Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Introduction to
Concrete Materials
Lecture 3b: Fresh and Hardened Concrete II
By Taehwan Kim, Lecturer in the UNSW
08/08/2016 - 09/08/2016
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide1 /67
HardenedConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Fullycured,hardenedconcretemustbestrong
enoughtowithstandthestructuralandservice
loadwhichwillbeappliedtoit.
Mustbedurableenoughtowithstandthe
environmentalexposure
Thepropertiesofhardenedconcrete
dominateitsbehaviourinservice.
Inthissection,wewillfocusonMechanical
PropertiesandBehaviourofConcrete,
includingStrength,Shrinkage,andCreep.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide2 /67
MainMechanicalProperties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CompressiveStrength
TensileStrength
Elasticity
Creep
Shrinkage
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide3 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
StrengthandElasticProperties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CompressiveStrength
Elasticity
TensileStrength
Shrinkage
Creep
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide4 /67
Strength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Strength:theabilitytoresiststresswithout
failure.Althoughfailureissomething
identifiedwiththeappearanceofcracks,it
shouldbenotedthatunlikemoststructural
materialsconcretecontainsfinecrackseven
beforeitissubjecttoexternalstress.
Pmax isthemaximumloadappliedtothe
concretewithsurfaceA0.
UnitofmeasureistheMpa (=N/mm2)
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide5 /67
CompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CompressiveStrengthisthoughttobethe
mostimportantproperty(notalwaystrue)
CompressiveStrengthgivesanoverallpicture
ofthequalityofconcretebecausestrengthis
directlyrelatedtothestructureofthe
hydratedcementpaste.
Itiseasytomeasureanditcanberelatedto
otherproperties,includingelasticmodulus,
tensilestrengthandcapillaryporosity.
Thefailuremodeisbrittle,failureisreached
foralowlevelofstrain.But,thisisasimplified
concept.Concreteisactuallyquasibrittle.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide6 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
BrittleandDuctileBehavior
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Brittlefailure:Concrete,ceramic,coldmetals
Littleplasticdeformation
Crackpropagatesrapidlywithoutincreaseinappliedstress.
Ductilefailure:mostmetals
Accompaniedbysignificantplasticdeformation
Crackisstableandresistsfurtherextension.Itcanbe
stretched.
Typicalstressstrain
curveforbrittleand
ductilematerial
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide7 /67
TensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concretetensilestrengthisalotlowerthan
thecompressivestrength.
Manystructuraldesignassumesthatconcrete
cannotresisttensilestressfortheconservative
structuraldesign.
Reinforcementsisrequiredtocompensatethe
lowtensilestrengthandthebrittlebehaviour.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide8 /67
BehaviorinCompression
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concretebehaviourincompressionistheresultof
complexcompositebehaviour.
PasteandMortarismorebrittle.
Elasticresponseisonbetweenindividual
components
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Aggregate
Concrete
Paste
August9th,2016
Slide9 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
ConcreteinCompression
E,Typically20
Whencompressive
to35Gpa
stressisapplied
20to45Mpa
Rememberthatwe
frequentlyconsider
materialstobelinear
andelastic
However,essentially,
linearandelasticis
validuptoacertain
point.Afterthis
2000to3000
point,thebehaviour
iscomplex.
Strain
30to40%ofcompressive
Stress
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
strength
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide10 /67
ConcreteinCompression
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
FromJ.Weiss
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide11 /67
StrainStressCurveforConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Compressive
strength
Phase1:Stress<~(0.3to0.4)fc,linearelastic
behaviourwheretheelasticmodulusismeasured.
Phase2:Concretedamageoccur(Coalescenceof
microcracking attheITZ).UltimatestrengthwhenLarge
cracknetworkforms Nonlinearbehaviourduetothe
reductionoftheelasticmodulus.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide12 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
StrainStressCurveforConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Compressive
strength
Phase3:Postpeakbehaviour,crackspropagate,
loaddecreasebyincreasingstrains.
Phase4:Brittlefailureoccurringabout0.35%
(0.0035)strain.Verylowlevelofstresscompared
tosteelallowingabout5%ultimatestrain.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide13 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Compressivestrength(fc)ofconcreteis
definedasthefailureloadincompressionper
unitarea.
fc isinfluencedbyvariousfactorsincludinga
sizeofsample,curingmethod,age,andmix
proportions.
Itcanbemeasuredusingconcretecube,
cylinderspreparedandtestedinaspecific
mannerunderthestandardtestingcondition.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide14 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Preparationandcuring
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concretecylindersand
cubes
Cubes100mm
Testing
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Cylinder110X220mm
Or160X320mm
Failure
August9th,2016
Slide15 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
SamplingConditions:Concretesamplingcan
beatthebatchingplantorattheconstruction
site.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide16 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardCuringCondition
Concretespecimensareremovedfromthe
mouldsafter24hrs.
Then,samplesarestoredinthewaterorin
100%relativehumiditychamberat20Cfor
28daysatthelaboratory.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide17 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardCompressionTest
Pressureuniformityduringthecompressive
strengthtestisessential.
Endsofthespecimenmustbeflat¶llel
Grinding
CappingMaterial:Sulphurcapping,Gypsum
cappingandsoon.
Rubberpads
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide18 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardLoadingTest
Loadingrate:Around0.3Mpa/sec
(3kN/secforcubeor110mm
cylinder)
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide19 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardLoadingTest
Endrestrainedduetothefrication.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide20 /67
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardLoadingTest
Endrestrainedduetothefrication.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Splittingwithcracksparalleltotheloading
+
FrictionalConesatbothendduetoend
restraint
August9th,2016
Slide21 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
MeasureofCompressiveStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
StandardLoadingTest
Cubespecimensalsoshowthesimilarfailure
behaviour
Viso etal.,CementandConcrete
Research,Vol.38,2007
InAustralia:CylindertestsinaccordancewithAS1379
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide22 /67
ConcreteinTension
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concreteismuchweakerinbendingor
tension.
Tensilestrengthisaround1/10of
compressivestrength.
ConcreteStructuresisnotmadetocarry
tension.
Accuratemeasurementofdirecttensile
strengthisverydifficultandtimeconsuming.
Assuchsurrogatetestsarefrequentlyused:
FlexuralStrength
SplitStrength.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide23 /67
MeasurementofTensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concreteismuchweakerinbendingortension.
IndirectMethods
FlexuralStrength
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
SplittingStrength
Truetensilestrength
underpuretension
DirectTensile
Strength
Slide24 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
DirectTensileStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
DirectTensileStrengthissimpleintheory.
Theexperimentisextremelydifficulttoperform
becauseofthedifficultyingrippingtheendsofthe
specimen.Therepeatabilityisalsoverypoor.
Nostandardizedmethodhasbeendeveloped.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide25 /67
SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Thissplittingstrengthisthemostcommonly
usedduetothesamecylinderorcube
specimensforcompressiontestanddueto
theveryeasytestsetup.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide26 /67
SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Principaltensilestressesalongtheverticaldiameterare
uniformlydistributed.
SplittingStrength:
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide27 /67
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
SplittingStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
RelationshipsbetweenSplittingstrengthand
CompressiveStrength
Xiaoetal,MaterialsandStructures,2006
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide28 /67
FlexuralStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Flexuralstrengthisamoreidealmethodfor
determiningthetensilestrengthofconcrete
becauseitmatchesthereallifesituationin
reinforcedconcreteflexuralmembers.
But,thetestsetupismorecomplicatedthan
forsplittingtest.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide29 /67
FlexuralStrength
CentrepointandThirdpoint(duetothe
loadingpointsistheonethirdofspan)
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
FlexuralStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Thirdpointtesthasmuch
higherchancetorupture
becauseanysectionof1/3of
thebeamlengthcandevelop
criticalcrack.
August9th,2016
Slide30 /67
10
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
FlexuralStrength
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
RelationshipsbetweenFlexuralstrengthand
CompressiveStrength
Xiaoetal,MaterialsandStructures,2006
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide31 /67
ElasticityofConcrete
Elasticmodulusisa
propertygenerally
used.
Generally,elastic
modulusisaslopeof
acurvedefinedina
specificrange(linear
elasticrange).
E,Typically20
to35Gpa
Stress
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Typically20
to45Mpa
Typically2000to
3000
30to40%ofcompressive
strength
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Strain
Slide32 /67
ElasticModulusofConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Needtomeasurethestrainduringthecompression
testinordertoobtaintheStressStrainCurve.
Generally,foratherangeinstress<(0.3~0.4)offc
(compressivestrength),thestressstraincurveis
almostlinear.ThemodulusofElasticityisassessedin
thisrange.20Gpa to35Gpa ofEforConcrete.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Eistheslopofthestress
straincurveinthelinear
elasticphase
August9th,2016
Slide33 /67
11
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
MeasurementofElasticModulus
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Secantmodulusisthemostcommon
measurementofelasticmodulus.
a:stresscorresponding1/3ofultimatestrength
a:strainproducedbya
b:0.5N/mm2
b:strainproducedbyb
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide34 /67
TensionandCompressionon
Loading
Notethestrengthin
tensionisabout
1/10th ofwhatitis
compression.
Elasticmodulusin
tensionand
compressionare
almostidentical
FromJ.Weiss
Stress(Mpa)
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
LatitudinalStrain()
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide35 /67
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
AggregatetypeandContent
CementtypeandFineness
Water/CementRatio
Admixtures
DegreeofCompaction
ExtentofCuring
Temperature
SizeofSpecimens
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide36 /67
12
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Effectofwater/cementratioandtime
After7days:70%ofthe28
dayscompressivestrength
isreached
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide37 /67
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Effectofmaximumaggregatesize
NormalConcrete
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Influenceofmax.sizeof
aggregatebecomesignificant
whenincreasingwater
cementratio.
August9th,2016
Slide38 /67
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
EffectofAEAs:moreairsreducethestrength.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Leadstomoreporosityandto
strengthdecrease
August9th,2016
Slide39 /67
13
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
EffectofTemperature
Chemicalreactionslowsdownbydecreasingin
temperature
Highertemperatureincreaseintheearlystrengthbut
reducetheultimatestrength(stillnotclearwhy)
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide40 /67
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Effectofcuringconditions
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide41 /67
FactorsInfluencingMechanical
Properties
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
EffectofSampleSize:SizeEffect
Intheclassicalelasticandplastictheory,the
strengthofmaterialisindependenttothe
dimensionofsample.
Variationofstrengthwithsizeofastructural
memberiscalledSizeEffect.
Typicalsizeofcylinder6inX12in
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
FromJ.Weiss
Slide42 /67
14
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Concretechangesvolumeduetoexternal
stimuli appliedstress,changeinmoisture
ortemperature.
Inprecedingsection,westudiedthe
volumetricchangeswhenexternalforces
areappliedtoconcrete.
Volumechangeisoftenverycomplex,i.e.
reversible,irreversible,andtime
dependent.
Ifconcretewerefreetomove,itwouldnot
beaproblem.However,restraintcanresult
instressinconcreteandalsocracking.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide43 /67
VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
MostShrinkages inconcreteisthe
responsebehaviourforMoisture
PlasticShrinkage:Occursinfreshconcrete
whiletheconcreteisstillplastic(already
covered)
DryingShrinkage:Generally,Occursin
hardenedconcreteduetothelossof
water.
ChemicalShrinkage:Shrinkageduetothe
hydrationreactionofcement.
AutogenousShrinkage:Shrinkagewithout
temperaturechangeormoistureloss.Thisis
theresultofselfdesiccationshrinkageduring
hydration.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide44 /67
VolumetricDeformation
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Thermalexpansions(orshrinkage):
Changeinlengthduetotemperature
change.Thishappensinnearlyall
materials.COTEforconcreteisaround8
12/C
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide45 /67
15
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Shrinkagethatiscausedbyphysicalloss
ofwaterduetodrying.
Likedriedfruits.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide46 /67
DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Dryingshrinkagecausedphysical
moistureloss(ormovement)inthe
hardenedconcrete.RecallPlastic
shrinkagewhichoccursinthefresh
concrete.
Dryingshrinkagecausesatensilestress
inconcreteandmayleadstocracks,
curling,andexternaldeflection.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide47 /67
DryingShrinkage
Shrinkagestrain
TimeafterDrying
MeasuredShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide48 /67
16
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
InfluenceofSpecimenSize
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Sizeandshapedeterminetherateofmoisture
lossandshrinkage.
Allsamples
eventuallyendup
atthesame
shrinkage.
Surfacetovolume
ratioisimportant.
Laboratory
shrinkageis
smallerthan
FromJ.Weiss
actualmaterialsor
structures.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide49 /67
ShrinkageisaPasteProperty
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Higheramountofpasteresultsinhigher
dryingshrinkage.
FromJ.Weiss
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide50 /67
DryingShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Shrinkagecandecreasebyminimizingwater
content.
Largeraggregates,sizeandvolumearebetter
forreducingdryingshrinkage.
Admixturesgenerallyhavelittleinfluence
otherthanShrinkageReducingAdmixture.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
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17
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
ChemicalShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Hydrationreactionreducesvolumeoforiginal
constitutesinvolvedinthereaction.
Volumeof(cement+
water)reactedduring
hydration
> Volumeofhydration
products
Inplasticcondition(4to6hrs):Macroscopic
Volumetriccontraction
Onceacertainrigidityofthesystemhas
developed,thecontractioninducedbythe
hydrationreactioncanformsvapourfilledvoids
(capillarypores).
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
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ChemicalShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
ChemicalShrinkage:Thevolumereduction
associatedwiththehydrationreactionina
cementitiousmaterial.
Thisistheabsolutevolume(combined
volumeoftheliquidandsolidcomponents
afterhydration).
Apparentvolume
reduction(macroscopic)
Volumeofinternal
voids
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Absolutevolume
reduction
Slide53 /67
Autogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Atcasting
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide54 /67
18
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
ChemicalShrinkage
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Water
Water
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Cement
Chemical
Cement
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Hy
Shrinkage
Creep Atcasting
Initialset
Summary
MacroscopicVolume
change
Water
Waterin
capillarypores
Cement
Unhydrated
cement
Voids
generatedby
hydration
Hy
Hydration
products
Cement
Afterhardening
Hy:hydrationproducts
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Voids
Volume
generated
by
hydration
Water
Hy
ChemicalShrinkage
Norestraint
Nomoisturesupply
ConstantTemperature
August9th,2016
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ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Beforesetting,macroscopicshrinkageisidenticaltothechemical
shrinkageasconcreteisfluid(noresistancetothevolumechange)
Afterinitialset,autogenousshrinkageincreasebuttheratebecome
veryslowsoonandtheamountofshrinkageisfarlessthanthe
chemicalshrinkageduetotherigidityofconcrete.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
August9th,2016
Slide56 /67
ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
Closetoinitialset
August9th,2016
Slide57 /67
19
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
Whendowestartmeasuringshrinkage?
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Typically,manystandardsrecommendto
measureshrinkageafterdemolding (24hours
aftercasting).
Why??Thisisconvenienttimeforpeopleto
demold.
However,itshouldbenotedthatconcrete
shrinkagestartsonceitcontactwithwater
andkeepcontinuingaftermixing.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
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Whendowestartmeasuringshrinkage?
Substantialresearchisdevotedtoshrinkage
However,measurementsdonotalwaysbeginat
anearlyenoughage,especiallyforloww/c,high
strengthconcrete.
Newstandardsarebeingproposedtoaddress
this.
MeasuredShrinkage
TimeafterDrying
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
TimeafterDrying
MeasuredShrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
August9th,2016
MeasuredShrinkage
Slide59 /67
ChemicalandAutogenous Shrinkage
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Shrinkageinducedcracksaresevere
problemsofconcretedurability.
Mostofshrinkageisaboutthewater
movement(physicallyorchemically).
Increasingtheusageofhigh
performanceconcrete(withloww/c)
raisestheconcernofautogenous
shrinkage.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide60 /67
20
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
Creep:TimeDependentEffect
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Whenconcreteissubjectedtoasustained
loadingincomposition,strainkeeps
increasingwithtime.Thisadditionaltime
dependentstrainiscalledCREEP.
P
Strain
CreepStrain
ElasticStrain
Time
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
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CreepinConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Moistureplaysthemajorrole
CreepandShrinkageareinterrelated
sincetherearesimilarities
Manyofthefactorsthataffect
shrinkagealsoaffectcreep
Creepgenerallyincreasewhen:
w/cratioishigh
Highpastecontent
Highairentrainment
Lowrelativehumidity(acceleratingdrying)
Sustainedloadingoveralongperiod.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide62 /67
CreepinConcrete
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Relaxation:Reductionofstressesover
timegeneratedinthematerialduetoa
sustaineddeformationorstrain.
InitialSpecimen
TensioninSpecimen
FullyRestrained
CreepEffect
FinalStressState
Strainduetocreep
(fictitious)
Stressisrelaxed.
FullyRestrained
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide63 /67
21
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
WhyisCreepImportant?
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Althoughtherearefewexceptions,the
timedependentdeformationof
concretenormallyhavelittleeffecton
safetyagainstcollapse.
But,timedependentdeformationplays
animportantroleinserviceabilityand
durabilityofstructuresandthusresults
inaproblemofenormousand
economicconsequences.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide64 /67
Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
CompressiveStrength:
Generally,themostimportantproperty
BrittleandDoctile
MeasurementofCompressiveStrength
TensileStrength:
Muchsmallerthanthecompressivestrength
Directtensilestrength,Splittingstrength,Flexural
Strength.
ElasticModulus:Secantmodulus,tangent
modulus
Factorsinfluencingmechanicalproperties.
August9th,2016
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
Slide65 /67
Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
Whyshrinkageisimportant?
Ifconcretewerefreetomove,itwouldnotbea
problem.However,restraintcanresultinstressin
concreteandalsocracking
DryingShrinkage:Thevolumereduction
associatedwithphysicalwaterloss
ChemicalShrinkage:thevolumereduction
associatedwiththehydrationreactionsin
acementitiousmaterial
Autogenous Shrinkage:themacroscopic
volumereductionofaclosed,isothermal,
cementititousmaterialsystemnot
subjectedtoexternalforces.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide66 /67
22
Semester2,2016
CVEN3304ConcreteStructures
Lecture3b:PropertiesofHardenedConcrete
Summary
Hardened
Concrete
Strengthand
Elastic
Properties
Compression
Tension
Elasticity
Influencing
Factors
Shrinkage
Drying
Shrinkage
Chemical
Shrinkage
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Creep
Summary
DryingShrinkage:
Importanceofsurfaceandvolumeratio
Importanceofrelativehumidity
Autogeneous Shrinkage:
Importanttobeginfromthetimeofset
Selfdesiccation(reduceinternalRH)
Creep:Timedependentdeformation
undersustainedloads.
CVIE3304ConcreteStructureLecture3:
LectureNotesbyT.Kim
August9th,2016
Slide67 /67
23
Semester2,2016