UNIT-I
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Higher order differential equations with constant coefficients Method of variation of
parameters Cauchys and Legendres linear equations Simultaneous first order
linear equations with constant coefficients.
.. (1)
Note
1
1. X = Xdx
D
1
2.
X = e ax Xe ax dx
Da
1
3.
X = e ax Xe ax dx
D+a
(i) The general form of the differential equation of second order is
d2y
dy
+ P + Qy = R (1)
2
dx
dx
dy
d2y
, D2 y = 2
dx
dx
1
Stands for the operation of integration
D
1
Stands for the operation of integration twice.
D2
(1) can be written in the operator form
D 2 y + PDy + Qy = R (Or) ( D 2 + PD + Q) y = R
(iv)
PROBLEMS
1. Solve (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
Solution: Given (D 2 5 D + 6) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m 2 5m + 6 = 0`
i.e., m = 2,3
C.F = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
The general solution is given by
y = Ae 2 x + Be 3 x
d2y
dy
6 + 3y = 0
2
dx
dx
2
Solution: Given (D 6 D + 3 y ) = 0
The auxiliary equation is m 2 6m + 13 = 0
6 36 52
i.e., m =
2
= 3 2i
Hence the solution is y = e 3 x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x)
2. Solve
3
Solution: Given (D 2 +1) = 0
A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
M = i
Y = A cosx + B sinx
Y(x) = A cosx + B sinx
Y(0) = A =0
Y(0) =B =1
A = 0, B = 1
i.e., y = (0) cosx + sinx
y = sinx
3. Solve ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
Solution: Given ( D 2 4 D + 13) y = e 2 x
The auxiliary equation is m 2 4m + 13 = 0
4 16 52 4 36
m=
=
= 2 3i
2
2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x )
1
P.I. = 2
e2x
D 4 D + 13
1
e2x
=
4 8 + 13
1
= e2x
9
y = C.F +P.I.
1
y = e 2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3 x ) + e 2 x
9
5. Find the Particular integral of y- 3y + 2y = e x e 2 x
Solution: Given y- 3y + 2y = e x e 2 x
( D 2 3D + 2) y = e x e 2 x
1
P.I 1 = 2
ex
D 3D + 2
1
=
ex
1 3 + 4
1
= ex
0
1
=x
ex
2D 3
1 x
=x
e
23
= xe x
1
e2x
D 3D + 2
1
=e2x
46+2
1
=-x
e2x
2D 3
1 2x
=-x
e
43
= - xe 2 x
P.I 2 =
d2y
dy
6. Solve
4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
Solution: Given 2 4 + 5 y = 2 cosh x
dx
dx
2
The A.E is m 4m + 5 = 0
4 16 20
m=
= 2 i
2
C.F = e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x )
e x + ex
1
1
(
)
2
cosh
2
x
=
D 2 + 4D + 5
D 2 + 4D + 5 2
1
1
ex + 2
e x
= 2
D + 4D + 5
D + 4D + 5
x
x
e
e
=
1+ 4 + 5 1 4 + 5
e x ex
=
10
2
y = C.F + P.I
P.I =
= e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x ) -
e x ex
10
2
1
1
sin ax(or )
cos ax
f ( D)
f ( D)
Replace D 2 by a 2
7. Solve
d2y
dy
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
2
dx
dx
5
d2y
dy
+ 3 + 2 y = sin 3x
2
dx
dx
2
The A.E is m +3m + 2 = 0
(m+1)(m+2) = 0
M = -1, m = -2
C.F = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
P.I = 2
sin 3 x
D + 3D + 2
1
=
sin 3 x (Replace D 2 by a 2 )
2
3 + 3D + 2
1
1 (3D + 7)
=
sin 3x =
sin 3x
3D 7
3D 7 (3D + 7)
3D + 7
sin 3x
=
(3D) 2 (7) 2
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
9 D 2 49
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
9(3 2 ) 49
3D + 7
=
sin 3x
130
1
(3D(sin 3x) + 7 sin 3x )
=
130
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
=
130
Solution: Given
y = C.F + P.I
Y = Ae x + Be 2 x
1
(9 cos 3x + 7 sin 3x )
130
P.I 1 = 2
cos 3x
D +1 2
1 1
=
cos 3 x
2 9 +1
1
= cos 3x
16
1 1
cos x
D +1 2
1 1
=
cos x
2 1+1
1 1
= x
cos x
2 2D
x
= cos xdx
4
x
= sin x
4
x
1
P.I =
cos 3x + sin x
16
4
Problems based on R.H.S = e ax + cos ax(or )e ax + cos ax
P.I 2 =
7
1
= x 2 e2x
2
1
cos 2 x
P.I 2 = D 4 D + 4
2
1
cos 2 x
2 4D + 4
1
cos 2 x
=
4D
1 1
cos 2 x
=
4 D
1 sin 2 x
sin 2 x
=
=
4
2
8
=
y = C.F + P.I
y = (Ax +B)e 2 x
sin 2 x
8
(1 x) 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + .................
(1 + x) 2 = 1 2 x + 3x 2 4 x 3 + ..............
(1 x) 2 = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 + ..............
= 1 D2
= 1 + D + (D 2 ) + ......... x
= [x + 0 + 0 + 0...........]
=-x
12. Solve: D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3
Solution: Given D 4 2 D 3 + D 2 y = x 3
The A.E is m 2m + m 2 = 0
m 2 (m 2 2m + 1) = 0
m 2 (m 1) 2 = 0
m = 0,0 , m = 1,1
C.F = (A + Bx)e 0 x +(C + Dx)e x
4
1
x3
3
2
D 2D + D
1
= 2
x3
D 1 + (D 2 2 D )
1
1
= 2 1 + (D 2 2 D ) x 3
D
2
3
1
= 2 1 D 2 2 D + D 2 2 D D 2 2 D + ...............
D
1
= 2 1 + 2 D + 3D 2 + 4 D 3 + D 4 x 3
D
1
= 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 18 x + 24
D
1 x 4 6 x 3 18 x 3
= +
+
+ 24 x
D 4
3
2
P.I =
[
[
]
]
) (
) (
x 5 6 x 4 18 x 3 24 x 2
+
+
+
20 12
6
2
5
4
x
x
=
+
+ 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
y = C.F + P.I
y = (A + Bx)e 0 x +(C + Dx)e x +
x5 x4
+
+ 3x 3 + 12 x 2
20 2
1
e x cos 2 x
D 2D + 5
1
= ex
cos 2 x(Re placeDbyD = 1)
2
(D + 1) 2(D + 1) + 5
P.I =
9
1
= ex 2
cos 2 x
D + 2 D + 1 2 D 2 + 5
1
cos 2 x
= ex 2
D + 4
1
= ex
cos 2 x
4+4
1
cos 2 x
= ex x
2D
xe x
=
cos 2 xdx
2
xe x sin 2 x
P.I =
4
14. Solve ( D + 2) 2 y = e 2 x sin x
Solution: Given ( D + 2) 2 y = e 2 x sin x
A.E is (m 2 +1) = 0
m = -2, -2
C.F. = (Ax + B)e 2 x
1
e 2 x sin x
P.I =
2
(D + 2 )
1
= e 2 x
sin x
2
D 2+2
1
= e 2 x 2 sin x
D
1
= e 2 x sin x
1
2 x
= -e sin x
y = C.F + P.I
y = (Ax + B)e 2 x - e 2 x sin x
f ' (D ) 1
1
1
( xV ) = x
V
V
f ( D)
f ( D)
f ( D) f ( D)
1
1
f ' ( D)
xV = x
V
V
f ( D)
f ( D)
[ f ( D)]2
10
D 2 + 10 D
1 +
x
24
3x
e 5D
=
1
x
24
12
e3x
5
=
x
24
12
General solution is y = C.F + P.I
e3x
=
24
y = A e x + Be 3 x
3x
ex
[2 cos x + sin x] + e x 5
24
12
5
d2y
dy
+ 2 + y = x cos x
2
dx
dx
Solution: A.E : m 2 +2m + 1 = 0
m = -1,-1
C.F = ( A + Bx)e x
1
P.I =
( x cos x)
( D + 1) 2
16 Solve
2( D + 1)
1
(cos x )
= x
2
2
(
)
(
)
D
+
1
D
+
1
11
2
1
(cos x )
= x
2
(D + 1) D + 2 D + 1
2
1
(cos x )
= x
D + 1 ( 1 + 2 D + 1)
2 sin x
= x
D + 1 2
x sin x
=
2
x sin x sin x
=
2
D +1
x sin x (D 1)sin x
=
2
D2 1
x sin x cos x sin x
=
+
2
2
2
D +1
1 1
1
= 2
e0x 2
cos 2 x
2 D +1
D +1
1 1
= 1 + cos 2 x
2 3
1 1
= + cos 2 x
2 6
1 1
y = A cosx +B sinx + + cos 2 x
2 6
d2y
y = x sin x + (1 + x )e x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
1
(xV ) = x f ' ( D) 1 (V )
P.I 1 =
f ( D)
f ( D) f ( D)
18. Solve
12
2D
1
(sin x )
= x 2 2
D 1 (D 1)
2 D sin x
= x 2
D 1 2
x sin x
2 cos x
=
+
2
2(D 2 1)
x sin x cos x
=
2
2
1
1+ x2 ex
P.I 2 = 2
D 1
1
= ex
(1 + x 2 )
2
(D + 1) 1
1
= ex 2
(1 + x 2 )
D + 2D
(
e (2 x
=
x
y = A e x
3x 2 + 9 x )
12
e x (2 x 3 3x 2 + 9 x )
+ Be x +
12
d2y
y = xe x sin x
dx 2
Solution: A.E : m 2 1 = 0
m = 1
C.F = A e x + Be x
1
P.I =
xe x sin x
2
D 1
1
(x sin x )
= ex
(D + 1)2 1
1
(x sin x )
= ex 2
D + 2D
19. Solve
1
2D + 2
= e x x 2
sin x
sin x
2
(2 D 1)
(D + 2 D )
2
2
sin x = sin x, = 1, putD = = 1
(2 D + 2) sin x
1
= e x x
sin x
(2 D 1)2
2D 1
(1 + 2 D ) sin x (2 D + 2)sin x
= e x x
2
(4 D 2 4 D + 1)
(1 4 D )
Put D 2 = 1
(1 + 2 D )
(2 D + 2)(3 4 D )
= e x x
sin x +
sin x
2
5
9 16 D
13
2
x
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 2 D ) sin x
= ex
25
5
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
P.I = e x
25
5
Complete Solution is
y = A e x + Be x +
x
(sin x + 2 cos x ) + (14 sin x 2 cos x )
ex
25
5
d2y
dy
+ a1
+ a 2 y = X [Where X is a function of x] .(1)
2
dx
dx
The complementary function of (1)
C.F = c 1 f 1 + c 2 f 2
Where c 1 , c 2 are constants and f 1 andf 2 are functions of x
Then P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
f2 X
dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
f1 X
dx
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
P=
Q=
1
2
y = c1 f 1 + c 2 f 2 + P.I
1. Solve D 2 + 4 y = sec 2 x
Solution: The A.E is m 2 +4 = 0
m = 2i
C.F = C 1 cos 2 x + C 2 sin 2 x
f 1 = cos 2 x
f 2 = sin 2 x
f 1' = 2 sin 2 x
f '2 = 2 cos 2 x
f 1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = 2 cos 2 2 x + 2 sin 2 2 x
= 2 cos 2 2 x + sin 2 2 x
= 2 [1]
=2
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
14
sin 2 x sec 2 x
dx
2
1
1
= sin 2 x
dx
2
cos 2 x
1 2 sin 2 x
=
dx
4 cos 2 x
1
= log(cos 2 x)
4
f1 X
dx
Q=
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
=
cos 2 x sec 2 x
dx
2
1
1
dx
= cos 2 x
2
cos 2 x
1
= dx
2
1
= x
2
P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
1
1
=
log(cos 2 x) (cos2x) + x sin2x
4
2
=
P=
= x
1
2
(1 cos 2 x ) dx
2
1
(x x cos 2 x )dx
2
1
1
= xdx + x cos 2 xdx
2
2
d2y
+ y = x sin x
dx 2
15
=
=
Q =
1 x 2 1 sin x
cos 2 x
(1)
+ x
2 2 2 2
4
1
x2 x
+ sin 2 x + cos 2 x
4 4
8
f1 X
dx
f1 f 2' f1' f 2
(cos x) x(sin x)
1
= x sin x cos xdx
sin 2 x
= x
dx
2
=
dx
1
x sin 2 xdx
2
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
= x
(1)
2
2
4
x
1
= cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4
8
=
P.I = Pf 1 +Qf 2
x2 x
1
1
x
=
+ sin 2 x + cos 2 x cos x +
cos 2 x + sin 2 x sin x
4
8
8
4
= 2x (e 2 x ) 2 x(e 2 x ) (e 2 x )
2
= (e 2 x ) [2 x 2 x 1]
2
= (e 2 x )
= e4x
P=
f X
dx
f f f f2
2
1
'
1 2
1
2x 2x
e e
dx
e 4 x
16
= dx = x
Q=
f1 X
dx
'
1 f f1 f 2
'
2
xe 2 x e 2 x
e 4 x dx
= xdx
=
x2
2
P.I = x 2 e 2 x
x 2 2x x 2 2x
e =
e
2
2
y = C.F + P.I
x 2 2x
= (Ax +B) e +
e
2
5. Use the method of variation of parameters to solve (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
Solution: Given (D 2 + 1)y = sec x
The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
= c1 f1 + c 2 f 2
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' cos x
f1 f 2' f 1' f 2 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
2x
f2 X
dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
sin x sec x
=
dx
1
sin x
=
dx
cos x
= tan xdx
P=
1
2
= log (cos x)
f1 X
Q=
dx
'
f1 f 2 f1' f 2
cos x sec x
dx
1
= dx
=
=x
P.I = Pf 1 + Qf 2
= log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
y = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x + log(cos x) cos x + x sin x
17
6. Solve (D 2 + a 2 )y = tan ax by the method of variation of parameters.
Solution: Given (D 2 + a 2 )y = tan ax
The A.E is m 2 + a 2 = 0
m = ai
C.F = c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax
f1 = cos ax, f 2 = sin ax
f1' = a sin x, f 2' = a cos ax
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = a cos ax cos ax sin ax( a sin ax)
= a cos 2 ax + a sin 2 ax
= a(cos 2 ax + sin 2 ax)
=a
P.I = Pf 1 + Qf 2
f2 X
dx
f 1 f f1' f 2
sin ax tan ax
=
dx
a
1 sin 2 ax
=
dx
a cos ax
1 1 cos 2 ax
=
dx
a cos ax
1
(sec ax cos ax )dx
=
a
1 1
sin ax
(
)
=
log
sec
ax
+
tan
ax
a a
a
1
= 2 [log(sec ax + tan ax ) sin ax ]
a
1
= 2 [sin ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a
P=
Q=
=
1
2
f1 X
dx
'
1 f f1 f 2
'
2
cos ax tan ax
dx
a
1
sin axdx
a
1
= 2 cos ax
a
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
1
1
= 2 cos ax[sin ax log(sec ax + tan ax )] 2 sin ax[cos ax ]
a
a
=
18
1
[cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a2
y = C.F + P.I
1
= c1 cos ax + c 2 sin ax 2 [cos ax log(sec ax + tan ax )]
a
=
d2y
7. Solve
+ y = tan x by the method of variation of parameters.
dx 2
Solution: The A.E is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = i
C.F = c1 cos x + c 2 sin x
Here f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1' = sin x, f 2' = cos x
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
sin x tan x
=
dx
1
sin 2 x
=
dx
cos x
1 cos 2 x
=
dx
cos x
= (sec x cos x )dx
1
= sin dx
=
dx
= cos x
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
= cos x log(sec x + tan x)
y = C.F + P.I
= c1 cos x + c 2 sin x cos x log(sec x + tan x)
8. Solve by method of variation of parameters y ''
4 ' 4
y + 2 y = x2 +1
x
x
4 ' 4
y + 2 y = x2 +1
x
x
2 ''
i.e., x y 4 xy ' + 4 y = x 4 + x 2
i.e., x 2 D 2 4 xD + 4 y = x 4 + x 2 .(1)
Put x = e z
19
Logx = log e z
=z
So that XD = D '
x 2 D = D ' (D ' 1)
[D
'2
5D ' + 4 y = e 4 z + e
2z
A.E is m 2 5m + 4 = 0
(m 4)(m 1) = 0
m = 1,4
C.F = c1e 4 z + c 2 e z
Here f1 = e 4 z , f 2 = e z
f1' = e 4 z , f 2' = e z
f1 f 2' f 2 f1' = e 5 z 4e 5 z = 3e 5 z
P.I = Pf1 + Qf 2
f2 X
P=
dx
1
f 1 f 2 f1' f 2
e z e4z + e2z
dx
3e 5 z
e5z + e3z
=
dx
3e 5 z
1
= 1 + e 2 z dz
3
1
e 2 z
= z +
3
2
1
1
z e 2 z
3
6
f1 Z
dz
f1 f 2' f 1' f 2
=
Q=
e 4 z (e 4 z + e 3 z )
3e 5 z dz
1 e8z + e 6 z
=
dz
3
e5z
1
= e 3 z + e z dz
3
1 e3z
=
+ ez
3 3
1
1
= e3z e z
9
3
1
1
1
1
P.I = z e 2 z e 4 z + e 3 z e z e z
6
3
3
20
1
1
1
1
= ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3
6
9
3
y = C.F + P.I
1
1
1
1
= c1e 4 z + c 2 e z + ze 4 z e 2 z e 4 z e 2 z
3
6
9
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
= c1 (e z ) 4 + c 2 e z + z (e z ) (e z ) e z (e z )
3
6
9
3
4
4
2
4
x
x
x
= c1 (e z ) + c 2 (e z ) +
log x
3
9
2
( )
D = dx , = dz
d
d
x
= xD =
=
dx
dz
Similarly
d 2 y d dy d 1 dy
= =
dx 2 dx dx dx x dz
1 dy 1 d dy
1 dy 1 d dy dz
= 2
+
+
= 2
x dz x dx dz
x dz x dz dz dx
an
d2y
1 dy 1 d 2 y
=
+
dx 2
x 2 dz x 2 dz 2
d 2 y d 2 y dy
x2 2 = 2
dz
dx
dz
21
x 2 D 2 = 2 = ( 1)
Similarly,
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
x 4 D 4 = ( 1)( 2)( 3)
and soon.
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
x 3 D 3 = ( 1)( 2)
and so on.
dy
d2y
+ x + y = 4 sin(log x)
2
dx
dx
Solution: Consider the transformation
1. Solve x 2
x = e z , (or ) z = log x
xD =
x 2 D 2 = ( 1)
(x 2 D 2 + xD + 1)y = 4 sin(log x)
( 2 + 1)y = 4 sin(z )
R.H.S = 0 : ( 2 + 1)y = 0
A.E : m 2 + 1 = 0, m = i
C.F = A cosz + B sinz
C.F = A cos (log x) +B sin (log x)
1
4(sin z )
P.I = 2
+1
z cos z
= 4
= 2 z cos z
2
2. Solve x 2
22
+ 3 + 2 y = ze z
A.E : m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0
M = - 2, -1
2
1
C.F = Ae 2 z + Be z = Ae log x + Be log x
A B
C.F = 2 +
x
x
1
P.I = 2
ez z
+ 3 + 2
1
=e z
z
2
( + 1) + 3( + 1) + 2
1
= ez 2
z
+ 5 + 6
2
)( )
ez
=
6
2 + 5
1 +
6 z
ez 5
ez
5
1 z = z
6 6
6
6
log x
e
5
=
log x
6
6
x
5
= log x
6
6
Complete solution is y = C.F +P.I
A B x
5
= 2 + + log x
x 6
6
x
( )
P.I = e 2 z
z2
2
23
x 2 (log x )
2
(2)
x 2 (log x )
2
x 2 (log x )
Complete solution is y = (1 2 log x )x +
2
(a + bx )n d
dx n
+ A1 (a + bx )
n 1
d n 1 y
+ ........... + An y = f ( x) ..(
dx n 1
1)
(a + bx )3 D 3 y = b 3 ( 1)( 2) and so on
24
3e z
3
= (2 x + 3)
2
14
4 6 12
z
9e
P.I 2 =
2
4 6 12
9
3
=
=
12
4
P.I 1 =
Solution is
(3+
y = A(2 x + 3)
57 / 4
+ B(2 x + 3)
3 57
3
(2 x + 3) 3
14
4
dx
dy
+ 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt
dt
dx
dy
Solution: Given
+ 2 x + 3 y = 2e 2t , + 3x + 2 y = 0
dt
dt
d
Using the operator D =
dt
2t
(D + 2)x + 3 y = 2e (1)
3 x + (D + 2 ) y = 0 .(2)
Solving (1) and (2) eliminate (x) :
3 (1) (2) ( D + 2) (D 2 + 4 D 5)y = 6e 2t ..............(3)
A.E : m 2 + 4m 5 = 0
m = 1,-5
C.F = Ae t + Be 5t
6e 2t
6
P.I = 2
= e 2t
7
D + 4D 5
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
1
put in (1) : x = [(D + 2) y ]
3
8
x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
solution is :
1. Solve the simultaneous equations,
8
x = Ae t + Be 5t + e 2t
7
6
y = Ae t + Be 5t e 2t
7
dx
dy
+ y = sin t , + x = cos t , giventhat t=0, x = 1, y =0
dt
dt
Solution: Dx + y = sin t ..(1)
x + Dy = cost (2)
Eliminate x : (1) (2)D y D 2 y = sin t + sin t
2. Solve
25
(D
1 y = 2 sin t...............(3)
m 1 = 0, m = 1
C.F = Ae t + Be t
sin t
sin t
P.I = 2 2
= (2)
= sin t
11
D 1
y = Ae t + Be t + sint
(2) : x = cost D(y)
d
Ae t + Be t + sin t
x = cost dt
x = cos t Ae t + Be t cos t
x = Ae t + Be t
Now using the conditions given, we can find A and B
t = 0, x = 1 1 = A + B
t = 0, y = 0 0 = A + B
1
1
B= ,A=
2
2
Solution is
1
1
x = e t + e t = cosh t
2
2
2
1
1
y = e t + e t + sin t = sin t sinh t
2
2
dx
dy
+ 2 y = sin t , 2 x = cos t
dt
dt
Solution: Dx + 2y = -sin t ..(1)
- 2x +Dy = cos t ...(2)
(1) 2 + (2) D 4 y + D 2 y = 2 sin t + D(cos t )
(D 2 + 4) = 3 sin t
m 2 + 4 = 0, m = i 2
C.F = A cos 2t + B sin 2t
3 sin t
3 sin t
P.I = 2
=
= sin t
D + 4 1+ 4
y = A cos 2t + B sin 2t - sin t
1
(2) : x = [Dy cos t ]
2
1d
3. Solve
26
dx dy
dx dy
+ 2 y = cos 2t , +
2 x = sin 2t
dt dt
dt dt
Solution: Dx + (-D +2)y = cos 2t ..(1)
(D 2)x +Dy = sin 2t (2)
Eliminating y from (1) and (2)
(D 2 2D + 2)x = 2 sin 2t + cos 2t
R.H.S = 0 m 2 2m + 2 = 0
m = 1 i
t
C.F = e ( A cos t + B sin t )
( 2 sin 2t ) = sin 2t
P.I 1 = 2
D 2D + 2 1 + D
(1 D ) sin 2t = sin 2t D(sin 2t )
=
1+ 4
1 D2
sin 2t 2 cos 2t
=
5
1
(cos 2t )
P.I 2 = 2
D 2D + 2
(cos 2t + 2 sin 2t )
=
10
4. Solve
x = e t ( A cos t + B sin t ) +
5
10
dx
+ 2 y 2 x = cos 2t + sin 2t
dt
dx
2y = cos2t +sin 2t + 2x - 2
dt
1
dx
y = cos 2t + sin 2t + 2 x 2 (3)
2
dt
Substitute x in (3)
sin 2t
y = e t ( A cos t B sin t )
2
Solution is :
(1) +(2) 2
5
10
sin 2t
y = e t ( A cos t B sin t )
2
x = e t ( A cos t + B sin t ) +