10-Lateral Systems PDF

Design of Structural Systems
(10) Lateral Load Resisting Systems
10 - 1
Load Combinations
with wind loadings:
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L * +0.5( Lr or S or R)

U = 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6 H * *
with earthquake loadings:
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L * +0.2S

U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6 H * *
*use 0.5L if Lo < 100psf

**take = 0 if structural action counteracts that due to W or E
10 - 2
Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Roof
Floor Slab
Uniformly
Distributed
Wind Load
4
3
2
Lateral Force
Resisting System
Curtain Wall
1
10 - 3

Roof
Floor Slab
Uniformly
Distributed
Wind Load
4
3
2
Lateral Force
Resisting System
Curtain Wall
1
10 - 4

Roof
Uniformly
Distributed
Wind Load
Floor Slab
4
3
2
Lateral Force
Resisting System
Curtain Wall
1
10 - 5

Roof
Roof
2
Lateral Force
Resisting System
10 - 6
Wind Load Resisting Systems

Low to Medium Rise Structures
Steel or Concrete Moment Frames

Steel Braced Frames
Reinforced Concrete or Masonry Shear Walls
Both strength and stiffness are critical!

10 - 7
Braced Frames
Single Bay Wide Concentric Bracing Configurations
A braced frame is a vertical cantilever truss. Lateral forces

primarily are resisted by the development of axial forces in
the beams, columns and diagonal elements.
10 - 8

Steel Braced Frame
10 - 9
Moment Frames
Beam-column connections have sufficient rigidity to hold the

angle between intersecting members unchanged. Lateral forces
primarily are resisted by the development of shear and bending
in the columns and beams.
10 - 10
Moment Frames
Shear in the columns due to wind forces results in double curvature bending in
the beams and columns. The cumulative bending of the columns and beams
results in shear racking of the frame and horizontal deflection in each story.
The overall building overturning moment due to the applied loads is resisted by
axial tension and compression couples in the columns. The lengthening and
shortening of the columns due to the axial loads results in horizontal
displacement of the structure.
Figures 7.1 and 7.2 taken from Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design by
Bryan Stafford Smith and Alex Coull.
10 - 11

Steel Moment Frame
10 - 12

Concrete Moment Frame
10 - 13
Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

A shear wall is a vertical cantilever beam.
10 - 14

Concrete Shear Wall
10 - 15

Concrete Shear Wall
10 - 16

Masonry Shear Wall
10 - 17
Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Distribution of Lateral Forces
10 - 18

constant
center of
lateral forces
rigid
diaphragm
lateral force
resisting element
WIND
10 - 19

constant
center of
lateral forces
F2
F3
rigid
diaphragm
lateral force
resisting element
WIND
10 - 20

center of lateral
stiffness
center of
lateral forces
F2
F3
rigid
diaphragm
lateral force
resisting element
WIND
10 - 21
Rigid Diaphragms
Translation Without Rotation
symmetrical
about centerline
analogy: springs in parallel
wall l
wall 2
wall l
F2
F1
k2
k1
F1
k1
H
wind or earthquake forces
k i = lateral stiffness of wall

ki =
bEm
for solid, cantilever ed wall
2
h
h
4 + 3
L L
equilibrium
H = F1 + F2 + F1 = Fi
= k1 + k2 + k1 = ki
ki
Fi = ki =
ki
H
ki
or, summation of pier stiffnesses for perforated shear wall

10 - 22

center of lateral
stiffness
center of
lateral forces
rigid
diaphragm
WIND
lateral force
resisting element
10 - 23
Structural Engineering Philosophy
Structural analysis is good for confirming

notions of structural behavior and design, but
little else.
10 - 24
Moment Frames
Shear in the columns due to wind forces results in double

curvature bending in the beams and columns.
For an approximate analysis of the moments and shears in

the frame it is assumed that points of contraflexure (zero
moment) occur at the midpoints of the beams and columns.
10 - 25
Moment Resisting Frames

A
B.5
9-9 10-0
D
20-0
20-0
E.5
10-0 10-0
G
30-0
momentresisting
frames
30-0
19-9
20-0
1.2
5-0
20-0
wind or seismic forces
10 - 26
Moment Resisting Frames
10 - 27
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
Assumptions:
1. There is a point of inflection at the center of each girder.
2. There is a point of inflection at the center of each column.
3. The total horizontal shear in each story is divided between
the columns of the story in proportion to the tributary bay
width.
10 - 28
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
1. End moments for a column member equals the shear
multiplied by half the length of the column.
2. At any joint the sum of the column end moments are equal
to the sum of the girder end moments. The column and girder
end moments act in opposite directions.
3. Once the girder end moments are known, the girder shears
can be calculated based on statics.
4. The column axial forces can be obtained by summing up
from the top of the column, the shears applied to the
columns by the girders.
10 - 29
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method Procedure
1. Draw a line diagram of the frame and indicate on it the wind load
and the total horizontal shear at each story.
2. At each story allocate the shear to the columns in proportion to
the tributary bay width.
3. Starting at the left end column, calculate the maximum column
moments just below and just above each column/beam joint
from the product of the column shear and the half-story height.
10 - 30
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method Procedure
4. Find the beam left end moment just to the right of the column/
beam joint from Mjt = 0.
5. Determine the beam shear by dividing the girder end moment by
half the girder span (M@midspan= 0).
6. Calculate the column axial load by summing the beam shears.
7. Repeat steps three through six at the next joint. Note that the
girder right end moment is equal to the girder left end moment.
10 - 31
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method

Story
Load
10k
Story A
Shear
Roof
20k
20k
30k
50k
20k
70k
20k
2
90k
5 stories @ 10-0 = 50-0
10k
1
30-0
35-0
25-0
10 - 32
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
B
10.8k
10.0k
5.0k
30k
4.2k
5 5
20k
A
8.3k
18.0k
30-0
16.7k
Level 4
7.0k
25-0
35-0
10 - 33
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
5k
5k
B
B
5
MA = 0 = 5k x 5 + MAB
A
5k
MAB
8.3k
8.3k
MAD
MAC A
A
MAC
25k-ft
41.5k-ft
MA = 0 =
+
MAD= 66.5k-ft
+ MAD
MAB
MAB= 25k-ft
MC= 0 = 8.3k x 5 + MAC

MAC= 41.5k-ft
C
8.3k
10 - 34
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
5k
k-ft
B 0
B
4.4k
D
25k-ft
A
-66.5k-ft
41.5k-ft
C
8.3k
25k-ft
41.5k-ft
0k-ft
C
Column Moment
Diagram
15-0
-66.5k-ft
A
15-0
VDA
VDA
MA = 0 = 66.5k-ft + 15 x VDA
MED
15-0
ME = 0 =MED+ 15 x VDA
VDA= 4.4k
MED=66.5k-ft
10 - 35
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
A
10k
4.2k
5 5
20k
10.8k
5k
30k
A
8.3k
16.7k
18k
30-0
35-0
Level 4
7k
25-0
10 - 36
Moment Frames
Portal Frame Method
B
-66.5k-ft
D
E
90k-ft
4.4k
-77.5k-ft
4.4k
54k-ft
Level 4
5
10.8k
18k
15-0
17-6
10 - 37
Moment Frames
End Moments
18k
35 k-ft
7k
25-0
35-0
-77.5k-ft
-56k-ft
-66.5k-ft
-66.5k-ft
Level 4
-56k-ft
16.7k
30-0
21 k-ft
-56k-ft
-77.5 k-ft
83.5 k-ft
-66.5k-ft -77.5k-ft
8.3k
4.2k
50 k-ft
54k-ft
-66.5k-ft
10k
90k-ft
25 k-ft
20k
10.8k
5k
41.5 k-ft
30k
Portal Frame Method
-56k-ft
-77.5k-ft
Beam Moment Diagram
10 - 38
Moment Frames
Design of Beam and Column Elements:
Beams and columns must be designed for gravity plus

wind loads using the appropriate load factors.
Beams are designed as non-composite for the
appropriate unbraced length. In negative moment
regions the floor slab does not brace the compression
flange.
Columns are to be designed for axial load plus bending
using an appropriate k value for the column length.
10 - 39
Concrete Moment Frames

Beam Design
try 10 x 28 beam
1.2
moment envelope
30-0
565k-ft
217k-ft
Level 2
2
M
565
As = u =
= 5.65 in
4d 4(25)
449k-ft
use 4 - #11s top at @ 3 (As= 6.24 in2)

=
As 6.24
=
= 0.025 > max = 0.018
bd 10(25)
increase beam depth to meet max or use compression reinforcement
10 - 40
Concrete Moment Frames

Design of Column D3
from SAP output:
Pu= 812k Mu= 256k-ft
2.5
e 256x12 1
=
= 0.27
h
812 14
14
14
14 5
= 0.64
14
Pu
812
=
= 0.82
f'c Ag 0.65(4 ksi )Ag
0.82
Ag = 381in b = h = 19.5 in use 20"x20"

2
As = 0.05(381) = 19.1in use 12-#11's
10 - 41
Structural Engineering Philosophy
A common misconception is that results of

structural analysis must be correct.
Few structural engineering calculations are

precise or exact, yet few structures fall down.
10 - 42
Concentric Braced Frame Configurations
10 - 43
Braced Frame Behavior
From Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design, by Bryan Stafford Smith and Alex Coull
10 - 44
Force Analysis of Braced Frames

Assumptions:
Assume all brace, column and beam elements are

pinned at both ends. Therefore, the wind loads in all
elements are axial loads only.
Wind can act in either the plus or minus directions,

both need to be considered in design.
10 - 45
Steel Braced Frames

A
B.5
9-9 10-0
D
20-0
20-0
E.5
10-0 10-0
G
30-0
braced
bays
30-0
19-9
20-0
1.2
5-0
20-0
10 - 46
Steel Braced Frames
10 - 47

story i
Fwi
Mwi
B
wind force in bracing member:
FAD =
Fwi
cos
FAD
story i-1
L
Fwi = cumulative wind force at story i
Mwi = cumulative overturning moment at story i
10 - 48

Design of Diagonal Elements:
Load factors for wind loading shall be applied to the

calculated forces in the diagonals (1.0W).
Diagonals can be in tension or compression depending on
the wind direction.
The tension and compression forces have equal
magnitudes.
The compression force will govern the design.
Diagonal element size can be determined using the AISC
column axial load tables for the appropriate unbraced
length.
10 - 49

story i
wind force in column member:
Mwi
Fwi
M
H
FAC
FBD
story i-1
= 0 = Mwi + Fwi H FAC L
FAC =
Mwi + Fwi H
L
= 0 = Mwi FBD L
M
FBD = wi
L
L
Fwi = cumulative wind force at story i
Mwi = cumulative overturning moment at story i
10 - 50
Force Analysis of Braced Frames.

Design of Column Members:
Columns must be designed for gravity plus wind loads

using the appropriate loading combinations.
If the column has a net compression force, then the
column design can be determined using the AISC column
axial load tables for the appropriate unbraced length.
If the column has a net tension force then either more
braced frames should be added to the structure or the
columns and foundations should be designed for tension.
10 - 51

Fw( i +1)
f wi
2
wind force in beam member:
FAB
B
f wi
2
= 0 = Fw ( i +1) +
f wi
FAB
2
FAB = Fw ( i +1) +
f wi
2
story i
Fw(i +1) = cumulative wind force at the level above story i

fwi = wind force at story i
10 - 52

Design of Beam Members:
Beams must be designed for gravity plus wind loads using

the appropriate load factors.
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D 1.0W + 0.5L
Beams shall be designed for combined axial loads and
bending moments.
The gravity loads will result in bending moments and shear
forces in the beams; the wind loads will result in axial loads
in the beams. The axial loads can be either tension or
compression, depending on the direction of the wind force.
10 - 53
Shear Walls
(vertical cantilever beams with axial load)
gravity
wind or
earthquake
shear
moment
10 - 54
Concrete Shear Walls

A
B.5
9-9 10-0
D
20-0
20-0
E.5
10-0 10-0
G
30-0
20-0
1.2
5-0
20-0
30-0
19-9
concrete shear walls
10 - 55
Concrete Shear Walls
10 - 56
RC Shear Walls
Typical Reinforcement
vertical reinforcing
horizontal reinforcing
Lw
Plan Section
Vertical Section
10 - 57
RC Shear Walls
Design for Shear Forces (See ACI 318 Chapter 11):
Vu < Vn = (Vc + Vs )
Vc = 2 f 'c hd
A fd
Vs = v y
s2
h
(ACI 11.1.1)
Lw
(ACI 11.10.5)
(ACI 11.10.8)
Av
s2
d = 0.8Lw
10 - 58
RC Shear Walls
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (ACI 11.10.9):
h =
Ash
0.0025
Ag
smax =
Lw
or 3h or 18"
5
note: vertical
reinforcing
not shown.
Ash
Ag
Vc
then provide min. reinforcement
2
if Vu
10 - 59
RC Shear Walls
Minimum Vertical Reinforcement (ACI 11.10.9):
Asv
Ag
v =
Asv
0.0025
Ag
smax =
Lw
or 3h or 18"
3
note: horizontal
reinforcing not
shown.
10 - 60
RC Shear Walls
Design Procedure
1. Determine design shear and moment at base. Load factors for
wind loading shall be applied to cumulative shear forces
(1.0W).
2. Assume a wall thickness.
3. Calculate size and spacing (Av and s2) of min. horizontal
reinforcement.
4. Check shear capacity with min. horizontal reinforcement.
5. Increase horizontal reinforcement and/or wall area if needed.
6. Check flexural strength with min. vertical reinforcement.
7. Increase vertical reinforcement and/or wall area if needed.
10 - 61
Reinforced Concrete or Masonry Shear Walls

Lw#
edge#
distance#
s*#
b#
bar#size#constant#
as#shown#=#2#layers#
masonry#wall#=#1#layer#
s*#=#spacing#of#rebar#is#uniform#
Axial&Load&3&Moment&Interac8on&Diagram&
9000$
&
Axial Axial&Load,&kips&
Load, kips
8000$
7000$
6000$
5000$
4000$
strength$
design$
3000$
2000$
1000$
0$
0$
!1000$
5000$
10000$
15000$
Moment,&kip34&
Moment, kip-ft
20000$
25000$
10 - 62
Typical Concrete Masonry Units

horizontal rebar
Typical 8 Concrete Masonry Unit
units for horizontal

reinforcement
10 - 63
Typical Masonry Shear Wall Construction

Lw
increments of 16
8 stretcher unit
Type S Portland Cement Mortar
solidly grouted
height
#4 rebar embedded in grout

spacing in increments of 8
vertical bars evenly spaced

maximum bar size = #9
dowel bars embedded in concrete foundation
with a lap splice to wall reinforcement
d = Lw- 4.0
10 - 64
ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1
Masonry Shear Wall Types

R
Cd
Height Limits for SDC

B
ordinary
plain
1.5
1.25
NL
NP
NP
NP
NP
detailed
plain
2.0
1.75
NL
NP
NP
NP
NP
ordinary
reinforced
2.0
1.75
NL
160
NP
NP
NP
intermediate
3.5
reinforced
2.25
NL
NL
NP
NP
NP
specially
reinforced
3.5
NL
NL
160
160
160
5.0
NL = no limit, NP = not permitted
10 - 65
MSJC 1.17.3.2
Shear Wall Types

SDC
Trim Steel
per
1.17.3.2.3.1
Spacing of
Vertical
Reinf.
Spacing of
Horizontal
Reinf.
ordinary plain
A,B
none
none
none
detailed plain
A,B
yes
10
10
ordinary
reinforced
A,B,C
yes
10
10
intermediate
reinforced
A,B,C
yes
10
specially
reinforced
A,B,C,
D,E,F
yes
l h
min. w , w , 4'
3 3
Comments
design as
unreinforced
neglect tensile
strength of
masonry
v + h > 0.002
v and h > 0.0007
Asv >
Ash
3
10 - 66
Minimum Reinforcement:
Ordinary Reinforced Walls
10 - 67
from NCMA TEK 14-18B
Maximum Reinforcement
Ordinary Reinforced Shear Walls
=3
Example: Determine maximum vertical

reinforcement for ordinary reinforced masonry shear
wall subjected to vertical compressive stress of 80 psi.
Wall length is 5-4 and wall thickness is 7.63.
fa =
P
P
=
= 80psi
Ag Lwb
fa
80
=
= 0.0533
f 'm 1500
0.0533
0.0075
max = 0.0075 =
A s max = 0.0075(7.63")(64") = 3.66 in
As
bL w
4 - #8 bars: As = 4(0.79) = 3.16 in2
from CMACN Masonry Chronicles, winter 2007-08
10 - 68
Strength Design: RM Shear Walls

Vn = Vm + Vs
(MSJC 3.3.4.1.2)
(3-19)
M
0.25
Vd
M
for
1.0
Vd
(3-20)
Vn 6.0 An f 'm for

4.0 An f 'm
(3-21)
As fy
&
, M )#
Vm = $4.0 1.75 ** u ''! An f 'm + 0.25 Pu
+ Vud v ("
%
&A #
Vs = 0.5$ v ! f y d
% s "
Lw
(3-22)
Mu
need not be taken > 1.0
Vud v
(3-23)
10 - 69
Example: Shear Strength

Design horizontal shear reinforcement for the masonry shear wall section shown. The wall is a
single-story cantilever 10-8 tall with a horizontal wind load of 35.2 kips applied at the top.
Vu = 35.2kips Vn = Vm + Vs
M
10.67'
=
= 2.13
Vd v
5.0'
5 -4
Vm = "#4.0 1.75$% A n fm& + 0.25Pu
(
) 1500 / 1000 = 42.6kips
= 0.8 (42.6) = 34.1kips
= 2.25 7.63x64.0
Vm
Vs = Vu Vm = 35.2 34.1 = 1.1kips = (0.8)0.5

7.63
Av
fd
s y v
Av
1.1kips
=
= 0.00076 use min. #4 @ 24" horizontal
s 0.8x0.5x60kips x60&&
note: smax=d/2
10 - 70
Example: RM Shear Wall Strength Design

Determine the maximum wind force, Hwind, and design horizontal reinforcement
to develop the wall flexural strength.
5-4
Hwind
10-8
8 concrete block, fully grouted

Grade 60 reinforcement , fm= 1500 psi
from interaction diagram with P=0:
7.63
U=1.0W
note: larger wind force if axial loads considered, but
shear demand is light (see next slide)
4 - #8s
10 - 71
Flexural Strength
Determine flexural strength of wall per MSJC.
f m= 1500 psi concrete masonry Grade 60 reinforcement

0.80f
0.0025
4.0
20.0
c
44.0
s2
mb(0.80c)
s > y
#8 (typ)
Ts2
Mu=Mn
Pu=Pn
s3
7.63
Cs1
Cm = 0.80f
n.a.
60.0
5 -4
0.80c
s1
Ts3
=0.9
Ts4 = As fy
= 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k
10 - 72
Flexural Strength
Determine flexural strength of wall.
' c di $
i =%
" ( 0.0025 )
& c #
compressive strains = (-)
d1 = 4.0
d3 = 44.0
d2 = 20.0
f1
Ts1
20.0
-0.00200
-58
-45.8
15.0
-0.00183 -53
-42.0
10.0
-0.00150 -43
12.5
-0.00170 -49
f2
Ts2
0.00083
24.2
-34.4
0.00250
-38.9
0.00150
f si = E s si < f y
C m = 7.32 c
Ts4
Cm
(C + T)
f3
Ts3
0.00300
60.0
47.4
47.4 -146
-97
19.1
0.00483
60.0 47.4
47.4 -110
-38
60.0
47.4
0.00850
60.0 47.4
47.4 -73
+35
43.5
34.4
0.00630
60.0
47.4 -92
-1.2
47.4
close to zero, take c = 12.5

0.80c
)}
2
= ( 38.9
. )( 4.00 5.00 ) + ( 34.4 )( 20.0 5.00 ) + ( 47.4 )( 44.0 5.00
. )
+ ( 47.4 )( 60.0 5.00 ) = 5 ,010 kip in
M n = { A si f si ( di
10 - 73
Vu = Mn/h = 0.9(5010)/128=35.2kips
Flexural Strength
Approximate flexural strength of wall.
neglecting C sl and Ts 2 , and lumping As 3 and As 4
5 -4
d=
( 60 + 44 )
= 52.0"
2
M n = As f y d ( 1 0.63
=
fy
f 'm
2 0.79
= 0.00398
7.63 52
= 2( 0.79 in 2 )( 60 )( 52.0 )( 1 0.63 x 0.00398 x

= 4 ,439 kip in
60
)
1.50
89% of answer
#8 (typ)
7.63
10 - 74
P-M- Relationships
Axial Load, kN
u =
Moment, kN-m
mu
c
Curvature, x10-4/m
10 - 75
P-M Interaction Diagram

Lw#
edge#
distance#
s*#
b#
bar#size#constant#
as#shown#=#2#layers#
masonry#wall#=#1#layer#
s*#=#spacing#of#rebar#is#uniform#
Axial&Load&3&Moment&Interac8on&Diagram&
Axial&Load,&kips&
&
Axial Load, kips
2000"
1800"
1600"
1400"
1200"
1000"
strength"
design"
800"
600"
400"
200"
0"
0"
500"
1000"
1500"
2000"
2500"
Moment,&kip34&
Moment, kip-ft
10 - 76

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Design of Structural Systems

(10) Lateral Load Resisting Systems

U = 1.2D + 1.0W + L * +0.5( Lr or S or R)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + L * +0.2S

*use 0.5L if Lo < 100psf

Design of Structural Systems

Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Lateral Force Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Steel or Concrete Moment Frames

Both strength and stiffness are critical!

Single Bay Wide Concentric Bracing Configurations

A braced frame is a vertical cantilever truss. Lateral forces

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Beam-column connections have sufficient rigidity to hold the

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Wind Load Resisting Systems

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

analogy: springs in parallel

k i = lateral stiffness of wall

or, summation of pier stiffnesses for perforated shear wall

Design of Structural Systems

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Structural Engineering Philosophy

Structural analysis is good for confirming

Design of Structural Systems

Shear in the columns due to wind forces results in double

For an approximate analysis of the moments and shears in

Moment Resisting Frames

wind or seismic forces

Design of Structural Systems

Moment Resisting Frames

Design of Structural Systems

Design of Structural Systems

Portal Frame Method

5 stories @ 10-0 = 50-0

Design of Structural Systems

Portal Frame Method

MC= 0 = 8.3k x 5 + MAC

Design of Structural Systems

Portal Frame Method

Design of Structural Systems

Portal Frame Method

Beam Moment Diagram

Design of Structural Systems