NURSING THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Notes on Nursing: What It Is, What It Is Not (first nursing theory)
-manipulating ones environment (noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope) to
promote wellness
-reparative process of getting well

VIRGINIA HENDERSON
The Nature of Nursing Model
14 Fundamental Needs Theory
-unique function of the nurse: to assist the clients, sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health and its recovery
-assisting the client in gaining independence as rapidly as possible
-14 fundamental needs: breath, eat, drink, eliminate, posture, sleep, dress, temperature, hygiene,
communicate worship, work, play, learn and avoid danger

FAYE ABDELLAH
Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing Model
21 Nursing Problems
-nursing as a well prepared service to individuals and families therefore to society
-nursing as an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual, competencies, and technical skills
of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well and cope with their health
needs

DOROTHY E. JOHNSON
The Behavioral System Model
-each person as a behavioral system is composed of 7 subsystems: ingestive, eliminative, affiliative,
aggressive, dependence, achievement, sexual and role identity behavior
-each person strives to achieve balance and stability both internally and externally and to function
effectively by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces through learned patterns of response

IMOGENE KING
Goal Attainment Theory
Open system Model
-nursing as a helping profession that assist individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain and
restore health
-nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse to help the client reestablish a positive
adaptation to his/her environment

MADELEINE LEININGER
Transcultural Nursing Model
-nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring
processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain health conditions

MYRA ESTRIN LEVIN

Four Conservation Theory
-nursing is a human interaction aimed at conserving energy to optimize use of clients resources
4 conservation Principles
Conservation of Energy- human body needs producing input (foods, oxygen, fluids) to allow energy
utilization as output
Conservation of Structural Integrity- human body has physical boundaries (skin and mucous
membrane) that must be maintained to facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from entering the
body
Conservation of Personal Integrity- nursing interventions are based on the conservation of the
individual clients personality
Conservation of Social Integrity- social integrity of the client reflects the family and the community in
which the client functions. It is important for nurses to consider the individual in the context of the family
BETTY NEUMAN
Health Care System Model
-nursing is a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals
response to stresses, which are intra (within the individual), inter (between one or more other people)
and extrapersonal (outside the individual) in nature
-concern of nursing is to prevent stress invasion to protect the clients basic structure and to obtain a
maximum level of wellness

DOROTHEA OREM
Self Care and Self Care Deficit Theory
Nursing: Concept of Practice
-defined self care as the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in
maintaining life, health and well-being
3 Nursing Systems
Wholly Compensatory- when the nurse is expected to accomplish all the patients therapeutic self care
or to compensate for the patients inability to engage in self-care
Partially Compensatory- when both nurse and patient engage in meeting self care needs
Supportive-Educative- the system requires assistance in decision making, behavior control and
acquisition of knowledge and skills

HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Interpersonal Model
-nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in
need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help
-4 phases of nurse-client relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution

MARTHA ROGERS
Science of Unitary Human Beings
-unitary man is an energy filed in constant interaction with the environment
-human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the
whole are significantly different from those of its parts

SISTER CALLISTA ROY

Adaptation Model
-each person as a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with a changing environment
-person as an adaptive system, functions as a whole through interdependence of its parts
-all people have certain needs when they endeavor to meet in order to maintain integrity. These needs
are divided into four different modes: physiological, self concept, role function and interdependence

LYDIA HALL
Nursing: What Is It?
-nursing centers on 3 components: care (nurturance and is exclusive to nursing) core (therapeutic
use of self and emphasize the use of reflection) cure (nursing, disease and treatment)
-coined the term Nursing Process

IDA JEAN ORLANDO

The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Model
-nurse helps patients meet a perceived need that the patients cannot meet themselves
-nurse provides direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate
distress or helplessness
-nursing action can be automatic (those chosen for reasons other than the immediate need for help) or
deliberative (those resulting from validating the need for help, exploring the meaning of the need, and
validating effectiveness of the action taken to meet the need)
-advocated that the 3 elements composing nursing situation are: client behavior, nurse reaction and
nurse action
JEAN WATSON
Human Caring Model (Nursing: Human Science and Human Care)
-nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to
help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care
and self- healing
-focus on the curative factors derived from a humanistic perspective and from scientific knowledge

ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE

Theory of Human Becoming
Man-Living-Health Theory of Nursing
-free choice of personal meaning in relating value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in
exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold
-focus on humans as living unity and humans qualitative participation with health experience

JOYCE TRAVELBEE
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing Model
Human-to-Human Relationship Model
-goal of nursing is to assist individuals or family in preventing or coping with illness, regaining health,
finding meaning in illness, or maintaining maximal degree of health
-interpersonal process is a human-to-human relationship formed during illness and experience of
suffering

CLAUDE BERNARD
Concept of Health on Internal Milieu
-health is the ability to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the internal
environment

WALTER CANNON
Concept of Health on Homeostasis
-health is the ability to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the
negative feedback mechanism

HANS SELYE
Modern Stress Theory
- Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it