Summary 3:#Piaget cognitive Theories

Cognitive Theories emphasizes their conscious thought and there is two important cognitive are
Piaget cognitive development theory and information processing theory. The famous
psychologist Jean Piaget emphasizes that children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
He also believed children adapt their thinking to include new ideas, because additional
information furthers understanding. In Piagets view, two processes underlie the individuals
construction of the world is organization and adaption .does
Piaget believed that we adapt in two ways, assimilation and accommodation. Moreover
assimilation occurs when individual incorporate new information into their existing knowledge
and accommodation occurs when individuals adjust to new information. This is even operates in
the very young infants life. New borns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips
(assimilation) .But, after several months of experience they construct their understanding of the
world differently such as finger and the mothers can be sucked and others such as fuzzy blanket
should not be sucked.
Piaget believed that we go through four stages in understanding the world.The sensorimotor
stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years ago,in the first piagetian stage .Infants construct an
understanding of the world by coordinating. The preoperational stage, which lasts from
approximately 2 to 7 years of age , is the second piagetian stage , in this stage , children begin to
represent the worlds with words images and drawings . The concrete operational stage, which
lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age , is third piagetian stage . In this stage, children can
perform operations , logical reasoning also replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be
applied to specific or concrete examples . The formal operational stage, which appears
between the ages of 11 and 15, is the fourth and final piagetian stage . In this stage, individuals
move beyond the world of actual, concrete experiences.
The Information Processing Approach is concerned how individuals process information about
their world. This involves how information enter our minds, how it is stored complex activities
as problem solving and reasoning. For example, we are good at remembering the faces we see,
yet our memory of an individuals face maybe different from how the individually actually looks.
Question:
1. What is making assimilation and accommodation different adaption?
2. Is cognitive cannot develop anymore after the formal operational stage?

Summary 4:# Vygotsky cognitive development

Lev Vygotsky also believed that children actively construct their knowledge .However, he stress
the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition. Vygotsky believed
that culture is important things to cognitive development .He also believed that infants are born
to have the basic materials or ability for intellectual development and he emphasized on
elementary mental function such as attention, sensation, perception, memory that eventually
will be develop into more sophisticated and effective mental processes/strategies which he refers
to as 'higher mental functions'.
He also believed that social have influences for children because according to Vygotsky (1978),
much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor.
The more knowledgeable other is somewhat explanatory; it refers to someone who has a better
understanding or higher ability than the learner and Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is
Vygotskys term for task that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be learned
with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. Besides that, vygotsky have
another theory that is scaffolding which involves changing support over the course of a teaching
session.
Vygotsky also believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication
purposes. He viewed language as mans greatest tool, a means for communicating with the
outside world and language also play two critical role of cognitive development. One is It is the
main means by which adults transmit information to children. Two Languages itself become a
very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation.
Vygotsky differentiates between three forms of language: social speech which is external
communication used to talk to others, private speech which is directed to the self and serves an
intellectual function; and finally private speech goes underground, diminishing in audibility as it
takes on a self-regulating function and is transformed into silent inner speech.
There are some educational application of Vygotskys theory is Use the students zone of
proximal development in teaching, use scaffolding, use more-skilled peers as teachers, monitor
and encourage students use of private speech,assess the students ZPD, not IQ .
Question
1. What is higher mental function and can you give me some example?
2. What is the really means of silent inner speech ?