Fermentation

anaerobic respiration

Examine

Anaerobic respiration in yeast and aerobic

respiration in plants

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) energy source for

most cellular activity

consists of:

Adenine and ribose sugar onto which are

attached three phosphate groups, two being
joined by high-energy bonds

Hydrolysis

-release of energy
-reaction in which large molecules are
broken apart by the chemical addition of
water

Human beings eat food in order to obtain

the energy stored within the chemical bonds

of the food molecules

most common food energy source in humans

carbohydrate

Staple foods high in carbohydrates

(or polysaccharide) bread, rice, potatoes

most important carbohydrate food source

Glucose (monosaccharide)

animals digest polysaccharides into

monosaccharides, then break down the
monosaccharide sugars through the various
chemical reactions of

glucose metabolism to free the energy

contained within the chemical bonds of
glucose

ATP, known as the

energy currency of the cell

ATP is formed by the addition of

inorganic phosphate to ADP (adenosine

diphosphate) by means of high-energy
bond

ATP can be formed during

Where:

cellular respiration
either in the cytoplasm during glycolysis in
the absence of oxygen or in the
mitochondria by means of the Krebs cycle
and electron transport system if oxygen is
present

ATP is also formed during

photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of green

plants, again using an electron transport
system. This energy-rich molecule is broken

apart to release energy for various chemical

reactions and cellular activities, such as
active transport, synthesis of new materials,
nerve transmission, and muscle contraction.
It has been estimated that a single active cell
requires more than
The reversible equation below is known as
the ATP reaction.
Glycolysis, occurring in the

two million molecules of ATP per

second to drive its biochemical reactions.

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + Energy

Cytoplasm, is the first stage of cellular
respiration and occurs in the presence or
absence of oxygen

Glycolysis does not need oxygen to occur;

therefore it is

anaerobic reaction

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport

system, occurring in the

mitochondria, comprise the remaining stages

of cellular respiration and occur only in the
presence of oxygen (aerobic reactions)

Glycolysis converts

glucose to ATP and pyruvate

If oxygen is not present (anaerobic

conditions)

the pyruvate proceeds through fermentation

reactions producing carbon dioxide and
either alcohol (in yeasts) or lactate (in
animals and some bacteria)

If oxygen is present (aerobic conditions)

the pyruvate proceeds through the Krebs

cycle and electron transport chain producing
various high-energy molecules (NADH,
FADH, and ATP), carbon dioxide and
metabolic water.

Most ATP needed by the cell is produced

during

aerobic reactions; glycolysis produces only

2 ATP molecules while the complete aerobic
metabolism of glucose may produce up to
38 ATP molecules.

Some organisms, like plants, obtain energy

from

photosynthesis

Other organisms obtain energy by

metabolizing molecules synthesized by

plants. Sugar metabolized by plants/animals.

The type of compounds and the amount of

energy produced depends on

the availability of oxygen.

The first stage of sugar metabolism is

glycolysis which occurs in the presence OR

absence of oxygen

In glycolysis

a 6-carbon sugar is metabolized into two, 3carbon molecules called pyruvate. Very
little ATP (usually 2) is generated

If oxygen is present, the sugar molecule is

further

metabolized by going through the Krebs

cycle and the electron transport chain and
begin ultimately converted to CO2 and H2O

Much more ATP is generated by the

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, in

the presence of oxygen, than by glycolysis
alone

Fermentation In plants, the end result is

and in animals and some bacteria the end
result is

ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide

lactic acid (lactate)

fermentation does not

generate any ATP for the cell

Why then, would a cell be adapted for

anaerobic respiration?

The reason is that the cell must have a

plentiful supply of the electron acceptor
NAD+ if glycolysis is to occur.
Fermentation allows the cell to recycle
NADH back into NAD+, thus fermentation
assures the continuation of glycolysis which
produces at least some energy

FERMENTATION
Yeasts are
facultative anaerobes
In the presence of oxygen, they can
metabolize

unicellular eukaryotes in the Kingdom Fungi

that can live with or without oxygen

In the absence of oxygen, they produce

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide by the

anaerobic process known as fermentation.

Drinking water was safer because

fermentation killed microbes

leftover yeast provided

minerals and vitamins

Activation of Yeast

100ml H2O, salt, teaspoon sugar, yeast

sugar completely to CO2 and H2O

Prep alcohol solution

Glucose formula
Cell respiration refers to

Glucose may be oxidized completely

Oftenn energy is used to convert
C1V1=C2V2
C6H12O6 +6O2 (g)
6H2O + 6CO2
(g) + energy
the process of converting the chemical
energy of organic molecules into a form
immediately usable by organisms
if sufficient oxygen is available
ADP and phosphate into ATP