Sendafa Landfill Works - Final Draft ESIA Report - 20140806 PDF

Draft ESIA Report for Sendafa Sanitary Landfill and
three Transfer Stations Project of Addis Ababa City

Administration
The Sendafa landfill site
(Final Draft)
Prepared by:
ZTS Environment and Development Consulting
Engineers
In association with
MTS Consulting Engineers

Addis Ababa, May 2014
Zero Draft ESIA Report of Sendafa Sanitary Landfill and Transfer Stations Project
Table of Content
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................9
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................10
2. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ........................................................12
2.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ESIA STUDY ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 SCOPE OF THE ESIA STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT............................................................13

3.1. LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SANITARY LANDFILL DESCRIPTION PROJECT................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Main features of the sanitary landfill............................................................................................................. 15
3.2.2 Leachate Treatment Plant.............................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.3 Drainage System of the Sanitary Landfill...................................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Storm Water Management System................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.5 Final Cover of the landfill cells........................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.6 Landfill Gas Management .............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.7 Site facilities and Infrastructures .................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.8 Stockpiles, borrow areas and quarries ........................................................................................................... 21
3.2.9 Landfill Operation........................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.10 Site Closure ................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3 TRANSFER STATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Akaki transfer station ..................................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.2 Koshe transfer Station .................................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.3 Bole Arabsa transfer Station .......................................................................................................................... 29
4. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK...31

4.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ....................................................................... 31
4.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy............................................................................................... 32
4.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia .................................................................................................................. 32
4.1.4 National Health Policy.................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.5 Land Tenure Policy ........................................................................................................................................ 34
4.1.6 National Biodiversity Policy .......................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.7 The Dry Waste Management Policy of the AACA........................................................................................... 35
4.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................ 36
4.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)...................................... 36
4.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)................................................................. 36
4.2.3 Addis Ababa City Government Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations No. 21/2006....................... 38
4.2.4 Oromiya National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No.176/2012 .............. 38
4.2.5 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002) .................................................................... 38
4.2.6 Solid Waste Management Proclamation (No. 513/2007) .............................................................................. 39
4.2.7 Public Health Proclamation........................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.8 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)................................................ 41
4.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................. 43
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4.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs .......................................................................................................... 43

4.3.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (former EPA) .................................................................................... 43
4.4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STANDARDS ..................................................................................................................... 44
4.4.1 Draft Urban Waste Management Standards ................................................................................................. 44
4.4.2 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines................................................................................ 49
5. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................50
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT....................................................53
6.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.1.1 Climate ........................................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1.2 Topography of the project area...................................................................................................................... 54
6.1.3 Geology of Addis Ababa and its Surrounding................................................................................................. 55
6.1.3.1 Geology and Soil type of Sendafa Land fill site........................................................................................... 57
6.1.3.2 Geology and soil type of Bole Arbasa Transfer station site ....................................................................... 58
6.1.3.3 Geology and soil type of Koshe Transfer station site .................................................................................. 58
6.1.3.4 Geology and soil type of Akaki Transfer station site................................................................................... 59
6.1.4 Hydrology of the project area ........................................................................................................................ 60
6.1.4.1 Hydrology of the Sendafa Sanitary Landfill Area........................................................................................................60
6.1.4.2 Hydrology of the Bole Arbasa Transfer Station Area..................................................................................................61
6.1.4.3 Hydrology of the Koshe Transfer Station Area ...........................................................................................................61
6.1.4.3 Hydrology of the Akaki Transfer Station Area ............................................................................................................62
6.1.5 Land Use and visual........................................................................................................................................ 63

6.1.6 Water Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 64
6.1.6.1 Surface waters............................................................................................................................................................64
6.1.6.2 Ground waters ...........................................................................................................................................................67
6.1.7 Ambient Air Quality ........................................................................................................................................ 68

6.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 69
6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation .................................................................................................................................... 69
6.2.2 Wildlife ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................................. 69
6.3.1 Demography............................................................................................................................................... 69
6.3.2 Administration ........................................................................................................................................... 70
6.3.3 Economic Activity ....................................................................................................................................... 70
6.3.4 Health......................................................................................................................................................... 71
6.3.5 Health Professionals................................................................................................................................... 71
6.3.6 Education ................................................................................................................................................... 72
6.3.7 The current Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Addis Ababa.................................................... 73
6.3.7.1 The Formal Sector ......................................................................................................................................................73
6.3.7.2 The Informal Sector ...................................................................................................................................................77
6.3.8 Cultural Activities, Language, Religion and Ethnic groups ............................................................................. 79

6.3.9 Socio economic background of Bereh woreda and the five towns of Oromia Special zone ........................... 79
7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES........................................................................................82
8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS 84
8.1 THE POSITIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................................................. 84
8.1.1 Impact on public health of the wider city ....................................................................................................... 84
8.1.2 Impact on public health of the residents of the five towns in Oromia special zone ....................................... 85
8.1.3 Impact on improvement of the overall solid waste management system of the city .................................... 86
8.1.4 Improvements on enhancing and formalizing ISWM ..................................................................................... 86
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8.1.5 Improvement on overall environmental quality and property value around Koshe....................................... 86
8.1.6 Employment creation ..................................................................................................................................... 87
8.1.7 Income generating and small businesses ....................................................................................................... 88
8.2 THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................................... 89
8.2.1 Impact of leachate on the surface and ground water resources.................................................................... 89
8.2.1.1 Impact of Leachate on surface water resources ........................................................................................................90
8.2.1.2 Impact of Leachate on ground water resources ........................................................................................................91
8.2.2 Impact of landfill Gases on ambient air quality.............................................................................................. 95

8.2.2.1 Impacts related to emission of greenhouse gases .....................................................................................................98
8.2.3 Impact on public health.................................................................................................................................. 98

8.2.4 Impacts on soil................................................................................................................................................ 99
8.2.5 Impact of Noise, Dust and vibration............................................................................................................. 100
8.2.6 Impact on land use and aesthetics ............................................................................................................... 102
8.2.7 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation ...................................................................... 103
8.2.8 Impacts on occupational health and safety of workers ............................................................................... 104
8.2.9 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna ......................................................................................................... 105
8.2.10 Impact of Fire Hazard ................................................................................................................................. 105
8.2.11 Impacts due to spillage of used oil and lubricants ..................................................................................... 105
8.3 IMPACT ON SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................. 106
8.3.1 Loss of Farm Land......................................................................................................................................... 106
8.3.2 Exposure to HIV / AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) ...................................................... 107
8.3.3 Impact on Women........................................................................................................................................ 107
8.4 PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ................................................................................................................. 107
9. IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES...............................................................................114

9.1 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS OF LEACHATE ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS ........................................................ 114
9.1.1 Mitigation measure to minimize leachate volume....................................................................................... 114
9.1.2 Mitigation Measures to Minimize Leachate Infiltration from the Disposal cells.......................................... 114
9.1.3 Leachate treatment plant............................................................................................................................. 116
9.2 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACT OF AKAKI TRANSFER STATION ON AKAKI WELL FIELDS ....................................... 118
9.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS OF LANDFILL GAS ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ................................................................. 119
9.3.1 Gas collection and treatment ....................................................................................................................... 119
9.3.2 Measures to mitigate emission of GHG and exposure to landfill gas........................................................... 120
9.3.3 Mitigation measures for impacts of dust and vehicle exhaust smoke ......................................................... 121
9.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 121
9.5 MITIGATION MEASURE FOR IMPACTS ON SOIL ................................................................................................................ 123
9.6 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACT OF NOISE AND VIBRATION .......................................................................... 124
9.7 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR LAND USE AND AESTHETICS (POST CLOSURE OF THE LANDFILL)................................................... 125
9.8 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON INCREASED TRAFFIC ............................................................................. 127
9.9 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND SAFETY .......................................................................................... 127
9.10 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE MECHANISM FOR FIRE HAZARD ....................................................................... 129
9.11 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS OF USED OIL AND LUBRICANTS ................................................................................ 129
9.12 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR LOSS OF FARM LAND ........................................................................................................ 129
9.13 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR EXPOSURE TO HIV / AIDS AND OTHER STD ......................................................................... 130
9.14 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACT ON WOMEN ........................................................................................................ 130
10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP).......................143

10.1 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP.................................................................................... 143
10.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change ................................................ 143
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10.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase................................................ 143
10.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase .................................................... 144
11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ....................................................163

12. COST ESTIMATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING
MEASURES...............................................................................................................................169
12.1 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING COSTS ............................................................................ 176
13. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................................................177

14. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................178
ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................180
ANNEX I: MINUTES OF CONSULTATION .............................................................................................................................. 181
ANNEX II : LIST OF EIA PREPARERS AND CVS ........................................................................................................................ 197
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List of Acronyms
AACG EPA
A.A City Government Environmental Protection Authority
AACG
Addis Ababa City Government
AACMA
Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency
AARDPO
Addis Ababa Recycling and Disposal Project Office
AAWSA
Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
BOD5
Biological Oxygen Demand
CIS
Corrugated Iron Sheet
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSE
Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
CW
Constructed Wetland
dB
Decibel
EHS
Environmental, Health, and Safety
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA
Environment Protection Authority
EPE
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ESIA
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMF
Environmental and Social Management Framework
EWNHS
Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History Society
FDRE
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FWSF
Free Water Surface Flow
GHG
Green House Gases
GIIP
Good International Industry Practice
GSE
Geological Survey of Ethiopia
HDPE
High Density Poly ethylene
HSSF
Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow
IEC
Information, education and communication
IFC
International Financial Corporation
LAEPB
Land Administration and Environmental Protection Bureau of Oromiya
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LEL
Lower Explosive Limit
LFG
Landfill Gas
LTP
Leachate Treatment Plant
MoEF
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
MSE
Micro and Small Enterprises
NGO
Non Governmental Organization
NMOC
Non-methane organic compounds
NIMBY
Not In MY Back Yard
NSR
Noise Sensitive Receivers
NUSWMS
National Urban Solid Waste Management Standards
OHS
Occupational Health and Safety
PAP
Project Affected Parties
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
ppm
Parts per Million
RPF
Resettlement Policy Framework
STDs
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
SWM
Solid Waste Management
UEL
Upper Explosive limit
UV
Ultra violate
VOCs
Volatile Organic Chemicals
WWDCE
Water Works Design and Construction Enterprise
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List of Tables
Table 1: Geographical coordinates of the Sendafa landfill site
Table 2: Design dimension and function of the blocks of the transfer station
Table 3: Monthly Mean temperature (0c) and average rainfall (mm) data for 6 years (2007-2012) from Bole
Meteorological
Table 4: Average Monthly wind speed (km/hr) of 6 years (2007-2012)
Table 5: Population by sub city and number of kebelle
Table 6: Health professional by qualification
Table 7: Top ten diseases
Table 8: Showing school enrolment by gender
Table 9: Ratio of school boys to girls
Table 10: Population of the towns in Oromia Special zone
Table 11: Top ten diseases in Bereh Woreda

Table 12: Summary table of alternative sites considered
Table 13: Draft Noise emission standards of FEPA
Table 14: Magnitude Matrix showing the significance of potential impacts of the project
Table 15: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
Table 16: Summary of Major Positive Impacts and Enhancement Measures
Table.17: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Table 18: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
Table 19: Cost estimates for implementing mitigation measures
Table 20: Summary of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring costs
List of Maps
Map 1: Location of Sendafa Sanitary Landfill site
Map 2: Location of Transfer station and the Sanitary landfill
Map 3: Geology of Addis Ababa and Surrounding Area
Map 4: Geological Map and water points in Sendafa Sanitary Landfill Site
Map 5: Water points and Geological structures around Akaki Transfer station
Map 6: Drainage Map of Akaki Catchment
Map 7: Aquifer Map of Addis Ababa and its surrounding Area
Map 8: Akaki Well Fields (WF)

List of Figures
Fig 1: Showing the design layout of the new Sendafa Sanitary landfill
Fig 2: Site layout of the Bole Arabsa transfer stations
Fig 3: General layout of the transfer shade (Block 6) of Koshe Transfer Station
Fig 4: Partial view the Akaki transfer station site
Fig 5: Partial view the open land in Koshe/Repi for transfer station site
Fig 6: Partial view the Bole Arbasa transfer station site
Fig 7: Showing current land use types at Sendafa landfill, Akaki and Bole Arbasa transfer station sites
Fig 8: Showing the confluence of Legetafo with Legedadi River where sample was collected
Fig.9: Solid waste collection coverage in Addis Ababa
Fig 10: Annual Solid waste generation and collection
Fig 11: Street cleaning performance vis-a-vis demand
Fig 12: Showing recently abandoned and new open dump sites in Sebeta town
Fig 13: Showing an engineered sanitary landfill turned to open dump site in Adama
Fig 14: Showing the community consultation conducted at Sendafa landfill site
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Executive Summary
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1. Introduction
Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is one of the recently flourishing cities in Africa.
Encompassing nearly 3 million inhabitants in its area of 540km2 with a comfortable average
temperature of 160C and an altitude of 2500m above sea level, Addis Ababa is becoming the
attention-getting of many international agencies, tourists, and diplomatic corps to mention few to
live, work in and visit. Geographically, Addis Ababa is located in 8055 & 9005 North latitude and
38040 & 38050 East latitude.
Historically passing through different administrative restructurings, Addis Ababa now is managed
by four governmental hierarchies- The City Council and The City Government (Administration) at
the top, the Sub cities (10 in number) in the middle and Woredas (equivalent to districts) at the
bottom. Though Addis Ababa is astonishingly booming, the poor waste handling and management
practices both by the public and the municipality are putting their shadows on its international
image and development. Its causes are numerous and interwoven in nature attributed to an
individual inhabitant, the community, and the administrative level. Uncontrolled disposal of wastes
in general and solid wastes in particular to the earth, water, and air will seriously affect the health
of the growing, producing and elderly citizens of the City. Moreover, it will decrease the
productivity of the land, and change the image of the city as a capital of an exemplary country of
independence to Africans and a sit for different local and international organizations. Hence, the
need for integrated management approach and up-to-date collection, transport and controlled
removal of solid wastes in an organized landfill is necessary to avert these problems.
The development of well designed and planned solid waste disposal site that could address the long
term desire of the city is now under implementation. In this respect, the city has identified waste
management sites, namely, construction of new sanitary land fill at Sendafa, construction of three
transfer stations in Koshe/Repi, Bole Arabsa and Akaki. The construction of the Sendafa sanitary
land fill and three transfer stations is expected to respond to the long awaited problem of the city. In
addition since the services of the proposed solid waste project extends to cover Sebeta, Burayu,
Sululta, Sendafa, and Gelan towns, it will also respond to the emerging needs of these five towns
of Oromia Special Zone for such appropriate solid waste management facilities and services.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a process for examining the environmental
and social consequences of a proposed development project. The ESIA process is designed to
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provide decision makers and stakeholders with adequate information to manage responsibly the
environmental and often social consequences of their actions. The present ESIA report is prepared
for the new Sendafa Sanitary Landfill and three transfer stations to be developed by the Addis
Ababa Solid waste management project. The stated project is implemented by the Addis Ababa
City Administration in cooperation with French Development Agency. The present ESIA report is
prepared to respond to the requirements of the National and Regional Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) legislations by meeting relevant International standards.
While undertaking this ESIA study due considerations were given to relevant International,
National and Regional requirements. Chapter one to three of the ESIA study report presents
information that introduces the proposed development project, its objectives and describes the key
components of the Solid waste management project. The baseline data reflecting the current status
of the physical and social environments of the project area are outlined in chapter six. Whereas
identification and analysis of all potential environmental and social impacts are thoroughly
discussed in chapter eight, the proposed mitigation measures for the major and significant adverse
impacts followed by the Environmental and Social Management Plan are presented in the
succeeding chapters.
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2. Background and Project Justification

2.1 Objectives
The overall objective of this project is to preserve, protect and improve the environmental quality
of Addis Ababa and the five towns of Oromia Special Zone (i.e. Sebeta, Burayu, Sululta, Sendafa,
and Gelan towns) through the development of the new sanitary land fill, the closure of the existing
dump site, the construction of three transfer stations and by providing accompanying services
towards an environmentally sustainable, cost effective and affordable integrated waste management
system in compliance with the national waste management legislation through developing
environmentally friendly infrastructures in the waste sector for Addis Ababa City and the five
towns of Oromia special zone.
2.2 Objective of the ESIA Study

The main objectives of the ESIA study is to describe the existing bio-physical and socio-cultural
features of the proposed project environment, assess the potential positive and negative effects, and
recommend appropriate mitigating measures that will avoid, minimize or compensate any
undesirable effects expected to result from the construction and operation activities of the project.
The study is aimed to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the project activities are
adequately and appropriately addressed before decisions are made to implement them.
2.3 Scope of the ESIA study

The spatial and temporal scope of the ESIA study is bounded by the location, construction and
operation activities envisaged by the components of the solid waste project. The spatial scope of the
project will consist of the areas of direct and indirect impact zones. The direct impact zone is
considered to be those areas where the existing biophysical, socio-economic and environmental
components are likely to be directly affected by the activities of the project components. These
include Addis Ababa city and limited towns of Oromia special zone. The project sites form the
centre of influence for the direct impact zone. Accordingly, the spatial scope is centred at
Koshe/Repi, at Sendafa/Legedadi, at Bole Arabsa; and Akaki Beseka areas.
The temporal scope of the ESIA study would mainly focus on assessing the potential impacts that
are likely to occur during construction and operational periods of the project. The environmental
and social assessment framework would identify the direct and indirect impacts on humans, flora
and fauna, soil, water, air, landscape, material assets and cultural heritage stemming from the
implementation activities of the project. It will also develop relevant mitigation/enhancement
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/offsetting measures and monitoring, institutional strengthening measures to be undertaken during

project implementation and operation.
3. Description of the Proposed Project

3.1. Location
The new Sendafa sanitary land fill site is located at North-Eastern side of Addis Ababa in Oromia
Region, Finfine Zuria special zone, Bereh Woreda, in Chebe Weregenu kebelle close to a town
called Legetafo. The new Sendafa sanitary landfill site is sometimes called the Chebe Woregenu
landfill site. It is located about 25km away from Addis Ababa city and about 5km South-West of
Lagedadi dam. The new sanitary landfill site can be accessed by diverting from the main Addis
Ababa-Dessie highway near Sendafa and taking the new dry weather road that connect Sendafa
town with Dukem town. It can also be accessed via Hayat road though it requires maintenance and
bridge construction over the Legetafo River. Geographically, the new sanitary landfill site is
delimited with the following coordinates.
Corner point
Northing
Easting
CW0
999500.79209330
492458.49501042
CW1
999594.78457313
491843.04732505
CW2
999470.33567845
491727.10099301
CW3
997392.15479734
491784.92665263
CW4
997506.52507593
492459.67219718
Table 1: Geographical coordinates of the Sendafa landfill site
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Sendafa Sanitary
Landfill Site
Map -1: Location of Sendafa Sanitary Landfill site
3.2 Description of the new Sanitary Landfill Description project

The proposed sanitary landfill consists of the following project components.
Main Features of the Sanitary Landfill site
Drainage System of the Sanitary Landfill
Leachate Treatment Plant
Storm Water Management System
Final Cover of the landfill cells
Landfill Gas Management
Site facilities and Infrastructures
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Stockpiles, borrow areas and quarries
Landfill Developments and Operation
Site Closure
Transfer Stations
3.2.1 Main features of the sanitary landfill
The shape of the sanitary landfill site is a strip oriented in North-South direction with a natural
slope of 1.2% toward the south. It has a total area of 124.5 hectare out of which 102 hectares will
be used for the landfill development and the rest is free zone left as a buffer between the land fill
and the Bole airport. The area used for the construction of the landfill cells and leachate treatment
plant is about 82 hectares and the remaining space will be used for the development of all other
required facilities such as roads, buildings and drainages.
For preliminary planning purposes, it has been assumed that the landfill will be developed as five
cells including one for hazardous waste. Four of the five cells will be used for disposal of nonhazardous solid waste and the remaining one (cell No.5) for hazardous waste (see fig 1). Disposal
of wastes at the site will take place 12 hours a day, 6 days a week throughout the year.
The type of waste expected to be disposed in the new Sendafa sanitary landfill will be composed of
hazardous and non hazardous waste that will be generated from residential, industrial, institutional
and commercial sources as well as from service areas of Addis Ababa City, Legetafo, Sendafa,
Sebeta, Gelan and Burayu towns. However the new Sanitary landfill will not accept medical wastes
for disposal in the cells. The new sanitary land fill is expected to handle about 8,200,000 tons over
the next 20 years. It is anticipated that the life span of the new Sendafa Sanitary Landfill would be
20 years.
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Fig 1: Showing the design layout of the new Sendafa Sanitary landfill
Access to the site will be through a newly constructed asphalt road on the north western
part of the landfill site. Approximately 170 meters of new road will be constructed from the access
road to the gate of the landfill.
Rainwater infiltration through disposed solid waste is expected to produce leachate. To prevent
infiltration of leachate into the ground that may pollute the soil and the groundwater, the bottom and
slopes of the constructed cells will be covered with active and passive barriers. The proposed liner
systems for active and passive barrier will have the following specifications;
-
Passive barrier: 5 meters of materials with a permeability of maximum 10-6 m/s, or

equivalent.
Active barrier: The active barrier will be created by placing a 2mm thick HDPE geomembrane on the whole bottom surface of the cells. For the cell receiving hazardous wastes
(i.e. Cell No. 5), the active security barrier will be reinforced by an additional smooth and
UV protected 2mm thick HDPE geo-membrane.
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For checking the integrity of the active barrier system, a 15cm sand layer with slotted
HDPE pipes within it will be placed between the two HDPE geo-membranes. This will serve as
leakage detection layer. The pipes will lead to a leakage control manhole that will be checked
on a monthly basis as soon as the first raw of hazardous waste will be disposed of.
3.2.2 Leachate Treatment Plant

The proposed sanitary landfill is designed to have a leachate treatment plant. The proposed leachate
treatment plant will consist of facultative aerobic pond, anaerobic pond and constructed wetland.
These are explained as follows.
(a) Anaerobic Pond
An anaerobic pond (3m deep) will receive leachate with high organic loads. This pond will not
contain dissolved oxygen or algae. In this anaerobic pond, COD and BOD5 removal is achieved by
conversion of both soluble and non-soluble COD and BOD5 into mainly methane, carbon dioxide
and water. The process of anaerobic digestion is more intense at temperatures above 15C and
can reach up to 75% of BOD5 removal. A retention time of at least 20 days will be used to ensure
proper treatment.
(b) Facultative Aerobic Pond
The facultative aerobic pond (1.2 m deep) is used to treat the remaining BOD5 and COD
downstream of the anaerobic pond. The process of oxidizing organic matter by algae and aerobic
bacteria is dominant.
The algal concentration in the pond depends on nutrient loading, temperature and sunlight, but is
usually in the range of 500 - 2000 g chlorophyl-a/l. Because of the photosynthetic activities of
pond algae, there is a diurnal variation in the dissolved oxygen concentration. The dissolved oxygen
concentration in the leachate gradually rises after sunrise, in response to photosynthetic activity, to
a maximum level in the mid afternoon, after which it falls to a minimum during the
night, when photosynthesis ceases and respiratory activities consume oxygen. The pond proposed
is sized and designed in order to ensure a long retention time to avoid hydraulic by-passes of the
leachate in the pond.
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(c)Wetland
A constructed (or engineered) wetlands (CW) is planned to be constructed to grow wetland
vegetation to assist in treating wastewater in a more controlled environment than what occurs in
natural wetlands. The pollutants removed by CWs include organic materials, suspended solids,
nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals and other toxic or hazardous pollutants. The choice has been
made to design a Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow (HSSF) system as the efficiency is higher than a
Free Water Surface Flow (FWSF) for the same plan area.
3.2.3 Drainage System of the Sanitary Landfill
A drainage layer will be placed all over the bottom liner system and at the bottom of the cells and
on the side slopes. To avoid clogging and capillary action holding water in the drainage layer,
coarse material is used so that there is space within the drainage layer for leachate to drain freely.
A layer of 50 cm of gravels (with low CaCO3 content to prevent degradation by acidic leachate)
will be laid on top of the protection geo-textile (last layer of the Liner System) .The size of the
gravels will be 16/32mm. A geo-textile filter will be placed over the drainage layer to protect it
from clogging as a result of solids transport.
Since it is impossible to place 50cm of gravels on the side slopes, a geo-composite side slope
drainage layer with at least the same hydraulic conductivity will be placed. The geo-composite for
drainage will be composed of a HDPE core bonded on both sides by a non-woven filtration geotextile. The thickness of this geo-composite for drainage will never be less than 7.5mm.
At the bottom of the slopes, the geo-composite will be laid below the granular drainage layer, with
a minimum length of 1.5m, allowing for a safe discharge of sides slopes collected leachate into
the bottom LCRS.
Slotted collection pipes will be laid (embedded) within the gravel layer in such a manner that
the leachate will be drained within the gravels layer to these slotted pipes. Maximum spacing
between pipes varies. The slotted pipes will be connected to HDPE collectors (full pipes) at the
base of the slopes at each low point of cells.
The collectors shall lead to HDPE transmission pipes in the peripheral trenches near the ground
level and along the perimeter bunds. These pipes will lead the leachate by gravity to the
downstream part of the site.
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For the operation of Cell 1, the Leachate Treatment Plant will be fed by gravity only whereas for
the other Cells the gravity collector pipes will lead to a pumping manhole downstream of the
site, where a pump will be installed in order to feed the Leachate Treatment Plant. The maximum
leachate inflow at the LTP inlet will be controlled so as to never get over 650m3/day. Control
valves will therefore be installed on the feeding pipe and assure that this maximum flow is never
exceeded.
3.2.4 Storm Water Management System

The design of the sanitary landfill consists of a storm water management system. Storm water
management works are designed to control flow within the waste-relief boundary and external
surface water flow to prevent flooding and erosion. The storm water management system will
include peripheral storm water ditches made of reinforced concrete. In addition, berm will be made
on top of the waste mass and ditches, on the slopes and on the final cover to protect slopes from
erosion.
Non-contaminated storm water, originating from non-operating areas of the landfill will be
collected and conveyed downstream of the cells. Storm water coming from outside the cells will all
be collected by the ditches of the perimeter road. Non-contaminated storm water, originating from
non-operated cells or sub-cells will be collected through the leachate collection network in place
and will be conveyed via another storm water piping network parallel to the leachate transmission
network.
The Leachate Collection System is entirely separated from the Storm water Management System.
Leachate will be collected from the lined cells area and sent to the downstream Leachate Treatment
Plant. No leachate will be discharged to the Storm water Management System.
The pipes used to drain the uncontaminated storm water coming from non-operated cells will be the
same as the future Leachate Drainage Pipe.
3.2.5 Final Cover of the landfill cells

The new sanitary landfill is designed to have a final cover with proper slopes. The final cover will
meet internationally recognized slope requirements of 5 to 20 percent. The cover will be designed
to allow stability over the waste mass and it will be placed in progress with the operation. The
slopes may be adapted during the operation period depending on the actual waste density, and ratio
of cover soil to waste. Compacted waste will be mounded and compacted to provide base for
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profiled cap. Finally, the external slope of the peripheral bunds will be covered with local
vegetation at their installation whereas the surface of each cell will be covered as soon as the height
of waste reaches its final dimension.
3.2.6 Landfill Gas Management

The proposed sanitary landfill has included a mechanism for landfill gas management in its detail
design. Fermentation is a phenomenon that occurs spontaneously in engineered landfills as a result
of the anaerobic digestion of organic compounds. This produces a gas referred to as Landfill
Gas (LFG) or biogas that is essentially composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The confinement of the solid waste at the Sendafa sanitary landfill will steadily increase the
production of methane until it finally stabilizes at around 45% by volume. This LFG will need to
be collected because of the danger it presents for the staff and local residents, and its impact on the
greenhouse effect.
The equipments that will be used to collect the LFG are:
Vertical pumping wells drilled within the waste body. Each well has a radius of about 30
meters. Each cell would have about 25 wells. These wells could also be used for leachate
pumping in case of clogging or breakdown of the bottom leachate drainage system;
Horizontal network of HDPE pipes connecting the wells to the extraction system and
the flare;
Condensate traps collecting the humidity condensate in the pipes;
Blower creating a negative pressure in the LFG network for LFG extraction and
Flare burning the gas and converting the hazardous methane gas into CO2 reducing the
impact on global warming;
Analyzers to monitor the gas quality and prevent explosions;
The LFG system including drilling of the wells will be constructed with the final cover at the end
of the lifetime of each cells or sub-cells. The LFG collection pipes are necessary to get the
vacuum to the wells and get the gas from the well to the flare.
3.2.7 Site facilities and Infrastructures

The Addis Ababa Road Construction Authority is implementing a project for the construction of
8km asphalt road that provides access to the new Sanitary landfill site in Sendafa. The social and
environmental impacts of these works had been tackled late 2012 and early 2013 by Omega
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Consulting, also in charge of the works supervision and contract management on behalf of
AACA. In addition a new 170 meter long access road will be connecting the entrance gate of the
sanitary landfill site to the main road at the northwest corner of the site.
A gate will be constructed across the entrance and instructions to the vehicle drivers delivering
the waste to the site will be put in place. A road 7.0 m wide with a two-lane cross section will be
constructed on the top of the bund between cells 1 and 2/3 and between Cells 4 and Cells 1/2/3.
These roads will be asphalted and the remaining bund crests will be gravel-surfaced so as to
allow for maintenance vehicle to access if needed.
Potable water to the landfill site will be provided from two water storage tanks of 10 m.cu
capacity that will be constructed next to the building facilities area. Moreover, electricity to
the site will be provided through an on-site generator owned and operated by the Landfill
operator.
The fencing of the entire sanitary landfill site with concrete pole and barbed wire has been
implemented already and is well underway. The fence is planned to be completed well before the
commencement of civil works of the sanitary landfill development. Weighbridges and gatehouse
are to be provided close to the entrance of the site to control access and record quantities and types
of the incoming waste. A guard house will be provided for the weighbridge attendant.
Trucks wheel cleaning is required to remove litter and mud at the tipping face of the waste
collection vehicles. The release of this mud and particularly litter on the site access road will create
an unacceptable environmental impact. To minimize such impact concrete hardstand for a highpressure washer will be provided.
An administration building will also be constructed close to the entrance and will provide offices
for the management and administration staff as well as meeting room, locker room and toilet for
operators. Shades will also be constructed for the maintenance of equipment and protection of
vehicles from direct sunlight.
3.2.8 Stockpiles, borrow areas and quarries

During construction phase it is planned in the design report that soil from excavations on the site
will first be used, when suitable, for construction of cells, bunds as well as any filling operations
necessary to fit with the projected levels of the overall site as indicated on the design drawings.
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Any excavated soil not utilized immediately will be stockpiled on site for future use. Stockpiling
will be the sole responsibility of the landfill operator. Any surplus of soil from excavation will be
used for daily, intermediate, and final cover on the landfill areas. Soil will also be needed for road
construction, any required backfilling operations, and berms. Sources of soil will include all
excavations within the site boundaries. As the south-western part of the site can be utilized neither
for any landfill cell nor for any leachate treatment facilities, it will only serve as borrow area for any
filling works both during construction and operation.
In case of a lack of suitable material from the landfill construction excavations, the following
borrow sites and quarries sites has been identified.
Clay material is found in a borrow area located 2km away from the landfill in the north-east
direction (493654E and 999834mN)
Gravel material is available within 3-4km radius of the Landfill site. The material is coming
from the basaltic rock formation which is moderately weathered. The site is currently used
as aggregate quarry site for gravel road construction
3.2.9 Landfill Operation

At the end of each working day, the entire working face of a cell will be graded smooth and
compacted. Approved cover material will be placed on all exposed waste at the working face. If soil
is used as daily cover, a minimum thickness of 150 mm will be placed. When possible, sandy soil
will be preferred as daily cover material to allow the downward passage of water and provide good
hydraulic connection between the waste layers. Finer-grained soils are less suitable because they
can create lower permeability layers and pathways for the lateral migration of leachate towards the
landfill side slopes. Use of finer-grained soils for daily cover purposes can also cause access
problems for waste delivery vehicles, particularly during windy weather conditions.
Basic functions to be performed by landfill equipment at the site are:
Waste grading and compaction;
Excavation and compaction of daily and intermediate cover;
Typically, these functions will be performed by landfill compactors and wheeled loaders. A pick-up
truck will also be included in the typical on-site equipment fleet. Other functions requiring
equipment are landfill cell preparation, final cover construction, delivery of drop-off bin wastes to
the working face, road maintenance, and dust control. Some of these functions may be performed
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with on-site equipment, but others may require equipment to be leased or a contractor to be hired.
Routine maintenance and cleaning will be performed as necessary to keep onsite equipment in good
operating order.
In areas where land filling has been temporarily discontinued for six months or more, soil will be
placed to minimum thickness of 300 mm as intermediate cover. This intermediate cover will
facilitate the movement of equipment and prevent the exposure of waste from erosion. Intermediate
cover will be placed on the top of each lift of waste and on any interior slopes that will not be
disturbed until the next land filling stage.
3.2.10 Site Closure

During the operational phases of the sanitary landfill, final cover and seeding will be applied
progressively to portions of the landfill area that are completed. Consequently, site closure will
involve reaching final waste elevations over the last remaining area of the landfill followed by the
application and seeding of final cover in that area. During site closure, equipment on site will be
removed. The entrance gate and perimeter fencing will be retained to control access.
A Closure Plan will be submitted to the relevant Federal and Regional offices of the EPA for
approval when the landfill site is two years from its projected completion or by the time 90 percent
of the landfill has been filled, whichever comes first. The closure plan for the site would include
plan showing site appearance after closure, description of the proposed end use of the site,
descriptions of the procedures for closure of the site, including advance notification of the public of
the landfill closure.
3.3 Transfer Stations

A transfer station is an interface between short haul waste collection vehicles and long haul vehicles
which are more appropriate for economical long distance hauling in the process of waste disposal.
Three transfer stations are proposed to be constructed at Akaki, Koshe and Bole Arabsa sites as part
and parcel of the overall waste management system of Addis Ababa City Administration and the
five towns in Oromia special zone. It is to be recalled that the Filidoro site has been changed to
Bole Arabsa site because of the unavailability and unsuitability of the former for transfer station
purpose.
The proposed transfer stations are designed to have the following main building blocks that are
necessary for its day to day operations (see table 2). These blocks are coded Block-A to Block-K in
the site layout of the three transfer stations with slight variation in coding from one to another. In
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order to avoid confusion, the main blocks are listed in table 2 as Block 1 to 7. In addition the blocks
in each transfer station are equipped with the required basic facilities for the staff working in the
stations.
Block No.
Size of the Building block
Function of the Building

block
Akaki
Bole Arabsa
Koshe
Block 1
1000 m2
1130 m2
1130 m2
Sorting room
Block 2
128 m2
128 m2
128 m2
Changing room, shower room

and toilets
Block 3
139.84 m2
165 m2
165 m2
Maintenance workshop
Block 4
12 m2
12 m2
12 m2
Generator House
Block 5
12.25 m2
30 m2
30 m2
weighing bridge control room
Block 6
900 m2
1052 m2
2070 m2
Transfer station shed
Block 7
33 m2
33 m2
33 m2
Guard House /Main Gate
Table 2: Design dimension and function of the blocks of the transfer station
Block 6 will consist of a shed where the 8m3 skip trucks unload the solid waste hauled from
different parts of the city to the transfer stations. Block 6 also serves as a loading ground for the
30m3 trucks that haul the solid waste to the sanitary landfill. The mode of operation of the proposed
transfer stations are designed to have low level of sophistication. Its operational mechanism will
fundamentally consist of depositing the waste onto a suitably designed platform for manual loading
into the large long-haul vehicle by scraping waste from the floor by front end loader. Access roads
for unloading trucks (8m3) and for loading trucks (long haul vehicles) will be separated. All the
access ways will be asphalt road and the manoeuvrings areas (loading & unloading docks) will be
paved with concrete slab (see fig. 3). The long haul trucks to be applied will be open top trailers that
unload by tipping in the Sanitary landfill cells. Loading will be achieved by front-end loader in the
transfer stations.
The catchment area for each transfer station is defined based on sub city limits while giving due
consideration to maintain the collection areas to be as close as possible to the transfer stations by
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taking into account distance between sub-cities and expected outlets. For those sub-cities or Oromia
special zone towns situated close to the Sanitary landfill (Such as Sendafa and Legetafo towns),
waste will be hauled directly from skip point to the landfill. According to the traffic flow analysis of
the detail design report of the transfer stations, about 333 trips of the 8m3 skip trucks and 34 trips of
the 30m3 long haul trucks are expected to be handled daily in each of the transfer stations.
The transfer station design have also incorporated a large shade (i.e. block 1) for undertaking waste
sorting activities where wastes will be segregated for recovery, reuse and recycling. On the other
hand, tracks that will be engaged in the transportation of wastes from the City to the transfer station
and then to the sanitary landfill will be maintained in block 3. The incoming trucks loaded with
waste will be weighed in Block 5 of the control room. The site layout of Bole Arabsa transfer
stations is shown in fig 2 as typical demonstration.
There will be fence around the transfer station sites and the length of the fences around Akaki,
Koshe and Bole Arabsa transfer station sites is about 2082 meters, 1820 meters and 1207 meters
respectively.
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Fig 2. Site layout of the Bole Arabsa transfer stations
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Fig 3: General layout of the transfer shade (Block 6) of Koshe Transfer Station
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3.3.1 Akaki transfer station

The Akaki transfer station is located Southern part of Addis Ababa. It is found in Akaki Kaliti Sub
city of Addis Ababa City Administration. Geographically the site is located 473679E and 979014N.
The site is bounded by the Condominium house in northern, liquid waste treatment site in the East
and by a farm land on southern and eastern part. The topography of the Akaki transfer station site is
relatively flat. The elevation of the site varies from 2066 to 2068 masl.
One geotechnical core drilling with depth of 10m and 4 test pits were excavated to understand the
geology of the area. Geologically, the Akaki transfer station site is situated on residual soil. This
residual soil has three layers and has more than 10m thickness. The first layer is characterized by
top clay soil and has a thickness of 0.2- 0.3m. The second layer is characterized by black clay soil
with an average thickness of 1.4m. The third layer is greyish salty clay and it extended up to 10m.
Fig 4: Partial view the Akaki transfer station site
3.3.2 Koshe transfer Station

The Koshe Repi transfer Station is situated at the south west part of Addis Ababa City on the
existing landfill site. It is found in the Woreda 01/02 of Nifas Silk Lafto Su-city of the Addis Ababa
City Administration. Geographically the site is located 468026E and 991692N.
The site is bounded by the reclaimed land fill site in the northern part, active land fill site in the
southern part and ring road and a school in the northern part.
The site is found in the Little Akaki River catchment and its tributary Jomo River is found 200
meters north of the landfill site. The river flow direction is from south to north. Since the southern
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part of the site is bounded by the ring road that already has its own drainage system, storm water
flow is not expected to enter into the transfer station area from outside.
Koshe transfer station is partially operating landfill site. The Koshe landfill site will be rehabilitated
in two phases. The first phase of 19 hectares will be rehabilitated with the aim of optimization of
the transportation of waste to the future Sendafa Landfill site. The site is characterized by organic
soil and rhyolite rock formation. The organic soil is characterized by partly decomposed waste
material with little clay and thickness of 10 to 80cm. Below the organic soil, there is rhyolitic
volcanic rock. Koshe site lies on Rhyolite rock formation that extends up to 7 meters deep. Koshe
transfer station site is located on zone 2 seismic zone of Ethiopia with pick ground acceleration of
0.1g.
Fig 5: Partial view the open land in Koshe/Repi for transfer station site
3.3.3 Bole Arabsa transfer Station

The Bola Arabsa Transfer station is located South East part of Addis Ababa. It is found in Bole Sub
city of Addis Ababa City Administration, Ethiopia. Geographically the site is located 486390E and
988652N. The site is bounded in all directions by agricultural farm land. The transfer station site is
3.5km away from Bole Lemi Industry zone and Bole Ayat Condominium Site.
The Bole Arabsa site is situated on basaltic rock formation and is covered by very thin soil layer.
The soil layers have a thickness of 0.1m to 0.8m thick soil. This soil is black in colour, it is sandy
clay. The thickness of the soil is not more than 80cm and has very loose top soil. Therefore, it is
considered as bad material for the construction of engineering structures and it has to be removed
during construction. Below this soil layer there is basaltic rock characterized by slight to
moderately weathered rock having thickness of more than 10m. The bed rock has slight to
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moderately weathered rock and has moderate strength. Akaki and Bole Arabsa Sites are located on
Zone 3 of seismic earthquake zone with peak ground acceleration of 0.15g.
Fig 6: Partial view the Bole Arbasa transfer station site
Map 2: Location of Transfer station and the Sanitary landfill

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4. National and Regional policies and regulatory framework

4.1 Policy framework
Following the constitution of the FDRE; social, economic and public health related importance of
solid waste management is getting increasing attention by the various levels of the government.
Hence relevant policies and laws at various government levels have been drafted and issued in
more recent years. Accordingly a review and commentary on the extent to which all social,
economic and environmental related issued are addressed as following.
4.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions must be complied with by all
other policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE
(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources
and environmental management.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the
Constitution of the FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to
development and right to live in clean and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution
states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as
a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance. The government shall pay fair
compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not take into
account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to
private property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to
payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8).
Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the right
to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and
projects affecting their community.
Economic objectives of the Constitution states that Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of
the people, land and other natural resources and to deploy them for their common benefits &
development. Government shall all the time promote the participation of the people in the
formulation of national development policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to support
the initiatives of the people in their development endeavours (Article 89 5&6).
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Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and
development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be
fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies
and project.
4.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives
that aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the
environment. Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996).
This document provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing
policies, programs and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views
environmental management as an important component of development. It recognizes the
importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset.
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as
well as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as crosssectoral interventions for the management of Ethiopias natural, man-made and cultural resources.
The most important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:
Management of forest and woodland resources.
Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and

environmental management.
Promotion of participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial and cultural

resources, and environmental protection.
Development of environmental education, public awareness and human resources.
4.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to
improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social
and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and
cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The
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policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various sectoral and cross-sectoral policies for
sustainable environmental management.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations
at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public awareness and promote
understanding of the essential linkage between environment and development. In addition to its
guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross sectoral environmental issues.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral environmental
policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental issues in project
planning at all levels of administration. The principal features of the Environmental Policy in this
area are:
Provides for protection of human and natural environments.
Provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and program

design.
Recognizes public consultation.
Includes mitigation plans and contingency plans.
Provides for monitoring and auditing
Establishes legally binding requirements
Institutionalizes policy implementation
The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (nowadays Ministry of
Environment & Forestry) to harmonize sectoral development plans and implement environmental
management programs for the country.
4.1.4 National Health Policy

Ethiopia had a low level of health coverage even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries.
This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of education,
nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to health services.
The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care
and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main principles:
Promotion of disease preventive components.
Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population.
Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment.
Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care.
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Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectoral activities through a national self-reliance
program.
Democratization and decentralization of the health care system
Health Sector Development Plans and Strategies have been designed to implement the stated health
principles within a defined period of time. The strategies include raising the awareness of personal
and environmental health care and sanitation through information, education and communication
(IEC); control of disease; and promotion of primary health care through community participation.
4.1.5 Land Tenure Policy

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) states that the right to
ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State
and People of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the Constitution indicates that land is a common property of
the Nations, Nationalities and the People of Ethiopia, and shall not be subjected to sale or to other
means of transfer.
The Constitution of FDRE retained land under the control of the people and government of
Ethiopia thus, prohibiting its buying and selling. Also article 4(5) of the Proclamation 94/1994
deals with provision of land for the conservation, development and utilization of state forests or
protected areas. However, this can be effective only after the consultation and consent of the
peasantry and subject to the assurance of their benefits.
In general, all legal provisions cited above, make rural and urban lands the property of the People
and Government of Ethiopia, and buying and selling of land is prohibited but leasing rights is
allowed. Moreover, it is the right for existing land owner to be compensated fully and satisfactorily
if land is expropriated by the state.
The Land Policy of Ethiopia strongly support that project plans must include attractive and
sustainable resettlement strategies to the people who are going to be displaced as a result of the
development plan, and they have to be fully convinced, compensated and have to participate in all
phases of the project implementation.
4.1.6 National Biodiversity Policy

The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. The policy provides
for guidance towards effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization of the
countrys biodiversity, and contains comprehensive policy provisions for the conservation and
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sustainable utilization of biodiversity. Integration of biodiversity conservation and development in

federal and regional sectoral development initiatives, and mobilization of international cooperation
and assistance, have been identified as the principal strategies for implementation of the policy.
Wetlands are considered among the most productive type of ecosystem in the world, providing
benefits far in excess of those obtained from alternative uses to which they are subjected. Ethiopia
is endowed with vast wetlands, however, efforts towards their conservation and sustainable
utilization are very limited, and no clear policy and legislative framework have been designed. The
EPA and Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History Society (EWNHS), in collaboration with Ramsar
Bureau and other funding organizations, are focusing efforts in this direction, and have conducted
successful workshops and awareness raising programs.
4.1.7 The Dry Waste Management Policy of the AACA

Issued by the Addis Ababa City Government (in Amharic, 1995 E.C.) the document provides a
good background on solid waste and its management in Addis Ababa as well as specific city-level
solid waste related figures. The major objectives of the policy include: enhancing the Citys image
and generating employment and income, which implies a view that consider solid waste as a
resource, and promoting the use of indigenous and appropriate technology in solid waste
management related operations. The achievement of sustainable solid waste management services
through the adoption of cost recovery mechanisms as well as the involvement of the private sector
as an alternative mode of service delivery are other aspects stressed in the policy. It is worth noting
that, compared to the above mentioned issues, the policy gives less attention to public health
aspects of waste management, hence OSH issues, although this can possibly linked to an implicit
assumption about its coverage in other separate legislations.
The policy, among others, suggests strategies in the following four major areas, namely (a)
Information, Monitoring and Evaluation, (b) Research and Development and (c) Environmental
Impact Assessment. Moreover, it is explicit about the desired roles to be played by the various
actors. Accordingly, while the government is to play regulatory and capacity building roles as well
as to provide the requisite institutional and legal support thus creating an enabling environment for
non-state actors, NGOs are encouraged to play an active role in information, education and
communication (IEC). The policy is expected to serve as framework for other more detailed pieces
of legislations (dry waste management regulations) to be issued by the City Administration.
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4.2 Legislative Framework

4.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Federal Environmental
Protection Authority (nowadays MoEF) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the
policies and decision-making of sectoral agencies through such means as the establishment of
environmental units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent
environmental agencies at the regional level.
This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectoral co-coordinating
body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the Council
includes: (i) reviewing environmental policies, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA and
issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate advice on the implementation
of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii) reviewing and approving directives,
guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.
4.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)

This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of
projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and activities
that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the project must
prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA
and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. The Proclamation requires,
among other things:
Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization from

the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to
issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a business
organization.
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects supposed to have an insignificant environmental impact.
A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental
authorization.
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Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact

assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as
follows:
Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse

impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental
impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant
regional environmental agency.
Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency for review.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental
issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals. To
put this Proclamation into effect the EPA issued guideline documents, which provide details of the
EIA process and its requirements. According to this EIA guideline projects are categorized into
three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus requiring
a full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2:
Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause
some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA
However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to erosion;
desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously
important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the project.
According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the country
should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating measures are
designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on the environment. This
in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared by project
proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.
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4.2.3 Addis Ababa City Government Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations

No. 21/2006
This Regulation (No. 21/2006) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of
projects specified under a guideline issued by the Authority and which will be implemented within
the jurisdiction of A.A city government,. However, the National EIA Proclamation No.299/2002 is
the basis for this regulation and the principles and procedures are almost similar except the
coverage and difference on the responsible organ actively involved on the decision making process
of the EIA (i.e. A.A City Government Environmental Protection Authority and its structures at
different levels).
4.2.4 Oromiya National

Proclamation No.176/2012
Regional
State
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
The Oromia regional state has adopted the Federal Proclamation on Environmental Impact
Assessment after it customized it to the regional realities. The Oromia region version of the
proclamations is called Oromia National Regional state Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation No. 176/2012. In addition to the proclamations, the Land Administration and
Environmental Protection Bureau (LAEPB) of Oromiya is preparing detailed regulations on EIA.
The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2012 of the region clearly stipulates
the requirement for environmental assessment by stating that no person shall commence
implementation of a project that requires environmental impact assessment without the
authorization from the Bureau. The enforcement of this requirement for environmental assessment
is spearheaded by LEPB and its branch offices at Zonal, City and Woreda levels. According to the
regional proclamation, the environmental impact study report is required to contain sufficient and
accurate information that would enable the bureau to give its decision. This implies that the EIA
report is expected to contain all necessary information that is relevant to the project site, nature and
characteristics of the proposed project, technology and its application process, direct and indirect
impacts, cumulative impacts and e.t.c. The regional proclamation also stipulates that LEPB shall
ensure the inclusion of the opinion of the public, particularly of the affected community in
environmental impact assessment study and their participation while review of the EIA is made.
The LEPB is required by the law to review the EIA study report submitted to it within ten days and
issue the authorization letter if satisfied with the report within the stated time limit.
4.2.5 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)

Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the right
of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the
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country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste, municipal waste, the
establishment of environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of
pollution. The proclamation also addresses noise as one source of environmental pollution and it
seeks for standards and limits for noise providing for the maximum allowable noise level taking
into account the settlement patterns. In general, the Proclamation provides a basis from which the
relevant environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning
violation of these standards as criminally punishable offences
Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority or the Regional
Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and responsibilities of
controlling environmental pollution. In order to ensure implementation of environmental standards
and related requirements, inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental
agency are empowered by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or
premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious concern
and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
4.2.6 Solid Waste Management Proclamation (No. 513/2007)

This proclamation came into force on February 2007 with an objective of implementing effective
solid waste management in the country. The Proclamation recognized the existing solid waste
management problems in the country and emphasizes the need to prevent environmental pollution
that may result from the disposal of solid waste. Environmental Protection Authority (nowadays
MoEF) is responsible for initiating and overseeing the implementation of overall policies, strategies
and guidelines on solid waste management. Capacity building is also an area of intervention by the
federal and regional environmental entities to foster sound management of waste in the country.
Regional environmental agencies and urban administrations are also responsible for drawing out
their plans as regards the implementation of the Proclamation and monitoring efficacy.
In this proclamation the following provisions pertinent to the treatment and disposal of hazardous
waste management has been provided:
As regards to Inter-Regional Movement of Solid wastes:
Regional states may require any transit of solid waste through their region to be packed and
transported in conformity with the directives and standards issued by the concerned
environmental agency.
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Each urban administration shall in conformity with the relevant environmental standards,
ensure that solid waste disposal sites are constructed and properly used and managed.
As regards to the Transportation of Solid Waste:
Without prejudice to the mandate of the appropriate agency to register, undertake annual
registration and technical inspection of the motor vehicles as well as to issue a driving
license .the conformity of any vehicle or equipment with the specifications set by concerned
environmental agency shall be ascertained by the relevant urban administration prior to its
use for solid waste management
Each urban administration shall ,without prejudice to the weight and size of the vehicles
determine under the relevant laws, set standards to determine the skills of drivers and
appropriateness of the equipment and equipment operators and to prevent overload of the
solid wastes
As regards to the Construction of Waste Disposal Sites
Urban administrations shall ensure that a solid waste disposal site that was under
construction or was constructed prior to the coming into force of this proclamation is
subjected to environmental auditing as per the relevant laws.
Urban administration shall ensure that any new solid waste disposal site being constructed
or an existing solid waste disposal site undergoing any modification has had an
environmental impact assessment according to the relevant law.
As regards to the Auditing of Solid Waste Disposal Sites
Each urban administration is responsible for ensuring that an environmental audit is carried
out on every existing solid waste disposal sites.
The owner of any solid waste disposal site shall make the necessary modification if the
environmental audit made under sub-article (1) of this article shows that its continued
operation poses a risk to public health or the environment.
The authority may prescribe environmental criteria to determine the alternative use of a
solid waste disposal site that has ceased operation or is abandoned.
As Regards to Civil Liabilities
The owner of any solid waste disposal site shall, regardless of fault, be liable for any
damage caused to the environment, human health or property in the course of its operation
and after its closure
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Without prejudice to sub-article (1) of the article ,exemption from liability shall be granted
only when certified that it is the victim himself or a third party for whom the owner of the
solid waste disposal site is not responsible that has caused the damage
Any claim for damage under sub-article (1) of this article shall be barred by a period of
limitation unless thought within two years from the date on which the occurrence of the
damage is known
The major intents of the proclamation, as described in the preamble and objective, are maximizing
the economic and social benefits of waste as well as promoting decentralized waste management
services which also include a more strong involvement of the community and public at all level in
the delivery of waste management services. The proclamation considers waste as a resource, and
accords due attention to the issue of waste recycling.
4.2.7 Public Health Proclamation

The Public Health Proclamation (200/2000) comprehensively addresses aspects of public health
including among others, water quality control, waste handling and disposal, availability of toilet
facilities, and the health permit and registration of different operations. The Proclamation prohibits
the disposal of untreated solid or liquid hazardous wastes into water bodies or the environment that
can affect human health.
4.2.8 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) defines the
state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to
"property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of exchange
land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and certification of tenure
rights. Part Three of the Proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land,
particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed management. The rural land
administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it and,
while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to acquire
property thereon, by labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The
Proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives on
environmental protection.
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Article 7(3) of the Proclamation reinforces the rights of land users to compensation for the
development they have made on the land. It also states that when the land holder is evicted by
federal government, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the federal land
administration law. When the rural land holder is evicted by regional governments, the rate of
compensation would be determined based on the rural land administration laws of regions.
It is envisaged that the Proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of
the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental
management activities.
4.2.9 Addis Ababa City Administration Waste Management, Collection & Disposal
Regulation
This is an elaborate piece of legislation (Regulation No 13/2004) which has 9 parts and 37 articles.
Among the key concerns of this regulation are environmental pollution and public health related
issues as well as the economic importance of waste. The general spirit of the regulation is the
promotion of a more decentralized, participatory and private sector driven waste management
service delivery in the City. The regulation also provides, among others, for the establishment of
governmental organizations dedicated for waste management related affairs both at the City, SubCity and Kebele levels.
As expected, the regulation stipulates general provisions that assume detail guidelines and
directives to be developed at a later stage to enable the proper implementation of the regulation.
The regulation gives a clear definition for the term hazardous waste. Article 13 which refers to
the management and disposal of hazardous wastes, for example, stipulates that a directive shall be
issued on this issue. The regulation also stresses the need to have special authorization from the
Citys Environmental Protection Authority, although specific tools that will be used in enforcing
these provisions are not indicated.
Notwithstanding the key roles residential and business establishments in the City play in achieving
the objectives stated in the regulations, it is more explicit about the responsibility of the generators
than on the commitment of the government. Likewise, Article 27 that refers to Safety and Health
of Online Workers stipulates that taking care of the safety and health of online workers is the
responsibility of the employer, although it does not provide for specific instruments to be employed
to ensure its proper adherence. It is also worthwhile to note that Article 29, which is about
incentives, explicitly promotes the use of appropriate technology for recycling and reduction of
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waste, but it is silent about the need to provide incentives to those that adopt and/or promote OHS
practices.
4.3 Institutional Framework

4.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs
Environmental Protection Proclamation (Proc. 295/2002) is aimed to assign the responsibilities for
environmental management to various entities in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental
resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also
intended to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among
environmental protection offices at a federal and regional level.
At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority (i.e. MoEF) is in charge of formulating
policies, laws, regulations and standards. Enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and
environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the Federal
Government also falls within the responsibilities of the EPA.
According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are required to
create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal, among others, with
EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities. Most of the regional states
have already established their own Regional Environment Protection offices. Accordingly, the A.A
City Government Environment Protection Authority is such an institution established by the A.A
City Government, while Land Administration and Environmental Protection Bureau of Oromiya is
established by Oromiya Regional State. Both institutions will have a stake on the proposed Sanitary
Landfill construction, operation and decommission processes.
4.3.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (former EPA)
The MoEF is one of the line ministries which directly report to the prime minister. The MoEF is the
key national level environmental agency, with a mandate to address environmental issues. The
environmental legislation gives the MoEF powers to fulfil its role, support all federal agencies in
establishing environmental units, and develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies
and public instruments. The MoEF is involved in the development of environmental policy and
legislation, setting environmental quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring pollution,
establishing EIA procedures and an environmental information system, and undertaking capacity
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development in relevant agencies to ensure the integration of environmental management in policy

development and decision making.
The mandate and duties of the former EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of
Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/2002). The Federal EPA is
responsible for:
Establishment of a system for environmental assessment of public and private sector

projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and
programs of federal level functions.
Review, decision-making and follow-up implementation of environmental impact study

reports for projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where
they are subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision; also proposed activities
subject to execution by a federal agency, likely to entail inter- or trans-regional and
international impacts.
Notification of its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time specified
in the appropriate law or directives.
Auditing and regulation of implementation of the conditions attached to the decision.
Making its decisions and the EIA report available to the public.
Resolution of complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time.
Development of incentives or disincentive structures required for compliance with regional

environmental agency requirements.
4.4. Solid Waste Management Standards

4.4.1 Draft Urban Waste Management Standards
The National Urban Solid Waste Management Standards (NUSWMS) create the framework for
municipalities to provide effective, affordable and sustainable urban SWM systems in order to
protect public health and environmental quality.
The Standards provide minimum requirements to enable competent authorities to meet their legal
responsibilities as set out in various legal instruments, most specifically the SWM Proclamation
(No 513/2007). The NUSWMS shall be applied across Ethiopian cities and towns and they provide
the basic minimum requirements to be achieved in the design, implementation and operation of
SWM systems.
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The NUSWMS places responsibility on regional and local public authorities (hereinafter referred to
as the Competent Authorities) to:
Ensure that all urban residents are provided with regular and reliable waste collection
services that meet the basic minimum requirement to protect public health.
Ensure that collected waste is managed properly, regardless of whether it is destined for
recycling, treatment or disposal, in order to protect the quality of the environment.
Catalyze the economic development of the sector in terms of growth opportunities for small
and medium sized enterprises.
The Standards have been designed to ensure that they address the above priorities and at the same
time are realistically achievable and applicable to different contexts. Competent authorities shall
ensure that basic minimum standards of SWM are implemented to acceptable levels. Competent
authorities may exceed the standards, and implement alternative conforming waste management
system types, so long as the three basic minimum goals are achieved.
For the purpose of implementing the SWM standards urban settlements are categorised as follows:
Category 1 - towns/cities with population above 500,000.
Category 2 - towns/cities with population of 100,001 - 500,000.
Category 3 - towns with population of 50,001 to 100,000.
Hence the new Sendafa sanitary landfill project falls under Category 1. The following are some of
the requirements outlined in the standards for class I sanitary landfill and waste transfer stations.
a. Class 1 Sanitary landfill
The following are minimum standard requirements for class I sanitary land fill.
Establishment and operation of leachate treatment through the installation of oxidation
ponds etc.
Installation of active landfill gas collection systems with flaring (or utilization) of gas.
Installation of full liner system with groundwater monitoring and control measures and
seepage control.
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Located with sufficient void space for a minimum of 10 years operational life.
Operation in accordance with management plan.
Auxiliary and amenity facilities
Minimum area requirement shall be area required for fill volume plus ~ 40% for additional
facilities and site activities.
Approximate waste acceptance capacity = 251 500 Tones/day
Whole tyres, medical and other hazardous wastes, industrial wastes, demolition and
construction wastes (except where utilized as cover and site engineering purposes) shall be
prohibited from being disposed at such sites.
In addition the solid waste management standards require the following as a minimum for category
1 landfill management.
Competent authorities shall ensure the installation and functioning of landfill gas
management systems at all landfill sites.
As a minimum passive landfill gas venting shall be ensured at all sites.
Where possible landfill gas shall be collected and flared, and where economically
justifiable, utilized as a source of renewable energy.
Category 1 and 2 landfills will have vehicle weigh scales installed to obtain exact records of
waste quantities being delivered. Weigh scales should be installed at all other landfill sites
where possible.
b. Waste transfer
Waste transfer involves transferring waste materials from a small collection vehicle / cart to a larger
vehicle / trailer. This allows small collection vehicles to return quickly to collection routes and
maximises efficiency of transporting large volumes of waste to distant treatment or disposal
facilities through use of larger capacity haulage vehicles. The location and type of transfer station
will depend upon the location of the final disposal/treatment facilities in relation to the location of
waste production and the type of collection system implemented.
The need for and design of waste transfer systems shall be considered in regional/city SWM
plans.
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However, where the final disposal/treatment centre is located close to the city/town centre
say within 2-3 km, there may be no need to employ waste transfer points / stations.
Depending on the design and management regime for the transfer station, they may be
located either within or outside of the urban area.
The competent authority shall ensure an EIA is completed in conjunction with consultation
with the local residents before final selection of a transfer-station location.
Category 1 and 2 municipalities shall evaluate the need for installing and operating transfer
stations at fixed sites within the urban area where waste from primary collection services
is to be transferred into larger containers/vehicles.
The design of the transfer operation shall enable the site operations to be efficient and
hygienic.
Incoming waste shall be transferred from the transfer-station within 1 day, unless temporary
operational reasons do not permit this.
Category 3, 4 & 5 municipalities shall evaluate the use of containers at agreed collection
points utilizing a hook-lift system or a crane-tipper system as a transfer option.
Transferring waste from the ground, using a front-end loader, or similar, shall only be
undertaken as a temporary or emergency measure.
Competent authorities shall ensure that waste transfer and waste transport is undertaken
during daylight hours other than where traffic congestion is a serious concern.
Where traffic density dictates the movement of waste at night time, enhanced health and
safety procedures and equipment shall be utilized to minimise the risk of accidents and
injuries.
Size of small transfer points shall be determined by the same methodology as calculating
container sizes as detailed in Box-1 plus minimum additional area of 2 times area of
containers to accommodate transfer vehicles, ramps, etc.
Service radius of transfer stations shall be determined by maximum radius of primary
collection vehicles serving the transfer point or station.
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The type, design, location, site area and service radius of transfer stations shall be
determined through Feasibility Study.
Transfer station sites shall have a hard standing and security fencing with gate, sanitary
facilities, water and electricity.
All waste transfer points, facilities and containers shall be kept clean and orderly at all times
with containers and site area inspected and cleaned monthly, and a total area clean
extending to 20m in all directions around entire site every quarter (3 months).
c. Health and Safety
Competent authorities have an employers responsibility and humanitarian duty to prevent

illness and injury of the workforce. Consideration shall be given to all aspects of the work,
including: the design of the equipment; provision and use of personal protective equipment
(PPE); regular medical check-ups and immunization; and provision of toilets and washing
facilities.
Competent authorities shall establish an accident and incident reporting system whereby
every event is recorded and investigated.
Competent authorities shall ensure that collection workers should never be expected to lift
wastes above their shoulder height because the risk of serious injury.
Collection workers shall not stand on wastes in collection vehicles during loading and/or
transport.
Health and safety training, supported by appropriate levels of supervision, shall be ensured
so that waste management workers understand the origins of the risks that they face and
know how to minimize these risks.
Equality of employment opportunity shall be ensured between women and men within the
SWM sector at all levels: from policy to administration and financing, planning, educating
and interfacing within the communities; monitoring neighborhood waste collection services;
and handling complaints from the public.
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4.4.2 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
a. Overview
The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with
general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The EHS
Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be
achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS
Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an
appropriate timetable for achieving them. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be
tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of the results of an
environmental assessment in which site-specific variables, such as host country context,
assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project factors, are taken into account.
b. General waste management
The following guidance applies to the management of nonhazardous and hazardous waste.
Additional guidance specifically applicable to hazardous wastes is also presented in IFC guideline
document. Waste management should be addressed through a Waste management system that
addresses issues linked to waste minimization, generation, transport, disposal, and monitoring.
c. Waste management planning
Facilities that generate waste should characterize their waste according to composition, source,
types of wastes produced, generation rates, or according to local regulatory requirements. Effective
planning and implementation of waste management strategies should include:
Review of new waste sources during planning, sitting, and design activities, including
during equipment modifications and process alterations, to identify expected waste
generation, pollution prevention opportunities, and necessary treatment, storage, and
disposal infrastructure
Collection of data and information about the process and waste streams in existing facilities,
including characterization of waste streams by type, quantities, and potential use/disposition
Establishment of priorities based on a risk analysis that takes into account the potential EHS
risks during the waste cycle and the availability of infrastructure to manage the waste in an
environmentally sound manner
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Definition of opportunities for source reduction, as well as reuse and recycling.
Definition of procedures and operational controls for onsite storage
Definition of options/procedures /operational controls for treatment and final disposal
d. Treatment and Disposal
If waste materials are still generated after the implementation of feasible waste prevention,
reduction, reuse, recovery and recycling measures, waste materials should be treated and disposed
of and all measures should be taken to avoid potential impacts to human health and the
environment. Selected management approaches should be consistent with the characteristics of the
waste and local regulations, and may include one or more of the following:
On-site or off-site biological, chemical, or physical treatment of the waste material to

render it nonhazardous prior to final disposal
Treatment or disposal at permitted facilities specially designed to receive the waste.

Examples include: composting operations or organic non-hazardous wastes; properly
designed, permitted and operated landfills or incinerators designed for the respective type of
waste; or other methods known to be effective in the safe, final disposal of waste materials
such as bioremediation.
e. Transportation
On-site and Off-site transportation of waste should be conducted so as to prevent or minimize

spills, releases, and exposures to employees and the public. All waste containers designated for offsite shipment should be secured and labelled with the contents and associated hazards, be properly
loaded on the transport vehicles before leaving the site, and be accompanied by a shipping paper
(i.e., manifest) that describes the load and its associated hazards.
5. Methodology
The methodology adopted for conducting the environmental and social impact assessment study
includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below.
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a. Field Surveys
The method of field surveying is second to none in understanding the likely impacts of a given
development project on the particular environment around the project site. The team of
environment consultants were mobilized for field survey to the project sites several times during
the extended project period, as it was necessary to ensure a thorough assessment of the project
impacts. The team has already made observations in and around the Sendafa landfill site, Bole
Arabsa, Koshe and Akaki transfer station sites and gathered essential field data. During the field
survey information on physical, biological and socio-economic environment was collected for each
site. In addition base line data collection was done through field investigations.
b. Interviews with designing firm specialists
The ESIA team has the opportunity to closely work with the consultancy firms (i.e. Artelia in
association with Metaferia Consult) that were in charge of designing the Sanitary landfill and
transfer stations project. The team discussed project detail designs and processes with the engineers
at different stages of the designing process. This has enabled the ESIA team to provide its inputs
and positively influence the design process to make it more environment friendly. In due course
extensive discussions were also made with the project management to develop common
understanding of the main components of the project.
c. Literature review
Information on existing environmental conditions was obtained from review of various published
and unpublished sources. In addition review of detail design reports and drawings of the new
sanitary landfill and transfer stations, national and regional policies, legislations and standards as
well as the World Bank Safeguard Policies, IFC-EHS guidelines on waste management, relevant
ESMF and resettlement policy framework (RPF) documents were also reviewed.
d. Competent authority guidelines
The Federal, Addis Ababa and Oromia Region EPAs legislative and institutional framework,
policies, procedures, standards, guidelines etc. are also reviewed and consulted. The recent draft
solid waste management standard hand books issued by the Ministry of Urban Development,
Housing and Construction were also extensively consulted. Sociological and environmental data
were gathered by discussing and filling questionnaires with the experts in concerned government
agencies. These include the Bereh woreda sector offices and Addis Ababa City Administration
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health, education, urban agriculture, culture and tourism, Water Supply and Sewerage, Cleansing
Management Agency, as well as the Addis Ababa Recycling and Disposal Project Office were
consulted.
e. Sampling and Monitoring
Two surface water samples were collected from Hambisa River and from a point below the
confluence of Legedadi River with Legetafo River. The Hambisa River is situated east of the
Sendafa landfill project site and both the Legetafo and Legedadi rivers drain on the west side. The
water samples were collected from upstream positions relative to the proposed landfill site. The
samples were collected on the same day at an interval of approximately one hour interval. The
samples were collected using grab sampling techniques and were sent to Addis Ababa Environment
Protection Authority Laboratory for analysis. The resulting data from the analysis is applied to
establish bench mark conditions as part of the baseline assessment.
f. Consultation with relevant regional and local authorities

Interviews and discussions with several local authorities and stakeholders were carried out in the
project area. At Federal level the Ministry of Urban Development Housing and Construction and
the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (former EPA) as well as other relevant offices were
consulted. Extensive consultation was also conducted with the relevant Authorities of the Bereh
Woreda Administration as well as Addis Ababa City Administration.
g. Community consultation
The primary purpose of public consultation is to protect the interest of affected
persons/communities, especially the poor and vulnerable groups. It also gives opportunity for the
affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse impacts, maximize additional benefits,
and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation for loss of property and land due to the
project.
Public consultations were carried out with the objective of informing the public on the potential
impacts, identifying additional potential social impacts (positive and negative); and on the
implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the negative impacts and on measures of
reinforcement for the positive impacts; and to seek the participation and contribution of the public
during the implementation of the project.
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FDRE Constitution also reaffirms the participation of the public, in policies and projects that affect
their livelihood. Article 43 No.2 states that Nationals have the right to participate in national
development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their
community.
Stakeholders consultation was also conducted to ensure the participation of all interested parties,
including people residing in the project area, local government officials, Kebelle administrations
and Woreda experts and professionals from different offices in the woreda.
The objective of public and stakeholders consultation were;
To ensure that the public and stakeholders, interested groups, civil societies are informed
about the project and its impact and the information will clarify doubts about who will be
affected or benefit from the project.;
To enable meaningful and accessible participation of the public and the affected population
in particular;
To identify local issues and concerns to be addressed;
To obtain acceptance of the project both by the public and stakeholders.
To inform on the nature of potential social impacts of the project and its impacts on the
social, cultural and economic ties and networks during and after construction works;
To consult on the loss of productive resources mainly loss of farm and grazing land,
To identify major social impact issues, such as involuntary resettlement, community

severance and compensation for affected properties and assets.
To solicit the views of local population what beneficial impact they expect from the project
6. Description of the project environment

6.1 Physical environment
6.1.1 Climate
Based on Rainfall, the climate of the area can be categorized in to two broad seasons: the dry
season (winter) which covers the period from October to May and the Wet season extends from
June to September, with slight rainfall during autumn and spring. This seasonal variation of rainfall
distribution within the study area is due to the annual migration of the inter-tropical convergence
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zone, a low-pressure zone marking the convergence of dry tropical easterlies and moist equatorial
westerlies across the catchment.
Meteorological data of the past six years (2007-2012) has been collected from Bole meteorological
station which is relatively representative to the project sites in Bole Arabsa, Akaki, Legedadi and
Koshe sites.
Based on the data collected and analyzed, mean maximum annual temperature over the record
periods is 23.5 0C, while mean minimum annual temperature value is 10.50C. The daily variation in
temperature in the area is more pronounced than the annual variation and the calculated mean
annual temperature is around 170C. The annual rainfall of Addis Ababa collected from Bole
meteorological station is 1040mm. Small variation in annual rainfall is observed towards Akaki and
Legedadi areas. In general, one can classify the climate in this area as warm temperate climate. The
average annual wind speed calculated is 0.55km/hr.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
23.8 24.8
25.7
25.0
25.4
23.7
21.2
20.8
21.7
23.4
23.1
22.7
9.7
10.8
12.1
12.7
12.0
11.9
12.0
11.6
9.7
8.6
8.0
35.2
80.4
84.2
109.
253
251 140.5
17.1
16.1
19.1
Mean monthly max.

Temp. ( 0C)
Mean monthly min.
Temp. ( 0C)
8.8
Average
annual
rainfall (mm)
9.1 25.0
0
Table 3: Monthly Mean temperature ( c) and average rainfall (mm) data for 6 years (2007-2012) from Bole
Meteorological
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0.62
0.77 0.67
0.67
0.55
0.37
0.27
0.3
0.4
0.65
0.68
0.63
Table 4: Average Monthly wind speed (km/hr) of 6 years (2007-2012)
6.1.2 Topography of the project area

The new Sendafa sanitary landfill site is relatively flat topped and elevated from the surrounding
but the margin of the site is gentle sloped towards eastern and south western gorges. The site on its
middle western and eastern part slopes toward the southwest and southeast respectively. It extends
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between the levels +2436m and +2470m ASL. Its shape represents a strip oriented North-South
with a natural slope of 1.2% (average value) toward the south. The site also presents on its Middle
Eastern part a slope toward the south-east ranging from 2 to 6%. On the other hand, the topography
of Akaki transfer station site has flat topography. The elevation difference is about 2m and it is
from 2066m to 2068m. Bole Arabsa transfer station site has gentle topography. Its elevation
difference is about 25m and it is from 2249m to 2225m.
6.1.3 Geology of Addis Ababa and its Surrounding

The Akaki River catchment comprises of wide range of volcanic rocks of different ages (Morton et
al, 1979; Vernier and Chernert, 1985; Tsehayu and H/Mariam, 1990; AAWSA & Seureca, 1991).
In addition, different workers and scholars have contributed to the geology of this area, some are:
Mohr (1964, 1966, and 1967), Kazmin (1975), Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Asefa (1989).
Due to the location of the study area with respect to the Main Ethiopian Rift, the rocks were
subjected to rift tectonics that is manifested by a number of fault systems having a general trend of
the rift system (Northeast Southwest), but there are some faults and lineaments oriented
Southeast-Northwest and Northeast-Southwest.
The litho-stratigraphic units of the catchment can be outlined from the oldest (bottom) to the
youngest (top) as follows:
a. Alaji series (Lower Miocene)
This unit covers the Entoto Mountain and extends to the north beyond Akaki catchment. It
comprises of basalts associated with rhyolites, trachyte, ignimbrites, tuffs and agglomerates. Earlier
works further subdivided this series into Alaji Rhyolites and Intoto silicic.
b. Addis Ababa Basalts

They overlie Intoto silicic and outcrops mainly occur in the Intoto Mountain, central Addis Ababa,
along Akaki River course (south) in the vicinity of Lega Dadi dam to the north of Lake Gefersa and
southern part of the city. Their composition can be porphyritic olivine basalt, porphyritic feldspar
basalt & aphanitic basalts. Individual flows are usually easily observed & paleosols & scoraceous
horizons are found at the bottom of flows in many places (Kebede Tsehayu and Taddese
Hailemariam, 1990).
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c. Nazareth Group
Aphanitic basalt, welded tuffs, ignimbrites, trachyte and rhyolites make up this group of younger
Volcanics. Aphanitic basalt flows cover the southern portion of Addis Ababa. Trachy basalt out
crops are found around Repi area and General Winget School and associated with undifferentiated
volcanic. An ignimbrite sheet (upper Welded tuff) out crop occurs in the northeast of Addis Ababa
at the base of Intoto Mountain and Lega Dadi areas. This formation is gray colored, vertically and
horizontally jointed (Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa, 1989). Rhyolite flows belonging to
this group outcrop at the top and southern flanks of Mt. Yerer. The exposed thickness of the lava
sequence is about 500m (Anteneh Girma, 1994).
d. Bofa Basalts
This unit comprises of olivine porphyritic basalt, scoria, vesicular & scoriaceous basalt, and trachy
- basalt lava flows. They extend in to the south from Akaki River and the unit is as thick as 10
meters (Anteneh Girma, 1994). They appear to have upper thick basalt of 20 - 40m over the Akaki
well field but thinner to absent in other places. They have well preserved shape of cones.
e. Lacustrine Deposits, alluvial & Residual soils:
These are quaternary to recent deposits. Lacustrine soils occur around Bole, Lideta, Mekanisa,
Between Abba Samuel Lake and small Akaki River. The thickness of this deposit varies between
5m to 50m.
The Akaki catchment where all the Addis Ababa SWM project sites are located has been subjected
to the rift tectonics, which is manifested by a number of major and minor fault systems. The general
trend of most of these faults follows the rift system (NE SW) orientation but there are some faults
with orientation of east-west and northwest-southeast. The major lineament oriented along east west that extends from Kessem River in the east through Addis Ababa to Ambo in the west, cuts
across the Western rift escarpment and uplifted its northern block (Zennettin et al., 1978).
Another major lineament oriented in Northwest direction & situated to the northeast of the Akaki
well field extends between Akaki and Dukem (following the main Debrezeit highway) is one of the
lineaments that do not follow the rift trend. The density of faults increases to the southeast of the
rift valley. Therefore, some of the basaltic lava and cinder cones situated to the Southeast &
Northeast of the Akaki well field probably have erupted through these fractures as they are
concentrated along the major NE SW trending fault systems of Akaki and Dukem areas.
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Map 3: Geology of Addis Ababa and Surrounding Area
6.1.3.1 Geology and Soil type of Sendafa Land fill site

Sendafa Land fill site lies within Tarmaber basalt and ignimbrite sheet (upper Welded tuff) out
cropped in the northeast of Addis Ababa at the base of Intoto Mountain and Legadadi areas. The
ignimbrite formation is gray colored, vertically and horizontally jointed (Hailesellasie Girmay and
Getaneh Assefa, 1989). It is underlain by aphanitic basalt and overlain by young olivine basalts
(Hailesellasie Girmay, 1985).
From Geological map of Addis Ababa, the land fill site in Legedadi is at a vicinity of a fault
trending N-S direction.
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With regard to soil type, the entire project area is dominantly covered with black cotton soil. The
black cotton soil horizon or layer from the three test pits observed during field assessment has an
average thickness of 1.5m. Soils encountered in the site are black cotton soils with characteristics of
high plasticity and high degree of swelling.
6.1.3.2 Geology and soil type of Bole Arbasa Transfer station site
The southern segment of the site area is covered by basalt flows representing the oldest rock unit
exposed in the site area. It is well exposed all along the Akaki river gorge and its tributaries and
extensively excavated for various construction purposes. The rock is dark gray in colour, degree of
weathering ranges from strong to moderate, predominantly aphantic, vesicular, locally
amygdaloidal, strongly fractured and jointed, locally strongly layered.
The northern segment site is covered by Miocene ignimbrite (welded tuff) and trachyte underlain
by aphantic basalts. It is grey colored, vertically and horizontally jointed (Getaneh Aseffa et al.,
1989). There is a fault close to Bole Arabsa transfer station trends NNE-SSW direction like most
faults of Ethiopian rift valley.
From field observation, Bole Arabsa site is dominantly covered with black cotton soil. According
to the Test Pitting dug at the site, the black cotton soil cover above the weathered rock ranges
between 0.1m to 1m. Therefore the average of the soil cover is about 0.5m. The land is gently
sloping landscape. Its porous, dark-colored soils developed from volcanic origin, such as volcanic
ash, tuff and pumice.
6.1.3.3 Geology and soil type of Koshe Transfer station site
Koshe site is found in the younger volcanic of Chilalo formation comprising Trachyte, Trachy
basalts, Ignimbrites and Rhyolites. Trachytic flow and Trachy-basalts dominantly cover extensive
areas in the site as well as west and southwest part of the site, from Mt. Furi, Tulu Iyoo to Repi and
Wechecha Range. The trachyte flow is underlain by tuff and overlain by alternating flows of
plagioclase basalt and rhyolite at Repi (Anteneh Girma, 1994).
According to Solomon Tale (2000), Olivine porphyritic basalt (Addis Ababa Basalt) outcrop in the
north eastern part of the site and the central part of the city.
It was difficult to identify the soil type of the site from field observation as the site is filled with
solid waste and selected soil materials transported from other areas for recapping. However, from
soil map of Addis Ababa, the area around the site is covered dominantly with clay and to some
proportion of silt developed from young volcanic rocks of Mt. Furi and Mt. Wechecha.
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6.1.3.4 Geology and soil type of Akaki Transfer station site

Akaki transfer station is within lacustrine silts and clays underlain by Bofa basalts. Bofa basalts
comprises of scoria , vesicular & scoraceous basalts and it is also close to Alluvial deposits along
the bank of Big Akaki River The site is also at the vicinity of normal fault striking NW-SE and
dipping towards the site.
The site is dominantly covered with black cotton soil developed over lacustrine clay and silt
deposits. The type of soil along the bank of Big Akaki River which is not far from the site is
dominantly loose materials consisting of clay, silt, sand and gravel in different proportions.
Map 4: Geological Map and water points in Sendafa Sanitary Landfill Site
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6.1.4 Hydrology of the project area

Hydro-geologically, the study area is a complex catchment. Different aquifers have different hydro
geological characteristics.
Previous works show that the Akaki river catchment is made up of both inter - granular and fracture
- type aquifers. Alluvial sediments and pyroclastic rocks are intergranular porosity aquifers, and
volcanic rocks such as weathered/fractured basalts, ignimbrites, trachyte, welded tuffs and rhyolites
are fractured aquifer types.
Accordingly, major aquifers are fractured and intergranular aquifers of young volcanic sequences
excluding the mountain ranges. Boreholes of variable discharges have been drilled in these aquifers
and in most cases the yield is over 10 l/sec. The transmisivities of these aquifers vary between
mean minimum value of 616m2/day and mean maximum of about 37000 m2/day. Scoria deposits,
among the major aquifers are the most important unit from hydrological point of view. The
interconnection of the voids has resulted in high permeability for these deposits. In the Akaki area
highly productive wells were drilled in these deposits.
Minor aquifers are those fractured and inter granular aquifers of old volcanic rocks covering the
city of Addis Ababa & the bases of Intoto Mountain and Legedadi plains. Wells drilled in these
aquifers often yielded between 2 l/sec and 5 l/sec. The transmissivity of these aquifers varies
between mean minimum value of 3m2/day and mean maximum of about 1700 m2/day.
Poor aquifers are fine - grained alluvial deposits intercalated with ash materials and well compacted
lacustrine deposits, but this generalization is exceptional to alluvial deposits of sand and gravel
types that cover smaller area in the catchment as wells drilled in them have good yields. The
mountain ranges of Intoto, Wechecha and Furi are non-aquifers because are generally not
considered as ground water containing materials in exploitable quantities.
6.1.4.1 Hydrology of the Sendafa Sanitary Landfill Area

From hydro-geological map of Addis Ababa, the site lies on aquifers which are fractured and inter
granular aquifers of old volcanic rocks covering Legedadi plains. Old wells owned by AAWSA
drilled up to 250m in these aquifers of fractured old basalt and ignimbrites often yielded between 5
l/s and 10 l/s except an artesian well relatively close to the site owned by AAWSA with a depth of
200m yielding 50 l/s during conducting pumping test.
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From the deep test wells drilled up to depth 432 and 500m around the site to assess the hydrogeological characteristics of the Legedadi-Legatafo-Ayat groundwater prospective area, the major
aquifer in the area is fractured basalt, scoria and Scoraceous basalt. The deep test wells have water
yield of 15 and 20 l/s and static water level of 6m - 8m. During drilling significant amount of water
was struck at 60m and 180m depths.
6.1.4.2 Hydrology of the Bole Arbasa Transfer Station Area

The Hydro geological characteristic of the area is variable. Less fractured ignimbrite, rhyolite and
trachyte are with relatively less permeable upper aquifer system. The Hydraulic conductivity of
these upper aquifers varies between mean minimum value of 1m/day and mean maximum of about
6m/day. However, boreholes drilled more than 400m deep into the lower aquifer in South Ayat North Fanta well field are productive wells with a yield of 35 -50 l/s.
No
1
2
3
4
Bore hole location
Owner
Abune Yosef school

Voice of Gospel
Ginbot 20 school
Rahima Diary
Abune Yosef school

Voice of Gospel
Ginbot 20 school
Rahima Diary
Well
depth(m)
94
33
100
Static water
level(m)
29
-
borehole was observed within a radius of 1km from the site. However, the site is at the periphery of
South Ayat-North Fanta well field buffer zone which is one of the five Groundwater prospective
sites identified in Addis Ababa city.
6.1.4.3 Hydrology of the Koshe Transfer Station Area

The site is categorized as extensive and moderate productive fissured aquifer stored with in
moderately weathered and fractured trachyte, rhyolites and tuffs. Moderately fractured and
weathered ignimbrites, tuffs and basalts form moderate productive aquifers with yield of 262m3/day
to 432m3/day. Wells drilled towards south and west of the site on moderately fractured trachyte,
rhyolites and tuffs often yielded between 2 l/sec and 5 l/sec and transmissivity between 50m2/day
and 100m2/day. The porphyritic to Aphantic basalt unit which covers north eastern part of the site is
productive aquifers yielding 5l/Sec to 10 l/Sec.
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Table 5: Boreholes within a radius of 1 km from Koshe site
6.1.4.3 Hydrology of the Akaki Transfer Station Area

Four principal hydrogeological units are recognized in Akaki area groundwater prospective site
where the transfer station is located;
Alluvial confining layer
Upper basalt aquifer- vesicular basalt and scoria
Confining layers trachytes and massive basalts
Lower Basalt aquifer- vesicular basalt and scoria
The first hydro lithological units is alluvial sediment composed of clay and silty clay material and
its thickness is about 40m and it acts as confining layer of the upper aquifer. The upper aquifer is
composed of vesicular basalt intercalated with scoria and massive basalt layers of multi layered
aquifer. The massive basalt layers within this aquifer may act as a separating layer between the
upper and lower aquifer. The thickness of the upper aquifer is estimated to be a maximum of 360
meters; the thickness of the lower aquifer is penetrated by 500 meters deep wells. Deep wells
drilled up to 400m to 550m around the site yielding water from 22 l/s to 90 l/s with static water
level depth of 8m - 35m.
The general groundwater movement is from north to south. Akaki area groundwater prospective
site is one of the five prospective groundwater sites identified around Addis Ababa city. (WWDSE,
March 2008) showed that Akaki prospective site has high groundwater potential and the annual
exploitable groundwater resources from the Akaki prospective site is preliminarily estimated to be
about 168 MCM/Year or 537,000m3/day.
Currently, in addition to operational old Akaki well fields, Addis Ababa Water Supply Authority
has actively undertaking groundwater development through drilling deep wells in selected three
well fields named as WF01, WF02, and WF03.
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Map 5: Water points and Geological structures around Akaki Transfer station
6.1.5 Land Use and visual

The major land use type dominating the areas around Sendafa sanitary landfill are farming, grazing
and residential uses. The project area itself was widely used for agriculture with less dense
residential places. It is the primary land use; barely, teff, wheat and lentils are the major crops in the
area. Legedadi dam, one of the major water supply sources for Addis Ababa city, is also found in
the locality and forms one of the important land uses in Sendafa area.
On the other hand the Bole Arbasa and Akaki transfer station sites are found at the outer peripheries
of Addis Ababa city and hence the major land use types were agricultural and residential. However,
the dominance of these land use types in the areas appears to be changing fast. For example, in the
Akaki transfer station area, the agricultural fields are changing into vast residential places with the
development of housing projects by the City Government. Similarly, industrial and residential land
use types are fast approaching towards Bole Arbasa area with the expansion of industrial and
residential projects. Thus the dominance of agricultural and rural residential land use types is
thinning out fast around the project sites.
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Fig 7: Showing current land use types at Sendafa landfill, Akaki and Bole Arbasa transfer station sites
6.1.6 Water Resources
6.1.6.1 Surface waters

The Akaki River catchment comprises of numerous small rivers. The dominant ones are the Big
Akaki with catchment area of 900km2, which drains the eastern part of the catchment area, and the
little Akaki catchment with area of about 540km2, that drains the western part of the catchment; and
their respective tributaries. The two rivers form one of the biggest tributaries of the Awash River
called Akaki River. Almost all the streams in the catchment originate from the northern part of the
catchment (see map 6).
Entoto Mountain range in the northern forms the surface water divide between the Blue Nile and
Awash River basins. The drainage of an area is affected by numerous factors among which,
rainfall, slope, vegetation, rock type and tectonic activity, infiltration capacity, soil types and
thicknesses, are some. In the northern part of the catchment the drainage forms steep narrow gorges
(facilitates runoff) which can be attributed to high rainfall, dense vegetation cover and high
topographic elevation (>2800m). Where there are volcanic ridges /domes, drainage radiates in all
directions forming radial or parallel drainage system. It is clear that areas with higher permeability
have lower drainage density that in turn may decrease the surface runoff. These can be observed
from the topographic map of the area in that areas with high elevation and that are not covered with
vegetation have higher drainage density compared to flat lying areas and areas that are covered with
vegetation (increases permeability). Generally the drainage in the catchment is oriented nearly from
north to south following the regional slope.
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Map 6: Drainage Map of Akaki Catchment
a. Surface water around Sendafa Sanitary Landfill site

There are no permanent streams flowing within the Sendafa sanitary landfill site boundary;
however during heavy rainfall events there are some streams created within and around the current
site. During rainy season storm water from the western part of the project site is drained into small
creek locally named as Bickine which is small tributary of Legedadi river while the eastern part
of the site drains the water through dry gorges into Hambisa river which also joins Big Akaki River
further downstream. There is no surface water flowing from the outside to the inside of the project
site since its general elevation is higher than the adjacent areas.
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Fig 8: Showing the confluence of Legetafo with Legedadi River where sample was collected
The Sendafa sanitary landfill site is located downstream of Legedadi dam which has reservoir
capacity of 40x106 m3 and supply rate of 127,000m3/day. From field observation, Hambisa River is
brackish and polluted with cattle dung as it is extensively used for grazing by the near community.
Parameters
Water quality
Hambissa river
Water quality of
Legetafo River after
joining with
Legedadi river
Remarks
PH
5.53
6.3
Sampling point location at

Hambisa river was 494614E
& 995290N
Electrical Conductivity (s/cm)
259
190
Sampling point location at

confluence of Legedadi and
Legatafo Rivers was
491533E & 1001205N
TDS (mg/l)
129
95
Suspended solids (mg/l)
237
2435
Reactive Phosphate (PO43-),

(mg/l)
18.3
179.5
Total Ammonia (mg/l)
0.02
2.5
Nitrate (mg/l)
10.5
Nil
Flouride (mg/l)
0.2
0.29
TOC (mg/l)
Nil
Nil
10
Phenol (mg/l)
0.009
Nil
11
Sulfate (SO42-), (mg/l)
Nil
2.0
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12
Salinity, %
Nil
Nil
13
Total Hardness (mg/l)
235
750
14
Total Alaklinity (mg/l)
450
862.5
15
Chloride, (mg/l)
210
675
16
COD (mg/l)
40
100
17
Lead (Pb), (mg/l)
1.875
< 0.00001
18
Cadmium (Cd), (mg/l)
< 0.00001
< 0.00001
19
Silver (Ag), (mg/l)
< 0.00001
< 0.00001
20
BOD5, (mg/l)
38
40
Table 5: Laboratory analysis result of river water samples from Hambisa and legetafo-Legedadi rivers
6.1.6.2 Ground waters

Studies conducted by different geologists on Akaki river catchment have concluded that the main
groundwater of Akaki is old water that have travelled from far area and it is believed that the major
productive deep aquifers like Akaki well fields are mainly recharged by regional groundwater flow
systems. However, shallow unconfined aquifers on alluvial deposits and minor aquifers with in
fractures of volcanic rocks are recharged from the catchment and base flow from the adjacent
rivers.
The general trend of groundwater flow direction was determined to be from north to south, with
some local variations. Ground water recharge amount is higher for the northern part relative to
southern or central zones of the catchment. Outflows from the ground water system include well
withdrawal, subsurface outflow, base flow to rivers and springs discharge.
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Map 7: Aquifer Map of Addis Ababa and its surrounding Area
6.1.7 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality of Addis Ababa city is not regularly monitored. Thus data on ambient air
quality are scares. However, a pilot-scale ambient air quality study was conducted in Addis Ababa
between 26 January and 28 February 2004. The intent of the study was to obtain a snapshot of the
air quality conditions in Addis Ababa, especially with respect to PM10, airborne lead, and carbon
monoxide concentrations. This study has summarized the result as follows:
With respect to PM10, PM2.5, and lead ambient air quality conditions in Addis Ababa are far better
than in Cairo, Egypt (Abu-Allaban et al., 2002). Nevertheless, this pilot study suggests that
concentrations, especially in urban and residential areas within the city, are close to, if not higher,
than the EPAs ambient standards for PM10 and PM2.5. This may be especially true for the annual
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standards. While providing insight into air quality in Addis Ababaincluding spatial and temporal
distributionswhen no information existed before, this study had several major shortcomings that
ought to be addressed in future work.
6.2 Biological Environment

6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation
Addis Ababa city and its environ have possessed very limited natural vegetation. The built up area
in Addis Ababa city comprises, however, large canopy of terrestrial vegetation that are grown as
fencing shrubs, trees on open spaces, street side trees, recreational parks and indigenous trees in
religious places such as churches. Even though the species diversity of the terrestrial vegetation
appears to consist of several different varieties, it is apparently dominated by the Eucalyptus tree
and in some places by acacia.
Apparently the Legedadi catchment in Sendafa area is noticeably covered with patches of
eucalyptus trees here and there. Natural vegetations are to a great extent diminished in Sendafa/
Legedadi due to encroachment and clearance over the last century. Very few indigenous trees like
Juniperous procera and Hypericum quanrtinum are seen in the Legedadi area (Seureca, 2006). The
main vegetation in the catchment consists of production forests and scattered bushes. In general tree
plantation is thick and well developed on the mountains but scattered and depleting in the villages.
However, in all of the proposed project sites, i.e. the transfer and landfill sites, the occurrence of
unique and indigenous tree plant species is negligible.
6.2.2 Wildlife
The most common fauna (animal) species in Sendafa area and the surrounding are duiker, fox,
hyenas, poexuines, hare, servile, and monkey. This does not mean these animals exist abundantly in
the Sendafa area and the project site. No protected areas such as parks, sanctuaries or game reserves
has found at reasonably near distance of the project sites.
6.3 Socio-economic environment

6.3.1 Demography
According to the 2007 census carried out by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) and projected for
July 2011, the city of Addis Ababa has a population of 2,979,086, and of which, 1,419,525 are male
and 1,559,561 are female. It is the largest and populous city in the country. There is quite a big gap
between Addis Ababa and the rest of the cities in the country in relation to population and socio
economic development. Addis Ababa hosts 2.5 million of the urban population or 23% of the total
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urban population of the country and it is also 11 times of the second largest city, Dire Dawa. This
shows the importance and supremacy of Addis Ababa in every aspect of development. The
population size of the five towns in Oromia special zone which will utilize the Sendafa Sanitary
landfill and transfer station facilities are also shown in table 10.
No.
Sub City
Population
No. of kebeles
Arada
297,942
10
Kirkos
335,330
11
Gulele
318,508
10
Kolfe Keranyo
261,235
10
Akaki Kality
194,002
Nefas Silk Lafto
321,000
10
Lideta
296,073
Bole
320,389
11
Addis Ketema
320,389
10
Yeka
368,418
13
Table 5: Population by sub city and number of kebeles
6.3.2 Administration
Addis Ababa has almost equal status to that of a regional state and is governed by a city
administration that directly reports to the Federal Government. Administratively, it is divided into
10 sub cities and 116 kebeles (which are termed woredas at present). Addis Ababa has its own city
council elected every 5 years.
The city Government is run by an elected Mayor. The Sectoral activities of the city Government are
run and managed by the different Bureaus and Agencies that are responsible for the implementation
of development activities.
6.3.3 Economic Activity

The city of Addis Ababa is both the economic and political hub of the country. It also hosts the
largest open market in Africa. Almost all major industries, transport services, and businesses are
concentrated in Addis Ababa and in the surrounding towns. These industries and businesses
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generate a lot of commercial and industrial waste that have impacts on the environment and health
of the residents of the city. The city is growing at an increasing rate demographically, economically
and has also stretched in size in every direction. Like any other metropolitan city, its growth and
economic development has initiated the development of satellite cities in future. Addis Ababa
houses more than half of the national labour force. The labour force is mainly concentrated in the
area of commercial activities, manufacturing and industry, and at household level (domestic
workers). The economic strength of Addis Ababa is also manifested in the financial sector as well.
It takes 48% of the share of financial institutions and 55% of insurance companies.
6.3.4 Health
The health institutions present in Addis Ababa include hospitals, health stations and clinics, which
are run under Government, NGO and private health institutions. Among the existing health
institutions, 39 are hospitals (12 are run by government and 27 private) and 26 health centres (50
more are under construction by government) and 406 are clinics (private). The ratio of hospitals to
population is 1:76,386.
6.3.5 Health Professionals

There are about 3366 health professionals working both in private and Government health
institutions located in Addis Ababa. Among the health professionals, 42.6% are nurses of all type,
17.7% are physicians of all type. The ratio of physician to population shows 1:4998 and that of a
nurse is 1:2074. Table 6 presents the number of health professionals in Addis Ababa.
Professionals by qualification
No.
Percentage
Physicians (All types )
596
17.7%
Health Officers
23
0.6%
Pharmacists
16
0.47%
Nurses (All type)
1436
42.6%
Health Assistants
703
20.8%
Paramedicals
592
17.5%
Total
3366
Table 6: Health professional by qualification
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The top ten leading diseases are not very much different from other parts of the country. The
leading top ten diseases of the city are presented in the table 7 below.
No.
Top ten diseases
Acute respiratory infections
Bronco-pneumonia
Other helminthes
Gastritis and duodenitis
Infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Inflammatory diseases of the eye
Hypertrophy of tonsils adenoids
Other toxemna
Muscular rheumatism and rheumatism unspecified
10
Acute bronchitis
Table 7: Top ten diseases
6.3.6 Education
The city of Addis Ababa has 728 primary schools (1-8) and 168 secondary schools (9-12). In the
city there are also more than 192 different universities, colleges and institutes outside the
administration of the city.
The number of students in both primary and secondary schools in 2003E.Y (2010/11) is 654,853
and of which, 502,282 are in primary school (1-8) and 152,571 are in secondary schools (9-12).
Table 8 presents the school enrolment by gender and grade level in 2010/11.
Primary 1-8
Secondary 9-12
Boys
Girls
Total
AAGR
Boys
Girls
Total
AAGR
222,045
280,237
502,282
-0.3%
71,945
80,626
152,571
2.7%
Table 8: Showing school enrolment by gender
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The ratio of girls to boys in primary schools is 103. 1 and in secondary schools is 79.7. The
breakdown by sex and school level for 2003E.Y (2010/11) is presented in table 9.
Primary 1-8
Secondary 9-12
Boys
Girls
Total
Boys
Girls
Total
102.4
103.8
103.1
88
73.2
79.7
Table 9: Ratio of school boys to girls
6.3.7 The current Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Addis Ababa
6.3.7.1 The Formal Sector

Currently the solid waste management system of Addis Ababa is managed by two offices. The
collection and transportation service provision is handled by Addis Ababa Cleansing Management
Agency (AACMA) which is structurally stretched into three layers with AACMA on the top at the
city level, 10 Sub-city Administrations in the middle, and Woredas at the bottom. On the other
hand, the management of any waste recycling attempts and the disposal of waste at Koshe dumpsite
is the responsibility of the Addis Ababa Recycling and Disposal Project Office (AARDPO).
a.
Segregations and Storage at Household Level
Though the Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency is undertaking awareness raising
programs through different mass media, the segregation and storage of waste into different
containers by households is not a common practice, except for selling valuable waste to Kuralew.
b.
Collection
Solid waste collection in Addis Ababa is currently carried out in three different types of collection
systems: primary, secondary and street sweeping. The Primary Collection System is the one that is
carried out by Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) from door-to-door in households using simple
hand tools such as shovels, forks, pick-axes, rakes and wheel carts, and then temporarily stored into
(958) skips, point from where the waste is finally transported in vehicles to the disposal dumpsite
(Cambridge Industries, Nov 2012).
The report of the Evaluation of the 2003-2010 Development Plan of Addis Ababa City
Environmental Planning (February 2011) stated that 95% of the citys solid waste is collected by
these enterprises. According to the report there were 11 private micro and small enterprises
engaged in solid waste collection services, operating in eight Woredas of Addis Ababa before 2003.
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They had created 119 job opportunities and had the capacity of collecting about 204 m3 each week
with a monthly charging of 10 - 30 Birr for the service they were rendering. The service at the time
was being determined by a kind of bargaining with the household heads. However, in 2010 the
number increased to 521 Micro and Small Enterprise Unions with a total number of more than
10,000 operators working on solid waste collection (but the AACMA reported in 2013 that there
are about 563 SMEs managing 5573 solid waste collectors). The method of collection service
charges is also changed to the rate of water consumption. Hence, the service charges for solid waste
collection are not currently based on willingness and ability to pay as before. It is now compulsory
across all income groups. Thus, almost all of the households get the service of solid waste
collection service with direct service charge with the water bill. The solid waste collection service
fee for households and institutions is 20% and 40% of their monthly water consumption rate
respectively. Sanitation service fees of 30 birr per m3 for MSE, & 70 birr per m3 private companies
(Birr 240 for MSE & 560 for private companies) are paid as the current rate per an 8m3 container
solid waste collected. But it has been investigated that the existing means of payment has not been
made applicable for all waste generators in the city. This is because commercial centers in the city
like Merkato, Piaza, etc do not use water supply services, yet they are huge generators of solid
wastes in the city.
The evaluation finally indicated that more than 70% of the total solid waste generated was collected
in the city collection system in the year 2004 and 2005 (the lowest proposed cut of point at the
planning year in 2003 was 65%), but in the years followed (2006 - 2009) the annual solid waste
collection coverage was below this number as shown in the following figures adopted from the
report.
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Solid waste generated & collected (m3)
Fig.9: Solid waste collection coverage in Addis Ababa
Years
Fig 10: Annual Solid waste generation and collection
Secondary Collection System is the block (container) collection that is carried out by private
companies (5% of the solid waste generated by the city) in hotels, hospitals, schools and other
service delivery and manufacturing organizations (Evaluation of the 2003 2010 Development
Plan of Addis Ababa City Environmental Planning, February 2011).
The third one is Street Sweeping System that is held by the AACMA. Streets requiring cleaning
have increased about 300% from the year 2003 to 2010, but streets being cleaned each day were
503km( 87%) and 800km (41%) in the year 2003 and 2010 respectively (see fig.11). Although the
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figures show an increased coverage of street cleaning in the city, it is clear to recognize that the
service delivery in this regard has not expanded hand in hand with the construction of new roads
that require regular cleaning to address the street sanitation problems in the city (Evaluation of the
2003 2010 Development Plan of Addis Ababa City Environmental Planning, February 2011).
2010
2007
2003
Streets being cleaned daily in %
Streets being cleaned daily in km
Streets requiring cleaning in km
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Fig 11: Street cleaning performance vvis-a-vis demand
c.
Transport to Repi (Koshe) Dumpsite
According to Maschals 2011 presentation about Integrated Solid Waste Management

Opportunities and Challenges of Addis Ababa, transportation of solid waste to Koshe dumpsite is
conducted by the government and private companies using: Side loaders, Compactors, and
Container lift. He presented that there are 106 government solid waste collection and transportation
vehicles in the city. About 12 private sector vehicles are involved in the transportation of not more
6% of the citys solid waste.
On the other hand the Cambridge Industries (Nov 2012) reported that the citys Solid Waste
Management Authority employed only 116 garbage trucks, many of which are extremely old, of
which only 65 are maintained at working condition throughout the year. IGNIS (2010) shown in its
paper that the waste management authority in 2008 employed a total of 637 people, among are
drivers and assistants, for the operation of the secondary collection and had at its disposal of 70
collection vehicles and 1,850 containers in operation. Still, the AACMA reported in 2013 that there
are 103 trucks of which 68 are on duty, 26 are under repair and 11 are non-functional.
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d.
Disposal at Repi (Koshe) Dumpsite
Waste from the primary and secondary collections in combination with street sweepings is dumped
into the Koshe dumpsite under the authority of the Addis Ababa Recycling and Disposal Project
Office.
According to the 1992 NOR CONSULT estimation, the composition of the waste dumped to Koshe
accounts 76% from residential, 9% from commercial areas, 6% from street sweeping, 5% from
industries, 3% from hotels 1% from hospitals.
Studies indicated that about 70% of the solid waste generated in the city is compostable; however,
composting is not common practices both at households and dumpsite (only accounting 5%).
Recycling is not also performed, except informal picking of valuable waste at the dumpsite and
households (this also accounts only 5% of the total solid wasted produced in the city).
Serving for more than 47 years, Koshe now is beyond its carrying capacity, near to be closed.
About 17km2 of its area is recapped, but there is no any leachate and gas emission control
mechanism established so far.
There is no formal waste recycling or waste-to-energy facility known to the area up to now,
however, the Cambridge Industries Energy with the Ethiopian Electric Power Authority has
finalized its environmental and social impacts study report to establish a facility to generate power
out of waste at Repi.
6.3.7.2 The Informal Sector

For the sake of subsistence, not given any recognition, the informal sector has been making a great
deal of contribution to the management of solid waste both at the households and Koshe dumpsite
in Addis Ababa. Known by local name Kuralew, shorten for Korkoro Yalew meaning who do
have metal scrap?, many individuals collect and bring any metal scrap, used plastics, rag, glass,
and other containers walking on foot, screaming Kuralew in every residential corner of the city on a
daily basis to Minalesh Tera of Merkato. IGNIS project (2010) reported, based on a result of six
days study of the Institute of Technology of Addis Ababa, that about 2,200 to 2,700 kuralew
entered into Minalesh Tera every day. However, this doesnt mean that the total number of informal
sector waste pickers from households is these much. By the same report, researcher Bjerkli in 2005
estimated the total number of Kuralew about 5000.
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According to the report, it was found out that around 300 middle-men commercialize mainly metal
scrap, electrical devices, electric cables of various size and other items. Also, some 280 middlemen are dedicated to buy and sell keys and other door parts, as well as motor parts. An estimated 60
middle-men work in buying and selling corrugated iron sheets and items like rubber, plastics, and
car spare parts like batteries. Finally, 170 intermediaries work, rubber, metal and plastic barrels,
other plastic products, and glass bottles are recovered for reuse and recycling (IGNIS 2010).
a. Social baseline of Koshe waste pickers community
Waste picking (scavenging) is a regular activity that takes place in Koshe dump site. It is a practice
that has been going on for over three decades. The number of waste pickers has shown considerable
increase through time and currently it is confirmed that there are about 685 waste pickers who work
regularly in the dump site.
Waste pickers of Koshe comprise a broad range of age groups that extend from children to older
people. The presence of such broad range in age group is expected simply because it is more or less
a reflection of the wider society which is a source for them. There are also a sizable number of
female waste pickers in Koshe dump site. The Koshe waste pickers are characterized by
rudimentary and basic educational levels. A large portion of the waste pickers settle normally
integrated with the wider community as its ordinary members.
As it is the case in many parts of the world, people who are engaged in waste picking work at
landfill sites are usually driven by poverty and lack of other survival means. In line with it, the
social impact assessment study carried in Repi have confirmed that for the majority of the waste
pickers in Koshe dump site, the main reason and hence the main driver that push them to work is
lack of other income generation opportunities which they need to support their livelihood.
The waste pickers collect all types of salvageable materials from the waste stream and sell it to their
clients. Especially metal and plastic materials are diverted in large quantity from the waste stream.
Much of these salvaged materials are taken by dealers to plastic and metal recycling factories in the
city. Other reusable materials are fed into the market for reuse. The business of salvaged waste
involves a number of business people in the market chain. The waste pickers sell their salvaged
materials to the middle men and the middle men sell either to the big dealers or take it to the
recyclers. Waste picking work at Koshe dump site is full of challenges and risks. The work
environment is unhealthy and demeaning.
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The amount of daily income generated by waste pickers depends on a number of factors. Firstly,
the preference of waste pickers to salvage high or low value material has a direct influence on the
daily income. The income is also influenced by the role of the waste picker in the market chain of
the salvaged materials. There are waste pickers who play the role of middle men in the market
chain. Those who buy salvaged materials directly from the waste pickers at the dumpsite and sell it
out to the next in the market chain will have a better income than the others.
6.3.8 Cultural Activities, Language, Religion and Ethnic groups

The geographic location of Addis Ababa, its economic and political muscle makes it the attraction
for all the countrys ethnic and cultural groups. There is not any ethnic or cultural group of the
country that does not reside and represented in Addis Ababa. This makes Addis Ababa a highly
colourful city which hosts many ethnic, cultural and language groups. It is probably the only city in
the country with such type of ethnic, culture and language diversity. The major ethnic groups that
reside in Addis Ababa include, the Amhara, Oromo, Tigray and Guragie. Amharic is the official
language of the city government and is also widely spoken.
Religion wise all major religions are quite visible in Addis Ababa and live in peace and harmony. It
is very common to observe both Churches and Mosques in every part of the city. In its cultural
activities; it has a number of museums (historical, archaeological and ethnographic), monasteries,
traditional restaurants, art galleries, and old churches.
6.3.9 Socio economic background of Bereh woreda and the five towns of
Oromia Special zone
The Sendafa Sanitary landfill project site is located in Oromia National Regional State, Finifine
Zurya Special Administrative zone in Bereh woreda. The Capital of Bereh Woreda is Sendafa
town. Bereh woreda is not only the place where the site for the Sendafa Sanitary landfill project is
situated but also is a beneficiary of the services of the sanitary landfill itself. Two of its main towns,
Sendafa and Legetafo towns, are going to use the sanitary landfill to dispose its solid wastes. In
general, the three transfer stations and Sendafa Sanitary landfill project will provide its service to
all the five towns found in Oromia Special Zone which include Sebeta, Sululta, Burayu, Gelan,
Sendafa and Legetafo towns.
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No.
Sub City
Population
Remarks
Burayu
89 057
Projected for 2013
Sebeta
79 722
>>
Lege Tafo
9 237
>>
Gelan
6 698
>>
Sululta
10 563
>>
Sendafa
10,750
(CSA, 2007)
Table 10: Population of the towns in Oromia Special zone
The Bereh woreda has a total population of 79,972 people, and of which, 40,411 are male and
39,558 are female. The population of Sendafa town alone is estimated to be 10,750 (CSA, 2007).
Ethnically, the woreda population is predominately Oromo ethnic group and their language is also
Affan Oromo. The Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia.
The Bereh woreda is predominantly rural and the mainstay of the population is crop farming.
Agricultural practices have not yet developed much and mainly practiced by using traditional
farming methods by using oxen plough share and it is also small scale household farm. Outside the
household farms, recently, three flower farms have been established in the woreda.
In Bereh woreda there is very little business and industrial development outside of agriculture; in
the town sections there are only small scale businesses, such as, bars, restaurants and grinding
mills.
The distribution of social services in the woreda shows that drinking water supply coverage has
reached 56% only. In terms of education, the woreda has 53 primary schools having 16,537
students. The number of teachers in the above schools is 338 (120 female) and among the above
teachers none have degree level qualification.
The health coverage shows that there are 3 health centres, 4 clinics, 20 health posts. The health
professionals working in the above health facilities including 4 Health officers, 46 Nurses, 4
Pharmacists, 3 Lab technician, 1Sanitarian, and 76 Health agents.
The top ten diseases in the year 2012 (2004 EC) in the woreda include;
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Type of Disease
Number
Injury
901
6.27
Pneumonia
1321
9.1
Acute
Febrile 4256
29
Illness
4
Diarrhoea
2279
15.7
Dermatitis
390
2.7
Gastritis
554
3.8
Acute Upper
2219
15.3
Respiratory Tract
Infection
8
Intestinal Parasite
1360
9.4
Conjunctivitis
803
5.5
10
Urinary Tract
Infection
333
2.3
Table 11: Top ten diseases in Bereh Woreda
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7. Analysis of Alternatives
The alternatives considered for the solid waste management project include change of site, change
of design and the no project option. The selection of suitable site for the sanitary landfill project
had been conducted by different technical groups assigned by the Addis Ababa City
Administration. Initially, the Fillidoro, Bole Arabsa and Fincha sites were studied by different
technical groups. However, feasibility studies have revealed that these sites were found unsuitable
for use as sanitary landfills due to various reasons shown in table 12.
Site location
Fillidoro site
Bole Arbasa site
Fincha site
Northwest of the city close

to little Akaki River
South-east of the City
37kms south of the city

very close to Akaki well
field
shallow wells, which are

used as water supply
- Pollution of surface
water downstream of the
landfill site
-located at the recharge

area for the Akaki well
field
- Size of the proposed

site is insufficient
- displace large number

of people
- permeability of the
geological formations
were high
- Clearing of the existing

forest trees could
enhance erosion and loss
of wild life habitat
- Pollution of
groundwater due to the
high permeability of the
geological formations.
Reasons for not - Occurrence of nearby

being selected
- can pollute the

groundwater
- Pollution of the Akaki

river as surface and
groundwater drains
towards the stream
Table 12: Summary table of alternative sites considered
After the above sites failed to prove suitable, another task team was formed in September 2009 to
look for probable sites within 40km radius considering the hydro-geological, geological, ecological
and engineering geological aspects. The six potential sites considered includes Chebe Weregenu
(Legetafo), Gubaya (Tefike), Abeyi dibdbe (Dukem), Simbrite Kore (Menagesha), Daleti Ejersa
(Butajira road), and Geja Jewie (Sebeta). From these candidate sites the Chebe-Weregenu site (now
commonly called as Sendafa Sanitary landfill site) was selected as one of the first priority site.
A detailed feasibility study of the Chebe-weregenu site on geological, engineering geological,
hydro-geological, and geophysical investigations were carried out by the GSE during 2009 2010
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GC. The feasibility study conducted at 1:5000 scales allowed to generate data to understand the
subsurface conditions of the proposed site and make tangible conclusions on its suitability for
sanitary landfill. From engineering geological point of the host rock underlying the top soil has
medium mass strength. The permeability value of the residual soil covering the landfill site
indicates that the soil is semi-pervious. In terms of hydrogeology the immediate area surrounding
the site is found not much promising for water well development. According to geophysical
investigations the residual soil has sufficient thickness to protect leakage of leachate. The study
also concluded that due to topography and absence of prominent tectonic structures, flooding, slop
instability problems are not expected to pose any significant risk. Besides, construction raw
materials to be used as a blanket for the landfill is found at a distance of about 1500 meters NE of
the site. Moreover, the site is found entirely on an area of water shed free from surface drainage. It
is a flat land (table land) situated between 2400 to 2600 masl. Consequently, due to all the above
reasons, the current Sendafa sanitary landfill site was selected as suitable site for the purpose.
The design process of the sanitary landfill and transfer stations has passed through a number of
steps including preliminary and detailed design development stages. During these stages various
design alternatives were considered before arriving at the final detail design for the sanitary landfill
and transfer stations. The draft detailed designs were presented in a workshop held in December
2014 involving several stakeholders including representatives from regional and federal EPAs and
were discussed and commented thoroughly. As a result, the final detail designs have incorporated
the various comments forwarded by the workshop participants, which have been instrumental in
considering alternatives and improvements to the transfer stations and sanitary landfill designs.
The no project option will allow the continued use of Koshe Repi open dumpsite which is already
getting full and also causing environmental problems in the area. On the other hand, considering the
rapid development taking place both in Addis Ababa city and its surrounding, the no project option
will probably allow the utilization of the selected sanitary landfill and transfer station sites for other
competing priority purposes and deprive the city from its opportunity of getting suitable landfill site
in its peripheries.
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8. Environmental impact identification, prediction and analysis

The implementation of the sanitary landfill and transfer stations project will have certain impacts
on the natural and socio-economic environment in which it is set. The impacts can be categorized
into direct, indirect and cumulative impacts. These categories can be further broken down
according to their nature, into positive or negative impacts, random or predictable impacts, local or
widespread impacts, temporary or permanent impacts, and short or long-term impacts. Each
positive and negative impact will vary in extent and it can be either enhanced or mitigated. The
main focus of this chapter is to identify the significant impacts of both negative and positive nature
and to analyse it under the scenario where no mitigation and enhancement measures are put in
place. For the purpose of this assessment, impacts and/or benefits that will occur during
construction and operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will therefore
attempt to screen out the insignificant impacts and bring the major significant impacts into the
attention of decision makers.
8.1 The positive impacts

8.1.1 Impact on public health of the wider city
The development of new sanitary landfill in Sendafa is anticipated to have both direct and indirect
positive impacts on public health. One of the indirect positive impacts of the proposed new sanitary
landfill is through its facilitation for the closure of Koshe/Repi open dump site.
It is well known that the improper management of solid waste in Koshe dump site was a source of
ambient air, surface and ground water pollution. The public is affected directly and indirectly
through the affected environment such as the polluted waters and air. The release of leachate from
the koshe dump site has an impact on the nearby surface and ground water. The persistent release
of foul odour and smoke by the koshe dumpsite is a source of health problem for members of the
public. People in the city are consuming fruits and vegetables grown downstream by polluted
surface water sources. In addition to the assimilation of heavy metals through the consumption of
vegetables, the direct contamination of plants by bacteria and virus may contribute to the health
effects of the public. Thus, the proper closure of Koshe/Repi open dump site will undoubtedly
improve the environmental quality of the locality by relieving it from the continued release of
smoke and foul odor as well as uncontrolled release of leachate among others. This in turn is likely
to have an immediate positive impact on the public health as well as on the property value of the
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locality. Thus the construction of the new sanitary landfill will contribute indirectly towards the
improvement of public health of the city residents.
8.1.2 Impact on public health of the residents of the five towns in Oromia
special zone
Sebeta, Burayu, Sendafa, Legetafo, Gelan and Sululta are towns which are becoming increasingly
populated and more urbanized in recent times. These towns are found adjacent to Addis Ababa city
and their social and economic growths are observed to show a considerable leap in recent years. In
most of these towns industrial and residential development activities are taking place and are
expanding fast. On the other hand, despite the rapid urbanization and growth observed, almost all
of these towns do not have well organized solid waste management system that consists of proper
solid waste disposal facilities. As a result, the public health of the community was increasingly
getting threatened due to lack of proper solid waste collection and disposal facilities.
Fig 12: Showing recently abandoned and newly opened dump sites in Sebeta town
The establishment of the Sendafa sanitary landfill and three transfer stations and the opportunity to
use these facilities by the five Oromia special zone towns is anticipated to have a significant
positive impact on improving the solid waste management practices of the towns resulting in
improvement of their environmental sanitation and public health status. Sanitary landfill is a huge
urban infrastructure which may prove difficult to put in place by each of the stated towns for
themselves. Hence the opportunity to utilize the new transfer station and sanitary landfill project
facilities will present a medium and long term solution to the environmental and public health
concerns of the five towns of Oromia Special Zone.
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8.1.3 Impact on improvement of the overall solid waste management system

of the city
Installing and operating a properly designed sanitary landfill facilities and transfer stations will
contribute for the overall improvement of the solid waste management of the city and its efficiency.
The development and operation of the transfer stations are anticipated to enhance the efficiency of
the secondary solid waste collection systems in the city. The improvements in efficiency to be
gained in the secondary collection are anticipated to precipitate down to improvements and
enhanced efficiency in solid waste collection coverage and frequency from the primary collectors.
The expanded waste collection coverage and increased collection frequency is anticipated to
contribute towards the betterment of the overall waste management system of the city and its
sanitation condition. Thus the proposed project is anticipated to have a potential positive impact on
the overall SWM of the city and its sanitation condition.
8.1.4 Improvements on enhancing and formalizing ISWM
The proposed sanitary landfill and transfer station project is designed not only to facilitate the
sound collection and disposal of solid waste, but also provides a space to undertake continued
waste sorting and segregation activities at the transfer stations. Each of the transfer stations
consists of a separate block where waste sorting and segregation will be conducted. The waste
segregation is expected to result in recovering reusable and recyclable materials from the solid
waste stream by employing a sizable number of formal waste pickers. The reusables and
recyclables recovered from the solid waste stream are expected to be channelled to the recycling
establishments through formalized means. Therefore, the proposed solid waste management project
will have a positive impact of enhancing environmental sustainability by facilitating for waste
recovery, reuse and recycling through sound and formal means.
8.1.5 Improvement on overall environmental quality and property value

around Koshe
The facilitation of the closure of Koshe dump site and ceasing the waste disposal operation from
taking place in the area is also anticipated to have a positive potential impact on the property values
in the area. The ceasing of waste disposal operation at the site followed by proper closure and
reclamation is likely to improve the environmental quality in the area. Especially the avoidance of
the most noticeable sources of irritation to the public in the area which are the foul odour and
smoke coupled with the unsightly scenery of the dump site are anticipated to gradually improve the
negative attitudes of the public to the locality. With the improvement of the public attitude
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triggered by improved environmental quality, the lower property value observed in the immediate
neighbourhood of Koshe is anticipated to rise in the future. Thus, the new sanitary landfill
facilitating the closure of the existing dump site will have an indirect impact on property value of
the koshe neighbourhood.
8.1.6 Employment creation

The project is envisage and expected to create both short term and long term employment
opportunities for the local communities. The employment opportunities will be mainly for the
youth and women residing in the area that will benefit from the project. It can be assumed that
creation of employment opportunities will have a significant contribution to the reduction of
poverty at the household level.
The youth and women residing in the project areas will benefit from the employment opportunities
created due to the construction of the landfill and transfer stations; and an estimated 200 people
(most being unskilled workers) could have employment opportunity during peak construction work.
The employment of semi-skilled and unskilled labour should be from the locality during
construction and priority should also be given to women and in particular to female headed
households. If such employment mechanisms are adopted the project would contribute to the
creation of jobs and income, and improvement of the local economy; and will increase the revenue
capacity of the project area. In the process of employment, the contractor is also expected to respect
and abide with the labour code of the country.
During operational phase the project is anticipated to create more waste management related jobs
both in the transfer stations and the new sanitary landfill. These jobs will include waste sorting,
recovery and reuse activities to be conducted in the three transfer stations. The design of the new
transfer stations has included a large block of 1130 m2 area and it will be exclusively used for such
purposes. It is anticipated that large number of workers will be employed or contracted to conduct
the waste sorting and recovery activities in the transfer stations. The new sanitary landfill will also
create new jobs for equipment and machinery operators and other skilled and semi-skilled staff who
will be engaged in running and managing the daily operations of the sanitary landfill. Therefore, the
proposed project will have a significant positive impact in the area of job employment creation and
will also introduce new skills and knowledge to the locality.
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Measures of Reinforcement for employment generation
The contractor should employ large proportion of casual and semi skilled workers from the
local population residing in the project area. The jobs that would be created would be during
construction and operation phases. During construction phase jobs to be created include
mainly casual jobs, such as, daily labourers, carpentry, masonry, etc. In the works contract
document of the contractor to be employed, a clause should be added to ensure the
employment of casual and semi skilled workers and that the employment has to be made
from among the people living in the project area. The jobs to be created during operation
phase are expected to be handled by AACMA and that will include employment of guards,
drivers, machine operators, mechanics and cleaners for offices.
Ensure womens employment and improve their employment opportunities and working
conditions. The project will give priority in employment to women and in particular to
female headed households. Women in the project area have very limited exposure of
working in such type of projects. However, the construction of the project in the area is
expected to create new opportunity and skill for women. During the construction phase of
the project women could work as daily labourers and in particular jobs that will not have
negative impact on their biological and social characteristics and during the operation phase
women can work as cleaners for offices and other related jobs. The above jobs apply mainly
for uneducated or for women who have very low level of education.
The contractor needs to observe the Labour code for employment, minimum wage, work
safety regulations, and related issues.
8.1.7 Income generating and small businesses

In the direct influence area of the project there are not many opportunities for income generating
(i.e. off-farm) and market based economic activities. During construction of the landfill, different
types of small scale income generating (or commercial) activities could start through local
communities and in particular by women in order to meet the demand of the construction
workforce.
It is estimated that 100-200 construction workers could be engaged during the
construction works; and it is also common that the above workforce will demand for different
services from the business persons operating in the direct influence area of the project.
Experiences from other infrastructure projects show that there is always a demand for some
services and goods by construction workers. Some of these services and goods in demand are
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kiosk for selling of basic items and consumables, eating places and selling of food, beverage, etc.
Whenever there is large number of workmen who have come either from outside or employed from
the locality it will become a driving force that initiates local communities to start income generating
and small business which has never been there.
The income generating activities and businesses that are expected to be established due to the
construction work would allow households to learn new skills and also earn additional income; and
to diversify their income sources and to exploit their potential. In general, it is anticipated that some
20-30 business persons will be directly providing the services and some 50 or more persons who
could indirectly serve as suppliers (mainly local farmers) for the business men could be able to
generate income during construction and operation phases. In general, it is anticipated that between
50 to 100 people could be able to generate income through various income generating activities.
8.2 The Negative impacts

8.2.1 Impact of leachate on the surface and ground water resources
It is predictable that during the operational phases of the proposed sanitary landfill a leachate
effluent will be generated which has the potential to affect the ground and surface waters. Leachate
is the aqueous effluent generated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through the wastes
deposited on the sanitary landfill and the inherent water content of the disposed wastes themselves.
It is expected that rain precipitation percolates through the waste deposit at the landfill and will
leach out the dissolved and suspended components from the biodegrading waste where several
physical and chemical reactions will take place. Other contributors to leachate generation include
groundwater inflow, surface water runoff, and biological decomposition. Liquid fractions in the
waste will also add to the leachate depending on the age of the landfill. As the age of the landfill
increased, organic concentration (COD) in the leachate will decrease and ammonia nitrogen
concentration will increase.
The composition of leachate from landfill site varies greatly from site to site, and can also vary
within a particular site. Some of the factors affecting composition include age of landfill, types of
waste, degree of decomposition; and physical modification of the waste leachate. It is forecasted
that Sendafa Sanitary landfill would receive approximately 8,200,000 tonnes of waste over the next
20 years. The waste that will be disposed at the Sendafa Landfill is composed of Organic (57.1 %),
Plastic (8.8%), paper (4.1 %), cardboard (3.3 %), Textile (3.0%), hygienic textile (2.7%), glass
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(2.6%), unclassified combustible and incombustible (5.3 %), health care waste (1.1 %) and others
(9.7 %) (Artelia & MCE, 2013). It is proposed to construct five waste disposal cells and the fifth
cell will be dedicated for the disposal of hazardous waste. The volume of leachate that will be
generated from this disposal cells is anticipated to range from 645m3/day when cell one (1a) is
operating and the rest of the cells are closed to 1336 m3 /day when cell 4a is operated and other
cells are closed during the lifetime of the sanitary landfill.
If the landfill has no leachate collection system the leachate to be generated during the operational
phases can enter into ground and surface water resources found around the sanitary landfill site.
The predicted impacts of leachate on the important surface and ground water bodies found around
the proposed landfill site are further discussed below in the next sub-sections. Typically, landfill
leachate is acidic, and rich in organic acid groups, sulphate ions with high concentrations of
common metal ions, especially iron. The risks from waste leachate are due to its high organic
contaminant concentrations and high level of ammonia and nitrogen. Pathogenic microorganisms
and toxic substances that might be present in the waste are often cited as dangerous, but since
pathogenic organism counts will reduce rapidly with time in the landfill it will only be an issue to
the fresh leachate at the initial stage.
8.2.1.1 Impact of Leachate on surface water resources

One of the important surface water bodies found around the proposed sanitary landfill site is the
Legedadi Dam that supply water to Addis Ababa City. It is anticipated that there is low probability
that the Legedadi dam could be contaminated by leachate generated from the Sendafa sanitary
landfill site, as the proposed landfill site is located downstream of the dam. However, uncontrolled
leachate release from the landfill site into Hambisa River will have an adverse impact on the quality
of the river on which the local community is dependent for live stock watering and irrigation
purposes. Hambisa River runs alongside the eastern boundary of the site, flowing from North to
South. Moreover, the Hambisa and Legetafo rivers are tributaries of the great Akaki River and thus
the impact of the leachate is anticipated to expand further downstream along the Akaki river
catchment. The contamination of river by leachate is expected to raise the concentrations level of
heavy metals like Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Potassium (K), Manganese (Mn),
Magnesium (Mg), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn).
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8.2.1.2 Impact of Leachate on ground water resources

a. Impact on Legadadi well fields
The Legedadi dam has also an area in its surrounding reserved for well field development. It is
predicted that the shallow depth of water level in the adjacent Legedadi well field boreholes and
absence of thick top clay soils may facilitate direct percolation of contaminants to the groundwater
reservoir. Though the piezometric surface constructed from groundwater point inventory made
during previous studies showed that the general groundwater flow in the area is towards southeast
direction and away from Legedadi well field where currently deep bore holes are being drilled to
expand the city water supply, the intensive pumping of groundwater from the Legedadi well field in
the future may result in rapid decline of groundwater levels leading to disturbance in the flow
direction system of the groundwater, eventually resulting in groundwater flow towards the
depression zone. This process potentially facilitates the rapid flow of contaminated water from the
aquifer underlying the proposed sanitary landfill site to the Legedadi well field. There are also more
than four springs on downstream of the landfill site aligned along N-S normal faults close to
periphery of the site. The manifestation of the springs downstream of the site can be an indication
of tectonic structure controlled groundwater flow system in the area. Therefore it is anticipated that
in the absence of proper management of the proposed sanitary landfill, leachate may have an
adverse impact on the nearby deep test wells and shallow wells drilled by AAWSA found within a
radius of 3.5km from the site, with static water level of less than 10m as well as springs emerging at
downstream. The shallow depth of water level in the adjacent boreholes and absence of thick top
clay soils may facilitate direct percolation of contaminants from the landfill to the groundwater
reservoir.
b. Impact of Akaki transfer station on Akaki well fields

The potential impact of Akaki transfer station on the ground water resources is anticipated to arise
from littering of solid waste inside and outside of the transfer station area as well as through
hauling delays resulting in storing of the solid waste for days inside the transfer sheds because of
operational failures. The solid waste littered and accumulated in the transfer station sheds will
continue to biodegrade and decay and get washed with storm waters causing contamination to
surface and to ground waters through seepage respectively.
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Akaki Transfer station is located within Well Field-1 from which a total of 60,000m3/day has been
produced from 15 deep boreholes since 2012. The transfer station is also not far from Well field-2
and Well field-3 (Map 8).
From geological log data taken from deep boreholes around the site, the 40-50m thick unsaturated
zone of lacustrine sediment with high proportion of clay soil can act as a geochemical and
biological filter, because of its low permeability, mostly black cotton soil. The impermeable layer,
massive basalt overlain with the thick clay soil, prevents downward percolation of contaminated
water into aquifer. It is, therefore, unlikely that the contaminants from the transfer station may
easily leak into the aquifer at a depth as a result of direct percolation. However, the area has been
subjected to the rift tectonics, which is manifested by a number of major and minor fault systems.
The general trend of most of these faults follows the rift system (NWSE and NE-SW) orientation.
Particularly, weak zone along the fault striking from NW-SE on western part of the site can be a
conducive path for contaminants leaked from the transfer station towards south part of the well
field where most of the deep and shallow wells are concentrated. Moreover, nearby shallow
unconfined aquifers may be exposed to pollution as a result of base flow from Akaki River drained
by the transfer stations.
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Map 8: Akaki Well Fields (WF)

C. Impact of Bole Arabsa Transfer Station on surface and ground water bodies
In a similar manner, the potential impact of Bole Arabsa transfer station on the nearby surface and
ground water resources is anticipated to arise from littering of solid waste inside and outside of the
transfer station area as well as through hauling delays resulting in storing of the solid waste for days
inside the transfer sheds because of operational failures. The solid waste littered and accumulated in
the transfer station sheds will continue to biodegrade and decay and get washed with storm waters
causing contamination to surface and to ground waters through seepage respectively.
Storm water discharge from Bole Arabsa transfer station is drained into Great Akaki River. It is
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eastern parts of Addis Ababa city, it is exposed to a load of pollutants from urban solid waste and
sewage releases, industrial and commercial discharges as well as other diffused pollution sources
while draining through the city. Thus the Great Akaki River already contains an agglomeration of
pollutants from the upstream and further contamination from the transfer station will have a
cumulative and synergistic effect in enhancing the pollution level of the river. Thus it is important
to avoid or minimize sources of additional pollution load that can be washed away by storm water
from the transfer station.
Based on the intrinsic vulnerability map of Akaki Catchment, the Bole Arabsa transfer station site
is located in the range of medium vulnerability (Dereje 2003). This implies that leachate created
from decaying waste in the transfer station can have possibility of percolation down to the water
table if there is no proper prevention and control system in place. On the other hand, however, the
area around Bole Arabsa transfer station is not currently serving as well field area for Addis Ababa
city. The nearest ground water prospective areas under investigation by AAWSA are the South
Ayat-North Fanta well field which is found about 3.5 km south of the proposed transfer station.
Thus the transfer station may not become an immediate pollution threat to existing well field that
supply water to the city. However, it is imperative to take necessary measures that prevent the
seepage of leachate into the ground water during the operational phases of the transfer station to
avoid long term impacts on the ground water.
D. Impact of Koshe Transfer Station on Surface and Ground Water Resources

The impact of the proposed new Koshe/Repi transfer station on surface and ground water resources
in the area is anticipated to have a cumulative and synergistic effect of enhancing the existing and
perhaps the highly significant impact caused by the Koshe open dump site itself. The nonengineered Koshe landfill site has been in operation for the last four decades and the solid waste
disposed there have been a source of foul odour nuisance, air and water pollution. Based on
previous studies, groundwater samples around Koshe dump site were analyzed for physicochemical, bacteriological and heavy metal concentration. Accordingly certain heavy metal
substances, BOD, COD and bacteria were found in the collected groundwater samples. The
presence of heavy metals (such as Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Copper and Cobalt) and BOD in the
samples can be used as tracer in relation to leachate percolation. As there is no other possible
anthropogenic source for the trace metals, Koshe dump site is the major source of groundwater
pollution for the nearby wells. Water quality sampled from a borehole located 0.8km south of
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Koshe dump site and Mekanisa well which is also located 1.8km south of Koshe open dump site
were found to be out of acceptable drinking water quality standards (Tigstu H. etal, 2012).
Therefore, the presence of heavy metals and coliforms in the nearby groundwater samples is
expected to be a result of direct percolation and surface-ground water interaction in the Koshe
landfill area. Even though the contribution it may make would be comparatively small, the new
koshe transfer station may cause additional impact to the ground and surface water if not properly
managed and operated. Groundwater flow direction which is from north to south have made
conducive environment for contaminated water flow to downstream shallow unconfined aquifers.
Finally, since the larger source of impact on ground and surface waters in the koshe transfer station
area is the open landfill site itself, it is assumed that this will be further investigated and discussed
in detail in the ESIA report of the decommissioning and closure of the Koshe landfill to be prepared
in the future.
8.2.2 Impact of landfill Gases on ambient air quality

One of the potential impacts of the proposed sanitary landfill and transfer stations project is its
impact on ambient air quality. The impacts on ambient air quality are anticipated to occur due to
landfill gas, foul odour nuisance, and dust releases during construction and operational phases.
During operational phases, the proposed Sendafa Sanitary landfill will generate a Land Fill Gas
(LFG) which is likely to have significant potential impact on the ambient air quality and climate
change. Landfill gas is generated by the degradation of the disposed solid waste materials under
anaerobic conditions (i.e. e. in the absence of oxygen). Methane and carbon dioxide are the major
gases produced by the bacterial decay of the wastes. With its high content of methane, which is
toxic and inflammable gas, the generation of landfill gas poses significant risks to human, animal
and plant health and life. The most significant risk associated with landfill gas arises from its
potential to form flammable mixtures with air. If it is allowed to accumulate in a confined space it
could be a source of ignition and an explosion may result. The risk is greatest where gas is allowed
to build-up in confined spaces, such as within buildings or in collapsed void spaces within the
deposited waste.
In an open area, landfill gas can give rise to flash fires. The critical concentrations limits within
which a flammable gas will burn (or explode) are known as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and
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Upper Explosive limit (UEL). For methane these are approximately 5% and 15% respectively.
Carbon dioxide, the other major constituent of landfill gas has an adverse effect on respiration and
is a hazard to health if it is present in concentrations in excess of 1.5%. Landfill gas may also act as
an asphyxiant (suffocating agent), by displacing air (oxygen), if it accumulates in a confined space.
In the absence of proper landfill gas collection and management system, the proposed sanitary
landfill project can immensely contribute to deterioration of ambient air quality in the area through
smoke release caused by spontaneous burning of methane gas. As stated in the baseline chapter, the
air quality of Addis Ababa city is not regularly monitored due to shortage of equipments and
resources. However, from the pilot air quality monitoring study conducted, it was observed that
concentrations, especially in urban and residential areas within the city, are close to, if not higher,
than the EPAs ambient standards for PM10 and PM2.5. Therefore, the release of smoke caused by
open flare of LFG from the new sanitary landfill can exaggerate the situation due to synergistic
effect.
In the same way landfill gases that are expected to be released from the proposed Sendafa Sanitary
landfill have the potential to cause odour nuisance in neighbourhoods surrounding the landfill.
Other gases produced by landfill bacteria are termed reduced sulphur gases or sulphides (e.g.,
hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl sulfide, mercaptans). These odorous gases give the landfill gas
mixture its characteristic "rotting" smell. Other chemicals can also be present in landfill gases,
although their levels are typically very small compared to the levels of methane, carbon dioxide,
and sulfides. Also, the amounts and types of VOCs in landfill depend upon whether chemical
reactions are occurring which either remove or create them.
The gases generated tend to rise through the landfill and reach the air above, although the rate at
which this occurs is affected by landfill content and by the weather. Once emitted into the air,
landfill gases are carried on surface level winds. While this dilutes the gases with fresh air, it can
also move them into the community. Naturally, wind speed and direction determine whether local
residents will notice landfill odours so that the degree of the problem will vary greatly from day to
day. The average annual wind speed calculated for the area is 0.55km/hr with the maximum
18m/sec at 120 in the northeast direction. Mostly wind occurs at 120 and 130 in the northeast
direction at the Bole metrological station. Thus odour will be anticipated to occur in the vicinity of
the landfill work places especially at the cell filling areas and is likely to affect few rural
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households (villages) present northeast direction of the proposed new sanitary landfill. The nearest
densely populated area to the site is about 5 10 kms far away and thus the probability of the odour
affecting large size of population is very low. At locations near the landfill, the worst time of the
day may be early morning. This is when winds tend to be most gentle, providing the least dilution
of the gas.
Sulfides can cause unpleasant odours even at very low concentrations. These concentrations are
well below the level needed to produce toxicity. This means that landfill odours represent more of a
public nuisance than a community health hazard, with the odours not being a good indicator of
whether other chemicals are present. However, for some people, simply smelling an unpleasant
odour can be sufficient to create an adverse physiological response (nausea, headache, etc.).
Although this situation is highly undesirable, the effects usually reverse when the odour dissipates
and do not require medical attention. While there is some concern that odours might precipitate an
asthmatic attack in highly sensitive people, a controlled study of asthmatics found that exposure to
a high level of hydrogen sulphide (2ppm) did not trigger an asthmatic attack or upper respiratory
function.
Other VOCs that might be present in landfill gas are less odorous than sulfides, and the levels that
might reach surrounding homes are generally far below that which is known to cause ill effects. In
most cases landfills do not emit enough of these VOCs to increase their concentration above the
background levels commonly found in the community.
Measures to capture landfill gases and prevent their migration to the community are warranted for
the proposed sanitary landfill project where odours are anticipated to create a persistent nuisance. It
is also likely that similar foul odour can be released from the transfer stations if the solid wastes are
not promptly hauled without storing and keeping it for days and if the sanitary situation of the
transfer stations deteriorates. In either case the foul odour released from the transfer stations can
affect the neighbourhood inhabitants and the workers inside. Especially the foul odour release from
Koshe and Akaki transfer stations is anticipated to have the greatest effect due to presence of
inhabitants around it.
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8.2.2.1 Impacts related to emission of greenhouse gases

Methane gas, one of the major gaseous products from the decomposition of solid waste in
anaerobic conditions, is widely understood to be a major greenhouse gas. Gas from the
decomposition of domestic wastes is a minor contributor to the overall problem of methane
emissions into the atmosphere, with emissions from animals and natural decomposition of
vegetable matter likely to be the main sources of emissions.
Emission of green house gases under the proposed project is anticipated to be considerably less in
comparison with the current solid waste disposal and dumping practices, due to the proposed
landfill gas collection system and the flaring of the gas to be installed in the new sanitary landfill.
Nevertheless, the proper disposal of waste in regulated landfill together with the capture and flaring
of the gas is a step in the overall movement towards control of greenhouse gas emissions and so the
effect is assessed as minimum.
8.2.3 Impact on public health

The potential impact of the new sanitary landfill and transfer stations on public health is anticipated
to possibly occur under future potential scenarios where the new sanitary landfill and transfer
station facilities to be developed by the project are not operated properly. It is observed that the
engineering design of the proposed sanitary landfill and transfer stations provide facilities that are
necessary to prevent the environment from pollution and to protect public health. Such facilities
include the availability of engineered cells for disposal of solid waste on daily basis, leachate
control and treatment, landfill gases collection and treatment, daily cover soils, e.tc. Unless it is
properly operated, the presence of these facilities alone may not ensure protection of the
environment and public health.
Unless the solid wastes to be hauled through the transfer stations are taken to the landfill
continuously without delay, storing it for days inside the transfer sheds because of operational
failures could cause a serious odour problem to the surrounding. Moreover, it will continue to
biodegrade and decay and get washed with storm waters causing contamination to surface and
ground waters through seepage respectively.
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If the wastes reaching the new sanitary landfill is not spread, compacted and covered with daily or
intermediate soil cover in the appropriate cells, the whole concept of utilizing the sanitary landfill
will be jeopardized and it will ultimately fail to serve its purpose. Under such inappropriate
operational conditions the sanitary landfill will degenerate into an open landfill and become source
of environmental pollution and public health hazard.
Fig 13: Showing an engineered sanitary landfill turned to open dump site in Adama
From experience it has been observed that sanitary landfills built with all engineering design
features to protect the environment and public health are seen to fail because of failures in
operation. Fig 13 above shows an example in Adama town where one of the first sanitary landfills
built in the Country was turned to simple open dump site due to operational failures caused by lack
of equipments.
The potential impacts of operational failure can also go beyond public health concerns. Open
landfills attract undesirable vermin such as rodents, pests including dogs and birds. The attraction
of a large population of birds in ill operated sanitary landfill in particular may probably have
unintended potential impact on air transport route. Therefore, the importance of properly operating
the sanitary landfill and transfer stations is as important as building it with all its engineering design
features.
8.2.4 Impacts on soil
The potential impact of the new sanitary landfill and transfer stations project on soil is anticipated
to occure during construction and operation phases. The main activities of the project which are
identified to have likely potential impact on soil are the excavation works during construction.
Construction of the various components of the solid waste project will all require conducting
excavation to lay the foundations at certain depths. Unless disposed appropriately in a selected
place, the excavation material from the transfer stations that will be carted away can create a
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stockpile of construction waste that can cause undesired effects at the disposal site. Therefore, it is
essential that appropriate measures are taken to dispose the excavation material with out affecting
the activities in the disposal area. With regard to the Sanitary landfill, during operation phase, it is
going to require daily and intermediate cover material (i.e. soil material) to cover the wastes
disposed in the cells. The soil material from the project site is identified as a suitable cover soil and
thus there is a plan in the design to use it as a cover soil in the new sanitary landfill. Thus its impact
as construction waste will be minimum provided it is managed according to the design plans.
On the other hand, during operation phase, it is likely that littering of solid waste may occure in and
around the transfer stations and the sanitary landfill that are blown by wind or by mismanagement
of waste hauling and disposal activities. Under such conditions the waste litter can creat unsightly
places around and may likely contaminate the soil through decay in the long term. The potential
impact of waste litter on the soil can become significant if it remains uncontrolled and unattended.
8.2.5 Impact of Noise, Dust and vibration

Noise and vibration nuisance are predicted to occur at different levels during construction and
operation phases of the proposed project. The sources of noise and vibration nuisance during the
construction phase are essentially going to emerge from the construction activity and its
machineries. The vehicles and construction machines that will be used for excavations, for carting
away the excavated materials, and delivery of other construction materials will release roaring
noises and create vibrations in the project area.
The significance of the potential impact of noise and vibration during construction phase is likely to
be dependent on the presence or absence of receptors who will be affected by the noise and
vibration released. Whereas the project sites for Sendafa sanitary landfill and Bole Arabsa transfer
stations are situated in rural settings where there are no populated villages and structures nearby,
the Koshe and Akaki transfer stations are situated nearby residential areas of Addis Ababa city. The
later, i.e. Akaki transfer station site, is increasingly becoming a residential area as the construction
of massive apartment buildings is taking place close by. The presence of receptors of the noise and
vibration in the immediate neighbourhood to the project site makes its impact to be of significance.
Therefore, the impact of noise and vibration will be significant in Koshe and Akaki transfer station
sites and less significant in Sendafa landfill and Bole Arbasa transfer station sites.
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The noise and vibration impacts to be created due to movement of heavy equipments operating the
landfill will be anticipated to be low for similar reasons stated in the preceding paragraph.
On the other hand the source of noise and vibration impacts during operational phase will be
mainly the movement of waste hauling skip trucks. The potential impact of noise released by
haulage trucks is likely to mainly affect those receptors found along the waste haulage routes. More
specifically, the significance of this impact is anticipated to be pronounced in those sections of the
haulage routes along the approach to the transfer stations situated close to residential areas. The
time of the day during which the noise and vibration is released will also be a factor in affecting the
receptors. This is because noise released during night time when the majority of the neighbourhood
go to sleep will have more sever nuisance impact than that during normal working hours of the day.
According to the draft emission limit standards of the MoEF (i.e. former EPA), the permissible
noise limits differ based on the dominant functions of the areas under consideration and the time of
the day. Table 13 below shows the permissible limit values for noise.
Table 13: Draft Noise emission standards of FEPA
Limits in dB (A) Leq
Day timeNote 1
Night timeNote 2
Industrial area
75
70
Commercial area
65
55
Residential area
55
45
Area Code
Category of area
Note-1: Day time reckoned in between 6.00 am to 9.00p.m

Note- 2: Night time reckoned in between 9.00p.m. to 6.00am
The potential impact of dust release is essentially going to emerge from the construction activity
and its machineries as well as due to movement of waste hauling trucks during operation phases.
The vehicles and construction machines that will be used for excavations, for carting away the
excavated materials, and delivery of other construction materials will create dust resuspension in all
the project sites. In a simmilar manner, waste hauling trucks will also create dust along the dusty
road routes during operational phases on a daily basis. The dust release is expected to be significant
during the dry season. However, the impact of the re-suspended dust will vary from site to site
based on the presence of receptors or people to be affected. As a result the likely receipents of the
dust pollution in the sanitary landfill and Bole Arabsa transfer station sites will be largely the
construction workers themselves and few passer by villagers. The re-suspension of dust in the
Akaki and Koshe transfer stations will likely affect larger community in the neighbourhood. The
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presence of receptors of the dust pollution in the immediate neighbourhood to the project site
makes its impact to be of significance.
8.2.6 Impact on land use and aesthetics
The potential impact of the Sendafa sanitary landfill on land use is anticipated to be of low
significance. It was stated in the baseline chapter that the major land use type dominating the areas
around Sendafa sanitary landfill is farming, grazing and residential uses. The project area itself was
majorly used for agriculture with less dense residential places around it. Thus, the agricultural land
use type is being changed to waste disposal site. This change in land use and its impact on income
generation and livelihood of the farmers that were tilling the land is compensated by paying out
cash compensations (This will be discussed further under the social impacts section). As a result
there appears to be no significant conflict caused by the land use change. Since the proposed
sanitary landfill area is sparsely populated, the Not In MY Back Yard (NIMBY) syndrome
associated with the location of the landfill site is not observable in the area. Moreover, since the
project site is situated in a typical rural setting with open farming fields around it, it is anticipated
that with proper management and operation of the landfill including capping the cells with daily
and intermediate cover, its visual (aesthetic) impact on the surrounding will be minimum as it may
not create a major contradiction with the landscape.
However, in the long term, after site closure and decommissioning, the Sendafa sanitary landfill
may remain unsuitable for any other forms of beneficial land uses because of the waste deposited.
As a result it may likely pose a certain level of contradiction with the land use types in the area and
may also cause a visual impact on the surrounding if left unattended. Thus proper mitigations
should be put in place to avoid the post closure land use and aesthetics impacts.
In a similar manner, with the realization of the proposed projects, the current agricultural land use
around Bole Arbasa and Akaki transfer stations will change to temporary solid waste handling
purposes. Nevertheless, the overall land use pattern in these areas is fast changing and the
dominance of agriculture is thinning out. However, since the transfer station activities are designed
to be undertaken inside building blocks, it is anticipated that it will not create major land use
conflict with the upcoming residential and industrial purposes in the future. Likewise the design of
the transfer station blocks is observed to be aesthetically in harmony with the developments taking
place in the area and the general landscape.
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8.2.7 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation
The impact of the proposed project on traffic volume during operation phase can be analysed by
categorising it in two stages. The first stage is the impact on traffic volume during waste hauling to
the transfer stations. The second stage is the impact on traffic volume during transfer of waste from
the transfer stations to the sanitary landfill. In terms of impact on traffic volume, the first stage of
waste hauling to the transfer stations is likely to be more significant than the second stage. While
the first stage of hauling is likely to involve the movement of several waste skip trucks to and from
the transfer stations, the second stage of waste hauling will involve the movement of comparatively
few big long haul trucks and trailers that will carry large loads of the waste.
The impact of the first stage waste hauling on traffic volume is again likely to vary with the general
location of the specific transfer stations. In chapter three it was described that the Akaki, Bole
Arbasa, and Koshe transfer stations are situated at the south, south eastern and south western
suburbs of the city respectively. Whereas the Akaki transfer station is situated along one of the
busiest road of the city (Addis Ababa Akaki road), the Bole Arbasa transfer station is situated in
parts of the city where the traffic volume is comparatively low. On the other hand, the koshe
transfer station is situated along the moderately busy ring road system of the city. The net impact of
koshe transfer station on the traffic volume of the area will become lower than its current impact as
disposal site. This is because, Koshe as disposal site is receiving all the waste hauled by all
operational waste skip trucks available in the city. But with the coming of the transfer station into
operation, the available waste skip trucks will be distributed to haul the waste to the three transfer
stations.
Thus in terms of impacts on traffic volume the Akaki transfer station is likely to have a significant
impact than the other proposed transfer stations. This impact on traffic volume will not only affect
the general traffic flow along the Addis Ababa - Akaki road but also will negatively influence the
speed of waste hauling to the Akaki transfer station.
On the other hand, currently the Bole Arabsa and Akaki transfer stations have no well paved detour
roads that can be used to connect to the main roads and to approach the transfer stations. Especially
the Bole Arbasa transfer station is found in a remote place away from the main road that terminates
near the new Bole Lemi Industrial Zone Development Project. The road that leads to Akaki transfer
station is currently a gravel road which may cause traffic problem during wet seasons. Thus there is
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a need to connect the two transfer stations (Akaki & Bole Arabsa) with the main roads and make
them easily accessible.
The impact of the second stage waste hauling on traffic volume is anticipated to be insignificant for
a couple of reasons. Firstly, the number of big trucks that will haul the waste to Sendafa transfer
station are anticipated to be small in number. Secondly, the main highway that connects the
Sendafa sanitary landfill with Addis Ababa city is the Addis Ababa-Dessie road and comparatively
speaking the traffic volume along this road is moderately low. This is especially true after one
reaches the Gurd Sholla square and heads towards Sendafa town. The big waste hauling trucks can
use several alternative roads to reach to the Gurd Sholla square through which they can proceed to
Sendafa sanitary landfill.
The impact of the proposed project on traffic volume during construction phase is generally
anticipated to be low and insignificant. This is mainly because; the construction of the sanitary
landfill is going to take place outside the Addis Ababa - Dessie road where practically there is no
sizable traffic flow in the area. Similarly, because of the comparatively small scale of construction
activities to be undertaken to build the transfer stations, the additional traffic triggered by the
construction activities is anticipated to be low.
8.2.8 Impacts on occupational health and safety of workers

Owing to the environment they work in, the waste management workers in the new sanitary
landfill and transfer stations will be exposed to occupational health risks. Apparently the
workers that may be involved in waste sorting at transfer stations, waste disposal at the sanitary
landfill cells and other staff directly involved in waste handling and hauling are exposed to
many injuring materials that can affect their health. Waste separation at the transfer station and
landfill has a potential negative impact on occupational health and safety when compacted
waste is de-compacted to enable separation. The majority of the waste recyclers are young men
and women as well as children, who come from the poorest families. The health risk to waste
pickers from direct contact with wastes is acute due to their lack of protective gear and
prolonged exposure to waste. The foul odour, smoke, vermin, and dust releases from the
trasfer stations and sanitary landfill operations will be a source of occupational health risk to
the waste pickers and the broader waste management workers when exposed for prolonged
period of time.
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Therefore, during operational phases, it is imperative to consider the
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occupational health aspects of waste management workers in the sanitary landfill and transfer
stations.
8.2.9 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna

As it has been described in the baseline chapter of this ESIA document, in all of the transfer and the
landfill sites proposed by the project, the presence of unique and indigenous tree plant species is
negligible. No protected areas such as parks, sanctuaries or game reserves has been found at
reasonably nearer distance of the project sites. Also neither wetlands nor other sensitive ecosystems
are found within or near to the proposed project areas. More specifically, the site for the new
sanitary landfill and transfer stations are void of trees and implementation of the project will not
necessitate the cutting of any terrestrial vegetation. The project areas, except Koshe/Repi, were
largely grazing areas where there is no wildlife. Hence it is anticipated that the potential impacts
emanating from the implementation of the solid waste project and its components will be none or
minimal.
8.2.10 Impact of Fire Hazard
Fire Hazard is another important impact which can have an adverse impact not only on the sanitary
landfill, transfer stations and its surroundings, but also on the environment at large. Despite the
presence of landfill gas collection and flaring system in the design of the sanitary landfill, the
potential and likeliness of changing the spontaneous fire hazard caused by landfill gas (methane) to
a fire risk is generally higher in the stated waste management facilities. This is because methane gas
is highly flammable and it can aggravate combustion in case of accidents thereby damaging
properties and creating a cloud of thick smoke that can affect the air quality of the surrounding. Fire
hazard can have the potential of causing serious air pollution.
8.2.11 Impacts due to spillage of used oil and lubricants
During operational phases an important source of contamination for the soil and surface water
bodies will be the spillage of used oil and lubricants from the maintenace workshop of the transfer
stations. Each transfer station will have a block where the maintenance of waste hauling trucks and
other equipments will be serviced and maintained.
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Spillage of used oils and lubricants from the vehicles and machineries to be engaged during
operational phase can pose pollution risk to the soil grounds of the transfer stations and to the main
Akaki River and its tributaries found nearby the transfer stations. To minimize such impacts
introducing a mechanism for proper handling of oils, and lubricants spillages is essential.
On the other hand the Sendafa Sanitary landfill will have a facility where the wheel of waste
hauling trucks will be flushed with high-pressure washer to remove litter and mud at the tipping
face of the vehicle. The wastewater generated from the cleaning activities of skip truck wheel can
affect the tidiness of the premises there by affecting the soil grounds if not managed properly. Thus
it is important to handle the wastewater generated to avoid potential impacts on the soil grounds
and its tidiness.
8.3 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment

8.3.1 Loss of Farm Land
The new Sendafa sanitary landfill project has caused permanent loss of 137.07 hectare of farmland
which used to be under the entitlement of 217 farmers. The project office has paid compensation
amounting to Birr 24,767,194 to the above farmers who have lost their land. Following the
compensation payment made in 2011, the land has formally been handed over to the project office.
The project office has started to fence the site with concrete pole and barbed wire which will be
completed soon.
During the public consultation, farmers reported that since each farmer had plots of land in
different locations they are able to continue their livelihood without much difficulty after losing
their farmland to the project for they didnt face total loss. The residential settlements of the
farmers were also outside the demarcated landfill area and hence there was no need for involuntary
resettlement of the farmers who have lost their farmland to the project.
The affected farmers have also reported that they were able to properly utilize the compensation
payment. Some reported that they were able to expand their agricultural activities by renting more
land, some were able to construct new houses, and some others have started to save.
The project may still temporarily acquire farmland from farmers for the construction of access road.
Currently, the project office has not acquired any land for the construction of access road to the
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land fill. But the land to be acquired for the construction of access road is anticipated to be much
less compared to the landfill area.
Valuation of property and assets as well as compensation for affected households was carried out
and administered as per FDRE law (proclamation No.455/2005) and regulation No. 135/2007.
8.3.2 Exposure to HIV / AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
In Ethiopia, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in recent years, has emerged as a major health hazard,
affecting mainly the age group of 15 to 49 years. Construction workers and truck drivers are
considered as having high potential (or good vectors) for the spread of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS virus due to their mobility.
Contacts and communications created between local communities and construction workers who
have come to the project area from major towns will expose the local community to new culture
and behaviour. The introduction of new cultures and behaviours mainly contribute to the spread of
communicable diseases such as STD and HIV/AIDS.
8.3.3 Impact on Women
In infrastructure project, women always do not receive equal employment opportunities; and the
contractors, in most cases, favour to employ men rather than women, and female workers do not
obtain particular attention due to their biological and physical condition. It is well known and
common that infrastructure projects prefer to employ only men, and this will lead to unequal
treatment of women during employment of the construction work force.
Hence, the discrimination against women will negatively affect those women who want to work in
the construction work. Such discriminatory acts and lack of other employment opportunities may
force women to carry out other marginal activities.
8.4 Public and Stakeholders consultation
Public and Stakeholders consultations are carried out in order to solicit the views of the public
residing nearby the project area, Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and also that of local authorities
(woreda and kebelle administration). The consultations were carried out in four locations, namely
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Bereh woreda administration (with stakeholders), and with the public at Sire Goyo kebelle (Sendafa
land fill area), woreda 4; Gora ketena (Akaki transfer station) and at Bole Arabsa area (transfer
station) with residents and PAPs. The minutes of both public and stakeholders consultation is
attached in Annex-I. Since the minutes are written in Amharic the following is the English
translation of the minutes.
Outcomes of stakeholders consultation in Bereh Woreda
Issues and concerns for local level
In general, in all the locations where public consultations are held the public are highly
supportive and positive about the construction of the project.
The woreda anticipates that the local population will have employment opportunities during
the operation phase of the project and in future there is a potential for the establishment of
some factories producing goods through the process of recycling waste materials that are
collected from the land fill.
During operation phase there could be some potential negative impacts that might affect the
health and livelihood of the local population living in the surrounding. Some of the health
hazards could be due to odour, noise, dust and the like.
The project office needs to take the maximum care that no waste (from factories,
households or offices) is dumped outside of the land fill area.
The payment of compensation for affected households and procedures for valuation of
property and assets is carried out as per FDRE law (proclamation No.455/2005) and
regulation No. 135/2007.
The affected population has participated in the valuation of property and were made aware
of the procedures and guideline prior to the compensation payment. Affected persons have
also selected 5 persons to represent them in the valuation and compensation process.
Issues and concerns for regional level

In future, during the operation phase of the project, employment priority should be given to
the local population.
In the future, during the operational phase of the project, monitoring should be conducted to
ensure that no health hazard will be observed on the local population.
The design for the construction of the access road that takes to Sendafa land fill area has to
be made clear for the public and woreda authorities. When will the construction of the
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access road to the land fill area start and which kebeles it will cross and how will it affect
the farmlands along the route and what will be the size of farmland that will be affected if
constructed/affect?.
b. Outcomes of Public Consultation
The following is outcome of public consultations held in Sire Geyo kebele-Akaki Kile
village (located at Sendafa landfill area), Bole Arbasa and Woreda 4-Gora ketene (Akaki
transfer station). A total of fifty two PAPs participated in the three kebeles. During the
public consultations, a number of issues were raised and discussed and the following is
summary translation of the minutes of consultation meetings.
i)
Sero Goyo kebele (Sendafa land fill)
Construction of social services: During public consultation meeting held with officials who
came to visit the landfill site previously from Addis Ababa, we were promised that the
project will construct various social service facilities such as school, electricity and drinking
water supply for the local population but so far there has not been any progress regarding its
implementation.
Lack of Access road to farmlands: Those who have farmland adjacent to the landfill area
have faced access problem due to the fencing of the project site. Before the project, they
were able to travel to their farmland by crossing the existing landfill area without any access
problem. But currently due to the fencing of the landfill area they have found it difficult to
travel to their farmland and were forced to take a detour around the fence of the landfill to
access their farmland. To solve the above problem the officials who have come from the
project office have promised us that they will construct access road and that will allow us to
have access through the landfill area.
Employment opportunity: We would like to be given priority in employment opportunities
that are created due to the implementation of the project; however, so far we did not have
any satisfactory employment opportunity.
We were promised by authorities from the project office that we will be given priority
during employment procedures and that no employment will be made outside of the
locality. But now it looks that the employment procedures and criteria is different from what
has been promised to us by the project office. For instance, the criterion set to employ a
guard is reported that he should be someone who has completed grade 10. This appears to
be difficult since there are not many people who have finished grade 10 among us.
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Participation in land measurement and property valuation: Some PAPs complained that they
did not have sufficient information about the procedures of land measurement and property
valuation. However, the majority reported that they are aware of the procedures and the
process has been transparent and that they have elected their representatives (elders) from
among them to participate in the process of measuring affected land size, in carrying out
property valuation and in the procedure for compensation payment.
Delay in the implementation of project: The land was taken from us some three years ago
by the project office, however, in the last three years there has not been any significant work
carried out by the project office. The delay in the implementation of the project has made
the land to stay idle for such long time which we could have used the land to farm and grow
crops and generated income.
Changes in Livelihood: Participants of the consultation have reported that they have
received the appropriate compensation payment for loss of their production and some PAPs
even reported that they were able to improve their livelihood through the compensation
payment they received for their lost farmland. Some also reported that they have built CIS
roof houses, some have rented additional land to expand their farm business, some have
bought mini buses to use as public transport and some others have moved to town and built
house with the compensation payment received and started small business.
Impact on community health: Those of us who are living in close proximity to the project
site are worried and concerned that the project will affect our health in the future because of
the hazardous chemicals dumped in the site.
Conclusion: Generally, we have no objection in the implementation of the project in our nearby
vicinity as far as appropriate mitigation measures are considered and implemented to minimize the
negative impacts.
Fig 14: Showing the community consultation conducted at Sendafa landfill site
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ii) Bole Arabsa kebele:

Impact on Akaki River: The project site borders with Akaki River and it is our main source
of drinking water. We would like the project to take maximum care that the solid waste does
not pollute the river which is our main drinking water supply.
Impact on Human Health: The project could have potential impact on human health. During
the rainy season the odour from the solid waste could be harmful to our health and it could
also be washed to the river and become hazardous to both human and animal life.
Employment opportunity; we would like the project to recruit its workforce from among the
local population during construction and operation phase.
Participation in land measurement: PAPs reported that they have taken part in the
measurement of affected land however, did not participate in property valuation.
Compensation payment: The payment of compensation for PAPs is made through Bank
system, however; the estimated compensation cost is not sufficient enough when compared
with the current living standard and economic situation. Some PAPs have made good use
of compensation payment in investing it by renting farm land from neighbouring kebeles.
Delay in payment: Some PAPs complain that the compensation payment was delayed for
longer period.
Grievances: Some PAPs who have lost their land to the project have refused to collect the
estimated amount of compensation payment and have taken the case to court. The case is
still pending in court. The reason for refusal to the estimated amount of compensation
payment is because they found that the land they have lost to the project and the amount of
compensation payment is not compatible.
iii) Woreda 4 Gora Ketena:
Impact on public health: Residents of Gora ketena and PAPs have worries that the project
will have negative health impact on local residents and in particular on the residents of
Gelan Condominium housing which is located adjacent to the transfer site. The public
would like the project office to make its maximum effort in the management of negative
impacts.
The local population are currently suffering from odour problems from the Addis Ababa
Sewage Treatment Plant project which is located in the area. Hence, they would not like to
have similar health problem from the solid waste transfer station also.
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Lack of access to drinking water: The kebele does not have proper drinking water supply.
Hence, the community would like the project office to construct drinking water supply for
them.
Employment opportunity: The local population would like the employment of temporary
and regular project staff to be from the locality.
Notes on table 14:

X Represent adverse environmental impacts
XXX
XX
X
Highly significant impacts

Medium significance impact
Low significance impacts
Represent positive and beneficial impacts

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Highly beneficial impacts

Medium beneficial impacts
Low beneficial impacts
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Project action
Environmental
Components/
Characteristics
Construction
Sendafa
Sanitary Landfill
Operation
Transfer
stations
Sendafa
Sanitary landfill
Post-closure
Transfer
stations
Sanitary
landfill
Soil and geology
XX
XX
XXX
XXX
XX
Flora
Fauna
Air quality (dust)
XX
XX
XXX
XX
Surface water quality
XXX
XXX
XXX
Land use and aesthetic

effects
XXX
Noise & vibration effect
XX
XXX
NA
Archaeological and
religious sites
Traffic
XX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
Occupational health and

safety
XXX
XXX
XX
Parks & reserves
Effects on wildlife habitat
Employment
Impact on Public Health
(SWM facilities properly
operated)
Impact on Public Health

(under operational failure)
Table 14: Magnitude Matrix showing the significance of potential impacts of the project
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9. Impact mitigation measures

9.1 Mitigation measures for impacts of leachate on surface and ground
waters
In order to minimize and control the anticipated potential impacts of leachate on surface and ground
waters, the following mitigation measures as described in the following sub-sections will be taken.
The mitigation measures outlined below are fully incorporated in the design of the proposed
sanitary landfill and will be implemented as main components of the sanitary landfill development.
9.1.1 Mitigation measure to minimize leachate volume
The first mitigation option to prevent the impact of leachate is to reduce its generation in the
sanitary landfill. In order to achieve this, the volume of rainwater or surface run-off that comes into
contact with the waste at the Sendafa Sanitary Landfill should be minimized. The surface of the
waste body will therefore need to be covered intermediately during operation of the landfill and
finally after closure of the landfill.
The rainwater that flows from the surrounding areas and (after filling) from the surface seal of the
landfill, will need to be captured by ditches around the landfill body and directed to the lowest
point of the landfill located in the south west. The ditches along the landfill should be lined to avoid
erosion of the cover layers of the closed cells. From this low point, the run-off water will be led by
gravity to the nearby streams in the south-west direction. Storm drainage of a size that will handle
the highest rainfall intensity is proposed to be constructed within and around the proposed sanitary
landfill site.
9.1.2 Mitigation Measures to Minimize Leachate Infiltration from the Disposal

cells
The next proposed mitigation measure to avoid and minimize the impact of leachate on surface and
ground waters is to prevent its infiltration and release from the landfill cells into the stated water
bodies. Accordingly, the design of the proposed project has incorporated a robust mechanism for
the development of leachate containment and collection mechanism as fundamental component of
the engineering measures. To minimize the release of leachete from the waste disposal cells into the
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surrounding environment it is proposed to install the following facilities as the disposal of waste
progresses during the life time of the sanitary landfill.
a. Passive and Active security barriers
The purpose of the passive security barrier is to ensure, in the long run, the prevention of soils;
groundwater and surface waters from getting polluted by leachate. At least 1 meter of natural clay
soil with a permeability < 10-6 m/s will be placed below the cell liner system and will play the role
of passive barrier. In most part of the cells, the clay soil depth below the liner system is proposed to
be more than 2 meters.
An active security barrier made of HDPE geo-membrane with 2mm thickness will be used for both
the bottom of the cell and the slopes and it should be UV protected. For cells receiving hazardous
wastes, the active security barrier will be reinforced by an additional HDPE geo-membrane of
2.0mm thickness. The active barrier ensures the hydraulic independence of the cell, the drainage
and the collection of leachate and avoids the use of the passive security barrier.
For checking the integrity of the active barrier system, a 15cm sand layer with slotted HDPE pipes
within it will be placed between the two HDPE geo-membranes. This will serve as leakage
detection layer. The pipes will lead to a leakage control manhole that will be checked on a monthly
basis as soon as the first raw of hazardous waste will be disposed of.
b. Leachate collection system
The leachate collection system comprises a high permeability drainage layer, perforated or slotted
collection pipes, and geo-textiles to protect the geo-membrane and prevent clogging of the drainage
layer. In the case of Sendafa sanitary Landfill, the liner is sloped toward the leachate collection
pipes which ones are also sloped toward the leachate transmission pipes and these slopes should be
between one and three per cent.
c. Leachate Drainage layer
A leachate drainage layer will be placed all over the bottom liner system. The leachate drainage
layer is made of a high-porosity medium providing a preferential flow-path to the leachate
collection pipes. This will consist of bottom drainage layer and side slope drainage layer. Slotted
pipes will be laid (embedded) within the gravel layer in such a manner that the leachate will be
drained within the gravels layer to these slotted pipes. The collectors shall lead to HDPE pipes in
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the peripheral trenches near the ground level and along the perimeter bunds. These pipes will lead
the leachate by gravity to the downstream part of the site.
To avoid clogging and capillary action holding water in the drainage layer, coarse material will be
used so that there is space within the drainage layer for leachate to drain freely. Using coarse
material also ensures leachate flow in the event of clogging of some parts within the leachate
collection pipes. The hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer is proposed to be greater than
1x10-4 m/s. The drainage layer shall be placed across the entire landfill cells area and comprise at
least 0.5meter of coarse aggregates or the equivalent performance with a geo-synthetic drainage
material. This ensures that leachate is contained within the drainage layer, thus minimizing the
potential for clogging of the drainage layer. A geo-textile filter would also be placed over the
drainage layer to protect it from clogging as a result of solids transport.
9.1.3 Leachate treatment plant
The final mitigation measure proposed to prevent the impact of leachate is to treat it in a three stage
leachate treatment plant to bring down its pollutant load into internationally accepted levels and
render it harmless to the environment. The detail design of the proposed sanitary landfill consists of
a leachate treatment plant as one of its component which will be built together with the project.
Since there are no emission limit standards concerning leachate effluent concentration in Ethiopia,
the design for the proposed leachate treatment plant have adopted French regulation as a base for
treatment level. Accordingly, the required level of leachate concentration of the effluent that will be
discharged into the surrounding environment is proposed not to exceed COD of 300 mg/l, total
suspended solids of 100 mg/l, BOD5 of 100 mg/l and total nitrogen of 30mg/l.
To meet the required level of leachete effluent a three-stage treatment system is proposed. This
includes:
An anaerobic pond;
A facultative pond; and
A constructed wetland
a. Anaerobic pond
An anaerobic pond (3m deep) will receive leachate with high organic loads. This pond will not
contain dissolved oxygen or algae. In this anaerobic pond, COD and BOD5 removal is achieved by
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conversion of both soluble and non-soluble COD and BOD5 into mainly methane, carbon dioxide
and water. The process of anaerobic digestion is more intense at temperatures above 15C and can
reach up to 75% of BOD5 removal. A retention time of at least 20 days is used to ensure proper
treatment.
b. Facultative pond
The facultative aerobic pond (1.2m deep) is used to treat the remaining BOD5 and COD
downstream of the anaerobic pond. The process of oxidizing organic matter by algae and aerobic
bacteria is dominant at this stage.
c. Wetlands
A constructed (or engineered) wetlands (CW) is a planned system designed and constructed to
employ wetland vegetation to assist in treating wastewater in a more controlled environment than
what occurs in natural wetlands. For this project it is proposed to design a Horizontal Sub-Surface
Flow (HSSF) system as the efficiency is higher than a Free Water Surface Flow (FWSF) for the
same plan area.
The pollutants removed by CW s include organic materials, suspended solids, nutrients,
pathogens, heavy metals and other toxic or hazardous pollutants. Plants take up the dissolved
nutrients and other pollutants from the water, using them to produce additional plant biomass. The
nutrients and pollutants then move through the plant body to underground storage organs when the
plants senesce. It will then be deposited in the bottom sediments through litter and peat
accumulation when the plants die.
During operation of the treatment system, it will be necessary to periodically clean and scrap the
anaerobic and facultative ponds by scraping the sludge cake. Since the sludge cake will be rich in
heavy metal contents, it will need to be disposed in the sanitary landfill. The same will apply to the
senescing plants of the constructed wetland.
In summary it can be concluded that the key potential negative impacts identified in this
environmental analysis will be mitigated by the design of the sanitary landfill and through good
operational practices. This is because the conceptual site design takes into account the potential
impact of contamination of water resources from leachate emissions. A high standard of leachate
containment and management is ensured in the proposed site design through implementation of the
following of:
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the installation of two HDPE lining systems in the zone of leachate accumulation, both
designed to meet the maximum permeability specification.
the provision of a high permeability leachate collection and transfer system to facilitate
the collection of leachate percolating through waste materials and to drain the leachate
from the landfill in order to prevent a build-up of leachate within the body of the
deposited waste;
the provision of a leachate treatment pond and re-circulation facilities and equipment to
promote the evaporation of any collected leachate, in order to reduce leachate quantities
and leachate strength;
an operational and leachate management policy that is based on not discharging any
leachate offsite.
the adoption of routine operational measures to minimize leachate generation, including

control of surface water run-on, cellular filling and the adoption of re-circulation to dry
absorptive waste.
9.2 Proposed mitigation measures for Impact of Akaki transfer station

on Akaki well fields
The first mitigation measure proposed to avoid the impact of contaminated water (or leachate) on
Akaki well field is to prevent the formation of leachate in the transfer station itself. To achieve this
no waste shall be stored at the transfer station for longer than a day and the sanitation of its
premises need to be kept in good condition. However, the project design of the transfer station also
recognizes possible adverse effects of wastewater that may be released from the waste heaps
temporarily stored at the Akaki Transfer Station on the groundwater aquifer where well field 1 is
located. To minimize this and other adverse impacts the following additional mitigation measures
are proposed to integrate into the overall transfer station design.
Cover with pavement the area within the transfer station by double layer of asphalt
concrete or enforced concrete to minimize infiltration of wastewater that may be released
from the temporary waste storage into the surrounding aquifer
Install appropriate storm water drainage and sewerage system in the transfer station to
minimize/prevent pollution of the nearby rivers, streams and boreholes
Collect leaching waste water that may percolate through waste materials at the transfer
station and dispose the leached waste water to the sewerage system for appropriate
treatment and disposal
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Re-open and clean the nearby streams to divert surface runoff around the transfer station
site and construct retaining walls around the perimeter of the transfer station
Dividing the transfer station site surface area into smaller catchments that contain
gravitational outlets to the proposed storm water drainage
These mitigation measures are also applicable to the remaining two transfer stations, namely Bole
Arbasa and Koshe transfer stations.
9.3 Mitigation measures for impacts of landfill gas on ambient air

quality
The following gas management systems are proposed to be introduced to minimize impact of
landfill gases at the Sendafa Sanitary landfill.
9.3.1 Gas collection and treatment
The anaerobic decomposition of organic substances inside the proposed Sendafa Sanitary Landfill
is expected to generate landfill gas during the operation phase. The gas can, in some circumstance,
migrate away from the site and cause explosions. Best practice is to collect the gas and burn it.
The landfill will be actively degasified by means of a vertical gas collecting system. An active gas
system is proposed for the project site in view of the relatively large quantities of organic waste that
will be deposited. Vertical gas wells will be installed in the waste progressively as the landfill
grows vertically towards final levels or after filling each cell of the landfill. These allow gas to be
collected through perforated HDPE pipes linked to a compressing station. A compensation layer
between the waste and the mineral surface sealing of the filled cells will be constructed through
which gas can flow easily and which allows supply to the gas vents. With a good degasifying
system it will be possible to collect at least 50% of the produced gas.
The gas pumping station will be located in facilities zone at the northern part of the landfill. Inside
the pumping station blowers will provide the required negative pressure gradient in the landfill
body which guarantees active degasifying at a high gas collection rate. The gas will be directed to a
landfill gas flare beside the gas pumping station where the gas will be incinerated at temperatures
of about 1,000 -1,200 C. The possible use of the extracted gas for electricity or heat generation has
not been considered at this stage of the project. There will be five year of operation at least before
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gas is collected from the first cell during which the feasibility of energy recovery can be
considered.
It is essential that a program of landfill gas monitoring is carried out at regular periodic intervals
during and after the working life of the site in order to assess the effectiveness of the gas control
measures in place. Should landfill gas be detected during routine site surveys, the method of gas
control will be reviewed and, as necessary, the passive gas wells converted to an active gas
abstraction system in which gas is sucked out of the landfill under a vacuum. Whilst the impacts
associated with landfill gas should be minimized by good site operational practices, there always
remains a residual moderate potential for landfill gas impacts, particularly if site management is not
of the highest standard. Thus it is important that good site operational practices are maintained in
the proposed sanitary landfill during operational phases.
9.3.2 Measures to mitigate emission of GHG and exposure to landfill gas

The proposed mitigation measure to minimize the impact of landfill gas on climate change is
generally to reduce its impacts by flaring. Methane which is the adverse green house gas present in
the LFG will be eliminated and reduced to less adverse GHGs such as CO2 by flaring. The landfill
gas is also combusted to reduce the risk of fire and explosion as well as to reduce odours.
The technology of a landfill gas flare is conceptually very simple: landfill gas is brought into
contact with a supply of air and ignited. A variety of configurations of conduits and chambers can
be used for the purpose. The proposed configuration of a landfill gas flare is recommended to
comprise the following basic elements, in addition to piping, valves and the body of the flare.
Gas cleaning/conditioning before the flare to remove moisture and possibly impurities, such
as airborne debris, from the landfill gas;
A blower or booster developing the head of pressure needed to feed landfill gas to the flare;
One or more flame arrestors in the landfill gas feed line to prevent flash-back of the flame
down the pipe;
some method of control over the flow rate of landfill gas to the burner, and possibly over
the supply of combustion air;
A burner designed such that it maintains turbulent mixing of air and fuel and that the
velocity of the gas is high enough to reduce the risk of flash-back of the flame down the
feed pipe without blowing off the flame;
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An ignition system to light the gas mixture on start-up;
A flame detector to check that ignition has been successful and combustion is taking place
this facility is normally provided with enclosed flares but it is more difficult for open flares
since the location of the flame can be highly unstable.
9.3.3 Mitigation measures for impacts of dust and vehicle exhaust smoke
The dust nuisances predicted to occur during construction and operation will be mitigated by
applying the following measures.
Re-suspension of dust in the construction sites will be prevented by frequent sprinkling of water.
This will be specially applied during the carting away operations of the excavation materials. Water
for sprinkling of the dust grounds should be fetched from the nearby Rivers to avoid using
municipal water.
As a matter of routine it is considered good practice to use modern, well-maintained and regularly
serviced vehicles in order to minimize vehicle exhaust release impacts in increased traffic flows at the
transfer stations and the neighbouring communities.
9.4 Mitigation measures for impact on public health and the

environment
It was anticipated that the potential impact of the new sanitary landfill and transfer stations on
public health is anticipated to likely occur under future potential scenarios where the new sanitary
landfill and transfer station facilities to be developed by the project are not operated properly. In
order to avert the potential impacts from occurring, the sanitary landfill will have to be operated in
a way that complies to the draft Ethiopian standards on Solid waste management to the minimum.
The following are the minimum standards for sanitary landfill management that the Sendafa landfill
will need to observe during operation phases to mitigate the stated potential impacts.
AARDPO shall ensure that the site is operated in compliance with the standards for class I
sanitary landfill (refer sec 4.3.5.1a), has an operational plan, is adequately staffed, and that
suitable mobile equipment is in functional use.
To minimise leachate generation, breeding of pests, wind-blown litter and odours, cover
material shall be applied to the entire surface of the tipping-cell to a minimum depth of 15
cm at the completion of each working day but every third day as a minimum.
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AARDPO shall ensure that suitably qualified and experienced personnel are assigned to
manage the day-to-day landfill operations. The site manager must have ready access to
suitable equipment and resources to properly manage the site.
Mobile equipment sufficient to ensure that operational standards are met shall be provided
and maintained in use at the landfill site.
Landfill operators shall ensure that no fires are tolerated within landfill sites, and that any
persistent fires are reported to the competent authority.
During normal operational hours landfill operators shall allow regulated access of informal
recyclers/waste-pickers to the landfill site, to work in designated areas but not at the
working face of the landfill.
The AARDPO shall ensure the installation and functioning of landfill gas management
systems at all landfill cells.
Where possible landfill gas shall be collected and flared, and where economically
justifiable, utilised as a source of renewable energy.
Category 1 and 2 landfills will have vehicle weigh scales installed to obtain exact records of
waste quantities being delivered.
Similarly, in order to avert the potential impacts on public health and the environment arising from
ill operated transfer stations, it will have to be operated in a way that complies to the draft
Ethiopian standards on Solid waste management to the minimum. The following are among the
minimum standards for transfer station management that the Koshe, Akaki and Bole Arbasa
stations will need to observe during operation phases to mitigate the stated potential impacts.
The design of the transfer operation shall enable the site operations to be efficient and
hygienic.
Incoming waste shall be transferred from the transfer-station within 1 day, unless temporary
operational reasons do not permit this.
All waste transfer points, facilities and containers shall be kept clean and orderly at all times
with containers and site area inspected and cleaned monthly, and a total area clean
extending to 20m in all directions around entire site every quarter (3 months).
Therefore, in order to implement the above stated minimum standard requirements for the Sendafa
Sanitary landfill and transfer stations, it is recommended to develop detailed manuals and
procedures that translate the requirements into daily operational procedures for the staff and
management of the sanitary landfill. It is also recommended that the landfill and transfer station
operators should be trained on the landfill and transfer station management standards, basic
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operational procedures and associated manuals. The operational manuals and procedures coupled
with the necessary machinery, equipment, skilled and semi-skilled labour force are necessary for
the proper management of the Sanitary landfill and transfer stations.
If the sanitary landfill and transfer stations are operated properly by complying with the stated draft
operational standards of solid waste management, its risk to attract undesired vermin such as
rodents, pests including birds will be significantly decreased. Especially, it is anticipated that the
population of birds in the area that will be attracted by the landfill will be kept at minimum or nonexistent. The bird problem will be strongly minimized by good working practice, keeping the
working area to a minimum and covering the waste at the end of each working day. This will
always remain the best bird control system. The design of the landfill has carefully accounted for
this aspect by placing all infrastructures of the new landfill beyond a 13km radius from Bole airport
limits. Hence the standard 13km distance of the Sendafa sanitary landfill as a buffer zone from the
Bole Air Port will suffice to avoid any impact on the air transport route.
9.5 Mitigation Measure for impacts on soil
It has been shown in the impact analysis sections that inappropriate disposal of construction waste
generated during the foundation excavation activities of the transfer stations will be one aspect that
will potentially affect the environment. The project management and the contractor will ensure that
the construction waste to be generated during excavations and related activities will be disposed in
officially designated place. The project management and contractor will facilitate for obtaining
permission to access such tipping site which shall be designated by the AAEPA. The designated
site should be an eroded or degraded land which can be rehabilitated and remedied by filling it back
with soil and earth material. If there is absence of an officially designated site for disposal of
construction waste in the area, the project management and the contractor will ensure that a
degraded land that can be rehabilitated by tipping soil and other earth material is selected and used.
With regard to excavation soils from the Sendafa Sanitary landfill, the proposed project have design
plans to use surplus soil from excavation for daily, intermediate and final cover on the landfill cell
areas. Accordingly any excavated soil not utilized immediately will be stockpiled on site for future
use. Stockpiling will be the sole responsibility of the landfill operator. Thus the stockpiling of the
soil and future use as cover material for the landfill cells during operation by itself serves as
mitigation for its uncontrolled disposal.
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It was also anticipated that during operation phase, it is likely that littering of solid waste may
occure in and around the transfer stations and the sanitary landfill that are blown by wind or by
mismanagement of waste hauling and disposal practices. In order to mitigate it, on the landfill,
portable litter control fences will be used around the working area. The fences will be placed
immediately downwind of the working area to maximize the capture of windblown litter. Keeping
the working face to the practical minimum width will reduce litter generation. As there are no
controls that will completely prevent blowing litter during windy days, a regular (daily or weekly)
program of litter pick-up will be operated at the sanitary landfill and transfer station sites. Trucks
hauling the solid waste to and from the transfer station will also be covered with tents or other
suitable material to prevent littering of waste during transport.
9.6 Proposed Mitigation measures for impact of noise and vibration

a. Construction phase
The main potential impact of the proposed development project on the neighborhood is anticipated
to occur due to noise and vibration release by the construction machineries. Construction activities
will take place across the whole of the sites of the proposed SWM project. In general the impact of
construction noise will depend on:
the proximity of construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs);
the specific heavy plant and equipment deployed; and
the length of time over which construction works are undertaken
In order to mitigate these potential impacts the following measures will be taken.
-
Earth moving equipments, trucks and other vehicle will have their normal muffler intact in
their smoke exhaust pipe and care will be taken to repair it when broken to avoid
unnecessary release of noise during operation in the fields.
Earth moving equipments, trucks and other vehicle operators will be advised not to
unnecessarily blow horns in areas where settlements are present
locating stationary equipment that is noisy as far as possible from the NSRs;
orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise away from NSRs;
use of temporary noise baffles and noise fencing during the construction of the site access
road adjacent if necessary to protect adjacent NSRs;
switching off unnecessary or idle equipment;
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Fitting of noise mufflers to mobile plant and equipment; and preventative maintenance of
equipment to minimize noise emissions
b. Operational phase
Effective noise management protocols to be implemented as part of the proposed project include:
- Earth moving equipments, trucks and other vehicle will have their normal muffler intact in their
smoke exhaust pipe and care will be taken to repair it when broken to avoid unnecessary release of
noise during operation in the fields.
- Mobile plant equipment will be used singly, while multiple use of mobile plant equipment is
restricted to short time periods, unlike construction activities;
- Land filling activities will be mobile and not fixed in that they move across the landfill footprint.
Therefore, no area is subjected to the operation of the dozer and/or track loader, for example, for long
continuous periods of time; and all site screening measures will be in place in advance of the start of
site operations.
9.7 Mitigation measures for land use and aesthetics (Post Closure of
the landfill).
In order to harmonize the sanitary landfill with the surrounding landscape and aesthetic views, a
progressive action will be taken to cover the completely filled cells with plant seedlings one after
the other. During site closure the last remaining cell of the landfill will be covered with final soil
cover and it will be planted with seedlings.
It was also anticipated that the Sendafa sanitary landfill is likely to have post closure land use and
aesthetics impacts. Thus it is recommended that a site closure plan shall be submitted to the
competent authority for review and approval by the time 90% of the sanitary landfill is filled. The
closure plan should outline a plan showing the final appearance (landscaped) of the site after
closure, a description of a proposed end use of the site that do not affect public health, and
inspection and maintenance of the final cover and landscaping. The closure plan shall also outline
the procedures for post-closure care of the site. The entrance gate and perimeter fencing will be
retained to control access and keep the site safe.
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In order to minimize the post closure impacts the following mitigation measures are proposed to be
implemented as part of the closure plan for the site.
Remove all infrastructure no longer required from the site.
Remove accessible scrap metal to recycling.
Collect and bury windblown litter and debris from the site.
Remove obvious hazards where obvious and practical
Implement rodent and nuisance control measures where a problem is identified
Consolidate waste and compact where appropriate
Shape and grade to the extent possible to achieve the required finished grades prior to
backfilling
Install final cover system to minimize the infiltration of liquids and soil erosion
Cover all refuse evenly with 60cm of back fill material which will include an erosion
control layer of 15cm of soil capable of sustaining native plant growth
Grade the final cover to accommodate settling of the waste, prevent surface ponding and
seepage, and direct surface drainage away from the waste disposal area.
Seed to initiate vegetation cover, reduce erosion potential and improve the appearance of
the site
Install drainage ditches, if not already in place, on the up-gradient sides of the site to divert
precipitation/drainage waters away from the disposal area and to prevent impact from future
overland flow
Delineate waste disposal site boundaries and features using available existing and historic
information, and geographic positioning system coordinates
Install and maintain permanent markers and/or fencing to indicate site boundaries
Install site signage to notify the public of the pending closure date; and providing directions
to, hours of operation and contact numbers for the alternate waste disposal site
Install No Trespassing and No Dumping signage at the former site entrance stating the
applicable fines for offense
The closure plan will have to include contingency plans to deal with the following:
Illegal dumping around the former waste disposal site following closure
Fire safety, in the event of a deliberate or spontaneous occurrence
Provide a summary report describing the work done to close/decommission the site, including as
built drawings pre and post closure, the existing condition, and the anticipated future condition
relating to environmental concerns.
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Long-term maintenance will be carried on the final cover and leachate management system.
Erosion, ponding from settlement, and leachate seeps will be corrected, if required. Typically,
regular inspection and monitoring shall take place for a period of two years after site closure, after
which a long term monitoring and care program will be established.
9.8 proposed mitigation measures for Impacts on increased traffic
The first priority in terms of mitigating impacts on traffic is to develop access roads to those
proposed solid waste management sites that do not have all weather access at present. These
include the Bole Arbasa and Akaki transfer stations as well as the Sendafa sanitary landfill. Though
construction is underway to build a new 8km road that connect the Sendafa landfill with the main
roads, the prevailing situation appears different with Bole Arbasa and Akaki transfer stations. Thus
it is recommended that a new all weather access roads that can handle the traffic flow to and from
the stated transfer stations should be built to mitigate the pending traffic problems that can be
created during operational phases. While building the access road to Akaki transfer station
consideration should be given to select alternative route that can avoid congested road stretches and
road junctions. Some of the proposed mitigation measures to minimize traffic impact along the
main waste hauling routes include:
Conduct traffic flow study on the routes and based on the study result widening and
rehabilitation of the roads leading to the transfer stations and to the waste disposal site
Provide separate entry and exit connections to the main road and a merging lane to access
the waste disposal site and to the transfer stations
Control vehicles transporting waste to prevent taking shortcuts on unsuitable road
Facilitate for proper maintenance and servicing of solid waste hauling fleet vehicles to
ensure continuous and uninterrupted traffic flow along the approach routes to the sanitary
landfill and transfer stations thereby avoiding traffic jams.
9.9 Mitigation measures for impacts on health and safety
It was anticipated that there will be significant potential negative impact or risk on occupational
health and safety of workers involved in operational phase of the sanitary landfill and transfer
stations, if the project has not considered the issue of OHS of workers. In order to avert the
potential impacts (Physical/Mechanical hazard, Chemical hazard, Biological hazard, and bad
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ergonomics) that may occur from the hazard/risk, the health & safety system will have to be
operated in a manner that complies with the draft Ethiopian standards on Solid waste management
to the minimum. The following are the minimum standards for sanitary landfill management on
health & safety issue, which the Sendafa landfill and the three transfer stations will need to observe
during operation phases to mitigate the stated potential impacts.
AARDPO have an employers responsibility and humanitarian duty to prevent illness and
injury of the workforce. Consideration shall be given to all aspects of the work, including:
the design of the equipment; provision and use of personal protective equipment (PPE);
regular medical check-ups and immunization; and provision of toilets and washing
facilities.
AARDPO shall establish an accident and incident reporting system whereby every event is
recorded and investigated.
Health and safety training, supported by appropriate levels of supervision, shall be ensured
so that waste management workers understand the origins of the risks that they face and
know how to minimize these risks.
AARDPO shall ensure that collection workers should never be expected to lift wastes above
their shoulder height because the risk of serious injury.
In addition, to minimize impacts on waste recyclers the following mitigation measures will be
implemented.
Provide sorting facilities for semi-manual separation with disposal container to minimize
health risks.
Manual separation of recyclables will still be allowed in the early phases of the project, but
the personnel will have to be approved by site management and be appropriately equipped
and trained.
Formalize waste separation and introduce entry passes to prevent children from entering
these facilities for waste segregation
Formalize waste picking/separating through a pilot recycling plant at the landfill
Provide appropriate training/skills development for both waste recyclers and the women in
their households in the pilot recycling scheme.
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9.10 Emergency preparedness and response mechanism for fire hazard

In order to prevent the fire risk associated with the release of methane gas from the sanitary landfill
and transfer stations, it appears necessary to put in place a response mechanism that can control the
fire hazard. The first stage in the emergency response will be to develop an in-house capacity to
extinguish fire before it spread. For this purpose the sanitary landfill and transfer stations will
ensure that fire extinguishers are made available in visible and easily accessible places. The
sanitary landfill and transfer stations will also make available water hoses connected to the water
main in suitable places to fight fire. Moreover the sanitary landfill and transfer station facilities will
also train its personnel on prevention of fire hazards and on the use of fire extinguishers in case of
emergency. The environment or occupational health and safety officer will be responsible to
organize such trainings.
9.11 Mitigation measures for impacts of used oil and lubricants
During operational phase of project, the management of the three transfer stations will be advised
to set out work procedures for its employees working at the maintenance workshop to safely collect
used oils and lubricants while servicing and maintaining the waste hauling vehicles and
machineries. The used oils and lubricants should be collected in dedicated barrels and taken away
from the site to recyclers or to furnace oil dealers. In addition, in order to prevent the impact of
diffused lubricant and used oil spills from the maintenance workshop, the project management will
ensure that a settling tank that receives the wash waters from the maintenance workshop areas is
included in the design of the transfer station. The settling tank will be used to collect and separate
the lubricant and used oil by decantation. The decanted used oil and lubricant can be sold to dealers
for use as furnace fuel in brick factories e.t.c.
9.12 Mitigation measures for Loss of Farm Land
The following mitigation measures are proposed and were practically implemented to mitigate the
impacts on farm lands lost to the project sites.
Compensate farmers for loss of crops (perennial or annual), trees as per the Federal
legislation (Proclamation 455/2005) based on market prices.
Consult and involve PAPs in the estimation of costs for lost assets.
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Allow enough time for PAPs to remove their crops (perennial or annual) and trees.
Compensate ahead of construction works for the loss of perennial crops/ trees compensate
based on market prices and as per the law.
The new Sendafa sanitary landfill project has caused permanent loss of 137.07 hectare of farmland
which used to be under the entitlement of 217 farmers. The project office has already paid
compensation amounting to Birr 24,767,194 to the above farmers who have lost their land.
Following the compensation payment made in 2011, the land has formally been handed over to the
project office.
9.13 Mitigation Measures for Exposure to HIV / AIDS and other STD
As a preventive measure, construction workers and local population must be informed through
awareness raising and education campaigns about HIV / AIDS. At the community level, special
information campaigns for women should be enhanced.
Conduct education and awareness creation campaigns on the spread and transmission of
STDs and HIV/AIDS for construction workers and local communities living close to the
construction camp sites.
Display educational posters and flyers about STD and HIV/AIDS, using local language
(Affan Oromo) at public gathering locations, schools and by road sides to minimize the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
Monitor the above mitigation measures using indicators.
9.14 Mitigation Measures for Impact on Women
Ensure women's participation and improve their employment and avoid discrimination
against women.
Support women from the locality to learn new skills and employ them during project
operation phase also.
Table 15: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
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Project
Major Impacts
No
phase
Operation
The volume of leachate that will be generated from the

Sendafa sanitary landfill site will range from 645m3/day to
1336 m3/day during the lifetime of the sanitary landfill. If
the landfill has no leachate collection system the leachate
can enter into ground and surface water resources around
the site.
Recommended Mitigation
measures
a. Measure to minimize leachate

volume:
-Cover the surface of the waste body
intermediately during operation of
the landfill and finally after closure
of the landfill.
Uncontrolled leachate release from the landfill site

into Hambisa River will have an adverse impact on -Capture the rainwater from the
surface seal of the landfill by ditches
the river.
around the landfill body and direct to
In the absence of proper management of the treatment facility.
landfill, leachate may have an adverse impact on
the Legedadi deep test wells and shallow wells -Cconstruct storm drainage within
and around the proposed sanitary
drilled by AAWSA.
landfill site
The weak zone along the fault striking from NWb. Measures to Minimize Leachate
SE on western part of the Akaki transfer station
site can be a conducive path for contaminants Infiltration from the Disposal cells
leaked from the transfer station towards south part
of the Akaki well field where most of the deep and - Develop a leachate containment,
collection and treatment system
shallow wells are concentrated.
- Installation of passive barrier with
the natural clay soil placed below the
cell liner system
- Installation of active barrier of
HDPE geo-membrane with 2mm
thickness for both the bottom of the
Anticipated
Residual
impacts
cells and the slopes

- Installation of high permeability
leachate collection and transfer
system to facilitate the collection of
leachate
- Installation of three-stage leachate
treatment system and re-circulation
facilities to reduce organic and heavy
metal pollutants.
c. Measures to minimize the effects
of Akaki Transfer Station on
Akaki well fields
- Cover with pavement the area
within the transfer station by double
layer of asphalt concrete or enforced
concrete to minimize infiltration of
wastewater
- Install appropriate storm water
drainage and sewerage system in the
transfer station to minimize/ prevent
pollution of the nearby boreholes.
- Collect leaching wastewater that
from the transfer station and dispose
to the sewerage system for
appropriate treatment and disposal
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Operation
In the absence of proper landfill gas collection and

management system, the proposed sanitary landfill is
anticipated to affect the ambient air quality due to release
of landfill gas, foul odour nuisance, and smoke release
caused by spontaneous burning. Also:
The following gas management

systems are proposed to minimize
impact of landfill gases at Sendafa
Sanitary landfill.
- Collect the landfill gases by

- Emission of green house gases (i.e. methane & CO2) installing vertical gas wells (gas
from the landfill will contribute to climate change.
vents) progressively as the landfill
grows vertically towards its final
- Waste hauling trucks will create local air pollution along level
the hauling routes during operational phases.
- Pump to collection points where it
- dust releases during construction and operational phases will be flared.
by vehicles and machineries affect ambient air quality
- incinerate the gas at temperatures of
about 1,000 -1,200 C by the landfill
gas flare.
- Carryout monitoring program at
regular periodic intervals during and
after the working life of the site to
assess effectiveness of the landfill
gas control measures.
- Sprinkle water on dusty roads
frequently on day time during
construction.
- Upgrade roads to asphalt during
operation in the approaches to
transfer stations
- Keep waste collection and disposal
vehicles fleet well-maintained and
regularly serviced to minimize
exhaust smoke release.
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Operation
-The potential impact of the new sanitary landfill and

transfer stations on public health is anticipated to possibly
occur under future scenarios where the new sanitary
landfill and transfer station facilities are not operated
properly.
- will degenerate into an open landfill
Operate the sanitary landfill in

compliance with the standards for
class I sanitary landfill of the draft
Ethiopian standards on Solid waste
management to the minimum
(refer sec 9.2 for detail measures).
These include:
- will become source of environmental pollution and public -AARDPO shall ensure that the site
health hazard
is operated with an operational plan,
is adequately staffed.
- cause a serious odour problem to the surrounding
-Cover material shall be applied to
- attracts vermin and birds which may have unintended
the entire surface of the tipping-cell
potential impact on air transport route.
to a minimum depth of 15 cm at the
completion of each working day
but every third day as a minimum.
-Suitably qualified and experienced
personnel and resources are assigned
to manage the day-to-day landfill
operations.
-Mobile equipment sufficient to
ensure that operational standards are
met shall be provided and maintained
in use at the landfill site.
-Ensure that no fires are tolerated
within landfill sites, and that any
persistent fires are reported to the
competent authority.
-Allow regulated access of informal
recyclers/waste-pickers to the landfill
site during normal operational hours
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to work in designated areas.

-Ensure
the
installation
and
functioning
of
landfill
gas
management systems at all landfill
sites.
For transfer station management:
- The design of the transfer operation
shall enable the site operations to be
efficient and hygienic.
- Incoming waste shall be transferred
from the transfer-station within 1
day, unless temporary operational
reasons do not permit this.
- All waste transfer points, facilities
and containers shall be kept clean
and orderly at all times with
containers and site area inspected and
cleaned monthly.
-Develop detailed manuals and
procedures that translate the
requirements into daily operational
procedures for the staff and
management of the sanitary landfill
and transfer stations.
-Train landfill and transfer station
operators on SWM standards, basic
operational procedures and
associated manuals.
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Project
Major Impacts
Recommended Mitigation measures
Anticipated
Residual
impacts
- Improper disposal of construction waste will affect the

environment
-Dispose the construction waste in officially permitted

place. The designated place should be a degraded site
to be remedied by tipping soil material.
None
No phase
4
Construction
and operation
- Littering of solid waste in and around the transfer

stations and sanitary landfill may contaminate the soil in
the long term.
-Stockpile and use the soil excavated during landfill

construction as cover material for the landfill cells
during operation
-Apply portable litter control fences downwind of the
working area to capture litter
-Keep the working face of landfill to the practical
minimum width to reduce litter generation
-Conduct regular (daily or weekly) program of litter
pick-up at the sanitary landfill and transfer station
sites.
-Cover waste hauling trucks to and from the transfer
station with tents to prevent littering of waste during
transport.
Operation
- Noise and vibration releases of construction machines,

vehicles and waste hauling trucks will affect residents in
the neighbourhood and along the waste haulage routes.
- planting of buffer trees and shrubs where

appropriate;
- locating stationary equipment that is noisy as far as
possible from the NSRs;
- orienting equipment with high directivity to emit
noise away from NSRs;

- use of temporary noise baffles and noise fencing
during if necessary to protect adjacent NSRs;
- switching off unnecessary or idle equipment;
-fitting of noise mufflers to mobile plant and
equipment; and preventative maintenance of
equipment to minimize noise emissions
- restrict multiple use of mobile plant equipment to
short time periods (operation phase)
6
Operation
- During operation phase, without proper management,

the sanitary landfill will have visual (aesthetic) impact on
the surrounding as it may create contradiction with the
landscape.
- After site closure and decommissioning, the Sendafa
sanitary landfill may remain unsuitable for other forms of
beneficial land uses because of the waste deposited.
- It may also cause a visual impact on the surrounding if
left unattended after closure.
-Harmonize with the surrounding landscape and

aesthetic views by progressively covering filled cells
with plant seedlings one after the other.
-Submit a site closure plan to the competent authority
by the time 90% of the sanitary landfill is filled for
review and approval.
-Include the mitigation measures outlined in bullets
under section 9.7; para 3 as part of the action plan.
-outline the procedures for post-closure care of the site
in the closure plan
-Include contingency plans for illegal dumping in the
former landfill after site closure
-Include plans for fire safety in the event of a
deliberate or spontaneous occurrence
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 137
Operation
- Waste hauling to the transfer stations is likely to have

significant impact on traffic flow and will negatively
influence the speed of waste hauling to the Akaki transfer
station
-Construct alternative road to provide access to the

transfer stations by avoiding congested road stretches
such as for Akaki transfer station.
-Provide separate entry and exit connections to the
main road and a merging lane to access the waste
disposal site and to the transfer stations
-Control vehicles transporting waste to prevent taking
shortcuts on unsuitable road
-Conduct traffic flow study on the routes and based on
the study result widening and rehabilitation of the
roads leading to the transfer stations and to the waste
disposal site.
- Facilitate for proper maintenance and servicing of solid
waste hauling fleet vehicles to ensure continuous and
uninterrupted traffic flow and thereby avoiding traffic jams.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 138
Project
Major Impacts
No
phase
Construction
Construction
Workers involved in waste sorting at transfer stations,

waste disposal at the sanitary landfill cells and other
staffs directly involved in waste handling and hauling
The Sendafa sanitary landfill project will cause
are exposed to negative impact on occupational health
permanent loss of 137.07 hectare of farmland which
and safety.
used to be under the entitlement of 217 farmers.
Recommended Mitigation
measures
- Operate the health & safety system

of the sanitary landfill in accordance
to the draft Ethiopian standards on
-Compensate farmers for loss of
Solid waste management to the
crops
(perennial or annual), trees as
minimum
per the Federal legislation
(Proclamation
based on
- Provision of 455/2005)
personal protective
market
prices.
equipments
(Safety shoes, cloths,
Gloves, Dust & chemical masks
-Allow enough time for PAPs to
remove
theirofcrops
(perennial
or
- Provision
training
on
annual)
and trees.
occupational
safety and health
-Compensate
ahead of
construction
- Periodical medical
check-up
for
works
forworking
the lossdirectly
of perennial
crops/
workers
on waste
trees
compensate
based
on
market
management (Landfill, sorting room
prices
and as per the law.
and etc).
10
Construction
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
- Construction workers and truck drivers are

considered as having high potential (or good vectors)
for the spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs) and HIV/AIDS virus due to their mobility.
-Conduct education and awareness

creation campaigns on the spread and
transmission of STDs and HIV/AIDS
for construction workers and local
communities living close to the
Page 139
Anticipated
Residual
impacts
Chronic
health impact
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 140
Anticipated
Project phase
Major Positive Impacts
Reinforcement measures
No
Residual
impacts
Construction
phase
The construction of the project is

expected to create employment
opportunities and jobs for the local
communities.
- employ work force mainly from the locality

where the construction work will be undergoing.
None
- ensure that employment, wage system, and other
administrative measures adopted for the local
workforce should be in line with the countrys law.
- eensure womens employment and improve their
employment opportunities and working conditions.
Construction
The construction of the landfill project in
and operation the area will have positive impacts on
women (female headed households in
phases
particular) during and after the
construction works of the Sanitary
landfill through employment.
-Contractor and local authorities to ensure that

women receive equal chance for employment.
- give priority for female headed households during
employment.
- assign women workers in those jobs which are fit
to their biological and physical conditions.
None
Operation
phase
-Introduce operational plans, procedures and

guidelines to efficiently operate the SWM facilities
as intended.
- Provide training for the landfill and transfer
station operators on
None
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Installing and operating the sanitary

landfill facilities and transfer stations will
improve the overall solid waste
management of the city and its
efficiency.
Page 141
Operation
phase
Closure & ceasing of waste disposal

operations in Koshe improves
environmental quality and will have a
positive impact on the property value of
koshe neighbourhood.
-Closure of the Koshe dump site will have to be Pollution of

followed by proper reclamation and landscaping of
ground and
the site.
surface waters
Operation
phase
Development of Sendafa Sanitary landfill

will contribute indirectly to improve
public health of city residents by
facilitating the closure of the Koshe/Repi
open dump site.
-Speeding up the construction of the sanitary

landfill and transfer stations.
Table 16: Summary of Major Positive Impacts and Enhancement Measures
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 142
None
10. Environmental and social management plan (ESMP)

10.1 Institutions responsible for the implementation of ESMP
The Environmental management plan gives the mitigating measures, monitoring requirements and
it identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating measures for the impacts that
are likely to arise from implementing the project are outlined in the previous chapter and here it
will be correlated with the responsible organs for implementation, with monitoring requirements
and estimated budget requirements.
It is believed that the project proponent in this particular case, Addis Ababa City Administration,
the construction supervisor and the Federal, Addis Ababa and Oromia regional authorities
responsible for environment will take the major responsibility in supervising the implementation of
the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans.
10.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design

change
For mitigation measures related to design change, the consultant assigned to design the SWM
project will be responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the design
and into the technical specifications of the main project report.
10.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction

phase
During construction, the contractor will be responsible for implementing environmental mitigation
measures included in the present ESIA report. The construction supervisor and an environmentalist
from the Federal Ministry of Environment, City Administration and Oromia Special zone
environment protection authority will monitor the proper implementation of mitigating measures at
the right time. The Contractor will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the work will be carried
out as per the environmental requirements indicated in the design and technical specifications and
the present ESIA report.
It is envisaged that environmentalist, with a broad range of experience and knowledge in
environmental management systems of the proposed development project should be intermittently
assigned by the Federal Ministry of Environment, Addis Ababa and Oromia special zone EPA
offices to supervise proper implementation of the mitigating measures. The environmentalists from
Regional EPAs and AARDPO will be jointly responsible for the overall coordination of the
environmental management activities. They will advise the contractors, construction supervisors,
the project management unit of the Addis Ababa City Administration and AFD and the local
authorities regarding the implementation of the environmental mitigating measures and monitoring
of impacts.
10.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase

During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by Addis Ababa
and Oromia special zone environment offices, and the AARDPO. In particular, the regional office
in charge of environment will coordinate all other organizations stated above.
Table.17: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 144
Potential environmental
Proposed mitigation measures
& social impacts
The volume of leachate

that will be generated
from the Sendafa sanitary
landfill site will range
from 645m3/day to 1336
m3/day
during
the
lifetime of the sanitary
landfill. If the landfill has
no leachate collection
system the leachate can
adversely
affect
the
ground and surface water
resources around the site.
a. Measure to minimize leachate

volume:
-Uncontrolled leachate
release from the landfill
site into Hambisa River
will have an adverse
impact on the river.
-Cconstruct storm drainage within

and around the proposed sanitary
landfill site
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
- Landfill
-Cover the surface of the waste operator

body
intermediately
during
operation of the landfill and
finally after closure of the
- Construction
landfill.
contractor
-Capture the rainwater from the

surface seal of the landfill by
ditches around the landfill body
and direct to treatment facility.
b. Measures to Minimize
Leachate Infiltration from the
Disposal cells
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
- AARDPO
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
During
Construction
Phase
During
Construction
Phase
-Construction
Supervisor
Time Horizon
& social impacts
- Develop a leachate containment,

collection and treatment system
- In the absence of proper
management
of
the
landfill, leachate may
have an adverse impact
on the Legedadi deep test
wells and shallow wells
drilled by AAWSA.
- The weak zone along

the fault striking from
NW-SE on western part
of the Akaki transfer
station site can be a
conductive
path
for
contaminants leaked from
the
transfer
station
towards south part of the
Akaki well field where
most of the deep and
shallow
wells
are
concentrated.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
- Construction
contractor
AARDPO,
Construction
Supervisor
During
Construction
Phase
During
Construction
Phase
-AARDPO,
Construction
Supervisor
During
Construction
phase
During
Construction
phase
>>
>>
Time Horizon
- Installation of passive barrier

with the natural clay soil placed
below the cell liner system
- Installation of active barrier of
HDPE geo-membrane with 2mm
thickness for both the bottom of
the cells and the slopes
- Installation of high permeability
leachate collection and transfer
system to facilitate the collection
of leachate
- Construction
contractor
>>
>>
- Installation of three-stage
leachate treatment system and recirculation facilities
c. Measures to minimize the
effects of Akaki Transfer
Station on Akaki well fields, as
well as Bole Arbasa & Koshe
Page 146
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
- Cover with pavement the area - Construction

within the transfer station by contractor
double layer of asphalt concrete
or enforced concrete to minimize
infiltration of wastewater
-AARDPO,
Construction
Supervisor
During
Construction
phase
During
Construction
phase
- Install appropriate storm water

drainage and sewerage system in - Construction
the transfer station to minimize/ contractor
prevent pollution of the nearby
boreholes.
-AARDPO
During
Construction
phase
During
Construction
phase
& social impacts
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
-Construction
Supervisor
Time Horizon
- Collect leaching wastewater that

from the transfer station and
dispose to the sewerage system
for appropriate treatment and
disposal
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 147
Potential environmental &
social impacts
In the absence of proper

landfill gas collection and
management system, the
proposed sanitary landfill is
anticipated to affect the
ambient air quality due to
release of landfill gas, foul
odour nuisance, and smoke
release
caused
by
spontaneous burning. Also:
- Collect the landfill gases by

installing vertical gas wells (gas
vents) progressively as the
Sanitary landfill grows vertically
towards its final level
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
-Design
consultant
-AARDPO
- MoEF
-Construction
contractor
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
- Oromia special
zone EPA office
- Pump to collection points where

it will be flared.
incinerate
the
gas
at
temperatures of about 1,000 - - Landfill
- Emission of green house 1,200 C by the landfill gas flare. operator
gases (i.e. methane & CO2)
from the landfill will - Carryout monitoring program at
contribute
to
climate regular periodic intervals during - AACMA,
and after the working life of the
change.
site to assess effectiveness of the AARDPO
- Waste hauling trucks will landfill gas control measures.
create local air pollution
along the hauling routes
during operational phases.
AARDPO
- Oromia special
zone EPA, MoEF
staff
& social impacts
-Dust releases during

construction and
operational phases by
vehicles and machineries
affect ambient air quality
- Sprinkle water on dusty roads Construction

frequently on day time during contractor
construction.
- Upgrade roads to asphalt during
operation in the approaches to
transfer stations.
- Keep waste collection and

disposal vehicles fleet wellmaintained and regularly serviced
to minimize exhaust smoke
release.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
AA City
Roads
Authority
AARDPO
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Construction
Supervisor
AA City
Administration
(City Manager
Office)
AAEPA/Oromia
Special zone EPA
Page 149
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
Construction
phase
During
Construction
phase
During
Construction/
Operation
phase
During
Construction/
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
& social impacts
-The potential impact of

the new sanitary landfill
and transfer stations on
public health is
anticipated to possibly
occur under future
scenarios where the new
sanitary landfill and
transfer station facilities
are not operated properly.
Operate the sanitary landfill in

compliance with the standards
for class I sanitary landfill of
the draft Ethiopian standards
on Solid waste management to
the minimum (refer sec 9.2 for
detail measures). These include:
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
-AA City
Administration
- Oromia Special
zone EPA
-AARDPO
- MOEF
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
-Landfill
operator team
-AARDPO shall ensure that the
site is operated with an

operational plan, is adequately
- will degenerate into an staffed.
open landfill
-Cover material shall be applied
- will become source of to the entire surface of the
environmental pollution tipping-cell to a minimum depth
and public health hazard
of 15 cm at the completion of
each working day but every
- cause a serious odour third day as a minimum.
problem
to
the
surrounding
-Suitably
qualified
and
experienced
personnel
and
- attracts vermin and resources are assigned to manage
birds which may have the day-to-day landfill operations.
unintended
potential
impact on air transport
route.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
Page 150
& social impacts
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- Oromia Special
-Mobile equipment sufficient to -AA City
ensure that operational standards Administration zone EPA
are met shall be provided and
- MOEF
maintained in use at the landfill -AARDPO
site.
-Ensure that no fires are tolerated

within landfill sites, and that any
persistent fires are reported to the
-Allow regulated access of
informal recyclers/waste-pickers
to the landfill site during normal
operational hours to work in
designated areas.
-Ensure the installation and
functioning of landfill gas
management systems at all
landfill sites.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
-Landfill
operator team
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
Page 151
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- The design of the transfer operation

shall enable the site operations to be
efficient and hygienic.
-Design
consultant
AA City
Administration
- Incoming waste shall be transferred

from the transfer-station within 1 day,
unless temporary operational reasons
do not permit this.
- AACMA
-AAEPA, AA
Health Bureau
& social impacts
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
- All waste transfer points, facilities

and containers shall be kept clean and
orderly at all times with containers
and site area inspected and cleaned
monthly.
-Develop detailed manuals and
procedures that translate the
requirements into daily operational
procedures for the staff and
management of the sanitary landfill
and transfer stations.
-Train landfill and transfer station
operators on SWM standards, basic
operational procedures and
associated manuals.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
AARDPO
Environmental
ist, Transfer
station
operating team
- AARDPO
-AAEPA, AA
Health Bureau
-AA City
Administration
City Manager
Office
- AARDPO
- AARDPO
-Development
Partners
Page 152
During PreConstruction
phase
During
Operation
phase
During PreConstruction
phase
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
During
Operation
phase
During
Construction
Phase
During
Construction
phase
& social impacts
- Improper disposal of
construction waste will
affect the environment
- Littering of solid waste

in and around the transfer
stations and sanitary
landfill may contaminate
the soil in the long term.
-Dispose the construction waste

in officially permitted place. The
designated place should be a
degraded site to be remedied by
tipping soil material.
-Stockpile and use the soil
excavated during landfill
construction as cover material for
the landfill cells during operation
-Apply portable litter control

fences downwind of the working
area to capture litter.
-Keep the working face of landfill
to the practical minimum width to
reduce litter generation
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- Construction
Contractor ,
AARDPO
Environmental
ist
-Construction
contractor ,
Landfill
operating
Team
- Landfill
operating
Team
>>
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
- AAEPA, Bereh
Woreda
Administration,
Construction
supervisor
- During
Construction
phase
- During
Construction
phase
-Construction
supervisor,
AARDPO
Environmentalist
- During
Operation
Phase
- During
Operation
Phase
- During
Operation
phase
- During
Operation
phase
-Oromia Special
zone EPA office
>>
Page 153
>>
>>
& social impacts
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
- Landfill
-Conduct regular (daily or
weekly) program of litter pick-up operating
at the sanitary landfill and transfer Team
station sites.
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- AARDPO
Environmentalist
-Cover waste hauling trucks to

and from the transfer station with
tents to prevent littering of waste
during transport.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 154
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
- During
Operation
phase
-During
Operation
phase
& social impacts
- Noise and vibration

releases of construction
machines, vehicles and
waste hauling trucks will
affect residents in the
neighborhood and along
the waste haulage routes.
- locating stationary equipment

that is noisy as far as possible
from the NSRs;
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
-Construction
contractor ,
AARDPO
Environmental
ist
- Construction
Supervisor ,
AAEPA &
Oromia special
zone EPA
Environmentalists
- orienting equipment with high

directivity to emit noise away
from NSRs;
>>
>>
- use of temporary noise baffles

and noise fencing if necessary to
protect adjacent NSRs;
Mitigation
Monitoring
-During
Construction
phase
-During
Construction
phase
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
- switching off unnecessary or

idle equipment;
>>
>>
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Time Horizon
Page 155
& social impacts
-fitting of noise mufflers to

mobile plant and equipment; and
preventative maintenance of
equipment to minimize noise
emissions
- restrict multiple use of mobile
plant equipment to short time
periods (operation phase)
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
- planting of buffer trees and

shrubs where appropriate for long
term prevention;
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Time Horizon
Page 156
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
-Harmonize with the surrounding

landscape and aesthetic views by
progressively covering filled cells
with plant seedlings one after the
other.
-Landfill
operation
team,
AARDPO
Environmental
ist
- Oromia Special
zone EPA, MoEF
environmentalists
During
operation
phase
During
operation
phase
-Submit a site closure plan to the

competent authority by the time
90% of the sanitary landfill is
filled for review and approval.
- AA City
Administration
, AARDPO
-MoEF & Oromia

EPA
During
closure of
landfill
During
closure of
landfill
-Include the mitigation measures

outlined in bullets under section
9.7; para 3 as part of the action
plan.
- AA City
Administration
, AARDPO
During
closure of
landfill
During
closure of
landfill
& social impacts
- During operation phase,

without proper
management, the sanitary
landfill will have visual
(aesthetic) impact on the
surrounding as it may
create contradiction with
the landscape.
- After site closure and
decommissioning, the
Sendafa sanitary landfill
may remain unsuitable
for other forms of
beneficial land uses
because of the waste
deposited.
-MoEF & Oromia

EPA
- It may also cause a

visual impact on the
surrounding if left
unattended after closure.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 157
Time Horizon
& social impacts
-outline the procedures for postclosure care of the site in the

closure plan
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- AA City
Administration
, AARDPO
-MoEF & Oromia

EPA
-Include contingency plans for

illegal dumping in the former
landfill after site closure
>>
-Include plans for fire safety in

the event of a deliberate or
spontaneous occurrence
>>
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
closure of
landfill
During
closure of
landfill
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
Page 158
& social impacts
- Waste hauling to the

transfer stations is likely
to have significant impact
on traffic flow and will
negatively influence the
speed of waste hauling to
the Akaki transfer station
-Construct alternative road to

provide access to the transfer
stations by avoiding congested
road stretches such as for Akaki
transfer station.
-Provide separate entry and exit
connections to the main road and
a merging lane to access the
waste disposal site and to the
transfer stations
-Control vehicles transporting
waste to prevent taking shortcuts
on unsuitable road.
-Conduct traffic flow study on the
routes and based on the study
result widening and rehabilitation
of the roads leading to the transfer
stations and to the waste disposal
site.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
AA City
Administration
, AA Roads
Authority
AA City
Administration
>>
>>
- AACMA
- AACMA & AA
traffic police
department
-AA City
Administration
& its relevant
organs
AA City
Administration &
its relevant organs
Page 159
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
construction
or Operation
phase
During
construction
or Operation
phase
>>
>>
-During
Operation
phase
-During
Operation
phase
-During
Operation
phase
-During
Operation
phase
& social impacts
Workers involved in
waste sorting at transfer
stations, waste disposal at
the sanitary landfill cells
and other staffs directly
involved
in
waste
handling and hauling are
exposed
to negative
impact on occupational
health and safety.
- Operate the health & safety

system of the sanitary landfill in
accordance to the draft Ethiopian
standards on Solid waste
management to the minimum
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
- AARDPO,
Landfill
operating team
A.A Bureau of
Labour and
Social Affairs,
AAEPA
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
During
operation
phase
During
operation
phase
- Provision of personal protective

equipments (Safety shoes, cloths,
Gloves, Dust & chemical masks)
>>
A.A Bureau of
Labour and
Social Affairs
>>
>>
- Provision of training on
occupational safety and health
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
- Periodical medical check-up for

workers working directly on
waste management (Landfill,
sorting room and etc).
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
>>
>>
Page 160
& social impacts
The Sendafa sanitary

landfill project will cause
permanent loss of 137.07
hectare
of
farmland
which used to be under
the entitlement of 217
farmers.
- Compensate farmers for loss of

crops (perennial or annual), trees
as per the Federal legislation
(Proclamation 455/2005) based
on market prices.(N.B: AARDPO
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
AARDPO &
Bereh Woreda
Administration
Bereh Woreda
Administration,
Oromia Region
EPA
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitoring
Before
construction
phase
Before
construction
phase
have already paid compensation

amounting to Birr 24,767,194)
-Allow enough time for PAPs to

remove their crops (perennial or
annual) and trees.
-Compensate ahead of
construction works for the loss of
perennial crops/ trees compensate
based on market prices and as per
the law.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
Page 161
& social impacts
10
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
- Construction workers
and truck drivers are
considered as having high
potential (or good
vectors) for the spread of
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs) and
HIV/AIDS virus due to
their mobility.
-Conduct education and

awareness creation campaigns on
the spread and transmission of
STDs and HIV/AIDS for
construction workers and local
communities living close to the
Responsible
for
implementing
the mitigation
measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Mitigation
Monitoring
-Construction
Contractor,
AARDPO,
AACMA
- AA Health
Bureau, Bereh
Woreda Health
Bureau
-During
Construction
& Operation
Phases
Before
construction
phase
Page 162
Time Horizon
11. Environmental and social monitoring

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it
provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should
be performed during all stages of the project (namely: construction, commissioning, and operation)
to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted, and to verify the impact predictions. The
monitoring program will indicate where changes to procedures or operations are required, in order
to reduce impacts on the environment or local population.
The monitoring program for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following
objectives:
to monitor the environmental conditions of the respective river,
to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures are proving effective in
practice;
to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of
preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for
formulating appropriate additional impact control measures;
to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of
mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve
the planning and execution of future, similar projects.
Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project implementation. The selection of the
issues to be monitored must be based on the severity, extent and intensity of the impacts. For this
particular project the proposed environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of
measurement and reporting requirement are indicated in table 18.
Table 18: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
No.
Impact
Construction phase
The volume of leachate that will be generated

from the Sendafa sanitary landfill site will range
from 645m3/day to 1336 m3/day during the
lifetime of the sanitary landfill. If the landfill has
no leachate collection system the leachate can
enter into ground and surface water resources
around the site.
-Uncontrolled leachate release from the landfill
site into Hambisa River will have an adverse
impact on the river.
-In the absence of proper management of the
landfill, leachate may have an adverse impact on
the Legedadi deep test wells and shallow wells
drilled by AAWSA.
-The weak zone along the fault striking from
NW-SE on western part of the Akaki transfer
station site can be a conducive path for
contaminants leaked from the transfer station
towards south part of the Akaki well field where
most of the deep and shallow wells are
concentrated.
Performance indicators to be
Frequency of
Frequency of Budget
Monitored
measurement
reporting
Bi-annually during
operation phase
(wet and dry
season)
Bi-annually
Analysis of water samples from

nearby rivers and boreholes
per
year in Birr
10,000
In the absence of proper landfill gas collection

and management system, the proposed sanitary
landfill is anticipated to affect the ambient air
quality due to release of landfill gas, foul odour
nuisance, and smoke release caused by
Analysis of air samples to

determine the level of methane
and CO2 gases
Monthly starting
second year of
operation
monthly
30,000
Every year
Every year
9,000
Analysis of air samples to

determine level of dust and
- Emission of green house gases (i.e. methane & sulphur dioxide
CO2) from the landfill will contribute to climate
change.
- Waste hauling trucks will create local air
pollution along the hauling routes during
operational phases.
- dust releases during construction and
operational phases by vehicles and machineries
affect ambient air quality
-The potential impact of the new sanitary landfill

and transfer stations is anticipated to possibly
occur under future scenarios where the new
sanitary landfill and transfer station facilities are
not operated properly.
-Monitoring the overall waste

management of the landfill and
transfer stations
-Surveillance of health status of

the community around the
sanitary landfill and transfer
- will become source of environmental pollution
stations.
and public health hazard
- will degenerate into an open landfill
- cause a serious odour problem to the

surrounding. - attracts vermin and birds which
may have unintended potential impact on air
transport route.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
- Interview members of the

community around the sanitary
land fill and the transfer stations
to express their grievances
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Impact
No.
Frequency of
Frequency of
Budget per
Monitored
measurement
reporting
year in Birr
- Littering of solid waste in and around the

transfer stations and sanitary landfill may
contaminate the soil in the long term.
Monitoring the overall waste biannually

management in and around the
premises of sanitary land fill and
transfer station by carrying visual
inspections
biannually
6,000
- Noise and vibration releases of construction

machines, vehicles and waste hauling trucks
will affect residents in the neighborhood and
along the waste haulage routes.
Average noise level

measurements show values
below maximum allowable noise
limits and severity of nuisance
caused on community members
is low as assessed by interview.
biannually
5,000
The Sendafa sanitary landfill project will -Interview to check if adequate Prior to construction
cause permanent loss of 137.07 hectare of compensation is provided to the phase
farmland which used to be under the affected parties
entitlement of 217 farmers.
biannually
Once
before 10,000
the
construction
phase
- Construction workers and truck drivers are

considered as having high potential (or good
vectors) for the spread of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS
virus due to their mobility.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
-carry out health surveillance Before and after

specific to HIV Aids and to construction phase
sexually transmitted diseases
Ones
the first year of

the
phase
Page 166
during 10,000
operation
II
Operation phase
Impact
No.
Frequency of
Frequency of
Budget per
Monitored
measurement
reporting
year in Birr
Workers involved in waste sorting at Carry health surveillance on the Monthly for the first
transfer stations, waste disposal at the workers involved in waste sorting two years of
sanitary landfill cells and other staffs at the transfer stations
operation
directly involved in waste handling and
hauling are exposed to negative impact on
occupational health and safety.
biannually
20,000
- During operation phase, without proper

management, the sanitary landfill will have
visual (aesthetic) impact on the surrounding
as it may create contradiction with the
landscape.
yearly
3,000
Interview nearby communities of

the visual impact due to the
construction of sanitary land fill
and transfer stations
Once during the
Make traffic count before and after

the construction and operation
phase
During the first year Daily
first year of
operation
- After site closure and decommissioning,

the Sendafa sanitary landfill may remain
unsuitable for other forms of beneficial
land uses because of the waste deposited.
- It may also cause a visual impact on the
surrounding if left unattended after closure.
10
- Waste hauling to the transfer stations is

likely to have significant impact on traffic
flow and will negatively influence the
speed of waste hauling to the Akaki
transfer station
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of operation phase
Page 167
month
for
a 25,000
Note: -Monitoring reports from the various parties should be sent to the Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency for compilation and reporting to the Federal and
Regional offices in charge of the environment
-The Federal and regional offices in charge of the Environment will assign environmental inspector during project construction and operation
-Monitoring cost will be covered by the institutions assigned to undertake the monitoring.
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12. Cost estimate for environmental mitigation and Monitoring measures

Table 19: Cost estimates for implementing mitigation measures
Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Unit
Quantity
Unit Cost
Cost in Birr
Remark
Cost is part of
the technical
component
i.e. the costs

for these
mitigation
measures
are reflected
in the actual
construction
costs of the
project
(Birr)
The volume of leachate that will be
generated from the Sendafa
sanitary landfill site will range
from 645m3/day to 1336 m3/day
during the lifetime of the sanitary
landfill. If the landfill has no
leachate collection system the
leachate can enter into ground and
surface water resources around the
site.
-Uncontrolled leachate release
from the landfill site into Hambisa
River will have an adverse impact
on the river.
-In the absence of proper
management of the landfill,
leachate may have an adverse
impact on the Legedadi deep test
wells and shallow wells drilled by
AAWSA.
-The weak zone along the fault
striking from NW-SE on western
part of the Akaki transfer station
site can be a conducive path for
contaminants leaked from the
transfer station towards south part
of the Akaki well field where most
of the deep and shallow wells are
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
a. Measure to minimize leachate volume:

-Cover the surface of the waste body intermediately
during operation of the landfill and finally after
closure of the landfill.
-Capture the rainwater from the surface seal of the
landfill by ditches around the landfill body and direct to
treatment facility.
-Cconstruct storm drainage within and around the
proposed sanitary landfill site
b. Measures to Minimize Leachate Infiltration from
the Disposal cells
- Develop a leachate containment, collection and
treatment system
- Installation of passive barrier with the natural clay soil
placed below the cell liner system
- Installation of active barrier of HDPE geo-membrane
with 2mm thickness for both the bottom of the cells and
the slopes
- Installation of high permeability leachate collection
and transfer system to facilitate the collection of
leachate
- Installation of three-stage leachate treatment system
Page 169
concentrated.
and re-circulation facilities

c. Measures to minimize the effects of Akaki
Transfer Station on Akaki well fields
- Cover with pavement the area within the transfer
station by double layer of asphalt concrete or enforced
concrete to minimize infiltration of wastewater
- Install appropriate storm water drainage and sewerage
system in the transfer station to minimize/ prevent
pollution of the nearby boreholes.
- Collect leaching wastewater that from the transfer
station and dispose to the sewerage system for
appropriate treatment and disposal
In the absence of proper landfill

gas collection and management
system, the proposed sanitary
landfill is anticipated to affect the
ambient air quality due to release
of landfill gas, foul odour nuisance,
and smoke release caused by
- Emission of green house gases
(i.e. methane & CO2) from the
landfill will contribute to climate
change.
- Waste hauling trucks will create
local air pollution along the hauling
routes during operational phases.
- dust releases during construction
and operational phases by vehicles
and machineries affect ambient air
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
The following gas management systems are proposed to

minimize impact of landfill gases at Sendafa Sanitary
landfill.
Cost is part of
the technical
contract
- Collect the landfill gases by installing vertical gas

wells (gas vents) progressively as the landfill grows
vertically towards its final level
- Pump to collection points where it will be flared.
- incinerate the gas at temperatures of about 1,000 1,200 C by the landfill gas flare.
- Carryout monitoring program at regular periodic
intervals during and after the working life of the site to
assess effectiveness of the landfill gas control measures.
- Sprinkle water on dusty roads frequently on day time
during construction.
- Upgrade roads to asphalt during operation in the
Page 170
i.e. the costs

for these
mitigation
measures
are reflected
in the actual
construction
costs of the
project
quality
approaches to transfer stations

- Keep waste collection and disposal vehicles fleet wellmaintained and regularly serviced to minimize exhaust
smoke release.
-The potential impact of the new

sanitary landfill and transfer
stations is anticipated to possibly
occur under future scenarios where
the new sanitary landfill and
transfer station facilities are not
operated properly.
- will degenerate into an open
landfill
- will become source of
environmental pollution and public
health hazard
Operate the sanitary landfill in compliance with the

standards for class I sanitary landfill of the draft
Ethiopian standards on Solid waste management to the
minimum (refer sec 9.2 for detail measures). These
include:
Cost is part of
the technical
contract
-AARDPO shall ensure that the site is operated with an

operational plan, is adequately staffed.
-Cover material shall be applied to the entire surface of
the tipping-cell to a minimum depth of 15 cm at the
completion of each working day but every third day as
a minimum.
- cause a serious odour problem to

the surrounding
-Suitably qualified and experienced personnel and

resources are assigned to manage the day-to-day landfill
operations.
- attracts vermin and birds which

may have unintended potential
impact on air transport route.
-Mobile equipment sufficient to ensure that operational

standards are met shall be provided and maintained in
use at the landfill site.
-Ensure that no fires are tolerated within landfill sites,
and that any persistent fires are reported to the
-Allow regulated access of informal recyclers/wastepickers to the landfill site during normal operational
hours to work in designated areas.
-Ensure the installation and functioning of landfill gas
management systems at all landfill sites.
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Page 171
i.e. the costs

for these
mitigation
measures
will be
reflected in
the actual
operational
budget of
the sanitary
landfill
- The design of the transfer operation shall enable the

site operations to be efficient and hygienic.
- Incoming waste shall be transferred from the transferstation within 1 day, unless temporary operational
reasons do not permit this.
- All waste transfer points, facilities and containers shall
be kept clean and orderly at all times with containers
and site area inspected and cleaned monthly.
-Develop detailed manuals and procedures that
translate the requirements into daily operational
procedures for the staff and management of the
sanitary landfill and transfer stations.
-Train landfill and transfer station operators on SWM
standards, basic operational procedures and associated
manuals.
- Improper disposal of construction
waste will affect the environment
- Littering of solid waste in and
around the transfer stations and
sanitary landfill may contaminate
the soil in the long term.
300,000
Birr
150,000
Birr
-Dispose the construction waste in officially permitted

place. The designated place should be a degraded site to
be remedied by tipping soil material.
Cost is part of
the technical
contract
-Stockpile and use the soil excavated during landfill

construction as cover material for the landfill cells
during operation
-Apply portable litter control fences downwind of the
working area to capture litter
-Keep the working face of landfill to the practical
minimum width to reduce litter generation
-Conduct regular (daily or weekly) program of litter
pick-up at the sanitary landfill and transfer station sites.
Cost is part of
the operational
budget
-Cover waste hauling trucks to and from the transfer

station with tents to prevent littering of waste during
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Page 172
transport.
- Noise and vibration releases of
construction machines, vehicles
and waste hauling trucks will affect
residents in the neighborhood and
along the waste haulage routes.
- planting of buffer trees and shrubs where appropriate;
A lump sum
of 50,000 Birr
per year
- locating stationary equipment that is noisy as far as

possible from the NSRs;
- orienting equipment with high directivity to emit noise
away from NSRs;
- use of temporary noise baffles and noise fencing
during if necessary to protect adjacent NSRs;
- switching off unnecessary or idle equipment;
-fitting of noise mufflers to mobile plant and equipment;
and preventative maintenance of equipment to minimize
noise emissions
- restrict multiple use of mobile plant equipment to short
time periods (operation phase)
- During operation phase, without

proper management, the sanitary
landfill will have visual (aesthetic)
impact on the surrounding as it
may create contradiction with the
landscape.
- After site closure and
decommissioning, the Sendafa
sanitary landfill may remain
unsuitable for other forms of
beneficial land uses because of the
waste deposited.
- It may also cause a visual impact
on the surrounding if left
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
-Harmonize with the surrounding landscape and

aesthetic views by progressively covering filled cells
with plant seedlings one after the other.
Cost is part of
the technical
contract
-Submit a site closure plan to the competent authority by

the time 90% of the sanitary landfill is filled for review
and approval.
-Include the mitigation measures outlined in bullets
under section 9.7; para 3 as part of the action plan.
-outline the procedures for post-closure care of the site
in the closure plan
-Include contingency plans for illegal dumping in the
former landfill after site closure
Page 173
unattended after closure.
-Include plans for fire safety in the event of a deliberate

or spontaneous occurrence
- Waste hauling to the transfer

stations is likely to have significant
impact on traffic flow and will
negatively influence the speed of
waste hauling to the transfer
stations
-Construct alternative road to provide access to the

transfer stations by avoiding congested road stretches
such as for Akaki transfer station.
Lump sum of
500,000
-Provide separate entry and exit connections to the main

road and a merging lane to access the waste disposal site
and to the transfer stations
-Control vehicles transporting waste to prevent taking
shortcuts on unsuitable road
-Conduct traffic flow study on the routes and based on
the study result widening and rehabilitation of the roads
leading to the transfer stations and to the waste disposal
site.
Workers involved in waste sorting

at transfer stations, waste disposal
at the sanitary landfill cells and
other staffs directly involved in
waste handling and hauling are
exposed to negative impact on
occupational health and safety.
- Operate the health & safety system of the sanitary

landfill in accordance to the draft Ethiopian standards on
Solid waste management to the minimum
A lump sum of
100,000 Birr
per year
- Provision of personal protective equipments (Safety

shoes, cloths, Gloves, Dust & chemical masks
- Provision of training on occupational safety and health
- Periodical medical check-up for workers working
directly on waste management (Landfill, sorting room
and etc).
- Construction workers and truck

drivers are considered as having
high potential for the spread of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs) and HIV/AIDS virus due to
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
-Conduct education and awareness creation campaigns

on the spread and transmission of STDs and HIV/AIDS
for construction workers and local communities living
close to the construction camp sites.
A lump sum of
200,000 Birr
Page 174
their mobility.
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Page 175
12.1 Summary of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring costs

Table 20: Summary of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring costs
No.
Item
Unit Cost
in Birr
Total cost
Environmental Mitigation
and Management Cost
850,000 Birr +
compensation of the
farmers that lost farm
land
2.
Environmental monitoring
costs
128,000
3.
Operational Manuals &

procedures preparation
4.
Capacity building and

training
250,000
5.
Environmental audit and

reporting
200,000
6.
Administration costs (5%)
86,400
7.
Contingency (10%)
172,800
8.
Grand total
1, 987 200
300,000
Remark
Birr 24,767,194 is paid

to compensate the
137.07 hectare of
farmland acquired from
217 farmers.
13. Conclusion and recommendation

The entire purpose of building a sanitary landfill is to prevent short and long term adverse
environmental impacts that may occur as a result of waste disposal. Thus, the essence of the
Sendafa Sanitary Landfill project is an environmental project designed to prevent the environment
and public health from adverse impacts. Accordingly, it is observed that the engineering design of
the proposed sanitary landfill and transfer stations provide facilities that are necessary to prevent
the environment from pollution and to protect public health. Such facilities include the availability
of engineered cells for disposal of solid waste on daily basis, leachate control and treatment, landfill
gases collection and treatment, daily cover soils, e.tc. Even though the draft National Urban Solid
Waste Management Standards came late in the process, it is observed that the design features of the
Sendafa Sanitary landfill and transfer stations also meets those standards to a larger extent. Thus,
implementation of the solid waste management project will have significant benefits in enhancing
the efficiency, coverage and sustainability of solid waste management practices in Addis Ababa
city.
However, the success of the Sendafa Sanitary landfill and transfer station project depends not only
on developing well engineered facilities, but also on the proper operation of these facilities. Hence
it is highly recommended that the Sanitary landfill and transfer stations are operated according to
the draft standards for Landfill Management as stipulated in the draft urban solid waste
management standards. For this purpose, it is also recommended to develop detailed manuals and
procedures that translate the requirements into daily operational procedures and to train the staff
and management of the sanitary landfill and transfer stations. Thus it is recommended that the
Sendafa sanitary landfill and transfer station project could be implemented with full
implementation of the mitigation measures.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 177
14. References
1. ARTELIA Ville et Transport and MCE, Detailed Design of Sendafa Sanitary Landfill, Solid
waste management project - Strategic and technical studies and Works supervision,
December 2013.
2. ARTELIA Ville et Transport and MCE, Detailed Design of Akaki Transfer Station, Solid
waste management project - Strategic and technical studies and Works supervision, March
2014.
3. ARTELIA Ville et Transport and MCE, Detailed Design of Bole Arbasa Transfer Station,
Solid waste management project - Strategic and technical studies and Works supervision,
March 2014.
4. Associated Engineering, Review of Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Report, Water
Supply Project Stage III. Executive Summary. AAWSA April 1993.
5. Federal Environment Protection Authority, Draft Standards for Ambient Environmental
Quality, 2003.
6. Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Feasibility Study of the Chebe Weregenu Sanitary landfill
site for the City of Addis Ababa, April 2010.
7. IFC and World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, April
2007.
8. Mekonnen M., Analysis of potential sanitary landfill waste disposal sites, the case of Addis
Ababa city (MSc thesis), Earth sciences Graduate programs, Addis Ababa University, June
2009.
9. Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction, Urban Solid Waste
Management Standard (Part I), December 2013.
10. Shimeles K., Akaki Groundwater Project, Well field Summary Report, AAWSA May 1999.
11. TAHAL Consulting Engineers Ltd, Akaki Water Supply Project Phase 1; Hydro geological
Study Report, AAWSA, March 1992.
12. TAHAL Consulting Engineers Ltd in association with SHAWEL Consult International,
Akaki Water Supply Project. Feasibility Study; Volume II; Annexes. AAWSA, May 1992.
13. Tigistu Haile, Tamiru A. Abiye, Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and
ground water system from municipal solid waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa, 2012.
14. Yassin W. et.al, Evaluation of the 2003 2010 Development Plan of Addis Ababa City,
Addis Ababas National and International Settings and Roles, February 2011.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 178
15. WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Vol 1, Geneva World Health Organization,
2004
16. WWDCE, Evaluation of Groundwater Resources of Akaki Area Groundwater Prospective
Site (SWAWF), February, 2010.
17. WWDCE, Evaluation of Adaa and Becho Plains Groundwater Basins for Irrigation
Development Project, MOWR, 2008.
18. Zeleke Z. et.al, Evaluation of the 2003 2010 Development Plan of Addis Ababa City,
Final Summary: Main Social and Municipal Services, February 2011
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Page 179
Annexes
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Page 180
Annex I: Minutes of Consultation

Public and Stakeholders Consultation
The primary purpose of public consultation is to protect the interest of affected

persons/communities, especially the poor and vulnerable groups. It also gives opportunity for the
affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse impacts, maximize additional benefits,
and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation for loss of property and land due to the
project.
Public consultations were carried out with the objective of identifying the potential social impacts
(positive and negative); and on the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the
negative impacts and on measures of reinforcement for the positive impacts; to inform the public on
the potential impacts and seek the participation and contribution of the public during the
construction of the project.
FDRE Constitution also reaffirms the participation of the public, in policies and projects that affect
their livelihood. Article 43 No.2 states that: Nationals have the right to participate in national
development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their
community.
Stakeholders consultation was also conducted to increase the participation of all the stakeholders,
including people residing in the project area, local government officials, Kebele administrations
and Woreda experts and professionals from different offices in the woreda.
The objective of public and stakeholders consultation is;
To ensure that the public and stakeholders, interested groups, civil societies are informed
about the project and its impact and the information will clarify doubts about who will be
affected or benefit from the project.;
Enable meaningful and accessible participation of the public and the affected population in
particular;
Identify local issues and concerns to be addressed;
Obtain acceptance of the project both by the public and stakeholders.
On the nature of potential social impacts of the project and its impacts on the social, cultural
and economic ties and networks during and after construction works;
On the loss of productive resources mainly loss of farm and grazing land,
Identification of major social impact issues, such as involuntary resettlement, community
severance and compensation for affected properties and assets.
Soliciting the views of local population what beneficial impact they expect from the project
Social composition, settlement patterns, main sources of livelihood and past history of
displacement of the population, if any.
The minutes of both public and stakeholders consultation is attached in the Annex section. Since
the minutes are written in Amharic the following is the English translation of the minutes.
ZTS-EDCE & MTS
Page 181
Translation of minutes of stakeholders consultation

1. In general, in all the locations where public consultations are held the public are highly
supportive and positive about the construction of the project.
2. In the future, during the operational phase of the project monitor that no health hazard will
be observed on the local population.
3. The woreda anticipates that the local population will have employment opportunities during
the operation phase of the project and in future there is a potential for the establishment of
some factories producing goods through the process of recycling waste materials that are
collected from the land fill.
4. During operation phase there could be some potential negative impacts that might affect the
health and livelihood of the local population living in the surrounding. Some of the health
hazards could be due to odour, noise, dust and the like.
5. The project office needs to take the maximum care that no waste (from factories,
households or offices) is dumped outside of the land fill area.
6. The payment of compensation for affected households and procedures for valuation of property
and assets is carried out as per FDRE law (proclamation No.455/2005) and regulation No.
135/2007.
7. In future, during the operation phase of the project, employment priority should be given to
the local population.
8. The affected population has participated in the valuation of property and made aware of the
procedures and guideline prior to the compensation payment. Affected persons have also
selected 5 persons to represent them in the valuation and compensation process.
9. The construction of the access road has to be made clear when it will start and which
kebeles it will cross and the size of farmland it will affect.
Translation of minutes of public consultation
1. We have been promised that the project will construct school and water supply but so far
nothing has been done towards it.
2. Those who have farmland outside of the landfill area will be forced in future to go round the
project area and this creates inconvenience and takes more time. To overcome the problem
we were told by the officials who have come from the project office that access road will be
constructed that passes through the landfill.
3. We expect to be given priority of employment and so far we are not given satisfactory
employment.
4. We have elected elders from among us to participate in the process of measuring affected
land, in property valuation and in the compensation payment
5. Some of did not have clear information on the procedures of land measurement and
property valuation but we trust the authorities & committee and have received the payment.
6. The land was taken from us three years ago but so far there has not been any work carried
out by the project office. During the above three years we could have used the land and
made productive by growing crops.
7. Some farmers were able to improve their livelihood through the compensation payment
made to them for their lost farmland. Some have built CIS roof house, some have rented
land to farm, some bought transport cars and some built house in the town.
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8. We were promised that employment priority will be given to us. But now the employment
criteria and procedure is different from what has been promised earlier. Now the criteria to
employ a guard someone who has completed grade 10. This seems a deliberate action not to
employ from among us since there are not people who have finished grade 10.
9. Those of us who are living in close proximity to the project site are worried and concerned
that the project will affect our health in the future.
10. Generally, we have no objection in the implementation of the project as far as appropriate
mitigation measures are considered and implemented to minimize the negative impacts.
Figure 1 Public consultation at Sendafa
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Fig 1: Public consultation participants at Bole Arbasa Transfer station site
Fig 2: Public consultation participants AT Akaki transfer station site
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Annex II : List of EIA preparers and CVs

The ESIA report was prepared by a team of experts composed of the following:
1. Ato Zereu Girmay
Team Leader & Environmentalist (M.Sc)
2. Ato Tequam T/Mariam
Environmental Engineer (M.Sc)
3. Ato Getachew Abraha
Hydro geologist (M.sc)
4. Ato Mistir Lingerew
Environmental Health Specialist (M.Sc)
5. Ato Asefa Adisu
Sociologist (B.Sc)
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Sendafa Landfill Works - Final Draft ESIA Report - 20140806 PDF

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Sendafa Landfill Works - Final Draft ESIA Report - 20140806 PDF

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Draft ESIA Report for Sendafa Sanitary Landfill and

three Transfer Stations Project of Addis Ababa City

The Sendafa landfill site

MTS Consulting Engineers

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT............................................................13

4. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK...31

4.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs .......................................................................................................... 43

6.1.5 Land Use and visual........................................................................................................................................ 63

6.1.7 Ambient Air Quality ........................................................................................................................................ 68

6.3.8 Cultural Activities, Language, Religion and Ethnic groups ............................................................................. 79

8.2.2 Impact of landfill Gases on ambient air quality.............................................................................................. 95

8.2.3 Impact on public health.................................................................................................................................. 98

9. IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES...............................................................................114

10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP).......................143

11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ....................................................163

13. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................................................177

ZTS-EDCE & MTS

A.A City Government Environmental Protection Authority

Addis Ababa City Government

Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency

Addis Ababa Recycling and Disposal Project Office

Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority

Biological Oxygen Demand

Corrugated Iron Sheet

Chemical Oxygen Demand

Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

Environmental, Health, and Safety

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environment Protection Authority

Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Environmental and Social Management Framework

Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History Society

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Free Water Surface Flow

Green House Gases

Good International Industry Practice

Geological Survey of Ethiopia

High Density Poly ethylene

Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow

Information, education and communication

International Financial Corporation

Land Administration and Environmental Protection Bureau of Oromiya

ZTS-EDCE & MTS

Lower Explosive Limit

Leachate Treatment Plant

Ministry of Environment and Forestry

Micro and Small Enterprises

Non Governmental Organization

Non-methane organic compounds

Not In MY Back Yard

Noise Sensitive Receivers

National Urban Solid Waste Management Standards

Occupational Health and Safety

Project Affected Parties

Personal Protective Equipment

Parts per Million

Resettlement Policy Framework

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Solid Waste Management

Upper Explosive limit

Volatile Organic Chemicals

Water Works Design and Construction Enterprise