or
ld
www.alljntuworld.in
JN
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JNTU World
JN
TU
or
ld
www.alljntuworld.in
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JNTU World
or
ld
Introduction
JN
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TU
or
ld
Information Transferring
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or
ld
Attack: Interruption
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ld
Attack: Interception
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Attack: Modification
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Attack: Fabrication
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" Action
! Security
Attacks
! Security
or
ld
Services
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" Enhances
! Security
" Detect,
mechanism
prevent and recover from a security
attack
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authentication, integrity,
non-repudiation, non-deny, availability,
identification,
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! Confidentiality,
or
ld
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Passive attacks
"
Interception
#
#
Active attacks
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or
ld
Attacks
"
Masquerade
Replay
Modification
Denial of service
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ld
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principal
Security
transformation
Security
transformation
opponent
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ld
Cryptography
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"
"
"
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Cryptography
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"
or
ld
Basic Concepts
Plaintext
"
Ciphertext
"
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Cipher
"
Key
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"
or
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Basic Concepts
Encipher (encode)
"
Decipher (decode)
"
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Cryptanalysis
"
or
ld
Basic Concepts
Cryptology
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"
Code
"
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ld
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Plaintext
Decipher P = D(K2)(C)
Encipher C = E(K1)(P)
ciphertext
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! Two
" Unconditional
#
or
ld
Security
security
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" Computational
#
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Ancient ciphers
"
"
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"
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History
"
"
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Ancient ciphers
"
"
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"
or
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History
"
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"
"
Product cipher:
"
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ld
Plaintext
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ciphertext
Encipher C = E(K)(P)
Decipher P = D(K)(C)
Key source
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secret channel
! Encrypt the key
! Third trusted party
! The sender and the receiver generate key
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! Using
or
ld
Key Management
" The
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the message
! Recover the secret key
" Thus
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! Thus
! Recover
or
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Attacks
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Ciphertext only
"
Known plaintext
"
Algorithm, ciphertext
or
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Possible Attacks
Chosen plaintext
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"
Chosen ciphertext
"
Chosen text
"
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! Conceal
or
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Steganography
marking
" Invisible ink
" Pin punctures
" Typewriter correction ribbon
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" Character
! Cryptography
renders message
unintelligible!
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! Least
or
ld
Contemporary Equiv.
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! Drawbacks
" 2048x3072
" Large
overhead
" Virtually useless if system is known
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! Replace
or
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Caesar Cipher
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! Description
or
ld
Mathematical Model
E(k) : i i + k mod 26
" Decryption D(k) : i i - k mod 26
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" Encryption
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Key space: 26
"
Example
GDUCUGQFRMPCNJYACJCRRCPQ
HEVDVHRGSNQDOKZBDKDSSDQR
Plaintext:
JGXFXJTIUPSFQMBDFMFUUFSTKHYGYKUJVGRNCEGNG
VVGTU
Ciphertext:
LIZHZLVKWRUHSODFHOHWWHUVMJAIAMWXSVITPEGI
PIXXIVW
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TU
"
or
ld
"
"
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or
ld
Character Frequencies
"
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"
"
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! Single
Letter
! Double
" A,B,C,D,E,..
or
ld
Letter
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TU
" TH,HE,IN,ER,RE,ON,AN,EN,.
! Triple
Letter
" THE,AND,TIO,ATI,FOR,THA,TER,RES,
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" Need
! Use
or
ld
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space:23*26
" Brute
force search
! Key
or
ld
Cryptanalysis
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! Use
" frequency
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or
ld
Playfair Cipher
Used in WWI and WWII
m
b
h
r
x
p
c
k
t
y
i/j
a
g
q
w
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s
e
f
o
v
l
d
n
u
z
Key: simple
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or
ld
Playfair Cipher
ac--bd
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! Use
" Same
#
qw--wi
" Otherwisesquares
#
ar--bq
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of diagrams: 25!
! Difficult using frequency analysis
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TU
" But
! Size
or
ld
Analysis
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or
ld
Hill Cipher
! Encryption
JN
TU
" Assign
! Decryption
" P=K-1C
mod 26
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! Difficult
or
ld
Analysis
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or
ld
Polyalphabetic Substitution
more than one substitution alphabet
! Makes cryptanalysis harder
have more alphabets to guess
" and flattens frequency distribution
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" since
! Use
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or
ld
Vigenre Cipher
"
"
K = k1 k2 ... kd
ith letter specifies ith alphabet to use
use each alphabet in turn, repeating from start after d
letters in message
JN
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"
Plaintext THISPROCESSCANALSOBEEXPRESSED
Keyword CIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHE
Ciphertext VPXZTIQKTZWTCVPSWFDMTETIGAHLH
Downloaded From JNTU World (http://www.alljntuworld.in)
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or
ld
One-time Pad
Vernam (AT&T)
! Encryption
" C=PK
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! Decryption
! Gilbert
" P=CK
! Difficulty:
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! Example
JN
TU
" Write
of plaintext
! Permutation
or
ld
Transposition Methods
! Enhance:
" Can