Homework 4

CNT 4007
Fall 2016
Dr. Bahman Motlagh
Data and Computer Communication
Andrew. Ibrahim
1. System A consists of a single ring with 100 stations, one per repeater. System B
consists of four 25 stations rings linked by a bridge. If the probability of a link failure

P,

P,

is 1 a repeater failure is r and a bridge failure is Pb, derive an expression for parts
(a) to (e). 50 points
a) Probability of failure of system A.
b) Probability of complete failure of system B.
c) Probability that a particular station will find the network unavailable, for
systems A and B.
d) Probability that any two stations selected at random will be unable to
communicate for systems A and B.
e) Compare values of parts (a) to (d) for

P1= Pb = Pr = 10 -2.

a. Probability of failure of System a (PA) is the probability that either a link or a station in the
system A fails. PA = 1 P(A).
Probability that all links and repeaters work correctly is: [1-Pr] ^100 * [1 P l] ^100.
Result: PA = 1 ([1 Pr] ^100) * ([1 Pl] ^100)

b. System B fails completely when all the 4 rings fail. From above equation, Probability of one ring
failing in system B is: PB = 1 ([1 Pr] ) x ([1 Pl] )
Thus the probability of a complete system failure
= (PB) ^ 4
1 ([1 Pr] ^25) * ([1 Pl] ^25)

c. In system A, if the network fails, a particular station will find the network unavailable.
P(A station finds network unavailable) =
1 ([1 Pr]^100) * ([1 Pl ]^100)
A particular station in system B will find the network unavailable if its local ring
fails. Thus P(B station finds network unavailable) = 1 ([1 Pr]^25) * ([1 Pl ]^25)

d. Probability that any two stations will be unable to communicate:

Pr[Any two stations will be unable communicate ] = Pr[System A fails] =
1 ([1 Pr]^100) * ([1 Pl ]^100)

E represents the event that the two stations are unable to communicate.
L represents the event that the stations are local.
R represents the event that the stations are remote.

Pr[E ] = (Pr[E | L ] x Pr[L]) + (Pr[E | R ] x Pr[R])

Pr[E | L ] = Pr[local ring failed ] = 1 ([1 Pr] 25) x ([1 Pl]25 )
P [L ] = 4x (25C2)
(100C2)
Different rings communicate if the two rings are available and the bridge is available.
Probability:
P = (1 Pb ) x ([1 Pr]25[1 Pl ] 25 ) 2
Therefore: Pr [E | R] = 1 P
Pr[R ] = 1 P [L ]
Pr[E].

e.

Values of parts (a) and (b) for P 1= Pb = P r= 10

-2
-2
From (a) Pr [A fails] = 1-(1-0.001 ) 100 x (1-0.001 ) 100 = -10
From (b) Pr [A fails] = [1-(1-0.001 -2 ) 100 x (1-0.001 -2) 25] x 3 = -7.5

2. We send a frame of 256 bits. If the probability that a bit changes in transmission is
0.001 and each bit is independent. 30 points
a. What is the probability that exactly 6 bits change?
b. What is the probability of no bits changing?

Given frame of 256 bits, a Bit change in transmission is:

0.001 = P
a. Probability that exactly 6 bit change:
6

P= c (256, 6) P x (1-P) 25
0

= 5.74

Probability that exactly 6 bits change: P(6) = C(256,6) x 0.001

25

x (1-0.001)

=> P(6) = (256 x 255 x 254 x 253 x 252 x 251)/(1 x 2 x 3x 4 x5 x 6) x 0.001 x

250

0.999

= 2.87 x 10

6
0

256

b. Probability of no bit changing, P(0) = C(256,0) x 0.001 x (1-0.001)

256
= Probability of no bit changing:
0
25
P= c (256,0) P x (1-P)
= 0.77

1x1x0.999

C(256,0) taken as 1.

3. If a Signal with a power level of 40 mW is inserted onto a transmission line and the
measured power some distance away is 10 mW, calculate the loss of signal strength is
decibels. 20 points
Power loss in dB = 10 x log(10) = -6.0206 dB (-ve sign means loss).
40

in
= 10 log ( P
DB
out
P

P = 40mW (given)
in

= 10mW (given)
out

Substituting the values:

L
= 10 log (40)
DB
10

=> 10 log (4)

=> 10 (0.602) => 6.02 dB

Loss of signal strength = 6.02dB