Aims & Learning Outcomes

Radio & Mobile

C
Communication
i ti Systems
S t
(
(MELE0023)
)

Analogue modulation

Lecture 5
Review of modulation techniques

Digital
g
modulation

Nandini Alinier
January 2010

Amplitude
p
modulation
Frequency modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying

Frequency
q
y Shift Keying
y g
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
2

What is modulation?

Why modulate?

Modulation is the process by which

message signals are transformed into
higher frequency waveforms that are
compatible with the characteristics of the
channel

Message signals need to be matched to the

characteristics of channels

Subsequent advantages of modulation:

Enables efficient economic communication

methods to be used as the sharing of
communication resources is made possible
(signals can be combined using frequency division
multiplexing - FDM)
Efficient antennas of reasonable physical size to
be constructed for radio communication systems
4

Basics of modulation

Types of modulation

To carry out modulation, we need:

A message
g or information or modulating
g
signal (baseband), and
A sinusoid carrier wave or simply
p y a carrier
The product of modulation is a modulated
signal (bandpass)
Note: The carrier is always of much higher
frequency that the modulating signal

Modulation

A l
Analogue
M
Modulation
d l ti

Di it l Modulation
Digital
M d l ti

Modulation
techniques for
analogue
g signals
g

Modulation
techniques for digital
signals
g
5

The carrier signal

During modulation

General form of the carrier wave is

One of the properties of the carrier:

c(t ) = Ac cos(c t + c )

where
Ac = amplitude in volts (V)
c = angular or radian frequency in rads-1
c = phase in radian (rad)
Alternatively, since

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

is changed according to the modulating

(or information or message) signal

= 2f

c(t ) = Ac cos(2f c t + c )

where fc = frequency in hertz (Hz)

Analogue Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

A l
Analogue
M
Modulation
d l ti

AM amplitude of carrier is changed according to

the modulating signal

Amplitude Frequency
Phase
Modulation Modulation Modulation
AM
FM
PM
Changing
amplitude (Ac)
of carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Changing
frequency
q
y ((fc)
of carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Amplitude Modulation

Changing
phase (c) of
p
carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Double sideband
suppressed carrier
(DSBSC)

Single
sideband
(SSB)

Full Amplitde
Modulation (AM)

DSB-SC ctd

DSB-SC
DSB-SC modulator can be
represented by the schematic
diagram on the right

10

m(t ) = Am cos(2f mt )
m(t)

y(t)

y (t ) = m(t ) c(t )

c(t ) = Ac cos((2f ct )
Modulated signal
signal, y(t):

c(t)

y (t ) = m(t ) c(t )

m(t): modulating signal (baseband signal)

c(t): carrier wave (high frequency cosine)
y(t): modulated signal:signal: DSB
DSB-SC
SC signal (bandpass
signal)

y (t ) = Am Ac cos(2f ct ) cos(2f mt )
11

12

DSB-SC: time domain

DSB-SC: frequency domain

Am

Modulating
signal

time

1/fm

Modulating
signal M(f)
signal,

-Am
Ac

Carrier

time

Am/2

Am/2

-fm

fm

Ac/2

Ac/2

-fc

fc

Carrier C(f)
Carrier,

-Ac

AmAc

Modulated
signal

time

Modulated
signal Y(f)
signal,

-A
AmAc

AmAc/4
-fc- fm

-ffc

13

fc+fm

fc- fm

fc

f
fc+fm
14

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Digital Modulation

ASK amplitude of carrier is changed according

g signal
g
to the modulating

Digital Modulation
Amplitude
p
Shift Keying
ASK

Frequency
q
y
Shift Keying
FSK

Phase
Shift Keying
PSK

Quadrature
Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

Changing
Ch
i
amplitude (Ac)
of carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Changing
frequency (fc)
of carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Changing
phase (c) of
carrier
according to
modulating
signal

Combination
of ASK and
PSK

15

ASK modulator can be

represented by the
schematic diagram on the
right

y (t ) = m(t ) c(t )

m(t)

y(t)

c(t)
()

m(t): modulating signal (baseband signal)

c(t): carrier wave (high frequency cosine)
y(t): modulated signal ASK signal (bandpass
signal)

16

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ctd

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Binary ASK also called on-off keying (OOK)

Data stream:

FSK frequency of carrier is changed

according to modulating signal
Binary FSK (BFSK) represents ones and
zeros by carrier pulses of two distinct
frequencies, f1 and f2
Bi
Binary
zero frequency
f
f1
Binary one frequency f2

Information or
message or
baseband data

Carrier wave or
carrier

OOK waveform
(bandpass
signal)
17

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ctd

Data stream:

18

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ctd

c1(t)=A cos(2f1t)

Information or
message or
baseband data

1)

Carrier wave or
carrier

BFSK waveform
(bandpass signal)

2)

19

BFSK signal can be

considered as the
combination of two OOK
signals:
One representing the
baseband data stream
{m(t)}modulated onto a
carrier with frequency f1, and
One representing the inverse
data stream {{m(t)}
( )}
modulated onto a carrier with
frequency f2

m(t)

m(t)

BFSK
signal

c2(t)=A cos(2f2t)
Schematic of BFSK
modulator: as the
combination of two OOK
signals

20

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ctd

Data stream:

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) ctd

PSK phase of carrier is changed
according to modulating signal

OOK1 from m(t)

modulated at f1

c(t ) = Ac cos(2f c t + c )

OOK2 from m'(t)

modulated
d l t d att f2

Binary PSK (BPSK) represents ones and

zeros by shifting the phase by 1 and 2
Binary zero phase 1 (0 rad or 0)

BFSK waveform:
composed of
OOK1 & OOK2

Binary one phase 2 ( rad or 180)

180 )
21

PSK: Phasor or vector diagrams

(constellation diagram)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) ctd

Data stream:

22

=/2 rad

Information or
message or
baseband data

=90

=0 rad =0

= rad

Carrier wave or
carrier

= 2 rad =360

=180

BPSK waveform
(bandpass signal)

=3/2 rad
=270
23

24

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

(QPSK) - Phasor or vector diagram

BPSK: Phasor or vector diagram

(constellation diagram)
Binary: two possible states m1 and m2

Quadrature: four possible states m1, m2,m3 and m4

=/2

=/2

Euclidean distance:
distance between
two message points

Decision boundary

Decision region 2

m2
Decision region 2

Decision region 1

m2

0
=0

m1

Decision region 1

Decision region 3

m3

m1

0
=0

m4
Decision region
g
4

=3/2

Decision boundary

25

Decision boundary

M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) Phasor or vector diagram

=3/2

26

Reliability & Efficiency

M-ary: M possible states m1, m2,m3, mM

Region 3

=/2

Region 4

Signal
constellation
t ll ti
for 8-PSK

Region 2

m3
m4
=
Region 5

m2

m5

m1
m6

Region 6

=0

Region 1

m8
m7
=3/2

Region 7

Region 8
27

Reliability of scheme: how likely are errors;

this is related to the Euclidean distance
Expressed by the BER: What is the
probability of error?
Efficiency: measure of the data rate
Expressed by the number of bits per
symbol
28

Quadrature Amplitude
p
Modulation (QAM)

Reliability & Efficiency ctd

As M increases, the Euclidean distance

decreases
Hence, the probability of error increases;
y decreases
therefore the reliability
As M increases, data rate increases
Hence the efficiency increases
Trade-off between reliability and efficiency
to be considered

Also known as Amplitude Phase Keying

(APK)
Combination of ASK and PSK
8-QAM
16-QAM
16
QAM

29

30

16-QAM: phasor diagram

8-QAM: phasor diagram

=/2

=/2

m5

m6

m2

m1

m3

m4

0
=0

0
=0

m8

m7

=3/2

31

=3/2

32

Reading list

Schwartz, M., (2005), Mobile Wireless

Communications,, Cambridge University
Communications
Press, chapter 5
Sklar B.,
Sklar,
B (2001),
(2001) Digital
Digital
Communications: Fundamentals &
Applications, Prentice Hall
Applications
Hall, 2nd Edition:
sections 4.1 4.2
33