URBAN DESIGN

Urban design is the process of shaping the physical setting for life in
cities, towns and villages .It `landscapes, and establishing the
processes that make successful development possible.
An Urban settlement is a concentrated settlement that constitutes or
is part of an urban area. It is an `area with high density of humancreated structures .These geometrical patterns is usually in squares
and rectangles and are well laid out.

URBAN DESIGN METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS- Urban morphology is the study of the
form of human settlements and the process of their formation and
transformation.
The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of
a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of
its component parts and the process of its development. This can
involve the analysis of physical structures at different scales as well
as patterns of movement, land use, ownership or control and
occupation.
Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on streetpattern, lot (or, in
the UK, plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to
collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually
undertaken using cartographic sources and the process of
development is deduced from comparison of historic maps.

CULTURAL ANALYSIS- Urban culture is a city soul, it's development

is continuity, regional and highly inclusive. Deep thinking and
analysis of the contact between urban culture and urban design,guide
the city to create a perfect urban image, is the development
aspirations of the times. Through position the urban culture,

extraction of the urban culture, using history culture strategy, keep

cultural sustainability, urban design under urban culture can make
urban culture more vitality and Convincing design.

URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

DENSITY DIVERSITY
Resilient Cities and neighbourhoods will need to embrace density,
diversity and mix of uses, users, building types, and public spaces.

PEDESTERIAN FIRST
Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will prioritize walking as the
preferred mode of travel, and as a defining component of a healthy
quality of life.

TRANSIT SUPPORTIVE
Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will develop in a way that is
transit supportive.

PLACE MAKING
Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will focus energy and resources
on conserving, enhancing, and creating strong, vibrant places, which
are a significant component of the neighbourhoods structure and of
the communitys identity.

URBAN DESIGN ELEMENTS

The contents of the city images so far studied, which are referable to
physical forms, can conveniently be classified into five
types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.
Indeed, these elements may be of more general application, since
they seem to reappear in many types of environmental images, as
may be seen by reference to Appendix A. These elements may
be defined as follows:

1. Paths- Paths are the channels along which the observer

customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They may be streets,
walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people, these are
the predominant elements in their image. People observe the city
while moving through it, and along these paths the other
environmental elements are arranged and related.

2. Edges. Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as

paths by the observer. They are the boundaries between two phases,
linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts,

edges of development, walls. They are lateral references rather than

coordinate axes. Such edges may be barriers, more or less
penetrable, which close one region off from another; or they may
be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined
together. These edge elements, although probably not as dominant
as paths, are for many people important organizing features,
particularly in the role of holding together generalized areas, as in the
outline of a city by water or wall.

3. Districts. Districts are the medium-to-Iarge sections of the city,

conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer
mentally enters "inside of," and which are recognizable as having
some common, identifying character. Always identifiable
from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if visible
from the outside. Most people structure their city to some extent in
this way, with individual differences as to whether paths
Or districts are the dominant elements. It seems to depend not only
upon the individual but also upon the given city

4. Nodes Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an
observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from
which he is traveling. They may be primarily junctions,
places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of
paths, moments of shift from one structure to another.Or the nodes
may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance
from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a
street-corner hangout or an enclosed square.

5. Landmarks. Landmarks are another type of point-reference, but

in this case the observer does not enter within them, they are
external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical
object: building, sign, store, or mountain. Their use involves the
singling our of one element from a host of possibilities. Some
landmarks are distant ones, typically seen from many angles
and distances, over the tops of smaller elements, and used as radial
references. They may be within the city or at such a distance that for
all practical purposes they symbolize a constant
direction. Such are isolated towers, golden domes, great hills. Even a
mobile point, like the sun, whose motion is sufficiently slow and
regular, may be employed. Other landmarks are primarily
local, being visible only in restricted localities and from certain
approaches.

URBAN TYPOLOGY
Typology is the taxonomic classification of (usually physical)
characteristics commonly found in buildings and urban places,
according to their association with different categories, such as
intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly urban),
degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist
or traditional). Individual characteristics form patterns. Patterns relate
elements hierarchically across physical scales.
An emphasis on typology is characteristic of New Urbanism. New
Urbanists believe it is important to match the physical development
characteristics of a place within the appropriate typology for that
place, as determined by local preferences taken in context with urban
patterns as evidenced throughout history. Modernists, in keeping with
their general disinclination to keep within the constraints of tradition
and hierarchies of patterns, are less likely to focus on identifying the
correct typology of a site.

DESIGN PROCESS
PUBLIC SPACE
A public space is a social space that is generally open and accessible
to people. Roads (including the pavement), public
squares, parksand beaches are typically considered public space. To a
limited extent, government buildings which are open to the public,
such as public libraries are public spaces, although they tend to have
restricted areas and greater limits upon use. Although not considered
public space, privately owned buildings or property visible from
sidewalks and public thoroughfares may affect the public visual
landscape, for example, by outdoor advertising. Recently, the
concept of Shared space has been advanced to enhance the
experience of pedestrians in public space jointly used by automobiles
and other vehicles.
Public space has also become something of a touchstone for critical
theory in relation to philosophy, (urban) geography, visual
art, cultural studies, social studies and urban design. The term 'public
space' is also often misconstrued to mean other things such as
'gathering place', which is an element of the larger concept of social
space.

The Design of Public Spaces will focus on removing barriers in two

areas:
1. Public spaces, and
2. Buildings.

Enhancements to accessibility in buildings will happen at a later date

through Ontario's Building Code, which governs new construction and
renovations in buildings.The standard for the design of public
spaces only applies to new construction and major changes to
existing features.
Recreational trails/beach access
routes
Outdoor public eating areas like
rest stops or picnic areas
Outdoor play spaces, like
playgrounds in provincial parks
and local communities
Outdoor paths of travel, like
sidewalks, ramps, stairs, curb
ramps, rest areas and
accessible pedestrian signals
Accessible parking (on and off
street)
Service-related elements like
service counters, fixed queuing
lines and waiting areas
Maintenance and restoration of
public spaces,

"The measure of any great civilization is its cities and a measure of a

city's greatness is to be found in the quality of its public spaces, its
parks and squares." -John Ruskin

URBAN CONSERVATION
Urban conservation is concerned with those parts of the built
environment that are of

architectural or historic significance. This includes buildings

(individually or in groups),
localities (streets, blocks, environments), special gardens or
landscapes,
and other structures.

Importance
Urban conservation is important to the community in terms of
savings (in both money and energy) in the re-use of older buildings as
opposed to the construction of equivalent new structures. The older
part of the building stock is generally a reflection of gradual
alterations made to enable buildings to meet the changing needs of
their owners and occupants and the strategy seeks to encourage this
process of adaptive re-use. Conservation & Preservation

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), as an attached office under

the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, is the
premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection
of the cultural heritage of the nation.

Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and

remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI.
Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per
the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites
and Remains Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure
Act, 1972.
For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites
and remains of national importance the entire country is divided into
24 Circles.

The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists,

conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting

archaeological research projects through its Excavation Branches,

Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture
Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and
Underwater Archaeology Wing.

BUILT HERITAGE Built heritage is not only about beautiful buildings

and monuments of exceptional value but also includes small
modest vernacular buildings that embody other equally important
historical, social or even archaeological values rendering them just as
significant.
The significance of heritage places can change over time as
community values evolve. Conservation does not require them to be
preserved in their original condition or use, only that any alteration or
development for contemporary use and enjoyment retains it original
heritage features. In addition to regular maintenance, conservation
may include preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation and
interpretation.

URBAN RENEWAL

Urban renewal which is generally called urban regeneration,

"revitalization" in theUnited States,[1] is a program of
land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land
use. Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern
incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and
experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric
of reconstruction. The process has had a major impact on many
urban landscapes, and has played an important role in the history
and demographics of cities around the world.
Urban renewal involves the relocation of businesses,
the demolition of structures, the relocation of people, and the use
ofeminent domain (government purchase of property for public
purpose) as a legal instrument to take private property for cityinitiated development projects. This process is also carried out in
rural areas, referred to as village renewal, though it may not be
exactly the same in practice.

HISTORY OF CONSERVATION
ASI established in 1862; a historic institution in itself protecting 3,667
monuments all across the country
First hundred years a golden era in the history of ASI with stupendous
works carried out by its archaeologists and engineers.
Conservation Principles
Conserve original wood siding.
If replacing, match the original profile.
For new additions, select a wood siding that complements the style
of the original historic
building.
Paint in period heritage colours.

TREATMENTS FOR PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE

Preservation and maintenance cannot be separated, although the

requirements of an initial treatment may differ significantly from the
requirements for maintaining an existing condition. Many of the
problems associated with treatment involve the unavailability of
existing information.
During this treatment, and during all conservation treatments, the
following standards of ethics must be rigorously followed:
The condition of the object, and all methods and materials used
during treatment, must be clearly documented.
Historical evidence should be fully recorded; it must not be
destroyed, falsified, or removed. Any intervention must be the
minimum necessary.
Any intervention must be governed by unswerving respect for the
aesthetic, historical, and physical integrity of cultural property.

Documentation
Complete recording is essential before, during, and after any
intervention. In all works of preservation, repair, or excavation of
cultural property there must always be precise documentation in the
form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with photographs
and drawings. Every stage of the work of cleaning, consolidation,
reassembly, and reintegration, including all materials and techniques
used, must be recorded. Technical and formal features identified
during the course of the work should also be included in the
documentation. This record should then be placed in the archives of a
public institution and made available to research workers.

Interventions
The intervention should be the minimum necessary. The techniques
used depend upon the conditions of climate to which cultural
property is likely to be subjected. These fall into three groups:
Natural climatic and rnicroclimatic conditions, which vary greatly
and are virtually uncontrollable.
Modified climatic conditions, such as those found in a normal
building that forms an environmental spatial system with a partially
self-adjusting modified climate.

 Conditions where humidity and temperature are controlled

artificially to minimize dangerous variations. Ideally, the climatic
control has been designed for the safety of the objects, rather than
the comfort of the visitor.
In any individual conservation treatment, several degrees may take
place simultaneously in various parts of the whole. The seven
degrees are:
Prevention of deterioration
Rehabilitation
Preservation
Reproduction
Consolidation
Reconstruction
Restoration

Restoration
The object of restoration is to revive the original concept or legibility
of the object. Restoration and reintegration of details and features
occur frequently and are based upon respect for original material,
archeological evidence, original design, and authentic documents.
Replacement of missing or decayed parts must integrate
harmoniously with the whole, but on close inspection must be
distinguishable from the original so that the restoration does not
falsify artistic or historical evidence.

Rehabilitation
The best way of preserving buildings is to keep them in use, a
practice that may involve what the French call "mise en valeur," or
modernization and adaptive alteration.

Reproduction
Reproduction entails copying an extant artifact, often in order to
replace some missing or decayed, generally decorative, parts to
maintain its aesthetic harmony. If valuable cultural property is being
damaged irretrievably or is threatened by its environment, it may
have to be moved to a more suitable environment.
Reconstruction Reconstruction of historic buildings and historic town
centers using new materials may be necessitated by disasters such

as fire, earthquake, or war, but reconstructions cannot have the

patina of age. As in restoration, reconstruction must be based upon
accurate documentation and evidence, never upon conjecture. In the
case of a work of art, a stolen panel from the Ghent Altarpiece (ca.
1432) was replaced with an exact reproduction.

PRESERVATION OF HERITGE
Tangible Cultural Heritage
Tangible heritage includes buildings and historic places,
monuments, artifacts, etc., which are considered worthy of
preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the
archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.
Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible
attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past
generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit
of future generations

URBAN DESIGN
JOURNAL

SUBMITTED BYKAJALGANGIL
BARN1AR13026