02
O rd e r o f t h e B a sili a n s 60
O rd e r o f t h e B e n e di c t i n e s 63
O rd e r of t h e C a r th usi a s 72
O rd e r o f t h e H oly T ri n i t y f o r t h e R e de m
t ion o f C a pt i ve s 1 65
O rd e r o f t h e H os p i t a ll e rs 1 70
O rd e r o f t h e O li ve t a i 67
O rd e r o f t h e Poor C l a r e s 8 6 1 1 8
O rd e r o f t h e Vi s i ta t io n 79
Ore ste s 9 3
a
24 6
30, 67
O ly p i a s B a th s o f 1 81
O ob uo o S t 24 5
O n e si ph orus 29 1
O n i a s t h e H ig h Pri e s t 1 38
m
O ly b r i u s , 2 1 4
P dr
P a dro
P a du
P l ti
ill R o
P a l e r o 1 8 6 27 3
P l e s t i n e 1 8 6 223
P lliu t h 5 5 5 8
P a l 5 6 5 9 75 8 2
P l m S y m bol is f 5 20 27
P l
T r e e d P a l L e a ve s 5 4
P l T r L ge d o f 1 99
Sy bol
m
A D L O CK,
, 1 66
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e S e r a c o, 32
n , 1 51
a , 29 , 3 1 , 5 4 , 1 79 , 2 5 9
a ne H
( m e ), 4 9
25 7
321
9 9 , 1 07,
'
34 2
I N DE
Pa sc a s i a s 1 8 7
P a s h a l 78
P a ssio n Sy m bol s of th e
Pa ss io t h e 22
P ssio W k 202
Pa s t ora l S t a ff 28
P a s t or s 262
P t r n os te rs 9 6 274
c
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1 80
Pa t ie n z a , S t
P
P
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3 02
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Ph ili p
25 9
Ph ili p
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2 3 6 25 9
Ph ili p E p ror 4 2
P h ili p
K i g f S pa i n 95
P h il i p
29 1
P h il i p N ri S t 260
Ph i li p Proc o sul f E gy pt 1 09
f F l i it s 1 1 2
P h ili p S
P h i l i p S t 25 229 25 8
P h ili p t h Ap os t l 1 32
Ph i lis t i e s t h e 1 29
Ph o s f Si o p S t 261
Ph rygi 239 25 8 28 1
P i e z 29 269
Pi a ta L o e Wa r c ry 2 49
P i a zz d e l D uo o t F lor c e 323
Pi zz N a vo a ( R o ) 4 5
Pi e d o t 4 9 230
Pi e t a L a 2 1 0
Pi t ro d C ort o a 222
Pi t ro di P v i 1 64
Pi t ro i Mo t orio S a 25 5
Pi t ro i V i ol i S 25 5 278
Pi t ro M a t i S a 33
P ill r t h e 307
P il l a r a d C ord Sy m boli sm o f 8
Pill a rs f H e r ul 1 5 1
Pi e rs 5 6
Pi rs Sy bol i sm o f 7 8
Pi t uri h io 32
208 265
Pis 1 08 1 1 5 1 32
Pis o N i olo 3 3
Pi
Po p 263
Pi us I V Po p 8 0
Pius V I L Po pe 1 1 4
Pi us I X 2 1 0
Pl
t i 24 3
m
65
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na
Pa ul S t a n d S t Jo h n 1 66 25 1
P u l s O ld S t L o do 1 1 1
Pa ul s S t C a th e dra l o f 4 8
Pa ul s S t M o a s t e ry a t J a rrow
P ul t h e He rm i t 5 3 5 4 25 1
Pa ul V 209
Pa ul V ro e se 9 3
P v i 3 0 3 9 5 7 28 4
F a x V obis 1 5 1
P e o k Sy bol is o f 5
Pe p i g T
f C o v e n t ry 1 32
P e g S t 1 37
P l gi us Po p 1 33 28 7
P li a Sy b l is f 4 1 2
P brok E rls of 1 00
P t os t t h 5
L or zo 1 1 6
i
Pe
P p i d H e i t l 9 1 1 4 3 1 79
P p i K i g 322
P p i l e Bre f K i n g 65 70
P e r d P a u v r e s 1 71
P r f t t o L ge d a rio I I 21 9 229
P r p t u S t 25 2
P rs us 1 2 9
P rsi 28 1
P ru 1 8 5 272
P rugi 9 1 1 1 7 1 9 2
P rugi Bis h o p o f 1 08
P rugi o 29
P t r E x r is t S t 25 6
P t r Ig u
1 64
P t r M t S i 28 3 2 25 6
P t r N l s o S t 30 25 7
Pe te r o f A l n ta ra S t 25 5
a
8 8 , 9 0, 9 5 , 1 30,
1 3 4 , 1 62, 1 89 , 2 5 0, 25 3, 262, 28 6, 29 0, 2 9 1 ,
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Ph il a g a t u s , 2 4 3
P h i la s t r i u s , 2 5 4
1 50
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B e n oz z i, S t
De ac n , St
,
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2 5 , 36 , 4 2, 5 5 , 58 , 88 ,
1 5 9 , 1 8 0, 205 , 2 1 7 , 226,
Pt r
Sword
P te rsburg S t 1 1 6
Pe t e r s S t 1 08 1 8 5
Pe t e r s S t Mo s t e ry a t We a rm
P t ro i ll a S t 25 7
Pe t ron i us S t 25 8
25 7
t os 1 5 9 1 61
tr s 5 0 1 89
a t ri a r h a l C ro s s 4
a t ri k
S t 7 1 24 9
a ul a
S t 1 5 5 25 1
a ul a r n e a r S e v i ll e
72
25 6
a ul i a
u li n u s o f Y ork S t 25 2
a ul
S t 2 5 30 4 7 5 9 8 7
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29
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P t e r R gol t o S t
P t e r S t 7 9 24
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cc
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P la c i d u s , S t , 27, 29 , 64 , 1 1 0, 1 1 5 , 261
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la n t ll a , 262
.
Pl t o
P i
65
I N DE
Pl e s s i s I e T our s 1 21
Poissy 1 8 6
Poi t i rs 1 4 2 265
Pol d 1 4 1 28 6
Pol d Pa t ro n of 73
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an
Prov
Prud
Ps l
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P ol e s m
23 4
a r t u,
Poly c a r p 1 4 6
,
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P 0 11 I 0 1>8 , 1 4 5
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79
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P r a xi d e s , S t
262
263
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P r oc i n o, 4 5
Pro c o p ius
P r o c u l us ,
Pro ph y
S t , 5 , 263
S t , 263
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279
78 , 1 30, 236, 263 , 320
m e
P r o t a si u s, S t ,
P ro te an e li on , t h e , 1 67
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Ra gu sa Pa t ro of 69
R l ph I I f B urgu dy 39
R ir z K i g 1 5 2
Ra i e ri S t 265 303
R ph e l 3 1 32 202 2 1 4
Ra ph l t h e A r h ge l 1 5 1 6 266
R a ve a 5 5 79 1 61 271
R y o d o f P f t S t 267
R a y m o d S t 72 267
Ra zzi 33
R ed
d Bl k S y bo l i sm o f 9
R d Sy bolis
of 8
R ggio 1 21
R gi a A g l ru 6 1 25 1 93 209
R gi Co li 209
R gi C l i l t re A ll e l ui a 263
R gul us S t 268
R e h obo
304
Re i S t 8 8
Re p a n d um 322
,
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43
d gu d
A D CL I F FE , M r s , 28 4
R a e n a , S t , 264
Ra gn a L o d b r og , 1 00 265
Ra e o f E c b a t a n e , 29 9
Pre h i g F ri rs 32
Mo t r 24 5
P
Pr e sburg 28 7
Pr s t t io i t h e Te p l e 279
Pr s e t t io f t h e Vi rgin 1 9 1
Pr i c do s t h 1 5
Pri i p li t i e s t h 1 5
Pris a S t 263
Pris il l a 263
P ris ill C t o b of R om e 1 1
Pris ill C e e t e ry f 9 0 262
Pris
1 10
Probus 4 0
Pro ssio f t h e S p iri t 1 4
Pro ssio t o C l va ry 202
Pro e ssus 25 5
ac
um
on s r
e ,
C oron a t i 264
Q u e e n of An ge l s 209
Q u e e n of H e a ve 6 209
Q i n t i a n s K i n g of Si c il y 4 2
Q ui n t i n S t 264
Q uiri a 1 8 5
Q uiri u s
264
Q uiri n u s t h e Pre f e c t 5 8
an
Poussi
Po v r o
Pow rs
Pr t ori G u a rd s 276
Pr gu e 1 66
Pr ss e d S ta C h ur c h of
Pra t o C th dr l o f 207
Pra t o Mi h l f 207
Pr t u M t a t
24 5
ae
UA T T R O
P o r z io n c u la , t h e , 8 6
P o t i t u s , S t , 1 08 , 262
n , 1 08
e e D n n e , 32
e
, th e , 1 5
i us
Pu r t
C bro T ol do
Pul i o Mo t
Puri t io
V irgi
Puri i t io
Purs e Sy boli sm o f 8
Purs t h e 25
Puy 31 9
Pyx t h e 8 6 1 4 5
Po t s 261
Poor C l a r s 32 76 1 1 7
Por ph yry 75
Port C l u sa 20
Port Pi a R o e 4 5
Por t S t S b s t i a o R om e
Por te M ggior e R o m e 68
Por t ug l 3 4 1 5 5
n
Pri
P t ol y Ph il d l ph u
Publi u Pr t
Po gr t 1 9 1 71
Po i rd Sy bolis of
Po th i e u Jo f 1 1 3
Po t i u s Pil t e 1 72 31 5
m
1 45
e n c e , 1 65 , 1 8 7, 227
ent
, 1 09 , 31 7
a m , t h e 1 1 4 t h , 206
P t o l om e us,
n c e , 60
em
a e
s, 1 98
e fe c , 1 1 2
s,
P n d e n s , 262
P ud e n t i a n a , S t , 2 62, 264
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c an ,
n of th e
c a
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f ca
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34 3
P rot u s, S t
3 44
I N DEX
R e p a ra t a S t 7 268
R p os e i E gy pt 1 68
R pos o f t h H oly F a m ily 1 99
R pt o 3 22
R pt o M s t e r y f 1 37
R surr c t io n t h e 22
R e ub T rib e o f 1 72
R h e i 2 37
R h i s C th e dr a l o f 1 3
R h e i s S h ool of 72
R h i e t h e 29 0
R h on e t h e 1 3 1
R i c io A dr e a 32
R i h a rd 1 29
R i c h a rd o f N orm a n dy 233
R i c h a rd S t 1 4 5
R i c h e l i e u 320
R i c t i s V a r s 264
R i i n i 1 25 269
R i n a ldo 29 7
R i p oso a 200
R i va di S a n M a rc o 21 7
R i ve rs o f Pa r a dis e 21
R obbi a L u c a d e l la 32
R oc c a S e c c 29 7
Ro c c o S a n 270
R oc h S t 35 36 268 278
R oll o f M u s i c Sy m bol 78
R oll t h e 1 6
R o m a i n S t 2 71
R o m a n C ro s s 3
R o a o t h e H e rm i t 64
R o m e 29 30 3 1 3 3 38 39 4 5
47
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222, 232 ,
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299
2 30
S r t ia 5 0
S a r t o A n dre d l 30
S t Bl a c k Sy m bol
S a v i a 207
S a vo n a rol a 257
S a v oy 230
m a
of ,
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S a w , t h e , 25
S xo y
70
S c a c c i e r i , 265
ca e , 1 6
S
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S a r c e s t h e 65
S r f Ec b t a n e
S rd i i a 1 08
S a rdi i a O rd e r
a
S a r g o ss a , 3 1 7, 3 1 8
S a p r i t i us , 9 8
4 9,
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pt r 1 25
h i ll r s F ridoli
1 07
h ol s t i a S t 29 64 94
S i ff F a v ori o 8 5
S i p io t h e 1 5 5 25 1
.
ce
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s,
R o u a ldo S t 28 2 71
R o ulo S t 36 272
R os a di L i a S n ta 272
R os a di V i t rbo S t 3 2 273
R os a li a o f Pa l e r o S t 273
R os a ry t h e 96 202 274
Ro s a ry Mys te ri e s of t h e 21
R os e o f S h a ro n 6
Ro s e s 20 28
R os s Mira c l e o f t h e 1 05
R os s S y m bols 98
R ou n 27 1
R ub s 3 4 1 8 4
R u ti n a S t 1 78 275
R us t i c us 9 5
R u th 1 9
an
S por K i g
2 36, 2 4 3 , 3 1 2
72 , 77- 79 , 8 5 , 8 7,
5 7, 5 8 , 6 3 ,
9 0, 9 1 , 9 5 9 7, 9 9 , 1 1 1 1 1 4 , 1 1 6, 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 ,
1 2 4 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 5 1 4 7, 1 5 4 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 65 , 1 66,
1 8 0, 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 , 1 86, 1 9 0,
e z
een
S a 6n e , t h e , 70
an
an a
an
an
an
anc
am
an
am
ea
ac
a e
a am an c
a n
ec
a n
ac
Qu
gy pt 73
S br Co u t
S ro S p o Subi o 29
S i t B u
L a 226
S i te Ch O pe l l L 1 8 6 306 307
S l
a 29 8
S l s S t F r c is d e 79
S a llus t 1 8 1
S a l u t a t ion of E liz a b e th 1 9 4
S l u t a t io t h e 1 02
S l v i Mo a s t e ry o f 1 64
S a i a 28 1
S
i h l e 32
S os 8 4
S a s o 1 2 4 1 29
f N p l e s 1 02
Sa cha Qu
h
d e C pe d a D o n A l ph on so
S
S c i a n Isl d o f 1 23
D o m i go 1 8 5
S
S a Jos 29 0
S so v i o 3 2
S t C a s a 27 5
S a t C ro Ro e 68 1 61 305
S a t M a ri N o ve ll F lor e n c e 33
S t i a go 1 5 0 1 5 2 291
S a bi n e l la , 262
Sa b i ne ll a ,
e e n of E
a
an ,
n
o f , 1 02
on a
e n
AB E RI A
S bi a S t 1 45 275
S a bi e S t C o n ve n t o f 9 7
S c la von i a , 1 4 1 , 21 4
275
I N DE
S c o t i s ts 9 9
Sc otl d 5 0
S ourge Sy m boli sm of 7 8 28
S roll 1 25
S rolls Sy m bol i sm o f 24
S y th i 5 0 258
S e l d Boo k t h e 2 1
S l t i l t h Pr y i n g S p iri t 1 5
S e l e ss G a r m e t Sy m boli sm o f
S e b ld S t 276
S e b a st e i C a pp a doc i a 69
an
a e
ea
am
en
S e rra c i n a , 1 33
S r vi
S e rv i
S e rv i
S e th
Se v
S e ve
S vn
e
the
21
cca
1 3,
S e v e r i a n us , 264
S e e ri n o , S a n , C h urc h
n
e o
n e
r bi s h o p
1 48
an
279
S is se k 264
S is t o S 1 90
Si st o S M a do n di 29
Six t u s II 1 80
S ix t us IV Po p e 1 21
S k ull Sy bolis o f 7 1 2
Sl v s wi th Bro k e n C h a i s
S yr a 1 4 6
So i e t y of Je su s 1 8 5 286
So r te s 9 3
Soisso s 9 1
Solom on 303
,
an
28 4
38
v
o f 29
S e ve ru s E p e ror 1 09 1 30 25 2 264
S v ig e M a d a e d e 79
S v ill e 72 1 06 1 4 9 1 70 1 72 1 78
S e v ill Ca th e dr l o f 1 1 4
S e v i ll e I sidor f 1 4 9
S wa rd Siwa rd or S igwa r d 276
S f orz a F ra n c e sc o 28 3
,
S i p on t e , 23 2
S i si be r t o , A c h
en
S e ve n
S ve n
S e ve
S v
S ve n
e
25 9
s T ullius 263
d t h T r e o f M r y 3 03
t h e Mys t i c N u b e r 1 3
C h urc h e s 1 5 9
Joy s a d Sorrow s of t h e V irgi n
,
an
5 , 1 2, 1 9
30
na
ena
or S e rv i t i O rd e r of
en
en
a,
es
am
en
ca,
a,
ca
ne
44 , 4 5
S e r ph i c O rd e r 69
S e r ph i c t h e 1 1 6
S r ph i t h e 1 4 1 6
S e r a p io 279
S e r p is 21 7
S e r a E p re ss 288
S rgiu s 271
S e r p e t t h e 25
S r p t Sy m boli sm of
a
S e r a p h i a , 2 75
m m
ae a ,
1 71 , 24 9, 276
Sibyll 303
Sibyll C i e ri a 28 1 283
Sibyll a C u a a 28 1 28 3
Sibyll a D e l ph i c 28 1 28 3
2 8 1 28 3
S ibyll a E ry thr
28 3
Sibyll E uro p 28 1
Sibyll H e br i c a 28 1 28 3
Sibyll H l l p o t i 28 1 28 3
Sibyl l L i by 28 1 28 3
Sibyll P e rsi 28 1 28 3
Sibyll a P h rygi 28 1 28 3
S ibyll S i 28 1 28 3
Sibyll a Ti b ur t i a 28 1 28 3
S i bylli Le v s 28 1
Sibyls 35 28 0
Si c ily 77 1 87 261
Si e gf ri d C ou t 1 27 1 4 1
Si a 3 3 67 1 1 8 1 32
D uo o f 5 1
Si
Sigis o d S t 3 4 80 28 3
Sil si a 1 4 5
Sil ve s t ro S t C h ur c h of a t R o m
S i o 1 9 6 1 98 284
Si o M e i 3 3 266
S i o M gus 25 4
Si o P t r ; 5 0
S i o S t 25 1 4 5
Si o t h e P h a ris e e 225
Si o Z e lo t e s or t h e Ze a lo t S t
Si a i Mou n t 75
Sio 67
Sio n Mou t 204
m
S b si
7 3 5 36
279
S u d us
S i
bb y o f 65
S e l e i L iby a 1 27
S e l e u i a 29 2
S e p ro i u s t h e Pre fe c t
S e a rio Mo t e 25 9
S e s 1 86 25 2
S r ph t h e 27
c
a,
S e b a st e r , 1 5 8
e a t an , St
ec n
, S t
e n e , St , A
n e
S h t a n e sh a lc k , 1 42
ee
ea
34 5
S h a f t e sbury 1 01
S h rs Sy boli s of 7
S h b a Q u e e o f 28 1 304
S h p 24
S h ll Sy bolis m of 7
S h e ph e rd t h e G ood 24
S h i p Sy bolis o f 7
28
34 6
I NDEX
Solo m o n s Te p l e 303
So ph i f Th ur g i 1 03
Sorbo
th
21 0
Sorrow S v
f t h e V irgi n 1 3
S p g uoli C h pe l f t h 33
S p g uoli S G i a o o d gli C h urc h
a o
nne
s
96
in
an
as
e a
a,
0,
o e
of ,
an
S t a ff Pa s t ora l 28
S t a ff t h e Pilgri m s 25
S t a g t h e 28
S t a d rd Sy bol i sm of 7
S t a d rd t h e 27
S t a isl a us K t k S t 3 4 28 6
S t a r Sy bol 97
S t a r Sy bolis o f 20 28
St
f J ss e 20
S t ph i 244
S te ph II Po p e 9 5
S t ph e o f H u g ry S t 28 7
S t e ph S t 7 3 5 1 8 0 28 6 304 307
S t i gm t a t h e 27 77
S t irli g M 1 72
S t irli g s A rt is t s f S pa i n 273
S t r d a di C os t a z a 9 1
S t ra sburg 248
S t r sburg C a th e dra l of 31
.
em
an
r.
S t r id o n i u m
1 54
S t rozzi C h a pe l
,
S ua b i a 1 8 3
33
ac
e n
an na,
S wid be r t , S t
28 9
em
em
e o
an
am
am
T h e o c l e a , 29 1
ra s o 2 1 9
re t u 243
rqui 28 1
rr a go a 29 3
a rsi a 3 0
a rs us 4 7
Ta r sus S h i p s of 1 9 7
T sso 24 6
T a C ross 3
T D u
57
T p l rs t h La ws f 66
T p l f S olo o 20
T pt a t io t h 9
T r s a S t 1 3 27 1 8 5 273 28 9
T rra c i n a 39 79
T e r t ull us 261
Te t r or ph t h e 20 23
T h dd e us S t 25 38 28 4
Th y ris 29 1
T h b is t h 2 1 7 230
T h b c io n 4 0 1 29 229 279
T h b s 24 6
T h l S t 29 1
a
ec a
Swi th i S t 29 0
Sword 5 9
Swords f t h e Ap os t l e s 8
Sword Sy m b olis m o f 7 1 6
n
T
T
T
T
T
T
em
an n a
of ,
T a r a n t a i s e , 67
Sy bol is m
T a pe r ,
ac
T a ga st e , 5 6
T a n k e l i n , 24 5
A B L E T Sy m bol 9 4
Ta c i t us 281
Ta dd e o G a ddi 29 3 3
en
en
a,
o z
S t a , 1 6, 5 8
of ,
S p i o di Si ili L 202
S p r t h 25
S p a r Sy m bolis m f 8
S p i c e Box e s o f Sy boli s m
S p l t o 63
S p o ge t h e 3 06 d ot e
S p o g Sy bol is m o f 8
S t b t M t e r 21 0
un
S pa l a t r o , t h e , 28 4
of
is
e n
Fe l i c i ta s 1 1 2
Syl ve s te r B h o p o f R o m e 88 8 9 290
Syl v s t e r S t 4
S y l v i a 1 3 3 1 34
Sy m bol is m o f C olors 8
Sy m bolis m o f t h e M o n a s t i c O r d e rs 25
Sy m bol s o f A n ge ls 1 4
S y m bol s o f G od t h e Fa th e r 9
Sym bols o f G od t h e H oly G h o st 1 2
Sy m bols o f G od t h e S o n 1 1
Sy m bols f t h e Apo s t l e s 24
Sy m bol s o f t h e E va ge lis t s 21
S y m bol s o f t h e T ri n i t y 1 4
Sy m bol s o f t h e V irgi n 1 7
S y n a gogu e Sy m boli sm of 1 1
S y ra c us e 1 8 7 1 8 9
Syri a 1 1 9 227
S y ro or Syru s S t 284
Syrus 225
Syru s S t 28 4
S y l va n n s , S on
T h e o d obe r t , Ki n g, 1 83
29 3
I NDE X
T h e odor a
T h e odore
T h odore
e
Tr j
8 7, 1 1 0, 1 3 5 , 1 4 6
T ra n q ui l li n u s , A n s a n u s , 5 1
90
a an
St
St
,
,
of
of
Ve n i
T h e o d o r e t , 25 4
T h odosi us
e
2 79 , 28 7
e ra cl e s ,
29 3
293
ce ,
4 9 , 1 36, 1 62 , 1 63,
T h e o n e st u s , S t
T h e on o t u s , 3 08
29 3
en
e,
an a,
s,
a,
e rm u
am
s,
or
eces o
n a s,
as
ec
m as
sm
a,
m on e
m a
e,
en
e
T i b u r t i us , 77
m
e s , 207
,
es o
ac
e o
ne
sm
T o r l o sa , 1 5 1
T o r pe r , S t
e,
a ns ,
56
302
T or p or
T orr d S p h i 1 1 6
To t il K i g f t h G oth s 65
b
h 1 09
f oub r t or T
T oulo 226
T oulou 5 4 1 87
T ours 221
T our Bis h o p f 71
Tow r 5 9
T ow f D vi d 20
e
ec
s,
se
e rc
ou
er o
1 08 , 268
A G A O t h e E u n u c h 1 75
V a l e n c i a 9 6 1 8 5 1 8 7 298
Va l e n s E p e ror 60
Va l e n t i n i a n E p e ror 222
Va l e n t i n i a n III 25 5
V a l e ri a 320
V a l e ri a n S t 77 8 5 92
Va l e ri e or V a l e r e S t 220
Va l e ri us 31 7
Va l e rius F l a c o s 25 8
Va l id D a ug ht e r of P h a ra oh 235
Va ll e y o f W orm wood 66
Va l li e re Loui se de l a 1 8 7
,
a,
U i or
U i or Sy boli
Urb
Po p
U rb VI Po p
U l
Ar h g l
U r ul
cc
86
e o
Pri
U lri h Pri
Ul t r
U bri C i tt
24 2
U g o l o t t o Ca c c i a n e m i c i , 3 07
n c e o f N o r i c a , 72
U l ph o ,
n c e , 263
c ,
s e , 25 0
a,
a D ca le , 1 1 2
m
U m i li t a , S t , 3 07
n , t h e , 1 79 , 1 9 3
n c
n ,
m
sm o f , 5
n c
e , 72
an
e , 77
an
,
ri e , t h e
c an e , 1 5, 1 6
a , S t , 7, 36, 8 2, 91 , 3 08
s
T i t i 33
T i t l f A us t io 3 06
T i t l f t h V irgi 1 7 1 8
T i voli 28 1
Tobi s 1 3 9 267 299
T ol do 29 1 1 3 1 4 8 1 82 1 83
T ol do C s t l f 1 1 4
T oo h h P t ro ss g i t
T or h s Sy boli f 1 1
an
1 95
Sibyl
81
T i be r t i u s , S t , 2 99
n a , th e
T im
ea o
T i o th u
AVA S Fa th e r G d e
U ba l d i n i H ous e o f
U b e r t o B i s h o p 208
T ibur t i
c,
a n
303
a s,
e,
sc a n
54
T h orw lds 1 5 3
T h ro s t h 1 5
T h uri gi 70 264
T ib r t h 4 7
T ib ri S f 225
T ib ri us E p ror 31 5
ne
@ 6 69 ,
01
s,
ss ,
m a s,
a r,
e s,
s o
an
a,
r ss m
an
m a
e,
n ca ,
e,
e s,
an
e,
T h o ph i 39
T h o ph il u S t 98 293
T h r s S t 1 72
Th
23 5
ti
T h ss lo i 4 9
T h t f d 1 01
f 8
f Si l v r Sy boli
Th ir t y Pi
T i
29 2
T h o a B k t S t 27 294
T roj W 28 3
T h o A qui S t 32 4 7 9 9 297
T roy 1 26
T h o s f Vi ll u v S t t h A l
r T ru C ro t h 1 8 6
T ru p t s 1 6
298
T ub l C i 1 79
Th o
S t 25 1 9 7 206 207 29 3
T h o s t h D i s i p l 38
T u i Bl u 9
T h o is t 99
Tu
y 260 268
e
n o ,
e n
ee o
T r s gur t io t h 1 5 9
T r s t v r t h ( R o ) 5 0 24 6
Tr v ll rs P t ro f 1 78
T r f L i f t h 303
Tr t 1 4 5
T r th 322
Tr v 4 8
T ri gl Sy bolis f 1 0 1 4
T ri i t a C h ur h f t h 1 64
T ri i t a
di Mo t i 1 21
T ri i ty t h 1 6 303
T ri i ty Sy bol f t h 1 0 1 4
a
an
E m p e ror
34 7
"
31 8 , 3 1 9
84 8
I N DE
Va l lo m bro sa O rd er
of,
1 64
V a l lo m h r o s ia n s , t h e , 28 , 29
V lois F l i x d e
V a d a ls t h e 5 7
V a D y k 34
Va e s 31 9
V rro 28 1
Va t i a th e 33
a
n n
2 73
l a , 1 23
2 66
21 7, 24 2, 2 4 9 ,
3 22
St
W e s t i s te r 1 60
W e s t i n s t e r A bb e y 1 02
W e s tph a li a 1 1 1
Wh e e ls S y m bolis m o f 7 75
Wh i t by 1 4 2
Wh i t e F ri a rs 3 3
Wh i t e Sy bolis m o f 8 29 32
W ild B e a s ts 28
W il f rid a 1 00
W i lli a D u k e o f A qui t a i n e 66
W i ll i a m S t 1 4 5
W i lli m t h e C o n qu e ror 23 3
W il lib a ld S t 8 2 1
W il t o n 1 00
W i bur n C o n ve n t o f 8 21
m
We r b u rg a
A L A I S t h e 67
Wa lbe c k C h urc h 1 41
Wa lb e c k i n S a xon y 4 1
W a lburg a S t 1 8 4 3 2 1
Wa l k i n g o n t h e S e a 28
W a l p ur g is N ig ht 321
W a l p urgis O il 321
W a l p urgis S t 29
W a n d e ri n g J e w t h e 321
W a r t burg C a s t l e f 1 03 1 05
W a rwi k s h ir e 23 5
Wa s t e i n Mo a s t e ri e s 72
We a rm o ut h Mo n a s te ry of 65
We e do n 322
W e ll t h e 20
W e n c e sl a u s IV 1 66
W e n c e sl a us S t 1 8 9
We z e l S t 1 8 9
V e i c e Pa t ro n e s s o f 75
V e n us t h e Te p l e o f 305
V e us W ors h i p o f 1 78
1 95
V rb u m s u
V e r c e lli Bis h o p o f 46
Ve rdi a n a S t 3 1 5
Ve rdu n 1 4 1
V e ro a 30 5 0 8 9 25 6 322
V e ro e s P a ul 9 3
V e ro n i c a S t 1 1 3 1 5
V e rul a m 4 6
V e r us 1 29
Ve si c a Pis c i s t h e 2
V e s p a si a n E pe ror 3 1 5
Ve su v i u s Mou t 1 5 4
V i a App i a Ro m e 79
V ia D oloro sa 202
V i a N o m e n t a n a ( Ro m e ) 4 5
V i a T ibur tin a R o m e 1 8 1
V i c t or S t o f Ma rs e ill e s 3 1 6
V i c t or S t o f M il a n 3 1 7
V i e n n a 1 8 3 28 6
V i e n n a C a th e dra l o f 1 62
V i ll a n i A rc h bis h o p 266
V i n c e n t d e Pa ul S t 3 1 9
V i n c e n t F e rra ris S t 3 1 9
V i n c e n t S t 28 7 3 1 7
V i n c e n t S t C a pe 3 1 8
V iol e t Sy m boli s m o f 9
V irgil 28 2
V i rgi n A lo n e t h e 208
V irgi n a n d C h ild E n t h ron e d 21 1
V irgi n M r y 2 5 6 8 1 2 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 5 6
V i rg i n f M e rc y 2 1 1
V i rg i n f V irgi n s 209
V i rgi S ve n Joys a d Sorr ow s of 1 3
V irgi n T i t l e s f 1 7 1 8
V i rgo S a p i n t is s i m a 209
V i rt u e s t h e 1 5
Vi sc h e r Pe t e r 276
n
1 5 6, 244 , 25 1 , 25 5 , 264 ,
V a udoi s t h e 96
V ga G rc e l a s so d e
V e n e zi a n o A n t o n io
Ve n i c e 1 66 1 73
e
V i sc o n t i Bi a n c a 28 3
V isi ta t io n O rd e r f 79
V is i t a t io n t h e 1 02 1 9 4 274 279
V i t a l i c i n o K i g 1 78
V i ta lis S o n o f Fe li i t a s 1 1 2
V i ta lis S t o f Ra ve n n a 320
V i t e rbo 273
V i t u s S t 320
V ol ta ire 1 8 6
Vol t o S a n t o or V e ra I c o n 31 6
V o t i ve Pi c t ure s 3 4
Vox c l a a t i i d e se rto 1 5 8
V ulg a t e th e 1 5 4
,
237
1 65
\
V in c h e s te r
29 0
N ut sa l l , 7
0
, 7
.
W i n h e st e r A bb y o f
W i n f re d S t Bo n i f a c e
W i n gs 1 6 28
W i se m a n s C a rdi na l
c
H idd e n Ge m
48
I N DE
Wo
Ap o c a ly p se
W ool c o m b Sy m bol 69
W orc e s t e r Bis h o p o f 99
W orc e s t e rs h ire 5 8
W or k b a s k e t Sy m bol 1 9 3
m a n of
-
th e
AV I E R S t F ra n c i s 34
X e re s B a tt l e of 1 1 3
.
ork 25 2
Y or k A r h bis h o p o f 70
Y o r k s h ir e F e s ti va l 69
Y
of ,
A C H A RI A S 1 24 1 67 1 9 4
Z a d k i e l t h e A n ge l 1 6
Z a b i t h e M a gi c i a n 89
Ze be d e e 1 5 0 1 5 9
Z e n o 8 9 264
Z e o E m p e ror 5 9
Z e o S t o f V e ro n a 322
Z e obi a S t of Fl or e n c e 323
Zi g r a or G y p s y t h e 200
Zi n ga ro A n t o n io 10 29
Zoc c ol n t i t h e 31
Zo s i m us 223
Zur b a r a n 80
,
34 9
201