Design and Stress Analysis of Artificial Hip Joint

DESIGN AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HIP

JOINT
Haryanti Samekto
Department of Structure and Materials,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Industry Campus, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Artificial hip joint, either as a partial or a total replacement, has become
a widely accepted solution for natural hip joint damages. To function as a
replacement of a natural joint, the artificial one must fulfill the requirements
of biocompatibility, stability and mobility. This study was focused on the
3D geometrical design of a total hip joint replacement and finite element
analysis to evaluate the mobility and stability of the artificial joint. First,
three dimensional model was built and components were assembled. Then,
assembly analysis was used to detect geometrical collision during relative
movement. Finally, the geometry of joint replacement components was
optimized by carrying out finite element analysis for static and dynamic
loadings. Results depicted that the joint mobility of hip joint replacement
represented by the range of motion, was not equal to the natural one.
However the range of motion of the artificial joint was still satisfactory for
daily activity. Finite element analysis results indicated that the strength of
hip joint replacement was sufficient which is indicated by the value of the
factor of safety. The most critical areas were the neck of the femoral stem
and the doom of the cup inlay. From the Finite element analysis (FEA)
results, it was also predicted that wear failure tend to occur in the upper
periphery of the cup inlay.
KEYWORDS: Artificial hip joint, Design optimization, Finite element
analysis

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Relative movements of human body are enabled due to the existence
of joints which connect bones. However, diseases and injuries may
cause severe joint damages. Nowadays, joint replacements, either as
total or partial, are widely accepted treatment for damaged joint in
many hospitals and they have become a standard procedure in many
countries. In the US, the number of surgery procedures to implant
Corresponding author email: haryanti@utem.edu.my
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133

Journal of Engineering and Technology

artificial hip joint is now about 200,000 cases per year and globally
the number is still growing due to the increase of life expectancy and
obesity cases (Senz de Tejada, et al., 2010).
Hip joint is a ball and socket type of joint. The joint connects the femoral
bone which has a round head and the acetabulum of the pelvic bone
which has a cup shape. This type of joint allows full rotation on one
axis as well as flexing and extending.
As a replacement, a joint implant must fulfill stability and mobility
requirements to function well in daily activities, therefore artificial
hip joint must be carefully designed. This paper was focused on the
application of CAD/CAE principles to obtain optimum geometry of
a hip joint implant. Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out,
according load human body loadings, to guarantee a sufficient safety.
Beside of geometrical factors, components of hip joint implant are
made from materials with far different strength. Therefore, assembly
method and minimum thickness of the components must be carefully
determined to avoid failures. Failure is crucial in artificial joint because
it is implanted in the human body and it is expected to be long term to
minimize repeating surgeries.

2.0 DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
REPLACEMENT
2.1.

OF

HIP

JOINT

Components of natural and artificial hip joint

A good joint construction stipulates stability and mobility. In a natural

human joint, stability is provided by several ligaments, stretchy fibrous
connective tissues, lying around and inside the joint. Joint mobility
is enabled through a low friction sliding movement between bone
surfaces. The bone surface is covered by a smooth layer of cartilage
which is naturally lubricated by synovial fluid.
Beside of low friction, cartilage layer and synovial fluid in human hip
joint serve also as damping mechanism when the joint is subjected
to impact loading, such as during jumping or running. This joint
construction is ideal for high loading condition such as lower extremities
joints. Figure 1 gives an illustration of the human hip joint anatomy.

134

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n human hipp joint serve also as dam

mping
Beside of loow friction, cartilage layyer and synoovial fluid in
mechanism
m when the jooint is subjeccted to impaact loading, such
s
as durinng jumping or
o running. This
Designsuc
and
of Artificial
Hip
ch asStress
lowerAnalysis
extremities
ure Joint
1
joints. Figu
joint constrruction is iddeal for highh loading coondition
gives an illuustration of the
t human hip
h joint anattomy.

T anatomyof
The
oof human
human hip jooint
Figure 1. Figure
The 1.
anatomy
hip(BBC,
joint20113)
(BBC, 2013)

In a hip joiint implant, the femoral head bone w

was replacedd by a ball m
made from metal
m
or cerramic
In aonhip
femoral
by atoo the
ball
fixed
a metal
m joint
rod.implant,
T rod wasthe
The
designed
to havehead
a curvvebone
angle ofwas
1135o,replaced
which was equal
curve
angle
e of a metal
humann natural
fem
moral bone.
T
This
rood was
thenThe
n the shaft
oof the
implanted
made
from
or ceramic
fixed
onmetal
a metal
rod.
rod inwas
designed
femoral (thigh) bone. A socket maade from
meetal or ceram
mic was fixedd into the accetabulum of
o the
o
to have
angle
ofrews.
135An
, which
was
to
pelvic
bonee abycurve
using ceement
or scr
inlaay made
from
mequal
soft polym
merthe
wascurve
inseerted angle
in the inner
i of a
part
of the socket
to rep
place
the caartilage.
coombination
o metal
of
sooft polymer
provided sliidingin
human
natural
femoral
bone.A This
metal
rod -was
then implanted
friction withhout lubricattion which was
w called seelf-lubricatin
ng contact. T
polymer inlay functiioned
the shaft of the femoralvement.
(thigh)
bone. A
socketThe
made
from metal or
also as a daamping durinng body mov
Figuure 2 shows the
t hip jointt replacemennt with its paarts.

ceramic was fixed into the acetabulum of the pelvic bone by using
cement or screws. An inlay made from soft polymer was inserted in
the inner part of the socket to replace the cartilage. A combination of
metal-soft polymer provided sliding friction without lubrication which
was called self-lubricating contact. The polymer inlay functioned also
as a damping during body movement. Figure 2 shows the hip joint
replacement with its parts.

Pelvic bone

Head

Soccket
Inlay

Stem

Femorall bone
Figuree 2. Main parts of hip joint im
mplant ( Mathyss Orthopdie G
GmbH, 2008)

Figure 2. Main parts of hip joint implant

(Mathys
of hip joint
jOrthopdie GmbH, 2008)
2.2. Mobiliity and stability
2.2.1. Mobiility

dicated by thhe relative motion

m
betw
ween bones connected
c
byy the
The mobilitty of humann joint is ind
joint. This relative
r
motiion dependss on the conttact between
n bones and also the max
ximum strainns of
tissues surrounding thee joint. If a natural
n
joint is replaced,, the joint reeplacement should
s
be abble to
ment are flexxion,
achieve thee minimum movement of the naturral one. Thee types of jjoint movem
ISSN:
Vol.
4 No. 1iss June
2013ment to bennd the jointt135
extension, abduction,
adduction
a 2180-3811
a
and
rotation.
. Flexion
the movem
and
extension iss to straighteen the joint. Abduction is the movement of joinnt member outward
o
the body
b
axis and addduction is the movem
ment toward the body ax
xis. Rotation is the moovement of joint

Journal of Engineering and Technology

2.2.

Mobility and stability of hip joint

2.2.1. Mobility
The mobility of human joint is indicated by the relative motion between
bones connected by the joint. This relative motion depends on the contact
between bones and also the maximum strains of tissues surrounding
the joint. If a natural joint is replaced, the joint replacement should be
able to achieve the minimum movement of the natural one. The types
of joint movement are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and
rotation. Flexion is the movement to bend the joint and extension is
to straighten the joint. Abduction is the movement of joint member
outward the body axis and adduction is the movement toward the
body axis. Rotation is the movement of joint member around its center.
Figure 3 show the normal range of motion (ROM) of a human hip
joint. The maximum angle of flexion movement was 125o illustrated by
bending the right leg forward. The maximum angle of extension was
30o illustrated by pushing the left leg downward. The limit of rotation
angle was 45o, the maximum abduction angle was 45o and the maximum
adduction angle was 30o obtained by crossing a leg in front of another.

a. Flexion (F) and extension (X)

b. Rotation

c. Abduction

d. Adduction

Figure 3. Illustration of hip joint mobility (Thompson & Floyd, 2008)

Figure 3. Illustration of hip joint mobility (Thompson & Floyd, 2008)

2.2.2. Stability

2.2.2.
Stability
Stability
in joint is defined

by its ability to maintain position of the members during body

movement. A stable joint manages to perform movement in its range of motion while carrying
load. From
of view, hip
of lower to
extremities
parts those
bear high
Stability
inbiomechanics
joint ispoint
defined
byjointitsis one
ability
maintain
position
load. Mostly, hip joint is subjected to moment loading, except for rotation motion, the load is
the torsion.
members
during
body
movement.
A orstable
joint
As moment
and torsion
loads depend
on the distance
radius from
centermanages
of axis, the
longer the distance the higher the load on the joint.
During normal body movements, such as: walking, running, stair climbing, the load on a hip joint

of the
body weight. While
joint load
136 was about 2.5 to 3.0 times
ISSN:
2180-3811
Vol.running,
4 No. 1theJune
2013might reach 6 times of
the body weight because legs position during running was farther from joint center (Heller, et al.,
2005).

of
to

Design and Stress Analysis of Artificial Hip Joint

perform movement in its range of motion while carrying load. From

biomechanics point of view, hip joint is one of lower extremities parts
those bear high load. Mostly, hip joint is subjected to moment loading,
except for rotation motion, the load is torsion. As moment and torsion
loads depend on the distance or radius from center of axis, the longer
the distance the higher the load on the joint.
During normal body movements, such as: walking, running, stair
climbing, the load on a hip joint was about 2.5 to 3.0 times of the body
weight. While running, the joint load might reach 6 times of the body
weight because legs position during running was farther from joint
center (Heller, et al., 2005).
Figure 4 below depicts the loading on a hip joint according to Noble
(Noble, 1999). Body weight W worked on the centroid of human body
was transferred to the hip bone by the ligament and results abductor
force FA. FA was produced due the tissue contraction of the ligament
positioning on the shoulder part of femoral (thigh) bone. From figure 4,
it can be seen that the femoral bone was subjected to bending moment
and the neck part of the femoral were the critical area due to stress
concentration.
The acetabulum of the hip bone contacted with the head of thigh bone
and it caused a normal force FR in the interface. As a consequence,
friction force occurred during body movement and wear failure might
take place if lubrication was not sufficient. The abductor force FA and
reaction force FR were expressed as:
FA
FR

(1)

5 L
W
6 r

5
W 725 5 cos A
6

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Figure 4. Loadings on hip joint (Noble, 1999)

(2)

137

5 L
W
6 r
Journal of Engineering and Technology
5 5 L
5 cos A
FRFA WW 725
66 r
5
FR W 725 5 cos A
6

(1)

FA

(1) (2)
(2)

.
4. Loadings
hipjoint
joint (Noble,
1999)
Figure 4.Figure
Loadings
on on
hip
(Noble,
1999)
.

3.0

Figure 4. Loadings on hip joint (Noble, 1999)

3D GEOMETRICAL MODEL OF JOINT REPLACEMENT

3.0

3D GEOMETRICAL MODEL OF JOINT REPLACEMENT

3.1.

Geometry and material

Geometry
and material
3.0 3.1.3D
GEOMETRICAL
MODEL OF JOINT REPLACEMENT

on hipand
anatomy and the average body size of the human population, the geometrical criteria
3.1.Based
Geometry
Based
onmaterial
hip anatomy
and inthe
average
thewere
human
for hip
joint replacement
are represented
the table
1. Thebody
values size
on theoftable
summarized
population,
the
geometrical
criteria
for
hip
joint
replacement
are
from
ASTM
standard
(ASTM,
2005).
Based on hip anatomy and the average body size of the human population, the geometrical criteria
represented
in
the
Table
1.
The
values
on
the
table
were
summarized
for hip joint replacement are represented in the table 1. The values on the table were summarized
Table 1. Geometrical criteria of artificial hip joint
from ASTM
2005).
fromstandard
ASTM(ASTM,
standard
(ASTM, 2005).

Criteriacriteria of artificial hip joint

Value
Table 1. Geometrical
1. Geometrical
criteria of artificial
hip joint
Length Table
of femoral
stem
1500 mm
Neck length ofCriteria
femoral stem
20-30Value
mm (adjustable)
o
Neckofshaft
angle
of femoral stem
135
Length
femoral
stem
1500
mm
Diameter
offemoral
femoralstem
head
30-40
(adjustable)
Neck
length of
20-30
mmmm
(adjustable)
o
Diameter
of acetabular
mm
Neck
shaft angle
of femoralsocket
stem
13525-30
o
Rangeof
offemoral
motion head
between head socket
45-50
Diameter
30-40
mm (adjustable)
Materials
biocompatible
Diameter
of acetabular socket
25-30
mm
Range of motion between head socket
45-50o
Using the
3D geometrical model of artificial hipbiocompatible
joint were divided into 4 main parts,
Materials
above criteria,
namely: femoral stem, femoral head, acetabular socket and cup inlay. Figure 5 shows 3D model and
dimension
of criteria,
the joint3D
replacement
in model
details.of artificial hip joint were divided into 4 main parts,
Using
the above
geometrical
Using the above criteria, 3D geometrical model of artificial hip joint
namely: femoral stem, femoral head, acetabular socket and cup inlay. Figure 5 shows 3D model and
were
intoand
4inacetabular
main parts,
namely:
femoral
stem,
Femoral
femoral
head
socket were
made from
Titanium
alloy femoral
Ti6Al4V which
dimension
of stem,
thedivided
joint
replacement
details.
was head,
a biocompatible
material.
Titanium
ions
were
non-toxic
and
it
has
an
excellent
corrosion
acetabular socket and cup inlay. Figure 5 shows 3D model and
Femoraldimension
stem, femoralof
head
acetabular
socket were
made from Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V which
theand
joint
replacement
in details.
was a biocompatible material. Titanium ions were non-toxic and it has an excellent corrosion

Femoral stem, femoral head and acetabular socket were made from
Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V which was a biocompatible material. Titanium
ions were non-toxic and it has an excellent corrosion resistance in
general environment and in human body fluids (Oshida, 2007). From

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Design and Stress Analysis of Artificial Hip Joint

mechanics point of view, Titanium had a high ratio of strength to

weight and a very good ductility as well.
The cup inlay was made from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE) which had much higher ultimate strength, ductility
in general environment and in human body fluids (Oshida, 2007). From mechanics point
andresistance
toughness
than ordinary polyethylene. UHMWPE was also
of view, Titanium had a high ratio of strength to weight and a very good ductility as well.
biocompatible material due to its inertness and its wear resistance.
The cup inlay was
from ultra-high molecular weight
(UHMWPE)contact
which had
Combination
ofmade
Titanium-UHMWPE
has polyethylene
self-lubricating
much higher ultimate strength, ductility and toughness than ordinary polyethylene. UHMWPE was
properties
with amaterial
verydue
low
of wear
friction
(Xiong,
Gao,of&
Jin,
also biocompatible
to itscoefficient
inertness and its
resistance.
Combination
TitaniumUHMWPE has self-lubricating contact properties with a very low coefficient of friction (Xiong,
2007).
Gao, & Jin, 2007).

a. Femoral head

b. Acetabular socket
d. Femoral stem

c. Cup inlay

e. Assembly of parts

Figure 5. Main parts and dimension of the 3D model of hip joint replacement

Figure 5. Main parts and dimension of the 3D model of hip joint

replacement

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Journal of Engineering and Technology

3.1. Assembly model and relative movement

Acetabular socket and cup inlay were assembled using interference fit,
so that there was no relative movement. Femoral head and its stem
were assembled using transition fit to enable adjustment according to
the body size of the patient. Relative movement occurred only between
the femoral head and the socket.
In assembly modeling, the acetabular socket was used as reference part.
Relative position of other parts was defined with the reference part. For
instance, the surface of femoral head was defined as coincident with the
inner surface of the cup inlay; therefor the two surfaces were always in
3.1. The
Assembly
modelof
andthe
relative
movement stem were attached to the hole of the
contact.
neck
femoral
femoral
headsocket
using
coincident
andusing
concentric
thus not only
Acetabular
and cup
inlay were assembled
interference fit, definitions,
so that there was no relative
movement. Femoral head and its stem were assembled using transition fit to enable adjustment
that the
two
surfaces
were
always
in
contact
but
the
neck
and the head
according to the body size of the patient. Relative movement occurred only between the femoral
head and the
socket.
hole shared
similar
axis.
In assembly modeling, the acetabular socket was used as reference part. Relative position of other

parts was defined with the reference part. For instance, the surface of femoral head was defined as
Simulation
relative
movements
thetheassembly
model
the hip joint
coincidentof
with
the inner surface
of the cup inlay;of
therefor
two surfaces were
always inof
contact.
The was
neck of carried
the femoral stem
were
attached to the
holeconstraint
of the femoral head
using
coincident andtissues or
implant
out
without
the
of
ligament
concentric definitions, thus not only that the two surfaces were always in contact but the neck and
the head
shared similar
axis.
muscles.
A hole
relative
movement
between the parts was constrained only
by geometrical
collision
asof seen
in Figure
ROM
theoutassembly
Simulation of relative
movements
the assembly
model of the6.
hipThe
joint implant
wasof
carried
the constraint of ligament tissues or muscles. A relative movement between the parts was
modelwithout
was
then
summarized
in
Table
2.
constrained only by geometrical collision as seen in Figure 6. The ROM of the assembly model
was then summarized in Table 2.

b. Adduction
a. Abduction

d. Extension

c. Flexion

e. Rotation

Figure 6. Relative movement of the assembly model of artificial hip

joint
Figure 6. Relative movement of the assembly model of artificial hip joint

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Design and Stress Analysis of Artificial Hip Joint

Table 2. Range of motion of assembly model

Table 2. Range of motion of assembly model

Type of Movement
Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Rotation

ROM
Max. 52o
Max. 71o
Max. 95o
Max. 92o
360o

From the assembly model, it can be seen that the mobility of hip joint implant was lower tha
From the assembly model, it can be seen that the mobility of hip joint
natural one. implant
For flexion
movement, the natural
joint
normally
was able
to achieve
125o; mean
was lower than the
natural
one.
For
flexion
movement,
the
hip joint implant
only was
95o. able
The toangle
difference
is significant.
For abduction
natural achieved
joint normally
achieve
125o; meanwhile
hip joint
o
adduction, there
is
no
significant
difference,
where
the
ROM
of
natural
one
implant achievedo only 95o. The angle difference is significant. Forwas 45 , bu
implant managed
to move
without there
ligaments
muscles.
The ROMwhere
for flexion
abduction
and 52
adduction,
is no and
significant
difference,
the and exte
o
o
could be increased,
however
this
will
reduce
the
depth
of
the
socket
or
the
inte
ROM of natural one was 45 , but the implant managed to move 52contact
consequently
the femoral
head would
be easilyThe
dislocated.
without
ligaments
and muscles.
ROM for flexion and extension

4.0

could be increased, however this will reduce the depth of the socket or
the contact interface, consequently the femoral head would be easily
STRESS
ANALYSIS ON HIP JOINT REPLACEMENT
dislocated.

Titanium has better mechanical properties than bone. Titanium has higher strength and duc
4.0
STRESS ANALYSIS ON HIP JOINT REPLACEMENT
however Titanium has much higher density and much lower damping properties. Therefore
geometry ofTitanium
hip joint implant
should
be design
carefully than
to optimize
the weighthas
and the streng
has better
mechanical
properties
bone. Titanium
higheranalysis
strengthusing
and finite
ductility,
however
Titanium
has much
higherareas namel
this paper, stress
element
method
was focused
on critical
densityofand
lower
properties.
neck and shoulder
themuch
femoral
stemdamping
and the soft
polymerTherefore,
inlay. the geometry

of hip joint implant should be design carefully to optimize the weight

and
the strength.
In condition
this paper,
stress
analysis using finite element
4.1. Material
model,
boundary
and
constraints
method was focused on critical areas namely the neck and shoulder of
the femoral
stemaand
the soft polymer
inlay.
FEA is basically
dividing
continuum
into small
discrete elements to enable unproble

calculation of the continuum responds to external loads. The external loads can be temper
4.1. Material
boundary
condition
and constraints
force, electrical
potential,model,
magnetic
fields and
so on. When
external loads are applied t
continuum, FEA
responds
on eachdividing
discrete element
are calculated
anddiscrete
then solutions
is basically
a continuum
into small
elementsfrom all elem
are combined
into
a
global
solution
or
solution
of
the
continuum.
to enable unproblematic calculation of the continuum responds to
external loads. The external loads can be temperature, force, electrical

In this study
the external
weresomechanical
forces loads
and are
the applied
element respond
potential,
magneticloads
fields and
on. When external
to the
continuum,
responds
on each
element
are calculated
and
displacements.
The
displacements
relate
to discrete
the external
loads
through material
consti
solutions
from
elements
are an
combined
a global
solution
equation or then
material
model.
Forallthis
analysis,
elastic into
isotropic
model
was or
chosen as ma
of the
continuum.
model. As asolution
hip joint
replacement
was expected to bear a load below its elastic limit, e
isotropic model was considered suitable for both Titanium Ti6Al4V and UHMWPE parts.

In this study the external loads were mechanical forces and the element
respond was
displacements.
displacements
relate
external In this ana
Boundary conditions
in FEA
represent theThe
working
environment
of to
thethe
continuum.
loads
through
material
constitutive
equation
or
material
model.
two boundary conditions were defined, namely the external mechanical forceFor
and sliding su

contact. When FEA was carried out for a multipart structure, the surface contact between
should be defined. The contact could be frictionless, sliding friction, bonded contact or pene
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 4 No. 1 June 2013
141
contact.

Journal of Engineering and Technology

this analysis, an elastic isotropic model was chosen as material model.

As a hip joint replacement was expected to bear a load below its elastic
limit, elastic isotropic model was considered suitable for both Titanium
Ti6Al4V and UHMWPE parts.
Boundary conditions in FEA represent the working environment of the
continuum. In this analysis, two boundary conditions were defined,
namely the external mechanical force and sliding surface contact.
When FEA was carried out for a multipart structure, the surface contact
between parts should be defined. The contact could be frictionless,
sliding friction, bonded contact or penetrated contact.
To evaluate the safe diameter of the stem neck and the safe dimensions
of stem shoulder, the hip joint was subjected to load defined as a
uniform force working on the surface of the element. The abductor
load FA was set 3433.5 N which was equal to 5 times normal weight
of eastern Asia population. The mean adult weight of eastern Asian
was 70 kg. The abductor force was applied parallel to the axis of the
neck femoral stem. The body weight W was also applied as the second
external force. The stem was assumed to be fixed in the thigh bone,
so that all the nodes in the fixed areas were constrained to displace in
all directions. The boundary conditions and constraints can be seen in
Figure 7a.
To evaluate the thickness of the cup inlay, the acetabular socket was
assumed to be fixed into the pelvic bone. Inlay and socket was defined
to have a bonded contact only in slot surface. The sliding contact
between femoral head and cup inlay was defined with relatively low
coefficient friction i.e. 0.2. The coefficient of friction might be much
lower considering the existence of synovial fluid as joint natural
lubricant; however this analysis set the value of friction coefficient for
general contact between metal and polyethylene. Figure 7b shows the
boundary condition and constraints given to the UHMWPE inlay.

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contact betw
ween femoraal head and cup
c inlay waas defined with
w relatively low coeffiicient frictionn i.e.
0.2. The cooefficient of friction migght be much lower consiidering the eexistence of synovial fluuid as
joint naturaal lubricant; however
h
thiss analysis se
et the value
oStress
friction
cooefficient
fo
or general
ntact
Design
and of
Analysis
of Artificial
HipcoJoint
between meetal and polyyethylene. Figure
F
7b shoows the bounndary condition and connstraints given to
the UHMW
WPE inlay.

a. Forcess and constraaint for femooral stem

b. Forces and constrraints for soccket inlay

Figure 7.Figure
Boundary
conditions
constraints
7. Boundary
connditions and and
con
nstraints
a Discussiion
4.2. Analyssis Results and

4.2. Analysis Results and Discussion

A the analyysis was focuus on the fem
moral
The FE anaalysis was caarried out forr multi-bodyy condition. As

The
FEA
carried
out for
multi-body
was
stem
and was
c inlay,
cup
thhis paper
shhows
analysiis resultscondition.
on
nly for the As
ttwo the
parts.analysis
S
Some
results
s are
presented
n Figure
8.
focus
on inthe
femoral
stem and cup inlay, this paper shows analysis
results
only for the two parts. Some results are presented in Figure 8.
From the sttress distribuution in Figgure 8a, it can be seen that the necck of the steem was the most

critical areaa. The effecctive stress (Von

(
Missess) in neck area
a
could reeach 89.93 MPa.
M
Besidee the

neck,the
the lo
ower partdistribution
off the shouldeer was
also ccritical
The be
extern
nal load
caussed
bennding
From
stress
in Figure
8a,area.
it .can
seen
that
thehigh
neck
of
stress combbining with compression
c
n in these arreas. Conseqquently the ddiameter of the
t neck andd the
thecross
stem
was
the
most
critical
area.
The
effective
stress
(Von
Misses)
sectio
on of the shoulder
s
sho
ould be made bigger. Using the ddimension in
i Figure 5, in
the
neck
areafactor
could
reach
Beside
the
ofjoithe
minimum
fa
of safe
ety in 89.93
the necckMPa.
area was
wneck,
conside
eredlower
sufficien
ntpart
for the
int to
10.3 andthe
it was
bear dynam
mic
loading.
shoulder
was
also critical area. The external load caused high bending
stress combining with compression in these areas. Consequently the
diameter of the neck and the cross section of the shoulder should be
made bigger. Using the dimension in Figure 5, the minimum factor of
safety in the neck area was 10.3 and it was considered sufficient for the
joint to bear dynamic loading.

As shows in Figure 8b, high stress and strain occurred in the inside the
inlay in the doom area. From this result, a ductile failure was predicted
to occur in the doom area. The highest effective stress was 13.05 MPa
and the lowest factor of safety was 1.9. This value was relatively low for
dynamic loading, however it was considered sufficient since the stress
was compression.
FEA results indicated the highest contact force occurred in the upper
periphery of the cup. As high contact force indicated high interaction
with another surface, friction was predicted to occur in this area.

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143

JournalAsofshows
Engineering
in Figureand
8b,Technology
high stress and strain occurred in the inside the inlay in the doom area.

From this result, a ductile failure was predicted to occur in the doom area. The highest effective
stress was 13.05 MPa and the lowest factor of safety was 1.9. This value was relatively low for
dynamic loading,
however itfrom
was considered
sufficient
since the
was compression.
Experimental
studies
Mattei
(Mattei,
Distress
Puccio,
Piccigallo, &

Ciulli,
and Wilches
Uribe,in&
2008) ofreported
the
FEA2011)
results indicated
the highest (Wilches,
contact force occurred
the Toro,
upper periphery
the cup. As high
forcein
indicated
high interaction
with another
surface,
predicted
to occurin
in the
this
wearcontact
failure
the upper
periphery
of the
cupfriction
inlay.wasWear
failure
area. Experimental studies from Mattei (Mattei, Di Puccio, Piccigallo, & Ciulli, 2011) and Wilches
UHMWPE
created
fine
particles
theupper
human
body
system
(Wilches, Uribe,
& Toro,
2008)
reported thereleased
wear failurein
in the
periphery
of the cup
inlay.
failure cause
in the UHMWPE
created fine particles released in the human body system and it
and Wear
it might
many complications.
might cause many complications.

a. Stress distribution in the femoral stem

c. Contact force in the inlay

b. Stress distribution in the inlay

Figure 8. FiniteFigure
element
analysis
8. FE analysis
results (FEA) results

5.0 CONCLUSION
From the analysis, it can be concluded:
1. Mechanical functions of natural hip joint could be replaced by
an artificial one made from biocompatible materials. The joint
made from Titanium alloy and UHMWPE fulfilled the criteria
of mobility and stability.
2. The mobility of a hip joint replacement represented by range of
motion was not equal to the natural joint. The artificial hip joint
had lower ROM in flexion and extension movements, but it had
higher ROM in abduction and adduction. This was caused by
144

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Design and Stress Analysis of Artificial Hip Joint

the geometrical limitation to compromise ROM and dislocation

of the femoral head.
3. Stability of the hip joint replacement represented by its ability to
bear load was very good, because Titanium had higher strength
and ductility than human bone. The neck of the femoral stem
and the shoulder were critical areas, therefore the cross section
of these areas should be carefully determined.
4. Cup inlay was the most critical part because UHMWPE had
much lower mechanical properties than Titanium. The factor of
safety of the inlay was the lowest at the doom area; consequently
it had the highest tendency to ductile failure. The contact force
in the upper periphery was the highest, thus wear failure was
predicted to occur in this area.

6.0 REFERENCES
ASTM. (2005). ASTM Standard F2033-05. Specification for total hip joint
prosthesis and hip endoprosthesis bearing surfaces made of metallic, ceramic,
and polymeric materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA.: ASTM
International.
BBC. (2013, March 01). BBC Standars Grade Bitesize. Retrieved from Biology - The
body in action - Movement : www.bbc.co.uk
Heller, M., Bergmann, G., Kassi, J., Claes, L., Haas, N., & Duda, G. (2005).
Determination of muscle loading at the hip joint for use in pre-clinical
testing. Journal of Biomechanics, 38(5), 1155-1163.
Mathys Orthopdie GmbH. (2008). Patient Information Broschure. The artificial
hip joint. Bettlach, Switzerland: Mathys Ltd Bettlach.
Mattei, L., Di Puccio, F., Piccigallo, B., & Ciulli, E. (2011). Lubrication and
wear modelling of artificial hip joints: A review. Tribology International,
44(5), 532-549.
Noble, P. (1999). Biomechanics of revision hip joint replacement. In J. Bono
(Ed.), Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty (pp. 135-141). New York: SpringerVerlag.
Oshida, Y. (2007). Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials. Oxford:
Elsevier.
Senz de Tejada, M., Escobar, A., Herrera, C., Garcia, L., Aizpuru, F., &
Sarasqueta, C. (2010). Patient expectations and health-related quality
of life ourcomes following total hip joint replacement. Value in Health,
13(4), 447-454.
Thompson, C., & Floyd, R. (2008). Manual of Structural Kinesology, 13th Edition.
Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
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Journal of Engineering and Technology

Wilches, L., Uribe, J., & Toro, A. (2008). Wear of materials used for artificial
joints in total hip replacements. Wear, 265(1-2), 143-149.
Xiong, D., Gao, Z., & Jin, Z. (2007). Friction and wear properties of UHMWPE
against ion implanted Titanium alloy. Surface & Coatings Technology,
201, 6847-6850.

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