Chapter 2:
Fluid Statics
Contents
2.1.
Objectives ..................................................................................................................2
2.2.
Pressure ......................................................................................................................2
2.2.1.
Fluid pressure at a point.....................................................................................2
2.2.2.
Pascal law...........................................................................................................3
2.2.3.
Equation for the variation of pressure vertically in a fluid under gravity..........6
2.2.4.
Equal level-equal pressure principle..................................................................7
2.3.
Pressure measurements ..............................................................................................8
2.3.1.
Type of pressure measurement devices .............................................................8
2.3.1.1.
Manometers................................................................................................8
2.3.1.2.
Mechanical gauges.....................................................................................9
2.3.2.
Piezometer..........................................................................................................9
2.3.3.
U-tube manometer ...........................................................................................10
2.3.4.
Single column manometer ...............................................................................13
2.3.4.1.
Vertical single column manometer ..........................................................13
2.3.4.2.
Inclined single column manometer..........................................................15
2.3.5.
U-tube differential manometer.........................................................................17
2.3.6.
Inverted U-tube manometer .............................................................................18
2.3.7.
Multiple-fluid manometer................................................................................20
2.3.8.
Bourdon gage ...................................................................................................23
2.4.
Static forces on surfaces...........................................................................................25
2.4.1.
Assumptions.....................................................................................................25
2.4.2.
Definitions........................................................................................................25
2.4.2.1.
Total pressure...........................................................................................25
2.4.2.2.
Centre of pressure ....................................................................................25
2.4.3.
Forces on plane surfaces ..................................................................................26
2.4.3.1.
Schematic diagram...................................................................................26
2.4.3.2.
Pressure diagram......................................................................................26
2.4.3.3.
Total pressure (resultant force) ................................................................27
2.4.3.4.
Centre of pressure ....................................................................................27
2.4.3.5.
Case: Vertical plane surfaces ( = 90) ...................................................29
2.4.3.6.
Case: Horizontal plane surfaces ( = 0) .................................................30
2.4.4.
Forces on curved surfaces................................................................................39
2.4.4.1.
Schematic diagram...................................................................................39
2.4.4.2.
Total pressure (resultant force) ................................................................39
2.4.4.3.
Geometric properties of some basic plane surfaces.................................45
2.5.
Buoyancy .................................................................................................................46
2.5.1.
Buoyancy .........................................................................................................46
2.5.2.
Centre of buoyancy ..........................................................................................46
2.6.
Problems ..................................................................................................................48
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wirachman Wisnoe
1/13/2010
Page 2-1
2.1. Objectives
After completing this chapter students should be able to:
Define the intensity of pressure of a point in a fluid and prove that it acts in all
direction equally.
2.2. Pressure
2.2.1. Fluid pressure at a point
p=
dF
dA
Page 2-2
If the force is uniformely distributed over the area, the pressure is said to be
uniform.
p=
F
A
1 N/m = 1 Pa
1 atm = 101300 Pa
1 bar = 105 Pa
Page 2-3
dx
cos
Equilibrium in x direction
+
Fx = 0
Fx Fs sin = 0
Fx = Fs sin
p x dydz = ps dy
p x dz = ps dx tan
p x dz = ps dx
p x = ps
dx
sin
cos
dz
dx
Page 2-4
Equilibrium in z direction
Fz = 0
Fz Fs cos = 0
Fz = Fs cos
p z dxdy = ps dy
p z dxdy = ps dydx
p z = ps
dx
cos
cos
Thus,
p x = p z = ps
Conclusion
px = p y = pz
Page 2-5
where
dF1 = pdA
dF2 = ( p + dp )dA
dW = element of volume g = gdzdA
dp = gdz
p2
p1
dp =
z2
z1
gdz
z2
z1
dz = g ( z2 z1 )
Page 2-6
From this equation, it can be seen that if point 2 is higher than point 1
(or z2 > z1), p2 - p1 will be negative, or p2 is lower than p1.
p1dA = p2dA
p1 = p2
Page 2-7
Case different vessels containing the same fluid with same level
p1 = p2 = p3 = gh
Page 2-8
Devices used for measuring pressure by balancing the fluid column with a
spring or dead weight.
2.3.2. Piezometer
It consists of a single vertical tube, open at the top, inserted into a pipe or
vessel containing liquid under pressure. If the top of the tube is open to the
atmosphere, the pressure measured is gauge pressure.
pA pB = g ( zA zB ) = g ( h) = gh
Page 2-9
Pressure gauge at A
pA (gauge) = pA patm
patm = pB
pA (gauge) = gh
pA = patm + pA (gauge)
pA = patm + gh
pA pC
= ( pA pB1 ) + ( pB1 pC )
= 1g ( zA zB1 ) 2 g ( zB1 zC )
= 1gh1 2 g ( h2 ) = 1gh1 + 2 gh2
Pressure gauge at A
pA (gauge) = pA patm
patm = pC
pA (gauge) = 1gh1 + 2 gh2
Page 2-10
Absolute pressure at A
pA = patm + pA (gauge)
pA = patm 1gh1 + 2 gh2
Example No. 2 - 1
The right limb of a simple U-tube manometer containing mercury is open to the
atmosphere while the left limb is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of specific
gravity 0.9 is flowing. The centre of the pipe is 12 cm below the level of mercury
in the right limb. The difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 20 cm. The
specific gravity of mercury is 13.6. Determine the gauge pressure of fluid in the
pipe.
Solution
Schematic diagram
Specific gravity
S liquid =
liquid
water
0.9 =
1
1000
1
1000
1 = 900 kg/m 3
Page 2-11
S mercury =
13.6 =
1000
2
1000
2 = 13600 kg/m 3
Gauge pressure at A
p A (gauge) = p A p atm
p atm = p C
Example No. 2 - 2
Consider the U-tube manometer as shown. Give expression for difference of
pressure between A and B2.
Page 2-12
Solution
Page 2-13
Let X - X be the datum line when the manometer is not connected to the
pipe.
Let Y - Y be the datum line when the manometer is connected to the pipe.
= 1g ( zA zY ) 2 g ( zY zatm )
= 1g (h1 + h) 2 g ( (h2 + h) )
= 1g (h1 + h) + 2 g (h2 + h)
Gauge pressure at A
pA (gauge) = pA patm
A h = a h2
a
h =
a
h 0
A
Absolute pressure at A
pA = patm + pA (gauge)
pA = patm + 2 g (h2 + h) 1g (h1 + h)
Page 2-14
Due to inclination, the distance moved by the liquid in the limb will be
more.
h2 = L sin
Gauge pressure at A
pA (gauge) = pA patm
Absolute pressure at A
pA = patm + pA (gauge)
Example No. 2 - 3
A single column manometer using mercury of specific gravity 13.6 is connected
to a pipe containing a liquid of specific gravity 0.9 as shown. The area of the
reservoir of the manometer is 100 times the area of the tube. Determine the
pressure (gauge) of liquid in the pipe.
Page 2-15
Solution
h =
a
h2 = 1 0.4 = 0.004 m
A
100
Notes:
Page 2-16
The U-tube is filled with a liquid of greater density than the fluid at the two
points.
= ( pA pC1 ) + ( pC1 pD ) + ( pD pB )
= 1g ( zA zC1 ) 3 g ( zC1 zD ) 2 g ( zD zB )
= 1gh1 + 3 gh3 + 2 gh2
Example No. 2 - 4
A differential manometer is connected at 2 points A and B as shown. At B the air
pressure is 9.81 N/cm (abs.). Determine the absolute pressure at A.
Page 2-17
Solution
Density of fluids
S oil =
S Hg =
oil
water
Hg
water
0.9 =
oil
1000
13.6 =
Hg
1000
Hg = 13600 kg/m 3
p A p B = ( p A p D ) + ( p D p C1 ) + ( p C1 p B )
= oil g ( z A z D ) Hg g ( z D z C1 ) water g ( z C1 z B )
Absolute pressure at A
p A = p B oil g ( z A z D ) Hg g ( z D z C 2 ) water g ( z C 2 z B )
= 9.81 10 4 900 9.81 0.2 13600 9.81 0.1 + 1000 9.81 0.6
= 88878.6 N/m 2
The U-tube is filled with a fluid (frequently air), which is less dense than the
liquids to be measured.
Page 2-18
pA pB
= ( pA pC1 ) + ( pC1 pD ) + ( pD pB )
= 1g ( zA zC1 ) 3 g ( zC1 zD ) 2 g ( zD zB )
= 1gh1 3 gh3 2 gh2
Example No. 2 - 5
Water is flowing through two different pipes to which an inverted differential
manometer having an oil of specific gravity 0.8 is connected. The pressure head
in the pipe A is 2 m of water. Determine the pressure in pipe B.
Page 2-19
Solution
Pressure at point A
p A = water gh = 1000 9.81 2 = 19620 N/m 2
Pressure at B
p B = p A 1020.24 = 19620 1020.24 = 18599.76 N/m 2
pA pB
= ( pA p1 ) + ( p1 p2 ) + ( p2 p3 ) + ( p3 pB )
= 1g ( zA z1 ) 2 g ( z1 z2 ) 3 g ( z2 z3 ) 4 g ( z3 zB )
Page 2-20
Example No. 2 - 6
Pressure gage B is to measure at point A in a water flow. It indicates 87 kPa.
Assume all fluids are at 20C, with specific weights: wwater = 9790 N/m, wmercury =
133100 N/m, woil = 8720 N/m. Determine the pressure at A.
Solution
Pressure gauge at A
p A p B = ( p A pC ) + ( pC p D ) + ( p D pB )
= w water ( z A z C ) wmercury ( z C z D ) woil ( z D z B )
= 9790 0.05 133100 ( 0.04 0.11) 8720 ( 0.06 )
= 9350.7 N/m 2
Pressure at A
p A = p B + 9350.7
p A = 87000 + 9350.7
Page 2-21
Example No. 2 - 7
Calculate the gauge pressure above the water in the tank shown.
Solution
p E p A = ( p E p D ) + ( p D pC ) + ( pC p B ) + ( p B p A )
Page 2-22
The fluid pressure acts on the interior of a curved tube of oval cross section,
tending to straighten it and so causing the free end to move in proportion to
the pressure. This movement is amplified and used to rotate a pointer over a
scale from which the pressure can be read.
Page 2-23
Bourdon gage
Page 2-24
No velocity gradient.
du
=0
dy
Shear stress
=
du
=0
dy
2.4.2. Definitions
2.4.2.1. Total pressure
It is the resultant force exerted by a static fluid on a surface when the fluid
comes in contact with the surface.
Page 2-25
Page 2-26
p = gh
ydA = yA
F = g sin yA
y sin = h
F = g hA
Initial system
Page 2-27
( )
ID = I G + A y
(parallel-axis theorem)
( M D )initial = g sin I G + A ( y )
Equivalent system
( M D )equivalent = y* F = y* ghA
Page 2-28
( M D )initial = ( M D )equivalent
( )
g sin I G + A y = y*ghA
sin I G + A y = y* hA
( )
y sin = h
y* sin = h*
y=
h
sin
y* =
h*
sin
h
h*
sin I G + A
hA
=
sin sin
I sin 2
h* = G
+h
hA
Total pressure
F = ghA
Centre of pressure
I
h* = G + h
hA
Page 2-29
Total pressure
F = ghA
h=h
F = ghA
Centre of pressure
h* = h = h
Example No. 2 - 8
A rectangular plane surface 2 m wide and 3 m height lies in water in such a way
that its plane makes an angle of 30 with the free surface of water. The upper
edge is 1.5 m below the free water surface. Determine the total pressure on the
plane surface and the centre of pressure.
Solution
Page 2-30
Schematic diagram
Centre of pressure
I sin 2
h* = G
+h
hA
IG =
h* =
bh3 2 33
=
= 4.5 m 4
12
12
Page 2-31
Similar problem
Example No. 2 - 9
A rectangular plane surface is 2 m wide and 3 m deep. It lies in vertical plane in
water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of pressure on the
plane surface when its upper edge is horizontal and:
a. coincides with water surface.
b. 2.5 m below the free water surface.
Solution
Case: upper edge of the rectangle coincides with water surface
Schematic diagram
Total pressure
Page 2-32
F = g hA
h=
3
= 1.5 m
2
A = 23 = 6 m2
Centre of pressure
I sin 2
I
+h= D
h* = G
hA
Ah
bh3 2 33
=
= 18 m 4
3
3
18
=2m
h* =
6 1.5
ID =
Similar problem
Page 2-33
Case: upper edge of the rectangle is 2.5 m below the free water surface
Schematic diagram
Total pressure
F = g hA
h = 2.5 +
3
=4 m
2
A = 23 = 6 m2
Centre of pressure
I sin 2
I
h* = G
+h= D
hA
Ah
2
ID = I G sin 2 + Ah =
h* =
bh3
sin 2 90D + 6 42 = 100.5 m 4
12
100.5
= 4.1875 m
6 4
Page 2-34
Similar problem
Example No. 2 - 10
A tank contains water up to a height of 0.5 m above the base. A liquid of specific
gravity 0.8 is filled on the top of water up to 1 m height above the water surface.
Determine:
a. the total pressure on one side of the tank which is 2 m wide.
b. the position of centre of pressure for one side of the tank which is 2 m wide.
Solution
Total pressure
Schematic diagram
Page 2-35
Density of liquid
S liquid =
liquid
water
0.8 =
liquid
1000
p 1
7848 1
F1 = 1 2 =
2 = 7848 N
2
2
Rectangle 21
Triangle 22
F22 =
( p 2 p1 ) 0.5
2
2 =
Total pressure
( M D ) initial
Page 2-36
h1* = 2 m
3
h21* = 1 +
0.5
= 1.25 m
2
h22 * = (1 + 0.5)
( M D ) initial
Equivalent system
( M D ) equivalent
0.5 4
= m
3
3
= h * F = h * 18148.5
Equivalence of systems
( M D ) initial = ( M D ) equivalent
18312 = h * 18148.5
h* =
18312
= 1.009 m
18148.5
Example No. 2 - 11
Figure below shows a tank full of water. The width of the tank is 2 m. Determine:
a. the total pressure on the bottom of the tank.
b. the weight of water in the tank.
c. the hydrostatic paradox between the previous results.
Page 2-37
Solution
Total pressure on the bottom of the tank
A = 4 2 = 8 m2
Page 2-38
p = gh
dF = pdA = ghdA
Page 2-39
Enlargement of dA
Observation
o
Page 2-40
Fx = gA v hv
Av
hv
F=
Fx 2 + F y 2
Example No. 2 - 12
A curved surface AB in the form of a quadrant of a circle of radius 2 m is
submerged in water as shown. The width of the surface is 1 m. Determine the
horizontal and the vertical components of the total force acting on the curved
surface.
Page 2-41
Solution
Schematic diagram
Fx
Fx = gA v hv
Av = 2 1 = 2 m 2
hv = 1.5 + 2 = 2.5 m
2
Fy
F y = g volume of CDAB
volume of CDAB = volume of CDAO + volume of OAB
= 1.5 2 1 + 1 2 2 1
4
= 6.1416 m 3
Page 2-42
Example No. 2 - 13
Figure below shows a gate having a quadrant shape of radius 2 m. Determine the
resultant force due to water per meter length of the gate and the angle at which
the total force will act.
Solution
Schematic diagram
Fx = gA v hv
Av = 2 1 = 2 m 2
hv = 2 = 1 m
2
Page 2-43
F y = g volume of AOB
volume of AOB = 1 2 2 1 = 3.1416 m 3
4
Total force
F=
Fx 2 + F y 2 =
F = 36534.3 N
(19620 ) 2 + ( 30819 ) 2
Fy
Fx
30819
= 1.5708
19620
= 57.52 D
(with horizontal)
Page 2-44
Area
A = r 2
( IG ) x =
r 4
4
A = bh
( IG ) x =
bh3
12
A=
Moment of inertia
bh
2
bh3
( IG ) x =
36
Page 2-45
2.5. Buoyancy
2.5.1. Buoyancy
This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and
is called force of buoyancy or simply buoyancy.
Principle of Archimedes1:
As the force of buoyancy is a vertical force and is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body, the centre of buoyancy will be the centre of gravity
of the fluid displaced.
Archimedes
Page 2-46
Example No. 2 - 14
A wooden block of 2.5 m wide, 6 m length and 1.5 m height floats horizontally in
water. The density of the block is 650 kg/m. Determine the volume of the water
displaced and the position of centre of buoyancy.
Solution
Schematic diagram
h=
143471
= 0.975 m
1000 2.5 6 9.81
Centre of buoyancy
h=
0.975
= 0.4875 m
2
Page 2-47
2.6. Problems
2-1.
Water and SAE30 oil flow in two pipelines as shown. Using the double Utube manometer as connected between the pipelines, find the pressure
difference pA - pB.
2-2.
Find the pressure of the air above the water in the tank as shown.
2-3.
Page 2-48
2-4.
In figure below all fluids are at 20C. Determine the pressure difference
between points A and B.
Benzene
881
Mercury
13550
Kerosene
804
Water
9790
Air
11.8
Page 2-49
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
Page 2-50
2-8.
2-9.
Determine the absolute pressure pA of the gas above the oil in the figure
shown.
Given:
Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6
Density of water = 1000 kg/m
Specific gravity of oil 0.86
Atmospheric pressure = 101 kPa
Page 2-51
2-11. Figure below shows a differential manometer. Fluid A is water and fluid B
is oil of specific gravity 0.9. If the difference in levels h and z are 69 cm and
23 cm respectively, determine the pressure difference in kN/m between M
and N.
2-13. Figure below shows a tank of oil with one side open to the atmosphere
and the other side sealed with air above the oil. Specific gravity of oil is
0.90. Calculate the gauge pressure at point A, B, C, D, E, and F.
Page 2-52
2-14. A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of the water flowing
in the pipe as shown. Determine the pressure of the water pipe. Specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6.
2-15. Find the pressure in the water pipe shown. Specific gravity for different
manometric fluids are denoted as S1 = 1.59, S2 = 0.8 and SHg = 13.6.
Page 2-53
2-16. For the open tank, with piezometers attached on the side, containing two
different immiscible liquids as shown, find:
a) the elevation of the liquid surface in piezometer A.
b) the elevation of the liquid surface in piezometer B.
c) the total pressure at the bottom of the tank.
2-17. For a gauge pressure at A of -10.84 kPa (gauge), find the specific gravity
of the liquid B as shown. You may neglect the density of air.
2-18. Show that the intensity of pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same
in all direction.
2-19. In figure below, if the local atmospheric pressure is 755 mm of mercury
(specific gravity = 13.6), calculate:
a) the absolute pressure of air in the tank.
b) the pressure gauge reading at L.
Page 2-54
2-20. In following figure, fluid A is oil (specific gravity = 0.85) and fluid B is
mercury. If a = 1 m, b = 30 cm and the pressure difference between M and
N is 35 kN/m, what is the level h?
2-21. A U-tube mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure of the fluid
at X. If the fluid (oil) has a density of 850 kg/m and the specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6, determine the pressure at X.
Page 2-55
2-22. The closed tank in the following figure containes oil of specific gravity 0.75.
Determine the reading of gage at A in Pa, if the specific gravity of fluid in
manometer is 13.57.
2-23. A mass of 50 kg acts on a piston of area 100 cm. What is the intensity of
pressure on the fluid in contact with the underside of the piston, if the
piston is in equilibrium?
2-24. A closed vessel is divided into two compartments; the left part contains oil
of specific gravity 0.8 up to 4 m and the right part contains water up to 1 m.
The two compartments are connected by a U-tube manometer filled with a
liquid of specific gravity 1.6. The pressure of air above the oil in the left
compartment is 35 kPa below atmospheric pressure (vacuum), and the
pressure of air above the water in the right compartment is 15 kPa above
atmospheric pressure (gauge). Determine the difference of liquid level in
the manometer (h).
Page 2-56
2-26. A U-tube manometer, as shown has one limb 30 mm in diameter and the
other limb 5 mm in diameter. The density of the manometric fluid is =
780 kg/m3. The large limb is open to the atmosphere and the narrow limb
is connected to an air duct. Calculate the pressure in the air duct (pd) if the
manometer fluid in the narrow limb rises by 20 mm. What is the
percentage of error if the movement of the fluid in the large limb is
neglected?
Air duct,
pd
Atmosphere
5 mm diameter
30 mm diameter
20 mm
A
A
A
h
= 780 kg/m3
Page 2-57
2-29. A vertical dock gate is 5 m wide and has water at a depth of 8 m on one
side and to a depth of 3.5 m on the other side. Find the resultant horizontal
force on the dock gate and the position of its line of action.
2-30. An opening in a dam (2 m wide and 1.2 m high) is used as a vertical sluice
gate. On the upstream of the gate, a liquid (sp. gr. = 1.45) lies up to a
height of 1.5 m above the top of the gate, whereas on the downstream
side, water is available up to a height touching the top of the gate.
Determine:
a) the resultant force acting on the gate and the center of pressure.
b) the horizontal force at the top of the gate, which is required to open it.
Assume the gate is hinged at the bottom.
2-31. Determine resultant force and its point of application due to the water on
both sides of the gate shown. The gate is 1.2 m wide and the centroid of
the gate is 1 m from the bottom.
Page 2-58
3m
G
1m
2m
2-32. As water rises on the left side of the rectangular gate, the gate will open
automatically. At what depth above the hinge will this occur? Neglect the
mass of the gate.
2-33. If the gate shown is circular, determine the moment of the hydrostatic force
about the hinge pin.
2-34. The gate shown is hinged at H. The gate is 2 m wide normal to the plane
of the diagram. Calculate the force required at A to hold the gate closed.
Page 2-59
2-35. A rectangular sluice gate, 1.2 m wide by 2.0 m long, with its upper edge at
a depth of 1.5 m below the water surface, opens by sliding on guides. The
gate and guides are inclined at 45 to the vertical. If the coefficient of
friction between the gate and its guides is 0.15, what force parallel to the
guides is required to open the gate?
2-36. The 2 m-wide gate shown is hinged at point B and rests against a smooth
wall at point A. Determine:
a) the force on the gate due to sea water pressure.
b) the horizontal force exerted by the wall at point A.
c) the reaction at hinge B.
Page 2-60
2-37. The gate shown is 60 cm wide and is pivoted at O. The gate weighs 2224
N (i.e. W = 2224 N) and is acting at a distance of 36 cm from the pivot O.
For what range of values of water depth x above O will the gate remain
closed? Neglect the friction at the pivot.
Page 2-61
2-39. Determine the resultant force (total pressure) and its location (centre of
pressure) due to the water acting on:
a) 2 m-height and 1 m-wide rectangular gate AB.
b) 2 m-height and 1.25-wide triangular gate CD.
Page 2-62
2-42. A quarter cylindrical gate AB, radius 2 m and 3 m long, is fitted to the
water tank as shown. The gate is hinged at B and held closed by a force P
at A. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate
and the force P required to keep it closed. Neglect the weight of the gate.
Page 2-63
5m
O
2m
B
2-44. A cylindrical gate is 3 m long and has water on its both sides as shown.
Determine the magnitude, location and direction of the resultant force
exerted on the gate. Also calculate the minimum weight of the gate so that
it will not float away from the floor.
2-45. Figure below shows the cross-section of a dam with parabolic face. The
vertex of the parabola is at O. The axis of the parabola is vertical and 12.5
m from the face at the water level. Determine the resultant force in newton
per horizontal meter run due to the water, its inclination to the vertical, and
how far from O its line of action cuts the horizontal OP. The centroid of the
half parabolic cross section of water is 4.68 m from the vertical through O.
Page 2-64
2-46. If a steel pipeline conveying gas having an internal diameter of 1.2 m and
an external diameter of 1.3 m, is laid completely immersed across the bed
of a river and is anchored at intervals 3 m along its length, calculate the
buoyancy force in newtons per meter run and the upward force in newtons
on each anchorage. Take density of steel as 7900 kg/m.
2-47. A cube (0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m) is made of bronze having specific weight
of 86.9 kN/m. Determine the buoyancy force when the cube is held in
mercury (specific gravity = 13.6). Also determine the magnitude and
direction of force required to hold the cube completely submerged.
2-48. A cube (80 mm 80 mm 80mm) is made of rigid foam material and float
in the water with 60 mm below the surface. Calculate the magnitude and
the direction of the force required to hold it completely submerged in
glycerin, which has a specific gravity of 1.26.
2-49. A wooden block of specific gravity 0.7 having a size of 2 m wide, 0.5 m
length and 0.25 height is floating horizontally in water. A concrete of
specific weight 25 kN/m is placed on the block. Determine the minimum
volume of the concrete which will immerse the block completely in water.
2-50. A steel cube having sides of 15 cm is to be held in equilibrium under water
by attaching a plastic buoy to it. If the density of the steel is 8009 kg/m
and the density of the plastic is 80.09 kg/m, calculate the volume of
plastic required.
2-51. A cube of steel having sides of 300 mm floats in mercury. If the specific
gravity of steel is 8.0 and the specific gravity of the mercury is 13.6,
determine the submerged depth of the cube.
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