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CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Introduction to
Concrete Materials
Lecture 3b: Fresh and Hardened Concrete II
By Taehwan Kim, Lecturer in the UNSW
08/08/2016 - 09/08/2016
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Slide1 /67

HardenedConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Fullycured,hardenedconcretemustbestrong
enoughtowithstandthestructuralandservice
loadwhichwillbeappliedtoit.
Mustbedurableenoughtowithstandthe
environmentalexposure
Thepropertiesofhardenedconcrete
dominateitsbehaviourinservice.
Inthissection,wewillfocusonMechanical
PropertiesandBehaviourofConcrete,
includingStrength,Shrinkage,andCreep.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide2 /67

MainMechanicalProperties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CompressiveStrength
TensileStrength
Elasticity
Creep
Shrinkage

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide3 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

StrengthandElasticProperties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CompressiveStrength
Elasticity
TensileStrength
Shrinkage
Creep

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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Strength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Strength:theabilitytoresiststresswithout
failure.Althoughfailureissomething
identifiedwiththeappearanceofcracks,it
shouldbenotedthatunlikemoststructural
materialsconcretecontainsfinecrackseven
beforeitissubjecttoexternalstress.

Pmax isthemaximumloadappliedtothe
concretewithsurfaceA0.
UnitofmeasureistheMpa (=N/mm2)

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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CompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CompressiveStrengthisthoughttobethe
mostimportantproperty(notalwaystrue)
CompressiveStrengthgivesanoverallpicture
ofthequalityofconcretebecausestrengthis
directlyrelatedtothestructureofthe
hydratedcementpaste.
Itiseasytomeasureanditcanberelatedto
otherproperties,includingelasticmodulus,
tensilestrengthandcapillaryporosity.
Thefailuremodeisbrittle,failureisreached
foralowlevelofstrain.But,thisisasimplified
concept.Concreteisactuallyquasibrittle.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide6 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

BrittleandDuctileBehavior
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Brittlefailure:Concrete,ceramic,coldmetals
Littleplasticdeformation
Crackpropagatesrapidlywithoutincreaseinappliedstress.

Ductilefailure:mostmetals
Accompaniedbysignificantplasticdeformation
Crackisstableandresistsfurtherextension.Itcanbe
stretched.

Typicalstressstrain
curveforbrittleand
ductilematerial
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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TensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concretetensilestrengthisalotlowerthan
thecompressivestrength.
Manystructuraldesignassumesthatconcrete
cannotresisttensilestressfortheconservative
structuraldesign.
Reinforcementsisrequiredtocompensatethe
lowtensilestrengthandthebrittlebehaviour.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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BehaviorinCompression
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concretebehaviourincompressionistheresultof
complexcompositebehaviour.
PasteandMortarismorebrittle.
Elasticresponseisonbetweenindividual
components

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Aggregate
Concrete
Paste

August9th,2016

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Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

ConcreteinCompression
E,Typically20
Whencompressive
to35Gpa
stressisapplied
20to45Mpa
Rememberthatwe
frequentlyconsider
materialstobelinear
andelastic
However,essentially,
linearandelasticis
validuptoacertain
point.Afterthis
2000to3000
point,thebehaviour
iscomplex.
Strain
30to40%ofcompressive

Stress

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

strength
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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ConcreteinCompression
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

FromJ.Weiss
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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StrainStressCurveforConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Compressive
strength

Phase1:Stress<~(0.3to0.4)fc,linearelastic
behaviourwheretheelasticmodulusismeasured.
Phase2:Concretedamageoccur(Coalescenceof
microcracking attheITZ).UltimatestrengthwhenLarge
cracknetworkforms Nonlinearbehaviourduetothe
reductionoftheelasticmodulus.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide12 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

StrainStressCurveforConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Compressive
strength

Phase3:Postpeakbehaviour,crackspropagate,
loaddecreasebyincreasingstrains.
Phase4:Brittlefailureoccurringabout0.35%
(0.0035)strain.Verylowlevelofstresscompared
tosteelallowingabout5%ultimatestrain.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Compressivestrength(fc)ofconcreteis
definedasthefailureloadincompressionper
unitarea.

fc isinfluencedbyvariousfactorsincludinga
sizeofsample,curingmethod,age,andmix
proportions.
Itcanbemeasuredusingconcretecube,
cylinderspreparedandtestedinaspecific
mannerunderthestandardtestingcondition.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Preparationandcuring
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concretecylindersand
cubes

Cubes100mm
Testing

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Cylinder110X220mm
Or160X320mm
Failure

August9th,2016

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Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

SamplingConditions:Concretesamplingcan
beatthebatchingplantorattheconstruction
site.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardCuringCondition
Concretespecimensareremovedfromthe
mouldsafter24hrs.
Then,samplesarestoredinthewaterorin
100%relativehumiditychamberat20Cfor
28daysatthelaboratory.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardCompressionTest
Pressureuniformityduringthecompressive
strengthtestisessential.
Endsofthespecimenmustbeflat&parallel
Grinding
CappingMaterial:Sulphurcapping,Gypsum
cappingandsoon.
Rubberpads

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide18 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardLoadingTest

Loadingrate:Around0.3Mpa/sec
(3kN/secforcubeor110mm
cylinder)

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide19 /67

MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardLoadingTest
Endrestrainedduetothefrication.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide20 /67

MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardLoadingTest
Endrestrainedduetothefrication.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Splittingwithcracksparalleltotheloading
+
FrictionalConesatbothendduetoend
restraint

August9th,2016

Slide21 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

StandardLoadingTest
Cubespecimensalsoshowthesimilarfailure
behaviour

Viso etal.,CementandConcrete
Research,Vol.38,2007

InAustralia:CylindertestsinaccordancewithAS1379
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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ConcreteinTension
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concreteismuchweakerinbendingor
tension.
Tensilestrengthisaround1/10of
compressivestrength.
ConcreteStructuresisnotmadetocarry
tension.
Accuratemeasurementofdirecttensile
strengthisverydifficultandtimeconsuming.
Assuchsurrogatetestsarefrequentlyused:
FlexuralStrength
SplitStrength.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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MeasurementofTensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concreteismuchweakerinbendingortension.
IndirectMethods
FlexuralStrength

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

SplittingStrength

Truetensilestrength
underpuretension
DirectTensile
Strength

Slide24 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

DirectTensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

DirectTensileStrengthissimpleintheory.
Theexperimentisextremelydifficulttoperform
becauseofthedifficultyingrippingtheendsofthe
specimen.Therepeatabilityisalsoverypoor.
Nostandardizedmethodhasbeendeveloped.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Thissplittingstrengthisthemostcommonly
usedduetothesamecylinderorcube
specimensforcompressiontestanddueto
theveryeasytestsetup.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Principaltensilestressesalongtheverticaldiameterare
uniformlydistributed.
SplittingStrength:

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide27 /67

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

RelationshipsbetweenSplittingstrengthand
CompressiveStrength

Xiaoetal,MaterialsandStructures,2006

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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FlexuralStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Flexuralstrengthisamoreidealmethodfor
determiningthetensilestrengthofconcrete
becauseitmatchesthereallifesituationin
reinforcedconcreteflexuralmembers.
But,thetestsetupismorecomplicatedthan
forsplittingtest.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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FlexuralStrength
CentrepointandThirdpoint(duetothe
loadingpointsistheonethirdofspan)

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

FlexuralStrength

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Thirdpointtesthasmuch
higherchancetorupture
becauseanysectionof1/3of
thebeamlengthcandevelop
criticalcrack.
August9th,2016

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10

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

FlexuralStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

RelationshipsbetweenFlexuralstrengthand
CompressiveStrength

Xiaoetal,MaterialsandStructures,2006
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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ElasticityofConcrete
Elasticmodulusisa
propertygenerally
used.
Generally,elastic
modulusisaslopeof
acurvedefinedina
specificrange(linear
elasticrange).

E,Typically20
to35Gpa

Stress

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Typically20
to45Mpa

Typically2000to
3000
30to40%ofcompressive
strength
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Strain
Slide32 /67

ElasticModulusofConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Needtomeasurethestrainduringthecompression
testinordertoobtaintheStressStrainCurve.
Generally,foratherangeinstress<(0.3~0.4)offc
(compressivestrength),thestressstraincurveis
almostlinear.ThemodulusofElasticityisassessedin
thisrange.20Gpa to35Gpa ofEforConcrete.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Eistheslopofthestress
straincurveinthelinear
elasticphase

August9th,2016

Slide33 /67

11

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

MeasurementofElasticModulus
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Secantmodulusisthemostcommon
measurementofelasticmodulus.

a:stresscorresponding1/3ofultimatestrength
a:strainproducedbya
b:0.5N/mm2
b:strainproducedbyb

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide34 /67

TensionandCompressionon
Loading
Notethestrengthin
tensionisabout
1/10th ofwhatitis
compression.
Elasticmodulusin
tensionand
compressionare
almostidentical

FromJ.Weiss

Stress(Mpa)

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

LatitudinalStrain()
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide35 /67

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

AggregatetypeandContent
CementtypeandFineness
Water/CementRatio
Admixtures
DegreeofCompaction
ExtentofCuring
Temperature
SizeofSpecimens

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide36 /67

12

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Effectofwater/cementratioandtime

After7days:70%ofthe28
dayscompressivestrength
isreached

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

Slide37 /67

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Effectofmaximumaggregatesize

NormalConcrete

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Influenceofmax.sizeof
aggregatebecomesignificant
whenincreasingwater
cementratio.

August9th,2016

Slide38 /67

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

EffectofAEAs:moreairsreducethestrength.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Leadstomoreporosityandto
strengthdecrease

August9th,2016

Slide39 /67

13

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

EffectofTemperature
Chemicalreactionslowsdownbydecreasingin
temperature
Highertemperatureincreaseintheearlystrengthbut
reducetheultimatestrength(stillnotclearwhy)

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Slide40 /67

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Effectofcuringconditions

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Slide41 /67

FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

EffectofSampleSize:SizeEffect
Intheclassicalelasticandplastictheory,the
strengthofmaterialisindependenttothe
dimensionofsample.
Variationofstrengthwithsizeofastructural
memberiscalledSizeEffect.

Typicalsizeofcylinder6inX12in
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

FromJ.Weiss
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14

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Concretechangesvolumeduetoexternal
stimuli appliedstress,changeinmoisture
ortemperature.
Inprecedingsection,westudiedthe
volumetricchangeswhenexternalforces
areappliedtoconcrete.
Volumechangeisoftenverycomplex,i.e.
reversible,irreversible,andtime
dependent.
Ifconcretewerefreetomove,itwouldnot
beaproblem.However,restraintcanresult
instressinconcreteandalsocracking.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

MostShrinkages inconcreteisthe
responsebehaviourforMoisture
PlasticShrinkage:Occursinfreshconcrete
whiletheconcreteisstillplastic(already
covered)
DryingShrinkage:Generally,Occursin
hardenedconcreteduetothelossof
water.
ChemicalShrinkage:Shrinkageduetothe
hydrationreactionofcement.
AutogenousShrinkage:Shrinkagewithout
temperaturechangeormoistureloss.Thisis
theresultofselfdesiccationshrinkageduring
hydration.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Thermalexpansions(orshrinkage):
Changeinlengthduetotemperature
change.Thishappensinnearlyall
materials.COTEforconcreteisaround8
12/C

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide45 /67

15

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Shrinkagethatiscausedbyphysicalloss
ofwaterduetodrying.
Likedriedfruits.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Dryingshrinkagecausedphysical
moistureloss(ormovement)inthe
hardenedconcrete.RecallPlastic
shrinkagewhichoccursinthefresh
concrete.
Dryingshrinkagecausesatensilestress
inconcreteandmayleadstocracks,
curling,andexternaldeflection.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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DryingShrinkage
Shrinkagestrain

TimeafterDrying

MeasuredShrinkage

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide48 /67

16

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

InfluenceofSpecimenSize
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Sizeandshapedeterminetherateofmoisture
lossandshrinkage.
Allsamples
eventuallyendup
atthesame
shrinkage.
Surfacetovolume
ratioisimportant.
Laboratory
shrinkageis
smallerthan
FromJ.Weiss
actualmaterialsor
structures.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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ShrinkageisaPasteProperty
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Higheramountofpasteresultsinhigher
dryingshrinkage.

FromJ.Weiss

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Shrinkagecandecreasebyminimizingwater
content.
Largeraggregates,sizeandvolumearebetter
forreducingdryingshrinkage.
Admixturesgenerallyhavelittleinfluence
otherthanShrinkageReducingAdmixture.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

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17

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

ChemicalShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Hydrationreactionreducesvolumeoforiginal
constitutesinvolvedinthereaction.
Volumeof(cement+
water)reactedduring
hydration

> Volumeofhydration
products

Inplasticcondition(4to6hrs):Macroscopic
Volumetriccontraction
Onceacertainrigidityofthesystemhas
developed,thecontractioninducedbythe
hydrationreactioncanformsvapourfilledvoids
(capillarypores).
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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ChemicalShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

ChemicalShrinkage:Thevolumereduction
associatedwiththehydrationreactionina
cementitiousmaterial.
Thisistheabsolutevolume(combined
volumeoftheliquidandsolidcomponents
afterhydration).
Apparentvolume
reduction(macroscopic)

Volumeofinternal
voids

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Absolutevolume
reduction

Slide53 /67

Autogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Autogenous Shrinkage:Amacrosopic volume


changeoccurringafterinitialsettingincases
ofrestrictedsupplyofoutsidewater.
Whilechemicalshrinkageisabsolutevolume
reductionduetothehydrationprocess,the
autogenous shrinkageisanexternalvolume
changeafterinitialset.
Selfdesiccationisthedrivingforceofthe
autogenous shrinkage.
Selfdesiccationisdefinedthereductionin
theinternalrelativehumidityofasealed
systemwhenemptyporesaregenerated.

Atcasting
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

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18

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
ChemicalShrinkage
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Water
Water
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Cement
Chemical
Cement
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Hy
Shrinkage
Creep Atcasting
Initialset
Summary

MacroscopicVolume
change

Water

Waterin
capillarypores

Cement

Unhydrated
cement

Voids
generatedby
hydration

Hy

Hydration
products

Cement

Afterhardening

Hy:hydrationproducts
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

Autogenous
Shrinkage

Voids
Volume
generated
by
hydration

Water

Hy

ChemicalShrinkage

Norestraint
Nomoisturesupply
ConstantTemperature

August9th,2016

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ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Beforesetting,macroscopicshrinkageisidenticaltothechemical
shrinkageasconcreteisfluid(noresistancetothevolumechange)
Afterinitialset,autogenousshrinkageincreasebuttheratebecome
veryslowsoonandtheamountofshrinkageisfarlessthanthe
chemicalshrinkageduetotherigidityofconcrete.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

August9th,2016

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ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

Closetoinitialset

August9th,2016

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19

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

Whendowestartmeasuringshrinkage?
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Typically,manystandardsrecommendto
measureshrinkageafterdemolding (24hours
aftercasting).
Why??Thisisconvenienttimeforpeopleto
demold.
However,itshouldbenotedthatconcrete
shrinkagestartsonceitcontactwithwater
andkeepcontinuingaftermixing.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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Whendowestartmeasuringshrinkage?
Substantialresearchisdevotedtoshrinkage
However,measurementsdonotalwaysbeginat
anearlyenoughage,especiallyforloww/c,high
strengthconcrete.
Newstandardsarebeingproposedtoaddress
this.
MeasuredShrinkage

TimeafterDrying

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

TimeafterDrying

MeasuredShrinkage

Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

August9th,2016

MeasuredShrinkage

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ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Shrinkageinducedcracksaresevere
problemsofconcretedurability.
Mostofshrinkageisaboutthewater
movement(physicallyorchemically).
Increasingtheusageofhigh
performanceconcrete(withloww/c)
raisestheconcernofautogenous
shrinkage.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide60 /67

20

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

Creep:TimeDependentEffect
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Whenconcreteissubjectedtoasustained
loadingincomposition,strainkeeps
increasingwithtime.Thisadditionaltime
dependentstrainiscalledCREEP.
P

Strain
CreepStrain
ElasticStrain

Time
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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CreepinConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Moistureplaysthemajorrole
CreepandShrinkageareinterrelated
sincetherearesimilarities
Manyofthefactorsthataffect
shrinkagealsoaffectcreep
Creepgenerallyincreasewhen:

w/cratioishigh
Highpastecontent
Highairentrainment
Lowrelativehumidity(acceleratingdrying)
Sustainedloadingoveralongperiod.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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CreepinConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Relaxation:Reductionofstressesover
timegeneratedinthematerialduetoa
sustaineddeformationorstrain.
InitialSpecimen

TensioninSpecimen
FullyRestrained
CreepEffect

FinalStressState

Strainduetocreep
(fictitious)

Stressisrelaxed.
FullyRestrained

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

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21

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

WhyisCreepImportant?
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Althoughtherearefewexceptions,the
timedependentdeformationof
concretenormallyhavelittleeffecton
safetyagainstcollapse.
But,timedependentdeformationplays
animportantroleinserviceabilityand
durabilityofstructuresandthusresults
inaproblemofenormousand
economicconsequences.

August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

CompressiveStrength:
Generally,themostimportantproperty
BrittleandDoctile
MeasurementofCompressiveStrength

TensileStrength:
Muchsmallerthanthecompressivestrength
Directtensilestrength,Splittingstrength,Flexural
Strength.

ElasticModulus:Secantmodulus,tangent
modulus
Factorsinfluencingmechanicalproperties.
August9th,2016

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

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Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

Whyshrinkageisimportant?
Ifconcretewerefreetomove,itwouldnotbea
problem.However,restraintcanresultinstressin
concreteandalsocracking

DryingShrinkage:Thevolumereduction
associatedwithphysicalwaterloss
ChemicalShrinkage:thevolumereduction
associatedwiththehydrationreactionsin
acementitiousmaterial
Autogenous Shrinkage:themacroscopic
volumereductionofaclosed,isothermal,
cementititousmaterialsystemnot
subjectedtoexternalforces.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide66 /67

22

Semester2,2016

CVEN3304ConcreteStructures

Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete

Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary

DryingShrinkage:
Importanceofsurfaceandvolumeratio
Importanceofrelativehumidity

Autogeneous Shrinkage:
Importanttobeginfromthetimeofset
Selfdesiccation(reduceinternalRH)

Creep:Timedependentdeformation
undersustainedloads.

CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:

LectureNotesbyT.Kim

August9th,2016

Slide67 /67

23

Semester2,2016

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