Hard vs Soft Engineering

Soft Engineering

Hard Engineering

Method

What is it

Advantages

Disadvantages

Dams and
reservoirs

Dams (huge walls) are built across the

rivers, usually in the upper course. A
reservoir (artificial lake) is formed behind
the dam.

Reservoirs store water, especially during

periods of prolonged or heavy rain, which
reduces the risk of flooding.
The water in the reservoir is used as
drinking water and can be used to
generate hydroelectric power

Dams are very expensive to build.

Creating a reservoir can flood existing
settlements.
Eroded material is deposited in the
reservoir and not along the river's natural
course so farmland downstream can be
less fertile.

Channel
straightening

The river's course is straightened

meanders are cut out by building artificial
straight channels.

Water moves out of the area more quickly

because it doesn't travel as far
reducing the risk of flooding.

Flooding may happen downstream of the

straightened channel instead, as flood
water is carried there faster. There's more
erosion downstream because the water's
flowing faster.

Flood warnings

The Environment Agency warns people

about possible flooding through TV, radio,
newspapers and the internet.

The impact of flooding is reduced

warnings give people time to move
possessions upstairs, put sandbags in
position and to evacuate.

Warnings don't stop a flood from

happening.
Living in a place that gets lots of
warnings could make it difficult to get
insurance.
People may not hear or have access to
warnings.

Preparation

Buildings are modified to reduce the

amount of damage a flood could cause.
People make plans for what to do in a
flood they keep important documents
and items like torches and blankets in
handy place.

The impact of flooding is reduced

buildings are less damaged and people
know what to do when a flood happens.
People are also less likely to worry about
the threat of floods if they're prepared.

Preparation doesn't guarantee safety from

a flood.
It could give people a false sense of
security.
It's expensive to modify homes and
businesses.

Flood plain
zoning

Restrictions prevent building on parts of a

flood plain that are likely to be affected by
a flood.

The risk of flooding is reduced

impermeable surfaces aren't created. e.g.
buildings and roads. The impact of
flooding is reduced there aren't any
houses or roads to be damaged.

The expansion of an urban area is limited

if there aren't any other suitable building
sites. It's no help in areas that have
already been built on.

'Do nothing'

No money is spent on new engineering

methods or maintaining existing ones.
Flooding is a natural process and people
should accept the risks of living in an area
that's likely to flood.

The river floods, eroded material is

deposited on the flood plain, making
farmland more fertile.

The risk of flooding and the impacts of

flooding aren't reduced. A flood will
probably cause a lot of damage.