M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
15.48
114.49
PP
7
PP 107
107
P
PP
PP 100
P
0
PP
PP
PP 93.46
PP93.46
P
PP
PP 87.34
PP
0
PP
PP 81.63
P
t=0
t=1
t=2
t=3
100
Sample calculation:
1
[qu 22.5 + qd 7]
1.01
with qu = (R d)/(u d) and qd = 1 qu .
15.48 =
15.48
114.49
7
PP
10.23
PP
107
107
P
3.86
6.57
PPP 100
100
0
P
PP 2.13 P
PP 93.46
P93.46
P
PP
P
0
PP 87.34
PP 0
PP 81.63
P
t=0
t=1
t=2
P
t=3
Q
q3
3q 2 (1 q)
3q(1 q)2
(1 q)3
1 Q
E [max(ST 100, 0)]
R3 0
(1)
x1 S0 + y1 B0 for t = 0
Vt =
xt St + yt Bt
for t 1.
(2)
t = 1, . . . , n 1.
(3)
The definition states that the value of a s.f. portfolio just before trading is equal
to the value of the portfolio just after trading
so no funds have been deposited or withdrawn.
5
The initial cost of this replicating strategy must equal the value of the
option
- otherwise theres an arbitrage opportunity.
The dynamic replication price is of course equal to the price obtained from
using the risk-neutral probabilities and working backwards in the lattice.
And at any node, the value of the option is equal to the value of the
replicating portfolio at that node.
6
22.5
122.50
[1, 97.06]
15.48
114.49
[.802, 74.84]
PP
PP
7
10.23
PP 107
107
P
PPP [.517, 46.89]
[.598, 53.25]
PP 3.86
6.57
100
PP
100
PP
PP
PP
PP
2.13
0
PP 93.46
PP93.46
P
P
PP
[.305, 26.11]
PP
0
PP 87.34
P
P
[0, 0] PPP
PP 0
P81.63
t=0
t=1
t=2
t=3
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
/2)t+Wt
(4)
d2
log(S0 /K ) + (r c + 2 /2)T
,
T
d1 T
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
(5)
where
d1
d2
log(S0 /K ) + (r c + 2 /2)T
,
T
d1 T
Delta
Definition. The delta of an option is the partial derivative of the option price
with respect to the price of the underlying security.
The delta measures the sensitivity of the option price to the price of the
underlying security.
The delta of a European call option satisfies
delta =
C
= e cT N(d1 )
S
Gamma
Definition. The gamma of an option is the partial derivative of the options
delta with respect to the price of the underlying security.
Gamma measures the sensitivity of the option delta to the price of the underlying
security.
The gamma of a call option satisfies
gamma =
2C
(d1 )
= e cT
2
S
S T
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
(7)
where
d1
d2
log(S0 /K ) + (r c + 2 /2)T
,
T
d1 T
Vega
Definition. The vega of an option is the partial derivative of the option price
with respect to the volatility parameter, .
Vega therefore measures the sensitivity of the option price to .
The vega of a call option satisfies
vega =
C
= e cT S T (d1 )
Theta
Definition. The theta of an option is the negative of the partial derivative of the
option price with respect to time-to-maturity.
The theta of an option is therefore the sensitivity of the option price to a
negative change in time-to-maturity. It satisfies
theta =
=
C
T
e cT S(d1 )
+ ce cT SN(d1 ) rKe rT N(d2 )
2 T
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
(9)
where
d1
d2
log(S0 /K ) + (r c + 2 /2)T
,
T
d1 T
C
1
2C
C
+ (S)2
+
S
2
S 2
1
2
= C (S, ) + S + (S) + vega.
2
C (S, ) + S
We therefore obtain
P&L
(S)2 + vega
2
= delta P&L + gamma P&L + vega P&L .
S +
S
S
+
S 2
2
S
S
2
+ vega
(10)
Scenario Analysis
The pivot table shows the P&L for an options portfolio in various scenarios
could also report the Greeks in each scenario
can easily adapt this to portfolios with multiple underlying securities.
Its important to choose the risk factors and stress levels carefully
can be very difficult for portfolios of complex derivatives
5
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
Delta-Hedging
Recall that the delta of a European call and put option, respectively, are given by
Call-Delta =
e cT N(d1 )
Put-Delta =
e cT N(d1 ) e cT
where
d1
log(S0 /K ) + (r c + 2 /2)T
,
T
Delta-Hedging
But the Black-Scholes model assumes we can trade continuously
of course this is not feasible in practice
So instead we hedge periodically
feasible in practice but it means we can no longer exactly replicate the
option payoff.
Let T be the option expiration and let Si denote the value of the underlying
security at time ti where
0 = t0 < t1 < tn1 < tn = T .
If V0 (S0 , 0 ) is the initial value of the option and t := ti+1 ti for all i, then
Vi+1 = Vi + i (Si+1 + Si ct Si ) + (Vi i Si ) (e rt 1)
(11)
Delta-Hedging
If we let t 0 then this s.f. strategy will replicate the option payoff at time T
otherwise it only replicates the payoff approximately so that
Vn Option Payoff at time T
assuming the parameter that we used to price the option is correct
i.e. if 0 = where is the true volatility parameter in the price generating
process so that
Si+1 = Si e (
/2)t + (Wi+1 Wi )
M. Haugh
G. Iyengar
(12)
where Cmkt (S, K , T ) denotes the market price of the call option with expiration,
T , and strike, K , and CBS () is the corresponding Black-Scholes formula for
pricing this call option.
If BS model were correct then should have a flat volatility surface with
(K , T ) = for all K and T
and it would be constant through time.
In practice, however, volatility surfaces are not flat and they move about
randomly.
Options with lower strikes tend to have higher implied volatilities
for a given maturity, T , this feature is typically referred to as the volatility
skew or smile.
5