CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
A Project Report

Submitted by

SAPTARSHI HORE
IN

CHEMISTRY
AT

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO,1,SEC-30,GANDHINAGAR

2016-17

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Saptarshi Hore of Grade
XII,Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1,Sec-30,GNR has
satisfactorily completed the project in CHEMISTRY on
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL
ANTACIDS in the year 2016-17.

Signature of the
Candidate

Signature of the
Principal

Signature of the
Teacher In-Charge

Signature of the
External Examiner

COMP
ARTIVI
VE
STUDY
OF
COMM
ERCIA
L
ANATC
IDS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The enduring pages of the work are the cumulative sequence of extensive guidance
and arduous work. I wish to acknowledge and express my personal gratitude to all
those without whom this project could not have been reality.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to our principal,
Mr.V.P Mishra for providing us with state of the art laboratories and infrastructure
and also providing her valuable suggestions and feedback, which were
instrumental in shaping up the project work. Without her help, this project would
remain unaccomplished.
I would like to sincerely thank our chemistry faculty Mrs. Meena Nair for
spending their precious time with us enhancing our knowledge regarding
project.Their help is unforgettable as this project is built on the concepts that they
have taught us. They always motivated us and ensured that we were on the right
track.
My heartfelt thanks to my parents and other family members who have constantly
motivated and supported me during the making of this project work.
This project would be incomplete without thanking my peers who always lent a
helping hand and showed true spirit of unity and friendship.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the authors and publishers of
the books and managements of the websites, we referredto(as in Bibliography), for
having provided us with us valuable information.
Signature of the student

Abbreviations

Expansions

pH

Power of hydrogen ion

GERD
N/10

Gastric esophageal reflux disease

Ml

Milliliters

OTC

Over the counter

H-2

Histamine-2

Aq

aqueous

HOMO

Highest occupied molecular orbit

LUMO

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit

0.1 normal

ABBREVIATIONS

Chemical formulae

Expansions

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

NaOH

Sodium hydroxide

Na2CO3

Sodium carbonate

H3O+/H+

Hydronium ion

H2SO4

Sulphuric aid

HSO4-

Bisulphate ion

Cl-

Chloride ion

H2 O

Water

OH-

Hydroxyl ion

INDEX
Serial No.

CONTENT

PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION

II

OBJECTIVE

III

THEORY

IV

MATERIALS
REQUIRED

13

PROCEDURE

15

VI

PRECAUTIONS

19

VII

OBSERVATIONS

21

VIII

RESULT

24

IX

SUMMARY

25

BIBLIOGRAPHY

26

INTRODUCTION
It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of complex reactions
within the body which constitute digestion and metabolism. These reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes which are very specific in their action and can function
properly only when the pH of the medium is within a specific range.
Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while others operate only in
weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter category of enzymes are the enzymes that
control the digestion of proteins present in the food as it reaches the stomach. In
the stomach, dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted and it provides mildly acidic
conditions required for the functioning of protein digesting enzymes in the
stomach.
Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5
and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCl). It is produced by cells lining
the stomach, which are coupled to systems to increase acid production when
needed.
Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to buffer the acid, ensuring the pH
does not drop too low (acid reduces pH). Also cells in the beginning of the small
intestine, or duodenum, produce large amounts of bicarbonate to completely
neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive tract. The
bicarbonate-secreting cells in the stomach also produce and secrete mucus. Mucus

forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the
stomach.

However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCl. This leads to
a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This condition can also be triggered by
the intake of to much food or highly spiced food. This, in turn, makes the stomach
lining cells to secrete more acid resulting in Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute
discomfort due to indigestion.
To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally anti - acids, have
been developed. Antacids are commercial products that neutralize the excess acid
in the stomach providing a sensation of relief to the person. The action of antacids
is based on the fact that a base can neutralize an acid forming salt and water.
Common antacids satisfy the condition right amount of alkali that can neutralize
the acid. If the content of alkali in the antacid is too high, no doubt acidity is
relieved, but itll create alkaline conditions that makes the digestive enzymes
ineffective.
To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in a specific range, many
substances are added to the antacids.

Working of Antacids

IftheantacidcontainsNaHCO3thenthereactionsthatoccur
inthestomachare:
+

Na +HCO3- +H+ +ClH2CO3

NaCl+H2CO3
H2O+CO2

The excess Na+ and HCO3-ions are absorbed by the walls of the small intestines as
the food passes through
The H2CO3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to form water and
carbon dioxide gas.

Types of Antacids

 Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and Others): Sodium

bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best-known of
the sodium-containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name
suggests, it is high in sodium. If you're on a salt-restricted diet, and
especially if the diet is intended to treat high blood pressure (hypertension),
take a sodium-containing antacid only under a doctor's orders.
Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac and Others):Antacids in the
form of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and fastacting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six times per
week) can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this product may
clog your kidneys and cut down the amount of blood they can process.
Extended use of calcium antacids can also cause kidney stones.

Magnesium Antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelusil and

Others):Magnesium salts come in many forms -- carbonate, glycinate,
hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. Magnesium has a mild
laxative effect; it can cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are
rarely used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but are combined
with aluminum, which counteracts the laxative effect. (The brand names
listed above all contain magnesium-aluminum combinations.) Like calcium,
magnesium may cause kidney stones if taken for a prolonged period,
especially if the kidneys are functioning improperly to begin with. A serious
magnesium overload in the bloodstream (hypermagnesaemia) can also
cause blood pressure to drop, leading to respiratory or cardiac depression -- a
potentially dangerous decrease in lung or heart function.
Aluminum Antacids (Rolaids, ALternaGEL, Amphojel and Others): Salts
of aluminum (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can also cause
constipation. For these reasons, aluminum is usually used in combination
with the other three primary ingredients. Used heavily over an extended
period, antacids containing aluminum can weaken bones, especially in
people who have kidney problems. Aluminum can cause dietary phosphates,

calcium, and fluoride to leave the body, eventually causing bone problems
such as osteomalacia or osteoporosis.

Side effects
Calcium: Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium
diets, can cause milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be
fatal.
Carbonate: Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may
result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical
reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon
dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be well tolerated.
Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to headaches and decreased muscle
flexibility.
Aluminum hydroxide: May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminiumphosphate-complexes, with a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia.
Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation
may occur mainly in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminiumcontaining drugs often cause constipation and are neurotoxic.

 Magnesium
hydroxide: Has laxative properties.
Magnesium
may
accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypermagnesaemia, with
cardiovascular and neurological complications.
Sodium: increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial
hypertension, heart failure and many renal diseases.
Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a few of the common
terms used to describe digestive upset. Self-diagnosis of indigestion does
carry some risk because the causes can vary from a minor dietary
indiscretion to a peptic ulcer.
The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may mimic those of a
heart attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A bleeding ulcer can be life
threatening.
GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are treated much more
aggressively since both, if untreated, could lead to esophageal or stomach
cancer.
It is primarily for this reason that the H2 blockers including cimetidine
(Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine (Zantac), and the proton
pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole (Prilosec) were made OTC.

These drugs stop production of stomach acid and provide longer lasting
relief but they do not neutralize any stomach acid already present in the
stomach.

Problems with reduced stomach acidity

Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and
absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH
of the stomach normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the
vulnerability to infection. It could also result in the reduced bioavailability
of some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of ketocanazole (anti-fungal)
is reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content).

Over usage of antacids naturally have side-effects. As with anything in life, it must
be used in moderation. The following flowchart elucidates very clearly.

II.OBJECTIVE
This project aims at analyzing some of the commercial antacids to
determine which one of them is the most effective by conducting a
quantitative analysis.
Motives behind selecting this research project:
Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization, plays a very
important role. There are various product options available for
consumers to choose from. Different manufacturers selling their
products, attempting to sway public opinion in their favor, marketing
their products regardless of their effectiveness in functionality. Hence
it becomes the consumers right to experiment and know the most
effective, efficient, and value for money product. There are various
methods to conclude that a product out of all the given competitors is
the best. Experimental research is the most rational and convincing
one of those methods. The result of this analysis could be used to
inform oneself as to which antacid is the best and provides best relief.
Apart from the economic perspective, the titrations that are conducted
as a part of this experiment is in itself an attracting aspect. The
prospect of making color changing solutions, the thrill of chemical
reactions, and conducting them with accuracy is probably the most
interesting part of titrations and the whole project.

III.THEORY
Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization.
i.e. HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid (proton donor) or a
hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH from the base (proton acceptor)
react together to form a water molecule H2O. In the process, a salt is also formed
when the anion from acid and the cation from base react together. Neutralization
reactions are generally classified as exothermic since heat is released into the
surroundings.
Acids are proton donors which convert into conjugated bases. They are generally
pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be produced in
solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common
examples. In water, these break apart into ions:
HCl H+(aq) + Cl(aq) OR
H2SO4 H+(aq) + HSO4(aq)

Bases are proton acceptors which convert into conjugated acids. They are generally
substances which contain hydroxide ion (OH) or produce it in solution. Alkalis
are the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a metal from group 1 or 2 of the
periodic table. To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into ions
as below:
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide
(KOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
Antacids are generally bases.
Explanation of action of neutralization of antacids :
The Lewis definition of acid-base reactions is a donation mechanism, which
conversely attributes the donation of electron pairs from bases and the acceptance
by
acids.
Ag + + 2 :NH3 [H3N :Ag: NH3]+
(A silver cation reacts as an acid with ammonia which acts as an electron-pair
donor, forming an ammonia-silver adduct)
In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the formation of an adduct
whenthe highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such as NH3

withavailable lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the electrondeficientmolecule's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)through a coordinate covalent bond; in such a reaction, the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as
a base, and the LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an acid. In highly-polar
molecules, such as boron trifluoride (BF3), the most electronegative element pulls
electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a more positive charge on the lesselectronegative element and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial
or equatorial orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive
effects from lone pair-bonding pair (Lp-Bp) interactions between bonded atoms in
excess of those already provided by bonding pair-bonding pair (Bp-Bp)
interactions.

Determination of concentrations of substances in neutralization:

The experimental method about neutralization is the acid-base titration. An acidbase titration is a method that allows quantitative analysis of the concentration of
an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that
occurs between acids and bases, and that we know how acids and bases will react
if we know their formula.
Before starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be chosen. In this project,
phenolphthalein is chosen. The endpoint of the reaction, the point at which all the
reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of the
acid and base used. The pH of the endpoint can be estimated using the following
rules:
A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH=7) solution.
A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH<7) solution.
A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic (pH>7) solution.
Phenolphthalein is used to determine the end point of the titration which indicates
complete neutralization. In the presence of, an acid solution is colourless, a basic
solution is very dark pink, and a neutral solution is very pale pink. At this point the
solution is very slightly basic, with a negligible amount of excess NaOH. By
keeping track of exactly how much NaOH is needed to complete the neutralization
process, the amount of HCl originally neutralized by the antacid can be calculated.

The difference between the number of moles of HCl initially added to the antacid
and the number of moles of HCl neutralized by the NaOH during the titration is the
number of moles neutralized by the antacid. Several antacids will be tested and the
relative strengths of each will be compared.
Nature of phenolphthalein:
Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20 H14 O4. It is
insoluble in water, and is usually dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments. It is
itself a weak acid, which can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein
molecule is colorless. However, the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is
added to the phenolphthalein,the molecule ions equilibrium shifts to the right,
leading to more ionization as H+ ions are removed. This is predicted by Le
Chatelier's principle.
++++++++++++++++++++++ HYPOTHESIS+++++++++++++++++++++++++
Our hypothesis is that the greater proportion of the active ingredient with
stronger base in an antacid tablet will have the greater neutralizing power.
And thus, it will be more effective to cure upset stomach.

IV.MATERIALS REQUIRED
Thefollowingwerethematerialsrequiredfortheproject:

a.Apparat
us:
1. Burette(50ml)
2. Pipette(20ml)
3. ConicalFlasks(250ml)
4. MeasuringCylinder(10ml)
5. Beakers(100ml)
6. StandardFlasks(100ml)
7. FilterPaper
8. Funnel
9. BunsenBurner

10.Weighingmachine
11.Clean&glazedwhitetile
12.GlassRod
13.Water
14.Crusher
b.Chemicals:
1. NaOHpowder
2. Na2CO3powder
3. 10Mconc.HClacid
4. Fourdifferentbrandsofantacids
5. Phenolpthalein
6. MethylOrange

Na2CO3Powder

NaOHPowder

Antacids
Solution

10MHClSolution

Phenolpthalein

V.PROCEDURE
1. Firstprepareapproximately1litreofapproximatelyN/10solutionof
HClbydiluting10mlofthegiven10MHClacid to1litre.

Approx.1L
H2 O

1L-0.1MHCl

10ml-10MHCl

2. Nextprepare1litreofapprox.N/10NaOHsolutionbydissolving4.0gof
NaOHpowderto make1litreofsolution.

4.0gNaOH
Approx.1L H2 O

1L-0.1MHCl

3. SimilarlyprepareN/10Na2CO3solutionbyweighing
exactly1.325gofanhydrousNa2CO3andthendissolvingitinwatertoprepareexactly0
.25Lor250mlofNa2CO3solution.

4. Now,standardizetheHClsolutionbytitratingitagainst thestandard
Na2CO3solutionusingmethylorangeasindicator.

Burette:0.1NHCl
Flask:
0.1NNa2CO3+ MethylOrange

5.
SimilarlystandardizetheNaOHsolutionbytitratingitagainststandardizedHClsolutio
nusingphenolopthaleinasindicator.Stopthetitration when
thepinkcolorofthesolutiondisappears.

Burette: 0.1NHCl
Flas k:0.1NNaOH+
Phenolpthalien

6.Now,powderthefourantacidsamplesandweigh0.5gofeach.

1.0g

7.Add25mlofthestandardisedHCltoeachoftheweighedsamplestakeninconicalflasks.
Makesurethattheacidisinslightexcess
sothatneutraliseallthebasiccharacterofthetabletpowder.

25ml0.1NHCl

8.Addafewdropsofphenolpthaleinindicatorandwarmtheflaskoverabunsenburnertillm
ostofthepowderdissolves.

9. Filtertheinsolublematerial.

10.Titratethissolutionagainst
thestandardisedNaOHsolution,tillapermanentpinkishtingeinsobtained.

11.Repeatthesameexperimentforallothersamplestoo.

VI.PRECAUTIONS
1. Avoid touching the antacid with your fingers.
2. Be careful not to lose any solid when crushing the antacid tablet.
3. Avoid touching hot surfaces when working near the hot plate and be
cautious when transporting heated solutions.
4. The hot plate should not be left unattended .
5. Dilute HCl and NaOH were corrosive and can damage your eyes and
cause skin irritation.
6. The burette must be rinsed out with NaOH before use to prevent dilution
of the solution.
7. It should be made sure that there were no air bubbles in the burette tips.
8. Burette readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
9. Sodium hydroxide should be removed from the burette as soon as
possible after the titration. It was because NaOH is corrosive and it
reacted with carbon dioxide in the air to form sodium carbonate which
was a white solid and clogged the tip of the burette easily.
10.Rinse all apparatus thoroughly using Distilled water. Any residual
chemicals could cause variations in pH readings.

11.Tap on the weighing machine after it shows required value to confirm a

precise reading
12.Pipette out the solutions carefully as it is possible to accidentally ingest
the solution.

VII.OBSERVATIONS
Standardisation of HCl solution:
Volume of 0.1N Na2CO3 taken = 20 ml
Indicator used = Methyl Orange
SERIA
L
No.

BURETTE READINGS
INITIAL READING
FINAL READING

1.
2.

0
18

17
35

Applying normality equation,

N1 V1 = N2 V2
(acid)
(base)

Normality of HCl,

N1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
N1= 2/17 = 0.11 0.1

Standardization of NaOH Solution:

Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml
Indicator used = Phenolphthalein

VOLUME OF
ACID USED
(ml)
17
17

SERIA
L
No.

BURETTE READINGS
INITIAL READING
FINAL READING

1.
2.

0
17

VOLUME OF
ACID USED
(ml)

16
33

Volume of acid used = 16 ml

Applying normality equation,
N1 V1 = N2 V2
(acid)
(base)
0.11 x 16 = N2 x 20
Normality of HCl, N2 = (0.11*16)/20 = 0.09 0.1
Analysis of antacid tablets:

Weight of the antacid tablet powder

Volume of HCl solution added
Volume of sample solution taken

= 0.5 g
= 30 ml
= 20 ml

for titration
ANTACID

VOLUME OF (NaOH) USED

FOR NEUTRALIZING
UNUSED (HCL)

1.Eno Pineapple

29

2. Eno Lemon

24

3.Digene Lime

4.Omez

24

5. Pephyrous

40

6. Gelusil

22

16
16

VIII.RESULT

 1g of Eno Pineapple required 29 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to

titrate it completely.
1 g of Eno Lemon required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution
to titrate it completely.
1 g of Digene lime required 9 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate
it.
1 g of Omez required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
1 g of Pephyrous required 40 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate
it completely.
1 g of Gelusil required 22 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to titrate it
completely.
Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which requires the least
amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the best antacid. From the recorded
observation, Digene requires the least (5 ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.

IX.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Antacids play a very important role in relieving many patients suffering from
gastric hyperacidity, commonly referred to as gastritis. This project was
undertaken to analyze the best commercially available antacid according to the
amount of hydrochloric acid they could neutralize.
After exploring many books and websites to find out more about antacids, we
were clear of its role and its applications. We started our project by powdering
the various antacid samples and making sure that the apparatus were clean.
Later we standardized various solutions and prepared N/10 HCl solution and
N/10 NaOH solution. This was done by titrating various solutions and using the
respective indicators.
The powdered antacid samples weighing 1 gram each was each added to 30 ml
of the standardized solution of HCl in separate conical flasks. These solutions
were later titrated with the standardized NaOH and the readings were noted.
These readings were helpful in deciding the amount of HCl that each antacid
could neutralize.
Various antacids could neutralize a specific amount of the acid. pephyrous was
the poorest among all antacids. Eno pineapple had a slightly higher alkaline
nature while Eno lemon and Omez proved to neutralize to same amount .
Gelusil had a higher concentration of the base. Digene had the highest basic
character!
Thus, on the basis of the experiment conducted, it was adjudged that Digene
was the best commercially available antacid.

X.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:

http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/csustan/antacid

http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/genchemlabs/Antacid/antacid2.htm

http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm

http://www.images.google.com

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com

Books
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII