Tano V Socrates

10/8/2016
G.R.No.110249
TodayisSaturday,October08,2016
RepublicofthePhilippines
SUPREMECOURT
Manila
ENBANC
G.R.No.110249August21,1997
ALFREDO TANO, BALDOMERO TANO, DANILO TANO, ROMUALDO TANO, TEOCENES MIDELLO, ANGEL
DEMESA,EULOGIOTREMOCHA,FELIPEONGONION,JR.,ANDRESLINIJAN,ROBERTLIM,VIRGINIALIM,
FELIMON DE MESA, GENEROSO ARAGON, TEODORICO ANDRE, ROMULO DEL ROSARIO, CHOLITO
ANDRE, ERICK MONTANO, ANDRES OLIVA, VITTORIO SALVADOR, LEOPOLDO ARAGON, RAFAEL RIBA,
ALEJANDRO LEONILA, JOSE DAMACINTO, RAMIRO MANAEG, RUBEN MARGATE, ROBERTO REYES,
DANILO PANGARUTAN, NOE GOLPAN, ESTANISLAO ROMERO, NICANOR DOMINGO, ROLDAN TABANG,
ADRIANO TABANG, FREDDIE SACAMAY, MIGUEL TRIMOCHA, PACENCIO LABABIT, PABLO H. OMPAD,
CELESTINO A. ABANO, ALLAN ALMODAI, BILLY D. BARTOLAY, ALBINO D. LIQUE, MECHOR J. LAYSON,
MELANIE AMANTE, CLARO E. YATOC, MERGELDO B. BALDEO, EDGAR M. ALMASETA, JOSELITO
MANAEG, LIBERATO ANDRADA, JR., ROBERTO BERRY, RONALD VILLANUEVA, EDUARDO VALMORIA,
WILFREDO MENDOZA, NAPOLEON BABANGGA, ROBERTO TADEPA, RUBEN ASINGUA, SILVERIO GABO,
JERRY ROMERO, DAVID PANGGARUTAN, DANIEL PANGGARUTAN, ROMEO AGAWIN, FERNANDO EQUIZ,
DITOLEQUIZ,RONILOMODERABLE,BENEDICTOTORRES,ROSITOA.VALDEZ,CRESENCIOA.SAYANG,
NICOMEDES S. ACOSTA, ERENEO A. SEGARINO, JR., WILFREDO A. RAUTO, DIOSDADO A. ACOSTA,
BONIFACIO G. SISMO, TACIO ALUBA, DANIEL B. BATERZAL, ELISEO YBAEZ, DIOSDADO E. HANCHIC,
EDDIEESCALICAS,ELEAZARB.BATERZAL,DOMINADORHALICHIC,ROOSEVELTRISMOAN,ROBERTC.
MERCADER, TIRSO ARESGADO, DANIEL CHAVEZ, DANILO CHAVEZ, VICTOR VILLAROEL, ERNESTO C.
YBAEZ,ARMANDOT.SANTILLAN,RUDYS.SANTILLAN,JODJENILUSTRISIMO,NESTORSALANGRON,
ALBERTO SALANGRON, ROGER L. ROXAS, FRANCISCO T. ANTICANO, PASTOR SALANGRON,
BIENVENIDO SANTILLAN, GILBUENA LADDY, FIDEL BENJAMIN, JOVELITO BELGANO, HONEY PARIOL,
ANTONIO SALANGRON, NICASIO SALANGRON, & AIRLINE SHIPPERS ASSOCIATION OF PALAWAN,
petitioners,
vs.
HON. GOV. SALVADOR P. SOCRATES, MEMBERS OF SANGGUNIANG PANLALAWIGAN OF PALAWAN,
namely, VICEGOVERNOR JOEL T. REYES, JOSE D. ZABALA, ROSALINO R. ACOSTA, JOSELITO A.
CADLAON, ANDRES R. BAACO, NELSON P. PENEYRA, CIPRIANO C. BARROMA, CLARO E. ORDINARIO,
ERNESTO A. LLACUNA, RODOLFO C. FLORDELIZA, GILBERT S. BAACO, WINSTON G. ARZAGA,
NAPOLEON F. ORDONEZ and GIL P. ACOSTA, CITY MAYOR EDWARD HAGEDORN, MEMBERS OF
SANGGUNIANGPANLUNGSODNGPUERTOPRINCESA,ALLMEMBERSOFBANTAYDAGAT,MEMBERSOF
PHILIPPINENATIONALPOLICEOFPALAWAN,PROVINCIALANDCITYPROSECUTORSOFPALAWANand
PUERTOPRINCESACITY,andALLJUDGESOFPALAWAN,REGIONAL,MUNICIPALANDMETROPOLITAN,
respondents.
DAVIDE,JR.,J.:
Petitionerscaptiontheirpetitionasonefor"Certiorari,InjunctionWithPreliminaryandMandatoryInjunction,with
PrayerforTemporaryRestrainingOrder"andpraythatthisCourt:(1)declareasunconstitutional:(a)Ordinance
No.1592,dated15December1992,oftheSangguniangPanglungsodofPuertoPrincesa(b)OfficeOrderNo.
23,Seriesof1993,dated22January1993,issuedbyActingCityMayorAmadoL.LuceroofPuertoPrincesaCity
and (c) Resolution No. 33, Ordinance No. 2, Series of 1993, dated 19 February 1993, of the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan of Palawan (2) enjoin the enforcement thereof and (3) restrain respondents Provincial and City
Prosecutors of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City and Judges of the Regional Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial
Courts1andMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtsinPalawanfromassumingjurisdictionoverandhearingcasesconcerningtheviolationoftheOrdinancesand
oftheOfficeOrder.
Moreappropriately,thepetitionis,andshallbetreatedas,aspecialcivilactionforcertiorariandprohibition.
http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/aug1997/gr_110249_1997.html
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Thefollowingispetitioners'summaryofthefactualantecedentsgivingrisetothepetition:
1.OnDecember15,1992,theSangguniangPanlungsodngPuertoPrincesaCityenactedOrdinanceNo.
1592whichtookeffectonJanuary1,1993entitled:"ANORDINANCEBANNINGTHESHIPMENTOFALL
LIVEFISHANDLOBSTEROUTSIDEPUERTOPRINCESACITYFROMJANUARY1,1993TOJANUARY1,
1998ANDPROVIDINGEXEMPTIONS,PENALTIESANDFOROTHERPURPOSESTHEREOF",thefulltext
ofwhichreadsasfollows:
Sec.1.TitleoftheOrdinance.ThisOrdinanceisentitled:ANORDINANCEBANNINGTHE
SHIPMENT OF ALL LIVE FISH AND LOBSTER OUTSIDE PUERTO PRINCESA CITY FROM
JANUARY1,1993TOJANUARY1,1998ANDPROVIDINGEXEMPTIONS,PENALTIESAND
FOROTHERPURPOSESTHEREOF.
Sec.2.Purpose,ScopeandCoverage.ToeffectivelyfreeourCitySeaWatersfromCyanide
andotherObnoxioussubstance[s],andshallcoverallpersonsand/orentitiesoperatingwithin
andoutsidetheCityofPuertoPrincesawhoisare(sic)directlyorindirectlyinthebusinessor
shipmentoflivefishandlobsteroutsidetheCity.
Sec.3.Definitionofterms.ForpurposeofthisOrdinancethefollowingareherebydefined:
A. SEA BASS A kind of fish under the family of Centropomidae,
betterknownasAPAHAP
B. CATFISH A kind of fish under the family of Plotosidae, better
knownasHITOHITO
C. MUDFISH A kind of fish under the family of Orphicaphalisae
betterknownasDALAG
D.ALLLIVEFISHAllalive,breathingnotnecessarilymovingofall
specie[s]use[d]forfoodandforaquariumpurposes.
E. LIVE LOBSTER Several relatively, large marine crusteceans
[sic] of the genus Homarus that are alive and breathing not
necessarilymoving.
Sec.4.Itshallbeunlawful[for]anypersonoranybusinessenterpriseorcompanytoshipout
from Puerto Princesa City to any point of destination either via aircraft or seacraft of any live
fishandlobsterexceptSEABASS,CATFISH,MUDFISH,ANDMILKFISHFRIES.
Sec.5.PenaltyClause.Anyperson/sandorbusinessentityviolatingthisOrdinanceshallbe
penalizedwithafineofnotmorethanP5,000.00orimprisonmentofnotmorethantwelve(12)
months,cancellationoftheirpermittodobusinessintheCityofPuertoPrincesaorallofthe
hereinstatedpenalties,uponthediscretionofthecourt.
Sec.6.Iftheownerand/oroperatoroftheestablishmentfoundviolatingtheprovisionsofthis
ordinanceisacorporationorapartnership,thepenaltyprescribedinSection5hereofshallbe
imposeduponitspresidentand/orGeneralManagerorManagingPartnerand/orManager,as
thecasemaybe[sic].
Sec. 7. Any existing ordinance or any provision of any ordinance inconsistent to [sic] this
ordinanceisdeemedrepealed.
Sec.8.ThisOrdinanceshalltakeeffectonJanuary1,1993.
SOORDAINED.
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2.Toimplementsaidcityordinance,thenActingCityMayorAmadoL.LuceroissuedOfficeOrderNo.23,
Seriesof1993datedJanuary22,1993whichreadsasfollows:
IntheinterestofpublicserviceandforpurposesofCityOrdinanceNo.PD4261474,otherwiseknownas
"AN ORDINANCE REQUIRING ANY PERSON ENGAGED OR INTENDING TO ENGAGE IN ANY
BUSINESS, TRADE, OCCUPATION, CALLING OR PROFESSION OR HAVING IN HIS POSSESSION ANY
OF THE ARTICLES FOR WHICH A PERMIT IS REQUIRED TO BE HAD, TO OBTAIN FIRST A MAYOR'S
PERMIT"and"CityOrdinanceNo.1592,ANORDINANCEBANNINGTHESHIPMENTOFALLLIVEFISH
ANDLOBSTEROUTSIDEPUERTOPRINCESACITYFROMJANUARY1,1993TOJANUARY1,1998,you
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areherebyauthorizedanddirectedtocheckorconductnecessaryinspectionsoncargoescontaininglive
fishandlobsterbeingshippedoutfromthePuertoPrincesaAirport,PuertoPrincesaWharforatanyport
withinthejurisdictionoftheCitytoanypointofdestinations[sic]eitherviaaircraftorseacraft.
ThepurposeoftheinspectionistoascertainwhethertheshipperpossessedtherequiredMayor'sPermit
issuedbythisOfficeandtheshipmentiscoveredbyinvoiceorclearanceissuedbythelocalofficeofthe
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and as to compliance with all other existing rules and
regulationsonthematter.
Anycargocontaininglivefishandlobsterwithouttherequireddocumentsasstatedhereinmustbeheldfor
properdisposition.
In the pursuit of this Order, you are hereby authorized to coordinate with the PAL Manager, the PPA
Manager, the local PNP Station and other offices concerned for the needed support and cooperation.
Further, that the usual courtesy and diplomacy must be observed at all times in the conduct of the
inspection.
Pleasebeguidedaccordingly.
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3. On February 19, 1993, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Provincial Government of Palawan enacted
ResolutionNo.33entitled:"ARESOLUTIONPROHIBITINGTHECATCHING,GATHERING,POSSESSING,
BUYING, SELLING AND SHIPMENT OF LIVE MARINE CORAL DWELLING AQUATIC ORGANISMS, TO
WIT: FAMILY: SCARIDAE (MAMENG), EPINE PHELUS FASCIATUS (SUNO). CROMILEPTES ALTIVELIS
(PANTHER OR SENORITA), LOBSTER BELOW 200 GRAMS AND SPAWNING, TRIDACNA GIGAS
(TAKLOBO), PINCTADA MARGARITEFERA (MOTHER PEARL, OYSTERS, GIANT CLAMS AND OTHER
SPECIES), PENAEUS MONODON (TIGER PRAWNBREEDER SIZE OR MOTHER), EPINEPHELUS
SUILLUS (LOBA OR GREEN GROUPER) AND FAMILY: BALISTIDAE (TROPICAL AQUARIUM FISHES)
FORAPERIODFIVE(5)YEARSINANDCOMINGFROMPALAWANWATERS",thefulltextofwhichreads
asfollows:
WHEREAS,scientificandfactualresearches[sic]andstudiesdisclosethatonlyfive(5)percent
ofthecoralsofourprovinceremaintobeinexcellentconditionas[a]habitatofmarinecoral
dwellingaquaticorganisms
WHEREAS, it cannot be gainsaid that the destruction and devastation of the corals of our
province were principally due to illegal fishing activities like dynamite fishing, sodium cyanide
fishing,useofotherobnoxioussubstancesandotherrelatedactivities
WHEREAS, there is an imperative and urgent need to protect and preserve the existence of
the remaining excellent corals and allow the devastated ones to reinvigorate and regenerate
themselvesintovitalitywithinthespanoffive(5)years
WHEREAS,Sec.468,Par.1,SubPar.VIofthe[sic]R.A.7160otherwiseknownastheLocal
Government Code of 1991 empowers the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to protect the
environment and impose appropriate penalties [upon] acts which endanger the environment
suchasdynamitefishingandotherformsofdestructivefishing,amongothers.
NOW,THEREFORE,onmotionbyKagawadNelsonP.Peneyraanduponunanimousdecision
ofallthememberspresent
Be it resolved as it is hereby resolved, to approve Resolution No. 33, Series of 1993 of the
SangguniangPanlalawiganandtoenactOrdinanceNo.2forthepurpose,towit:
ORDINANCENO.2
Seriesof1993
BEITORDAINEDBYTHESANGGUNIANGPANLALAWIGANINSESSIONASSEMBLED:
Sec. 1. TITLE This Ordinance shall be known as an "Ordinance Prohibiting the catching,
gathering, possessing, buying, selling and shipment of live marine coral dwelling aquatic
organisms, to wit: 1. Family: Scaridae (Mameng), 2. Epinephelus Fasciatus (Suno) 3.
Cromileptes altivelis (Panther or Senorita), lobster below 200 grams and spawning), 4.
TridacnaGigas(Taklobo),5.PinctadaMargaretefera(MotherPearl,Oysters,GiantClamsand
other species), 6. Penaeus Monodon (Tiger Prawnbreeder size or mother), 7. Epinephelus
Suillus (Loba or Green Grouper) and 8. Family: Balistidae (T[r]opical Aquarium Fishes) for a
periodoffive(5)yearsinandcomingfromPalawanWaters.
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Sec.II.PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONS
1.Sec.2A(Rep.Act7160).Itisherebydeclared,thepolicyofthestatethattheterritorialand
politicalsubdivisionsoftheStateshallenjoygenuineandmeaningfullocalautonomytoenable
them to attain their fullest development as selfreliant communities and make them more
effectivepartnersintheattainmentofnationalgoals.Towardthisend,theStateshallprovide
for [a] more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a
system of decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more powers,
authority,responsibilitiesandresources.
2. Sec. 5A (R.A. 7160). Any provision on a power of [a] local Government Unit shall be
liberallyinterpretedinitsfavor,andincaseofdoubt,anyquestionthereonshallberesolvedin
favor of devolution of powers and of the lower government units. "Any fair and reasonable
doubtsastotheexistenceofthepowershallbeinterpretedinfavoroftheLocalGovernment
Unitconcerned."
3. Sec. 5C (R.A. 7160). The general welfare provisions in this Code shall be liberally
interpreted to give more powers to local government units in accelerating economic
developmentandupgradingthequalityoflifeforthepeopleinthecommunity.
4. Sec. 16 (R.A. 7160). General Welfare. Every local government unit shall exercise the
powersexpresslygranted,thosenecessarilyimpliedtherefrom,aswellaspowersnecessary,
appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and effective governance and those which are
essentialtothepromotionofthegeneralwelfare.
Sec.III.DECLARATIONOFPOLICY.ItisherebydeclaredtobethepolicyoftheProvinceof
Palawan to protect and conserve the marine resources of Palawan not only for the greatest
good of the majority of the present generation but with [the] proper perspective and
consideration of [sic] their prosperity, and to attain this end, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
henceforth declares that is (sic) shall be unlawful for any person or any business entity to
engage in catching, gathering, possessing, buying, selling and shipment of live marine coral
dwellingaquaticorganismsasenumeratedinSection1hereofinandcomingoutofPalawan
Watersforaperiodoffive(5)years
Sec.IV.PENALTYCLAUSE.Anypersonand/orbusinessentityviolatingthisOrdinanceshall
be penalized with a fine of not more than Five Thousand Pesos (P5,000.00), Philippine
Currency, and/or imprisonment of six (6) months to twelve (12) months and confiscation and
forfeitureofparaphernalias[sic]andequipmentinfavorofthegovernmentatthediscretionof
theCourt
Sec.V.SEPARABILITYCLAUSE.Ifforanyreason,aSectionorprovisionofthisOrdinance
shallbeheldasunconditional[sic]orinvalid,itshallnotaffecttheotherprovisionshereof.
Sec. VI. REPEALING CLAUSE. Any existing Ordinance or a provision of any ordinance
inconsistentherewithisdeemedmodified,amendedorrepealed.
Sec.VII.EFFECTIVITYThisOrdinanceshalltakeeffectten(10)daysafteritspublication.
SOORDAINED.
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4.Therespondentsimplementedthesaidordinances,Annexes"A"and"C"hereoftherebydeprivingallthe
fishermen of the whole province of Palawan and the City of Puerto Princesa of their only means of
livelihood and the petitioners Airline Shippers Association of Palawan and other marine merchants from
performingtheirlawfuloccupationandtrade
5. Petitioners Alfredo Tano, Baldomero Tano, Teocenes Midello, Angel de Mesa, Eulogio Tremocha, and
Felipe Ongonion, Jr. were even charged criminally under criminal case no. 9305C in the 1st Municipal
Circuit Trial Court of CuyoAgutayaMagsaysay, an original carbon copy of the criminal complaint dated
April12,1993isheretoattachedasAnnex"D"whilexeroxcopiesareattachedasAnnex"D"tothecopies
ofthepetition
6.PetitionersRobertLimandVirginiaLim,ontheotherhand,werechargedbytherespondentPNPwith
therespondentCityProsecutorofPuertoPrincessCity,axeroxcopyofthecomplaintisheretoattachedas
Annex"E"
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Without seeking redress from the concerned local government units, prosecutor's office and courts, petitioners
directlyinvokedouroriginaljurisdictionbyfilingthispetitionon4June1993.Insum,petitionerscontendthat:
First,theOrdinancesdeprivedthemofdueprocessoflaw,theirlivelihood,andundulyrestrictedthemfromthe
practice of their trade, in violation of Section 2, Article XII and Sections 2 and 7 of Article XIII of the 1987
Constitution.
Second, Office Order No. 23 contained no regulation nor condition under which the Mayor's permit could be
grantedordeniedinotherwords,theMayorhadtheabsoluteauthoritytodeterminewhetherornottoissuethe
permit.
Third,asOrdinanceNo.2oftheProvinceofPalawan"altogetherprohibitedthecatching,gathering,possession,
buying,sellingandshippingoflivemarinecoraldwellingorganisms,withoutanydistinctionwhetheritwascaught
or gathered through lawful fishing method," the Ordinance took away the right of petitionersfishermen to earn
theirlivelihoodinlawfulwaysandinsofaraspetitionersmembersofAirlineShippersAssociationareconcerned,
they were unduly prevented from pursuing their vocation and entering "into contracts which are proper,
necessary,andessentialtocarryouttheirbusinessendeavorstoasuccessfulconclusion."
Finally,asOrdinanceNo.2oftheSangguniangPanlalawiganisnullandvoid,thecriminalcasesbasedthereon
againstpetitionersTanoandtheothershavetobedismissed.
IntheResolutionof15June1993werequiredrespondentstocommentonthepetition,andfurnishedtheOffice
oftheSolicitorGeneralwithacopythereof.
In their comment filed on 13 August 1993, public respondents Governor Socrates and Members of the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan defended the validity of Ordinance No. 2, Series of 1993, as a valid
exercise of the Provincial Government's power under the general welfare clause (Section 16 of the Local
Government Code of 1991 [hereafter, LGC]), and its specific power to protect the environment and impose
appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the environment, such as dynamite fishing and other forms of
destructivefishingunderSection447(a)(1)(vi),Section458(a)(1)(vi),andSection468(a)(1)(vi),oftheLGC.
Theyclaimedthatintheexerciseofsuchpowers,theProvinceofPalawanhad"therightandresponsibility...to
insure that the remaining coral reefs, where fish dwells [sic], within its territory remain healthy for the future
generation." The Ordinance, they further asserted, covered only live marine coral dwelling aquatic organisms
whichwereenumeratedintheordinanceandexcludedotherkindsoflivemarineaquaticorganismsnotdwelling
in coral reefs besides the prohibition was for only five (5) years to protect and preserve the pristine coral and
allowthosedamagedtoregenerate.
Aforementioned respondents likewise maintained that there was no violation of the due process and equal
protectionclausesoftheConstitution.Astotheformer,publichearingswereconductedbeforetheenactmentof
theOrdinancewhich,undoubtedly,hadalawfulpurposeandemployedreasonablemeanswhileastothelatter,
asubstantialdistinctionexisted"betweenafishermanwhocatcheslivefishwiththeintentionofsellingitlive,and
afishermanwhocatcheslivefishwithnointentionatallofsellingitlive,"i.e., "the former uses sodium cyanide
whilethelatterdoesnot."Further,theOrdinanceappliedequallytoallthosebelongingtooneclass.
On 25 October 1993 petitioners filed an Urgent Plea for the Immediate Issuance of a Temporary Restraining
Order,claimingthatdespitethependencyofthiscase,Branch50oftheRegionalTrialCourtofPalawanwasbent
on proceeding with Criminal Case No. 11223 against petitioners Danilo Tano, Alfredo Tano, Eulogio Tremocha,
Romualdo Tano, Baldomero Tano, Andres Linijan and Angel de Mesa for violation of Ordinance No. 2 of the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan. Acting on said plea, we issued on 11 November 1993 a temporary
restraining order directing Judge Angel Miclat of said court to cease and desist from proceeding with the
arraignmentandpretrialofCriminalCaseNo.11223.
On 12 July 1994, we excused the Office of the Solicitor General from filing a comment, considering that as
claimedbysaidofficeinitsManifestationof28June1994,respondentswerealreadyrepresentedbycounsel.
Therestoftherespondentsdidnotfileanycommentonthepetition.
Intheresolutionof15September1994,weresolvedtoconsiderthecommentonthepetitionastheAnswer,gave
duecoursetothepetitionandrequiredthepartiestosubmittheirrespectivememoranda.2
On22April1997weorderedimpleadedaspartyrespondentstheDepartmentofAgricultureandtheBureauof
FisheriesandAquaticResourcesandrequiredtheOfficeoftheSolicitorGeneraltocommentontheirbehalf.But
inlightofthelatter'smotionof9July1997foranextensionoftimetofilethecommentwhichwouldonlyresultin
furtherdelay,wedispensedwithsaidcomment.
Afterduedeliberationonthepleadingsfiled,weresolvedtodismissthispetitionforwantofmerit,andon22July
1997,assignedittotheponentetowritetheopinionoftheCourt.
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I
There are actually two sets of petitioners in this case. The first is composed of Alfredo Tano, Baldomero Tano,
DaniloTano,RomualdoTano,TeocenesMidello,AngeldeMesa,EulogioTremocha,FelipeOngonion,Jr.,Andres
Linijan,andFelimondeMesa,whowerecriminallychargedwithviolatingSangguniangPanlalawiganResolution
No.33andOrdinanceNo.2,Seriesof1993,oftheProvinceofPalawan,inCriminalCaseNo.9305Cofthe1st
MunicipalCircuitTrialCourt(MCTC)ofPalawan3andRobertLimandVirginiaLimwhowerechargedwithviolatingCityOrdinanceNo.
1592ofPuertoPrincesaCityandOrdinanceNo.2,Seriesof1993,oftheProvinceofPalawanbeforetheOfficeoftheCityProsecutorofPuertoPrincesa.
4 All of them, with the exception of Teocenes Midello, Felipe Ongonion, Jr., Felimon de Mesa, Robert Lim and Virginia Lim, are likewise the accused in
CriminalCaseNo.11223fortheviolationofOrdinanceNo.2oftheSangguniangPanlalawiganofPalawan,pendingbeforeBranch50oftheRegionalTrial
CourtofPalawan.5
The second set of petitioners is composed of the rest of the petitioners numbering seventyseven (77), all of
whom, except the Airline Shippers Association of Palawan an alleged private association of several marine
merchantsarenaturalpersonswhoclaimtobefishermen.
Theprimaryinterestofthefirstsetofpetitionersis,ofcourse,topreventtheprosecution,trialanddetermination
ofthecriminalcasesuntiltheconstitutionalityorlegalityoftheOrdinancestheyallegedlyviolatedshallhavebeen
resolved. The second set of petitioners merely claim that being fishermen or marine merchants, they would be
adverselyaffectedbytheordinance's.
Astothefirstsetofpetitioners,thisspecialcivilforcertiorarimustfailonthegroundofprematurityamountingtoa
lackofcauseofaction.Thereisnoshowingthatsaidpetitioners,astheaccusedinthecriminalcases,havefiled
motionstoquashtheinformationsthereinandthatthesameweredenied.Thegroundavailableforsuchmotions
is that the facts charged therein do not constitute an offense because the ordinances in question are
unconstitutional. 6 It cannot then be said that the lower courts acted without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion to justify
recourse to the extraordinary remedy of certiorari or prohibition. It must further be stressed that even if petitioners did file motions to quash, the denial
thereofwouldnotforthwithgiverisetoacauseofactionunderRule65oftheRulesofCourt.Thegeneralruleisthatwhereamotiontoquashisdenied,
the remedy therefrom is not certiorari, but for the party aggrieved thereby to go to trial without prejudice to reiterating special defenses involved in said
motion, and if, after trial on the merits an adverse decision is rendered, to appeal therefrom in the manner authorized by law. 7 And, even where in an
exceptionalcircumstancesuchdenialmaybethesubjectofaspecialcivilactionforcertiorari,amotionforreconsiderationmusthavetobefiledtoallowthe
court concerned an opportunity to correct its errors, unless such motion may be dispensed with because of existing exceptional circumstances. 8 Finally,
evenifamotionforreconsiderationhasbeenfiledanddenied,theremedyunderRule65isstillunavailableabsentanyshowingofthegroundsprovided
forinSection1thereof.9Forobviousreasons,thepetitionatbardoesnot,andcouldnothave,allegedanyofsuchgrounds.
As to the second set of petitioners, the instant petition is obviously one for DECLARATORY RELIEF, i.e., for a
declarationthattheOrdinancesinquestionarea"nullity...forbeingunconstitutional."10 As such, their petition
must likewise fail, as this Court is not possessed of original jurisdiction over petitions for declaratory relief even if only
questionsoflawareinvolved,11 it being settled that the Court merely exercises appellate jurisdiction over such petitions.
12
II
Even granting arguendo that the first set of petitioners have a cause of action ripe for the extraordinary writ of
certiorari, there is here a clear disregard of the hierarchy of courts, and no special and important reason or
exceptionalandcompellingcircumstancehasbeenadducedwhydirectrecoursetousshouldbeallowed.While
wehaveconcurrentjurisdictionwithRegionalTrialcourtsandwiththeCourtofAppealstoissuewritsofcertiorari,
prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus and injunction, such concurrence gives petitioners no
unrestrictedfreedomofchoiceofcourtforum,soweheldinPeoplev.Cuaresma.13
This concurrence of jurisdiction is not . . . to be taken as according to parties seeking any of the writs an absolute
unrestrainedfreedomofchoiceofthecourttowhichapplicationthereforwillbedirected.Thereisafterallhierarchyof
courts. That hierarchy is determinative of the venue of appeals, and should also serve as a general determinant of
the appropriate forum for petitions for the extraordinary writs. A becoming regard for that judicial hierarchy most
certainlyindicatesthatpetitionsfortheissuanceofextraordinarywritsagainstfirstlevel("inferior")courtsshouldbe
filedwiththeRegionalTrialCourt,andthoseagainstthelatter,withtheCourtofAppeals.Adirectinvocationofthe
SupremeCourt'soriginaljurisdictiontoissuethesewritsshouldbeallowedonlywhentherearespecialandimportant
reasonstherefor,clearlyandspecificallysetoutinthepetition.Thisisestablishedpolicy.Itisapolicynecessaryto
preventinordinatedemandsupontheCourt'stimeandattentionwhicharebetterdevotedtothosematterswithinits
exclusivejurisdiction,andtopreventfurtherovercrowdingoftheCourt'sdocket....
The Court feels the need to reaffirm that policy at this time, and to enjoin strict adherence thereto in the
light of what it perceives to be a growing tendency on the part of litigants and lawyers to have their
applications for the socalled extraordinary writs, and sometimes even their appeals, passed upon and
adjudicateddirectlyandimmediatelybythehighesttribunaloftheland....
InSantiagov.Vasquez,14 this Court forcefully expressed that the propensity of litigants and lawyers to disregard the
hierarchyofcourtsmustbeputtoahalt,notonlybecauseoftheimpositionupontheprecioustimeofthisCourt,butalso
because of the inevitable and resultant delay, intended or otherwise, in the adjudication of the case which often has to be
remandedorreferredtothelowercourt,theproperforumundertherulesofprocedure,orasbetterequippedtoresolvethe
issuessincethisCourtisnotatrieroffacts.Wereiterated"thejudicialpolicythatthisCourtwillnotentertaindirectresortto
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it unless the redress desired cannot be obtained in the appropriate courts or where exceptional and compelling
circumstancesjustifyavailmentofaremedywithinandcallingfortheexerciseof[its]primaryjurisdiction."
III
Notwithstandingtheforegoingproceduralobstaclesagainstthefirstsetofpetitioners,weopttoresolvethiscase
onitsmeritsconsideringthatthelifetimeofthechallengedOrdinancesisabouttoend.OrdinanceNo.1592of
the City of Puerto Princesa is effective only up to 1 January 1998, while Ordinance No. 2 of the Province of
Palawan, enacted on 19 February 1993, is effective for only five (5) years. Besides, these Ordinances were
undoubtedlyenactedintheexerciseofpowersunderthenewLGCrelativetotheprotectionandpreservationof
theenvironmentandarethusnovelandofparamountimportance.Nofurtherdelaythenmaybeallowedinthe
resolutionoftheissuesraised.
Itisofcoursesettledthatlaws(includingordinancesenactedbylocalgovernmentunits)enjoythepresumptionof
constitutionality.15 To overthrow this presumption, there must be a clear and unequivocal breach of the Constitution, not
merely a doubtful or argumentative contradiction. In short, the conflict with the Constitution must be shown beyond
reasonabledoubt.16Wheredoubtexists,evenifwellfounded,therecanbenofindingofunconstitutionality.Todoubtisto
sustain.17
AfterascrutinyofthechallengedOrdinancesandtheprovisionsoftheConstitutionpetitionersclaimtohavebeen
violated,wefindpetitioners'contentionsbaselessandsoholdthattheformerdonotsufferfromanyinfirmity,both
undertheConstitutionandapplicablelaws.
PetitionersspecificallypointtoSection2,ArticleXIIandSections2and7,ArticleXIIIoftheConstitutionashaving
beentransgressedbytheOrdinances.
ThepertinentportionofSection2ofArticleXIIreads:
Sec.2....
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive
economiczone,andreserveitsuseandenjoymentexclusivelytoFilipinocitizens.
TheCongressmay,bylaw,allowsmallscaleutilizationofnaturalresourcesbyFilipinocitizens,aswellas
cooperativefishfarming,withprioritytosubsistencefishermenandfishworkersinrivers,lakes,bays,and
lagoons.
Sections2and7ofArticleXIIIprovide:
Sec.2.Thepromotionofsocialjusticeshallincludethecommitmenttocreateeconomicopportunities
basedonfreedomofinitiativeandselfreliance.
xxxxxxxxx
Sec.7.TheStateshallprotecttherightsofsubsistencefishermen,especiallyoflocalcommunities,to
thepreferentialuseofthecommunalmarineandfishingresources,bothinlandandoffshore.Itshall
providesupporttosuchfishermenthroughappropriatetechnologyandresearch,adequatefinancial,
production,andmarketingassistance,andotherservices.TheStateshallalsoprotect,develop,and
conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence
fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the
utilizationofmarineandfishingresources.
Thereisabsolutelynoshowingthatanyofthepetitionersqualifiesasasubsistenceormarginalfisherman.
Intheirpetition,petitionerAirlineShippersAssociationofPalawanisselfdescribedas"aprivateassociation
composedofMarineMerchants"petitionersRobertLimandVirginiaLim,as"merchants"whiletherestof
thepetitionersclaimtobe"fishermen,"withoutanyqualification,however,astotheirstatus.
Since the Constitution does not specifically provide a definition of the terms "subsistence" or "marginal"
fishermen,18 they should be construed in their general and ordinary sense. A marginal fisherman is an individual
engaged in fishing whose margin of return or reward in his harvest of fish as measured by existing price levels is
barely sufficient to yield a profit or cover the cost of gathering the fish, 19 while a subsistence fisherman is one
whose catch yields but the irreducible minimum for his livelihood. 20 Section 131(p) of the LGC (R.A. No. 7160)
defines a marginal farmer or fisherman as "an individual engaged in subsistence farming or fishing which shall be
limited to the sale, barter or exchange of agricultural or marine products produced by himself and his immediate
family."Itbearsrepeatingthatnothingintherecordsupportsafindingthatanypetitionerfallswithinthesedefinitions.
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Besides,Section2ofArticleXIIaimsprimarilynottobestowanyrighttosubsistencefishermen,buttolay
stressonthedutyoftheStatetoprotectthenation'smarinewealth.Whattheprovisionmerelyrecognizes
is that the State may allow, by law, cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and
fishworkers in rivers, lakes, bays and lagoons. Our survey of the statute books reveals that the only
provisionoflawwhichspeaksofapreferentialrightofmarginalfishermenisSection149oftheLGC,which
pertinentlyprovides:
Sec.149.FisheryRentals,FeesandCharges....
(b)Thesangguniangbayanmay:
(1) Grant fishery privileges to erect fish corrals, oyster, mussels or other
aquatic beds or bangus fry areas, within a definite zone of the municipal
waters, as determined by it: Provided, however, That duly registered
organizations and cooperatives of marginal fishermen shall have the
preferentialrighttosuchfisheryprivileges....
In a Joint Administrative Order No. 3 dated 25 April 1996, the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture
and the Secretary of the Department of Interior and Local Government prescribed guidelines concerning
the preferential treatment of small fisherfolk relative to the fishery right mentioned in Section 149. This
case,however,doesnotinvolvesuchfisheryright.
AnentSection7ofArticleXIII,itspeaksnotonlyoftheuseofcommunalmarineandfishingresources,but
of their protection, development and conservation. As hereafter shown, the ordinances in question are
meant precisely to protect and conserve our marine resources to the end that their enjoyment may be
guaranteednotonlyforthepresentgeneration,butalsoforthegenerationstocome.
Thesocalled"preferentialright"ofsubsistenceormarginalfishermentotheuseofmarineresourcesisnot
at all absolute. In accordance with the Regalian Doctrine, marine resources belong to the State, and,
pursuanttothefirstparagraphofSection2,ArticleXIIoftheConstitution,their"exploration,development
andutilization...shallbeunderthefullcontrolandsupervisionoftheState."Moreover,theirmandated
protection, development and conservation as necessarily recognized by the framers of the Constitution,
implycertainrestrictionsonwhateverrightofenjoymenttheremaybeinfavorofanyone.Thus,astothe
curtailment of the preferential treatment of marginal fishermen, the following exchange between
Commissioner Francisco Rodrigo and Commissioner Jose F.S. Bengzon, Jr., took place at the plenary
sessionoftheConstitutionalCommission:
MR.RODRIGO:
Let us discuss the implementation of this because I would not raise the hopes of our
people, and afterwards fail in the implementation. How will this be implemented? Will
therebealicensingorgivingofpermitssothatgovernmentofficialswillknowthatoneis
really a marginal fisherman? Or if policeman say that a person is not a marginal
fisherman,hecanshowhispermit,toprovethatindeedheisone.
MR.BENGZON:
Certainly, there will be some mode of licensing insofar as this is concerned and this
particularquestioncouldbetackledwhenwediscusstheArticleonLocalGovernments
whetherwewillleavetothelocalgovernmentsortoCongressonhowthesethings
willbeimplemented.Butcertainly,Ithinkourcongressmenandourlocalofficialswillnot
bebereftofideasonhowtoimplementthismandate.
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MR.RODRIGO:
So,onceoneislicensedasamarginalfisherman,hecangoanywhereinthePhilippines
andfishinanyfishinggrounds.
MR.BENGZON:
Subject to whatever rules and regulations and local laws that may be passed, may be
existingorwillbepassed.21(emphasissupplied)
WhatmustlikewisebeborneinmindisthestatepolicyenshrinedintheConstitutionregardingthedutyof
theStatetoprotectandadvancetherightofthepeopletoabalancedandhealthfulecologyinaccordwith
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therhythmandharmonyofnature.22Onthisscore,inOposav.Factoran,23thisCourtdeclared:
WhiletherighttoabalancedandhealthfulecologyistobefoundundertheDeclarationofPrinciples
theStatePoliciesandnotundertheBillofRights,itdoesnotfollowthatitislessimportantthanany
ofthecivilandpoliticalrightsenumeratedinthelatter.Sucharightbelongstoadifferentcategoryof
rightsaltogetherforitconcernsnothinglessthanselfpreservationandselfperpetuationaptlyand
fittingly stressed by the petitioners the advancement of which may even be said to predate all
governmentsandconstitutions.Asamatteroffact,thesebasicrightsneednotevenbewritteninthe
Constitutionfortheyareassumedtoexistfromtheinceptionofhumankind.Iftheyarenowexplicitly
mentionedinthefundamentalcharter,itisbecauseofthewellfoundedfearofitsframersthatunless
the rights to a balanced and healthful ecology and to health are mandated as state policies by the
Constitution itself, thereby highlighting their continuing importance and imposing upon the state a
solemnobligationtopreservethefirstandprotectandadvancethesecond,thedaywouldnotbetoo
far when all else would be lost not only for the present generation, but also for those to come
generationswhichstandtoinheritnothingbutparchedearthincapableofsustaininglife.
The right to a balanced and healthful ecology carries with it a correlative duty to refrain from
impairingtheenvironment....
TheLGCprovisionsinvokedbyprivaterespondentsmerelyseektogivefleshandbloodtotherightofthe
people to a balanced and healthful ecology. In fact, the General Welfare Clause, expressly mentions this
right:
Sec. 16. General Welfare. Every local government unit shall exercise the powers expressly
granted,thosenecessarilyimpliedtherefrom,aswellaspowersnecessary,appropriate,orincidental
for its efficient and effective governance, and those which are essential to the promotion of the
general welfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government units shall ensure
and support, among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and
safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the
development of appropriate and selfreliant scientific and technological capabilities, improve public
morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment among their
residents,maintainpeaceandorder,andpreservethecomfortandconvenienceoftheirinhabitants.
(emphasissupplied).
Moreover,Section5(c)oftheLGCexplicitlymandatesthatthegeneralwelfareprovisionsoftheLGC"shall
be liberally interpreted to give more powers to the local government units in accelerating economic
developmentandupgradingthequalityoflifeforthepeopleofthecommunity."
The LGC vests municipalities with the power to grant fishery privileges in municipal waters and impose
rentals,feesorchargestherefortopenalize,byappropriateordinances,theuseofexplosives,noxiousor
poisonous substances, electricity, muroami, and other deleterious methods of fishing and to prosecute
any violation of the provisions of applicable fishery laws.24 Further, the sangguniang bayan, the sangguniang
panlungsod and the sangguniang panlalawigan are directed to enact ordinances for the general welfare of the
municipalityanditsinhabitants,whichshallinclude,interalia,ordinancesthat"[p]rotecttheenvironmentandimpose
appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the environment such as dynamite fishing and other forms of
destructivefishing...andsuchotheractivitieswhichresultinpollution,accelerationofeutrophicationofriversand
lakes,orofecological
imbalance."25
Finally,thecenterpieceofLGCisthesystemofdecentralization26asexpresslymandatedbytheConstitution.
27IndispensabletodecentralizationisdevolutionandtheLGCexpresslyprovidesthat"[a]nyprovisiononapowerof
alocalgovernmentunitshallbeliberallyinterpretedinitsfavor,andincaseofdoubt,anyquestionthereonshallbe
resolvedinfavorofdevolutionofpowersandofthelowerlocalgovernmentunit.Anyfairandreasonabledoubtasto
theexistenceofthepowershallbeinterpretedinfavorofthelocalgovernmentunitconcerned."28 Devolution refers
totheactbywhichtheNationalGovernmentconferspowerandauthorityuponthevariouslocalgovernmentunitsto
performspecificfunctionsandresponsibilities.29
One of the devolved powers enumerated in the section of the LGC on devolution is the enforcement of
fishery laws in municipal waters including the conservation of mangroves. 30 This necessarily includes the
enactmentofordinancestoeffectivelycarryoutsuchfisherylawswithinthemunicipalwaters.
The term "municipal waters," in turn, includes not only streams, lakes, and tidal waters within the
municipality,notbeingthesubjectofprivateownershipandnotcomprisedwithinthenationalparks,public
forest,timberlands,forestreserves,orfisheryreserves,butalsomarinewatersincludedbetweentwolines
drawnperpendicularlytothegeneralcoastlinefrompointswheretheboundarylinesofthemunicipalityor
citytouchtheseaatlowtideandathirdlineparallelwiththegeneralcoastlineandfifteenkilometersfrom
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it.31 Under P.D. No. 704, the marine waters included in municipal waters is limited to three nautical miles from the
generalcoastlineusingtheaboveperpendicularlinesandathirdparallelline.
These "fishery laws" which local government units may enforce under Section 17(b)(2)(i) in municipal
waters include: (1) P.D. No. 704 (2) P.D. No. 1015 which, inter alia, authorizes the establishment of a
"closedseason"inanyPhilippinewaterifnecessaryforconservationorecologicalpurposes(3)P.D.No.
1219 which provides for the exploration, exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral resources (4)
R.A. No. 5474, as amended by B.P. Blg. 58, which makes it unlawful for any person, association or
corporation to catch or cause to be caught, sell, offer to sell, purchase, or have in possession any of the
fish specie called gobiidae or "ipon" during closed season and (5) R.A. No. 6451 which prohibits and
punisheselectrofishing,aswellasvariousissuancesoftheBFAR.
To those specifically devolved insofar as the control and regulation of fishing in municipal waters and the
protectionofitsmarineenvironmentareconcerned,mustbeaddedthefollowing:
1.Issuanceofpermitstoconstructfishcageswithinmunicipalwaters
2.Issuanceofpermitstogatheraquariumfisheswithinmunicipalwaters
3.Issuanceofpermitstogatherkapisshellswithinmunicipalwaters
4.Issuanceofpermitstogather/cultureshelledmolluskswithinmunicipalwaters
5.Issuanceoflicensestoestablishseaweedfarmswithinmunicipalwaters
6.Issuanceoflicensestoestablishculturepearlswithinmunicipalwaters
7.Issuanceofauxiliaryinvoicetotransportfishandfisheryproductsand
8.Establishmentof"closedseason"inmunicipalwaters.
ThesefunctionsarecoveredintheMemorandumofAgreementof5April1994betweentheDepartmentof
AgricultureandtheDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment.
In light then of the principles of decentralization and devolution enshrined in the LGC and the powers
granted therein to local government units under Section 16 (the General Welfare Clause), and under
Sections149,447(a)(1)(vi),458(a)(1)(vi)and468(a)(1)(vi),whichunquestionablyinvolvetheexercise
ofpolicepower,thevalidityofthequestionedOrdinancescannotbedoubted.
Parenthetically, we wish to add that these Ordinances find full support under R.A. No. 7611, otherwise
knownastheStrategicEnvironmentalPlan(SEP)forPalawanAct,approvedon19June1992.Thisstatute
adopts a "comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of Palawan compatible with
protectingandenhancingthenaturalresourcesandendangeredenvironmentoftheprovince,"which"shall
servetoguidethelocalgovernmentofPalawanandthegovernmentagenciesconcernedintheformulation
andimplementationofplans,programsandprojectsaffectingsaidprovince."32
At this time then, it would be appropriate to determine the relation between the assailed Ordinances and
theaforesaidpowersoftheSangguniangPanlungsodoftheCityofPuertoPrincesaandtheSangguniang
PanlalawiganoftheProvinceofPalawantoprotecttheenvironment.Tobegin,weascertainthepurposeof
theOrdinancesassetforthinthestatementofpurposesordeclarationofpoliciesquotedearlier.
It is clear to the Court that both Ordinances have two principal objectives or purposes: (1) to establish a
"closedseason"forthespeciesoffishoraquaticanimalscoveredthereinforaperiodoffiveyearsand(2)
toprotectthecoralinthemarinewatersoftheCityofPuertoPrincesaandtheProvinceofPalawanfrom
furtherdestructionduetoillegalfishingactivities.
The accomplishment of the first objective is well within the devolved power to enforce fishery laws in
municipal waters, such as P.D. No. 1015, which allows the establishment of "closed seasons." The
devolutionofsuchpowerhasbeenexpresslyconfirmedintheMemorandumofAgreementof5April1994
betweentheDepartmentofAgricultureandtheDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment.
TherealizationofthesecondobjectiveclearlyfallswithinboththegeneralwelfareclauseoftheLGCand
theexpressmandatethereundertocitiesandprovincestoprotecttheenvironmentandimposeappropriate
penaltiesforactswhichendangertheenvironment.33
Thedestructionofcoralreefsresultsinserious,ifnotirreparable,ecologicalimbalance,forcoralreefsare
among nature's lifesupport systems.34 They collect, retain and recycle nutrients for adjacent nearshore areas
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such as mangroves, seagrass beds, and reef flats provide food for marine plants and animals and serve as a
protectiveshelterforaquaticorganisms.35Itissaidthat"[e]cologically,thereefsaretotheoceanswhatforestsare
tocontinents:theyareshelterandbreedinggroundsforfishandplantspeciesthatwilldisappearwithoutthem."36
The prohibition against catching live fish stems, in part, from the modern phenomenon of livefish trade
whichentailsthecatchingofsocalledexoticspeciesoftropicalfish,notonlyforaquariumuseintheWest,
but also for "the market for live banquet fish [which] is virtually insatiable in ever more affluent Asia. 37
Theseexoticspeciesarecoraldwellers,andfishermencatchthemby"divinginshallowwaterwithcorralinehabitats
and squirting sodium cyanide poison at passing fish directly or onto coral crevices once affected the fish are
immobilized [merely stunned] and then scooped by hand."38 The diver then surfaces and dumps his catch into a
submerged net attached to the skiff. Twenty minutes later, the fish can swim normally. Back on shore, they are
placedinholdingpens,andwithinafewweeks,theyexpelthecyanidefromtheirsystemandarereadytobehauled.
Theyarethenplacedinsaltwatertanksorpackagedinplasticbagsfilledwithseawaterforshipmentbyairfreightto
majormarketsforlivefoodfish.39Whilethefisharemeanttosurvive,theoppositeholdstruefortheirformerhome
as"[a]fterthefishermansquirtsthecyanide,thefirstthingtoperishisthereefalgae,onwhichfishfeed.Dayslater,
thelivingcoralstartstoexpire.Soonthereeflosesitsfunctionashabitatforthefish,whicheatboththealgaeand
invertebratesthatclingtothecoral.Thereefbecomesanunderwatergraveyard,itsskeletalremainsbrittle,bleached
ofallcolorandvulnerabletoerosionfromthepoundingofthewaves."40Ithasbeenfoundthatcyanidefishingkills
mosthardandsoftcoralswithinthreemonthsofrepeatedapplication.41
The nexus then between the activities barred by Ordinance No. 1592 of the City of Puerto Princesa and
theprohibitedactsprovidedinOrdinanceNo.2,Seriesof1993oftheProvinceofPalawan,ononehand,
and the use of sodium cyanide, on the other, is painfully obvious. In sum, the public purpose and
reasonablenessoftheOrdinancesmaynotthenbecontroverted.
As to Office Order No. 23, Series of 1993, issued by Acting City Mayor Amado L. Lucero of the City of
Puerto Princesa, we find nothing therein violative of any constitutional or statutory provision. The Order
referstotheimplementationofthechallengedordinanceandisnottheMayor'sPermit.
ThedissentingopinionofMr.JusticeJosueN.Bellosilloreliesuponthelackofauthorityonthepartofthe
Sangguniang Panglungsod of Puerto Princesa to enact Ordinance No. 15, Series of 1992, on the theory
that the subject thereof is within the jurisdiction and responsibility of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources(BFAR)underP.D.No.704,otherwiseknownastheFisheriesDecreeof1975andthat,inany
event,theOrdinanceisunenforceableforlackofapprovalbytheSecretaryoftheDepartmentofNatural
Resources(DNR),likewiseinaccordancewithP.D.No.704.
Themajorityisunabletoaccommodatethisview.ThejurisdictionandresponsibilityoftheBFARunderP.D.
No. 704, over the management, conservation, development, protection, utilization and disposition of all
fisheryandaquaticresourcesofthecountryisnotallencompassing.First,Section4thereofexcludesfrom
suchjurisdictionandresponsibilitymunicipalwaters,whichshallbeunderthemunicipalorcitygovernment
concerned, except insofar as fishpens and seaweed culture in municipal centers are concerned. This
section provides, however, that all municipal or city ordinances and resolutions affecting fishing and
fisheriesandanydispositionthereundershallbesubmittedtotheSecretaryoftheDepartmentofNatural
Resourcesforappropriateactionandshallhavefullforceandeffectonlyuponhisapproval.42
Second, it must at once be pointed out that the BFAR is no longer under the Department of Natural
Resources(nowDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources).ExecutiveOrderNo.967of30June
1984transferredtheBFARfromthecontrolandsupervisionoftheMinister(formerlySecretary)OfNatural
ResourcestotheMinistryofAgricultureandFood(MAF)andconverteditintoamerestaffagencythereof,
integratingitsfunctionswiththeregionalofficesoftheMAF.
InExecutiveOrderNo.116of30January1987,whichreorganizedtheMAF,theBFARwasretainedasan
attached agency of the MAF. And under the Administrative Code of 1987,43 the BFAR is placed under the
TitleconcerningtheDepartmentofAgriculture.44
Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the challenged Ordinance of the City of Puerto Princesa is invalid or
unenforceablebecauseitwasnotapprovedbytheSecretaryoftheDENR.Ifatall,theapprovalthatshould
be sought would be that of the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture. However, the requirement of
approval by the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (not DENR) of municipal ordinances affecting
fishingandfisheriesinmunicipalwatershasbeendispensedwithinviewofthefollowingreasons:
(1) Section 534 (Repealing Clause) of the LGC expressly repeals or amends Sections 16 and 29 of P.D.
No.70445insofarastheyareinconsistentwiththeprovisionsoftheLGC.
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(2) As discussed earlier, under the general welfare clause of the LGC, local government units have the
power,interalia,toenactordinancestoenhancetherightofthepeopletoabalancedecology.Itlikewise
specifically vests municipalities with the power to grant fishery privileges in municipal waters, and impose
rentals,feesorchargestherefortopenalize,byappropriateordinances,theuseofexplosives,noxiousor
poisonous substances, electricity, muroami, and other deleterious methods of fishing and to prosecute
anyviolationoftheprovisionsofapplicablefisherylaws.46Finally,itimposesuponthesangguniangbayan,the
sangguniang panlungsod, and the sangguniang panlalawigan the duty to enact ordinances to "[p]rotect the
environmentandimposeappropriatepenaltiesforactswhichendangertheenvironmentsuchasdynamitefishingand
otherformsofdestructivefishing...andsuchotheractivitieswhichresultinpollution,accelerationofeutrophication
ofriversandlakesorofecologicalimbalance."47
In closing, we commend the Sangguniang Panlungsod of the City of Puerto Princesa and Sangguniang
PanlalawiganoftheProvinceofPalawanforexercisingtherequisitepoliticalwilltoenacturgentlyneeded
legislation to protect and enhance the marine environment, thereby sharing in the herculean task of
arrestingthetideofecologicaldestruction.Wehopethatotherlocalgovernmentunitsshallnowberoused
from their lethargy and adopt a more vigilant stand in the battle against the decimation of our legacy to
future generations. At this time, the repercussions of any further delay in their response may prove
disastrous,ifnot,irreversible.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DISMISSED for lack of merit and the temporary restraining order
issuedon11November1993isLIFTED.
Nopronouncementastocosts.
SOORDERED.
Narvasa,C.J.,Padilla,Romero,Melo,Vitug,FranciscoPanganibanandTorres,Jr.,JJ.,concur.
Regalado,J.,isonleave.
SeparateOpinions
MENDOZA,J.,concurring:
I fully concur in the opinion of the Court written by Justice Davide. I write separately to emphasize two
points which I believe are important. The first is the need to uphold the presumption of validity of the
ordinances in this case in view of the total absence of evidence to undermine their factual basis. The
secondistheneednottoallowashortcircuitingofthenormalprocessofadjudicationonthemerepleathat
unless we take cognizance of petitions like this, bypassing the trial courts, alleged violations of
constitutionalrightswillbeleftunprotected,whenthemattercanverywellbelookedintobytrialcourtsand
infactshouldbebroughtthere.
The ordinances in question in this case are conservation measures which the local governments of
Palawanhaveadoptedinviewofthewidespreaddestructioncausedbycyanidefishingofcoralswithintheir
territorialwaters.Attheveryleast,theseordinancesmustbepresumedvalidintheabsenceofevidenceto
showthatthenecessaryfactualfoundationfortheirenactmentdoesnotexist.Theirinvalidationatthispoint
can result in the untimely exoneration of otherwise guilty parties on the basis of doubtful constitutional
claims.
Ordinance No. 293, which the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan adopted in 1993, prohibits, for a
period of five years, the "catching, gathering, possessing, buying, selling and shipment" of five fish and
lobsters. As originally enacted, the prohibition applied to eight species of fish and lobsters caught in the
waters of Palawan, namely, "1. Family: Scaridae (Mameng), 2. Epinephelus Fasciatus (Suno), 3.
Cromileptes altivelis (Panther or Seorita), lobster (below 200 grams and spawning), 4. Tridacna Gigas
(GiantClamsorTakloboandotherspecies),5.PinctadaMargaritifera(MotherPearlOysters),6.Penaeus
Monodon(TigerPrawnbreedersizeormother),7.EpinephelusSuillus(LobaorGreenGrouper)and8.
Family:Balistidae(TropicalAquariumFishes)." 1 Later, however, the ordinance was amended to limit the ban to three species
only, namely: mameng (scaridae), panther or seorita (cromileptes altivelis) and ornamental or aquarium fishes (balistidae). Violation of the
ordinance is punishable by a fine of P5,000.00 and/or imprisonment of not less than 6 nor more than 12 months and confiscation of the
paraphernaliaandequipmentusedinthecommissionoftheoffense.2
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OrdinanceNo.293wasadoptedbytheSangguniangPanlalawiganonthebasisofa1992studysubmitted
bytheDepartmentofAgriculture,3showingthat,asaresultoftheuseofcyanideandothernoxioussubstancesforfishing,only5%
ofthecoralreefsintheProvinceofPalawanremainedinexcellentconditionasfishsanctuariesandhabitats,while75%washeavilydamaged.
The rampant use of cyanide has been encouraged by the lucrative trade in live fishes which are shipped
not only to Manila but also abroad, principally to Hongkong, Taiwan and Malaysia. The fishes are sold to
gourmet restaurants because of the great demand for exotic food, to aquariums and to pet shops. In its
issueofJuly19,1993.TimeMagazine4reportedthattheillicittradeinliveanimalsisthethirdbiggestcontrabandbusinessinthe
world,afterdrugsandarms,andidentifiedthePhilippinesasamajorsourceoftropicalfishesfortheglobaltrafficinlivefishes.
Theuseofcyanideenablesfishermentocatchfishaliveandincommercialquantityinawaynotpossible
withtheuseofsuchtraditionalmethodsashookandline,fishtraps,bakladandthelike,whichallowsonly
limited catch and often results in injuries to fishes and the loss of their scales, thereby reducing their
survivalfortransportationabroad.5Cyanidedoesnotkillfishbutonlystunsthem.Thestunnedcreaturesarethenscoopedupand
placed in containers ready for shipment across borders, national and transnational. What cyanide does, however, is poison the fragile reefs and
causethemtodieandceaseasfishhabitats.6
Concernovertheuseofcyanideinfishinganditsilleffectonthemarineenvironmentalsopromptedthe
SangguniangPanlungsodofPuertoPrincesatopassOrdinanceNo.1592,whichmakesitunlawfulforany
person or business enterprise or company "to ship out from Puerto Princesa City to any point of
destinations either via aircraft or seacraft of any live fish and lobster except SEA BASS, CATFISH,
MUDFISHandMILKFISHFRIES."7 The ban is for five years, from January 1, 1993 to January 1, 1998. The penalty for violation of
theordinanceisafineofnotmorethanP5,000.00orimprisonmentofnotmorethan12months.8
Toenforcetheordinance,themayorofPuertoPrincesaorderedtheinspectionofcargoesoflivefishand
lobstersleavingthecitybyairorsea.Inspectorsaretoascertainiftheshipperhasapermitissuedbythe
office of the city mayor. Any cargo of live fish and lobster without a permit from the mayor's office will be
"heldforproperdisposition."9
Theordinancesinquestionarepolicepowermeasures,enactedbytheProvinceofPalawanandtheCityof
PuertoPrincesa,pursuanttotheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991whichmakesitinfacttheirdutytoenact
measures to "protect the environment and impose appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the
environment,suchasdynamitefishingandotherformsofdestructivefishing...."10Thereisnobasisforthe
claim in the dissenting opinion that the subject of these ordinances lies within the competence of the national
government.Forthematterconcernsalocalproblem,namely,thedestructionofaquaticresourcesintheProvinceof
Palawan. For this reason the Solicitor General asked for leave to withdraw from this case. On the other hand, the
DepartmentofAgriculturesubmitteditsreportontheextentofthedevastationofcoralreefscausedbyillegalfishing
to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan and thereby left the solution of the problem to be worked out by the
localauthorities.ItwouldthereforesetbackthepolicyofdecentralizationwerethisCourttosustainsuchaclaim.
Indeed, petitioners' challenge to the validity of the ordinances does not rest on the claim that the
ordinances are beyond the power of local governments to enact but on the ground that they deprive
petitioners of their means of livelihood and occupation and for that reason violate the Constitution of the
Philippines.Forsupport,petitionersinvokethefollowingconstitutionalprovisions:
Art.XII,2.....
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea and
exclusiveeconomiczone,andreserveitsuseandenjoymentexclusivelytoFilipinocitizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow smallscale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as
well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers,
lakes,baysandlagoons.
Art.XIII,1:TheCongressshallgivehighestprioritytotheenactmentofmeasuresthatprotectand
enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the
commongood.
Id.,7:TheStateshallprotecttherightsofsubsistencefishermen,especiallyoflocalcommunities,to
I cannot see how these provisions can, in any way, lend support to petitioners' contention that the
ordinances violate the Constitution. These provisions refer to the duty of the State to protect the nation's
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marine resources for the exclusive use and enjoyment of Filipino citizens, to the preferential right of
subsistence fishermen in the use of such communal marine resources, and to their right to be protected,
eveninoffshorefishinggrounds,againstforeignintrusion.ThereisnoquestionhereofFilipinopreference
over aliens in the use of marine resources. What is in issue is the protection of marine resources in the
Province of Palawan. It was precisely to implement Art. XII, 2 that the ordinances in question were
enacted.For,withoutthesemarineresources,itwouldbeidletotalkoftherightsofsubsistencefishermen
tobepreferredintheuseoftheseresources.
Ithasbeenheldthat"asunderlyingquestionsoffactmayconditiontheconstitutionalityoflegislationofthis
character, the presumption of constitutionality must prevail in the absence of some factual foundation of
recordforoverthrowingthestatute."11 No evidence has been presented by petitioners to overthrow the factual
basisoftheordinancesthat,asaresultoftheuseofcyanideandothernoxioussubstancesforfishing,only5%
ofthecoralreefsinPalawanwasinexcellentcondition,that75%hadbeenheavilydestroyed,andthatbecauseof
thethrivingmarketforlivefishandlobsterhereandabroadtherewasrampantillicittradeinlivefish.
Norhasitbeenshownbypetitionersthatthelocallegislationhereinvolvedisarbitraryorunreasonable.It
hasbeenheld:"Ifthelawspassedareseentohaveareasonablerelationtoaproperlegislativepurpose,
and are neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, the requirements of due process are satisfied, and judicial
determinationtothateffectrendersacourtfunctusofficio....Withthewisdomofthepolicyadopted,with
the adequacy or practicability of the law enacted to forward it, the courts are both incompetent and
unauthorizedtodeal...."12
ItiscontendedthatneitherProvincialOrdinanceNo.293norCityOrdinanceNo.1592prohibitscyanide
fishing and therefore the prohibition against catching certain species of fish and their transportation is
"excessive and irrational." It is further argued that the ban is unreasonable because it is not limited to
cyanidefishingbutincludesevenlegitimatefishing.
The ban on the use of cyanide and other noxious substances is already provided for in other legislation.
P.D.No.534,2punishesfishingbymeansof"explosives,obnoxiousorpoisonoussubstancesorbythe
use of electricity." Consequently, the ordinances in question can be seen as a necessary corollary of the
prohibitionagainstillegalfishingcontainedinthisDecree.Byprohibitingthecatchingofcertainfishesand
lobsters,OrdinanceNo.293ineffectdiscouragescyanidefishingbecause,asalreadystated,cyanideis
preferredincatchingfishesbecauseitdoesnotkillbutonlystunsthemandthuspreservesthemforexport
totheworldmarket.
On the other hand, the claim that the ordinance sweeps overbroadly by "absolutely prohibit[ing] the
catching,gathering,buyingandshipmentoflivefishesandmarinecoralresourcesbyanyandallmeans
includingthoselawfullyexecutedordoneinthepursuitoflegitimateoccupation"misconceivestheprincipal
purposeoftheordinance,whichisnotsomuchtoprohibittheuseofcyanideforfishingastorebuildcorals
becauseoftheirdestructionbycyanidefishing.Thisisclearfromthe"whereas"clausesofResolutionNo.
33,accompanyingOrdinanceNo.293:
WHEREAS, scientific and factual researches and studies disclose that only five (5) percent of the
coralsofourprovinceremaintobeinexcellentconditionashabitatofmarinecoraldwellingaquatic
organisms
WHEREAS, it cannot be gainsaid that the destruction and devastation of the corals of our province
were principally due to illegal fishing activities like dynamite fishing, sodium cyanide fishing, use of
otherobnoxioussubstancesandotherrelatedactivities
WHEREAS, there is an imperative and urgent need to protect and preserve the existence of the
remainingexcellentcoralsandallowthedevastatedonestoreinvigorateandregeneratethemselves
intovitalitywithinthespanoffive(5)years
WHEREAS, Sec. 468, Par. 1, SubPar. VI of R.A. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government
Code of 1991 empowers the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to protect the environment and impose
appropriatepenalties[for]actswhichendangertheenvironmentsuchasdynamitefishingandother
formsofdestructivefishing,amongothers
Theprincipalaimoftheordinanceisthusthepreservationandrehabilitationofthecorals.Onlyindirectlyis
it also concerned with prohibiting the use of cyanide. That this is the aim of the ordinance can also be
inferred from the fact that the ban imposed by it on the catching and gathering of fishes is for a limited
period(5years)calculatedtobethetimeneededforthegrowthandregenerationofthecorals.Werethe
purposeoftheordinancetheprohibitionoftheuseofcyanideforfishing,thebanwouldnotbeforalimited
periodonlybutforalltime.
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Iamnotmuchmovedbythepleathattheordinancesdeprivesmallfishermenoftheirmeansoflivelihood
and occupation. The ban imposed by Ordinance No. 293, as amended, covers only three species, i.e.,
mameng (scaridae), panther or seorita (cromilepres altivelis) and ornamental aquarium fishes
(balistiedae), which are prized in the black market. With respect to other species, it is open season for
legitimate fishermen. On the other hand, the ban imposed by Ordinance No. 1592 allows the
transportationandshipmentofseabass,catfish,mudfishandmilkfishfries.Thebanimposedbythetwo
ordinancesislimitedtofiveyears.Itisthuslimitedbothastoscopeandastoperiodofeffectivity.Thereis,
ontheotherhand,theimperativenecessityformeasurestopreventtheextinctionofcertainspeciesoffish.
Indeed, the burden of showing that there is no reasonable relation between the end and the means
adoptedinthiscaseisnotonthelocalgovernmentsbutonpetitionersbecauseofthepresumptionthata
regulatory statute is valid in the absence of factual evidence to the contrary. As held in United States v.
Salaveria.13 "The presumption is all in favor of validity. . . The councilors must, in the very nature of things, be
familiar with the necessities of their particular municipality and with all the facts and circumstances which surround
thesubject,andnecessitateaction.Thelocallegislativebody,byenactingtheordinance,hasineffectgivennotice
that the regulations are essential to the well being of the people. . . . The Judiciary should not lightly set aside
legislativeactionwhenthereisnotaclearinvasionofpersonalorpropertyrightsundertheguiseofpoliceregulation."
Finally,petitionersquestionOfficeOrderNo.23,s.of1993,ofthecitymayorofPuertoPrincesa,forbeing
allegedly vague. This order prohibits the transportation of fish outside the city without permit from the
mayor's office. Petitioners contend that the order does not state under what condition a permit may be
granted and, consequently, leaves it to the absolute discretion of the mayor when to grant and when to
denyapermit.Thequestionedparagraphoftheorderstates:
The purpose of the inspection is to ascertain whether the shipper possessed the required Mayor's
PermitissuedbythisOfficeandtheshipmentiscoveredbyinvoiceorclearanceissuedbythelocal
officeoftheBureauofFisheriesandAquaticResourcesandastocompliancewithallotherexisting
rulesandregulationsonthematter.
Thiscontentionisuntenable.AstheofficeorderisintendedtoimplementCityOrdinanceNo.1592,resort
mustbemadetotheordinanceinordertodeterminethescopeofsuchofficeorder.Asalreadynoted,the
ordinance prohibits the shipment out of Puerto Princesa of live fish and lobsters, with the exception of
catfish, mudfish and milkfish fries. Consequently, a permit may be denied if it is for the transportation of
fishes which are covered by the ban, but not for those not covered by it. This is the common sense
meaningoftheofficeorderinquestion.Criminallawsmustbepreciselydrawn,but,asJusticeHolmesonce
said,"Weagreetoallthegeneralitiesaboutnotsupplyingcriminallawswithwhattheyomit,butthereisno
canonagainstusingcommonsenseinconstruinglawsassayingwhattheyobviouslymean."14
Onefinalpoint.ThiscasewasbroughttothisCourtonthebarebonesoftheordinances,onthemereclaim
ofpetitionerAlfredoTanoandhis83copetitionersthattheyaresubsistencefishermen.Theconstitutional
protectionreferstosmallfishermenwhodependontheseafortheirexistence.Tenofthepetitioners,led
byAlfredoTano,areaccusedintheMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtofpossessionofthespeciescoveredby
Provincial Ordinance No. 293, while two, Roberto Lim and Virginia Lim, are charged with violation of the
two ordinances in the City Prosecutor's Office. There is no telling from the records of this case whether
petitioners are subsistence fishermen or simply impecunious individuals selling their catch to the big
businessmen. The other petitioners are admittedly fish traders, members of an association of airline
shippers,towhomtheconstitutionalprovisionsobviouslydonotapply.
The judicial invalidation of the ordinances in this case could undermine the ongoing trial of some of
petitioners. Instead of leaving the determination of the validity of the ordinances to the trial court, where
someofpetitionersarefacingcharges,thisCourtwillbeshortcircuitingthecriminalprocessbyprematurely
passingupontheconstitutionalquestionsandindirectlyonthecriminalliabilityofsomeofthepetitioners.
Thisisataskwhichshouldawaitthedevelopmentofevidenceofrecord.
Indeedbecauseoftheunsatisfactoryabstractnessoftherecord,thiscaseshouldnothavebeenbrought
here. The mere fact that some of petitioners are facing prosecution for violation of the ordinances is no
reasonforentertainingtheirsuit.Ourjurisdictionislimitedtocasesandcontroversies.Whoarepetitioners?
What is the impact of the ordinance on their economic situation? Are the factual bases of the two
ordinancessupportedbyevidence?Thesequestionsmustberaisedinthecriminaltrialorinasuitbrought
in the trial court so that facts necessary to adjudicate the constitutional questions can be presented.
Nothingcantaketheplaceofthefleshandbloodoflitigationtoassesstheactualoperationofastatuteand
thusgroundthejudicialpowermorefirmly.
Petitioners justify the filing of the present action in this Court on the ground that constitutional questions
must be raised at the earliest time. That is true, but it does not mean that the questions should be
presentedtotheSupremeCourtfirsthand.Moreover,theruleisnotabsolute.Constitutionalquestionslike
thoseinvokedbypetitionerscanberaisedanytime,eveninamotionforreconsideration,iftheirresolution
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is necessary to the decision of an actual case or controversy, as our recent resolution 15 of the
constitutionalityofR.A.No.7659,reimposingthedeathpenalty,amplydemonstrates.
Romero,Melo,PunoandFrancisco,JJ.,concur.
BELLOSILLO,J.,dissenting:
It is settled rule that where the provisions of the law are clear and unambiguous there is no room for
interpretation.Thedutyofthecourtisonlytoapplythelaw.Theexceptiontosuchrulecannotbejustified
onthesolebasisofgoodmotivesornobleobjectives.Foritisalsobasicthattheenddoesnotjustifythe
means.
The petition raises significant constitutional questions. While petitioners apparently instituted the action to
enjoin their criminal prosecution, the issue boils down to whether the subject ordinances of Palawan and
Puerto Princesa are valid and enforceable as to authorize the criminal prosecution of those charged with
violationthereof.
Notwithstanding the procedural limitations strictly applied in the majority opinion to render the petition
dismissible on grounds of prematurity and lack of real interest in the controversy, the case clearly falls
undertheexceptionsallowedbylaw.Thepetition,Isubmit,canbeproperlytreatedasaspecialcivilaction
forcertiorariandprohibitionunderRule65oftheRulesofCourttocorrecterrorsofjurisdictioncommitted
bythelowercourtarisingfromtheimplementationofavoidordinance.Evenifthepurposeofthepetitionis
for declaratory relief, if the petition has farreaching implications and raises questions that should be
resolvedastheyinvolvenationalinterest,itmaybetreatedasaspecialcivilactionunderRule65.1Themere
absenceofapriormotiontoquashtheInformationinthetrialcourtshouldnotpreventtheaccused,petitionersherein,fromseekingtorendernull
andvoidthecriminalproceedingsbelow.
In criminal cases, when the constitutionality or validity of a law or ordinance is essentially involved, the
samemayberaisedatanystageoftheproceedings.Itcanalsobeconsideredbytheappellatecourtat
anytimeifitinvolvesthejurisdictionofthelowerCourt.2Further,underSec.8,Rule117,oftheRulesonCriminalProcedure,
thefailureoftheaccusedtoassertanygroundofamotiontoquashbeforehepleadstotheComplaintorInformationeitherbecausehedidnot
fileamotiontoquashorfailedtoallegethesameinthemotionshallbedeemedawaiverofthegroundsofamotiontoquash,exceptthegrounds
ofnooffensecharged,lackofjurisdictionovertheoffensecharged,extinctionoftheoffenseorpenalty,andjeopardy.
Petitionersareproperpartiestosetasidetheproceedingsinthetrialcourt.Aproperpartyisonewhohas
sustainedorisinimmediatedangerofsustaininganinjuryasaresultoftheactcomplainedof.Petitioners
have been criminally charged and arrested for alleged violation of the ordinances in question.
Consequently, unless the trial court is enjoined from continuing with the proceedings, petitioners are in
dangerofbeingconvictedandpunishedunderordinanceswhichtheyallegetobeinvalidandineffective.In
fact this Court initially recognized the real interest of petitioners in instituting the action when it issued a
restrainingorderdirectingJudgeAngelR.Miclattoceaseanddesistuntilfurtherordersfromproceeding
withthearraignmentandpretrialofPeoplev.AlfredoTano,etal.,Crim.CaseNo.11223,forviolationof
Resolution No. 293 of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan, and Ordinance No. 1592 of the
SangguniangPanlungsodofPuertoPrincesaCity.
ThequestiontoberesolvediswhetherResolutionNo.293,OfficeOrderNo.23andOrdinanceNo.1592
are constitutional, valid and enforceable. By considering the purpose and objective of the ordinances as
laudable, the majority adopts the affirmative view in consonance with the general welfare clause and
principleofdevolutionwellrootedintheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991.
WhileIagreewiththemajoritythatthelocalleadersofPalawanandPuertoPrincesaCitybecommended
fortheireffortstoupliftandprotecttheenvironmentandnaturalresourceswithintheirareas,thegeneral
welfare clause is not the sole criterion to determine the validity or constitutionality of the ordinances. In
Magtajasv.PrycePropertiesCorporation, 3 we reiterated that the wellestablished tests of a valid ordinance are: (a) It must not
contravenetheConstitutionoranystatute(b)Itmustnotbeunfairoroppressive(c)Itmustnotbepartialordiscriminatory(d)Itmustnotprohibit
butmayregulatetrade(e)Itmustbegeneralandconsistentwithpublicpolicyand,(f)Itmustnotbeunreasonable.
As admitted by the majority, among our existing statutes on fishing and fishery or aquatic resources are
P.D. Nos. 704, 1015 and 1219. P.D. No. 704 is titled "Revising and Consolidating All Laws and Decrees
AffectingFishingandFisheries."WiththeenactmentoftheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991,onlySecs.16
and29ofP.D.No.704wereexpresslyrepealed.AlltherestoftheprovisionsofP.D.No.704remainvalid
andeffective,Sec.4ofwhichisenlightening
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction of the Bureau (of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). The Bureau shall have
jurisdiction and responsibility in the management, conservation, development, protection, utilization
anddispositionofallfisheryandaquaticresourcesofthecountryexceptmunicipalwaterswhichshall
beunderthemunicipalorcitygovernmentconcerned:Provided,Thatfishpensandseaweedculture
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inmunicipalcentersshallbeunderthejurisdictionoftheBureau:Provided,further,Thatallmunicipal
orcityordinancesandresolutionsaffectingfishingandfisheriesandanydispositionthereundershall
besubmittedtotheSecretaryforappropriateactionandshallhavefullforceandeffectonlyuponhis
approval.TheBureaushallalsohaveauthoritytoregulateandsupervisetheproduction,captureand
gatheringoffishandfishery/aquaticproducts.
There is no doubt that under P.D. No. 704 fishing, fishery and aquatic resources in municipal waters are
underthejurisdictionofthemunicipalorcitygovernmentconcerned.However,thesamedecreeimposesa
mandatoryrequirementdirectingmunicipalorcitygovernmentstosubmitordinancesenactedpertinentto
fishingandfisheryresourcestotheSecretaryofAgriculturewhonowhascontrolandsupervisionoverthe
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The ordinances will attain full force and effect only
upontheapprovaloftheSecretaryofAgriculture.
Ordinance 1592 of Puerto Princesa City, admittedly, was not submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture
through the BFAR for approval. Such failure of compliance with the law prevented it from becoming valid
and effective. Consequently, Office Order No. 23 of the Mayor of Puerto Princesa City which seeks to
implementandenforceOrdinanceNo.1592isalsoineffectiveasthereisnothingtoimplement.
TosaythatSec.4ofP.D.No.704wasimpliedlyrepealedbytheLocalGovernmentCodeisgratuitous.For,
ifitwastheintentionofthelegislaturetodispensewiththerequirementofpriorapprovalbytheSecretary
ofAgricultureofordinancespertinenttofisheryresources,itwould.haveexpresslyrepealedSec.4when,
infact,itdidsowithSecs.16and29ofP.D.No.704.Casesaboundholdingthatarepealbyimplicationis
not presumed or favored considering that the legislature is presumed to be aware of existing laws
ordinarily,ifitintendstorevokeastatuteitwouldmanifestsuchintentioninexpressterms.4Beforesucharepeal
isdeemedtoexistitshouldbeshownthatthestatutesorstatutoryprovisionsdealwiththesamesubjectmatterandthatthelatterbeinconsistent
withtheformer.Theremustbeashowingofrepugnancyclearandconvincingincharacter.Thelanguageusedinthelatterstatutemustbesuch
astorenderitirreconcilablewithwhathasbeenformerlyenacted.Aninconsistencythatfallsshortofthatstandarddoesnotsuffice.Infact,there
isnoinconsistencybetweentheLocalGovernmentCodeandP.D.No.704asamended.WhiletheLocalGovernmentCodevestspoweruponthe
local government to enact ordinances for the general welfare of its inhabitants, such power is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code
itselfandbyotherstatutes.WhenthelegislaturefailedtorepealSec.4ofP.D.No.704itacceptedandrecognizedalimitationonthepowerofthe
local government to enact ordinances relative to matters affecting fishery and aquatic resources. A reading of particular provisions of the Local
GovernmentCodeitselfwillrevealthatdevolutiononthepowersofthelocalgovernmentpertainingtotheprotectionofenvironmentislimitedand
notallencompassing,aswillbediscussedinthesucceedingparagraphs.
Further,whiletheLocalGovernmentCodeisagenerallawonthepowers,responsibilitiesandcomposition
of different local government units, P.D. No. 704 is a special law dealing with the protection and
conservation of fishing and aquatic resources including those in the municipal waters. Hence, the special
lawshouldprevailoverthegenerallaw.
ThereisalsoP.D.No.1015whichvestsupontheSecretaryofAgriculturetheauthoritytoestablishclosed
seasons.AnotherexistinglawonfisherieswhichhasnotbeenrepealedbytheLocalGovernmentCodeis
P.D. No. 1219, which provides for the exploration, exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral
resources. Section 4 thereof provides that the decree shall be implemented by the Secretary of
Environment and Natural Resources who shall have jurisdiction and responsibility in the exploration,
exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral resources. Section 6 authorizes the Secretary to issue
special permit to any person or institution to gather in limited quantities any coral for scientific or
educational purposes. Section 10 empowers the Secretary to promulgate rules and regulations for the
implementationofthislaw.
Itistruethatpolicepowercanbeexercisedthroughthegeneralwelfareclause.But,whilepolicepoweris
inherent in a state, it is not so in municipal corporations or local governments. In order that a local
governmentmayexercisepolicepower,theremustbealegislativegrantwhichnecessarilysetsthelimits
fortheexerciseofthepower.5Inthiscase,CongresshasenactedtheLocalGovernmentCodewhichprovidesthestandardsaswell
asthelimitationsintheexerciseofthepolicepowerbythelocalgovernmentunit.
Section 2 of the Local Government Code provides for a system of decentralization whereby local
government units are given more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources, and the process shall
proceedfromthenationalgovernmenttothelocalgovernmentunits.However,underSec3,par.(i),ofthe
Local Government Code, the operative principles of decentralization upon the environment and natural
resources are not absolute when it is provided therein that "local government units shall share with the
national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within
theirterritorialjurisdiction,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisCodeandnationalpolicies."Thenationalpolicies
mentionedhererefertoexistingpolicieswhichtheDENRandothergovernmentagenciesconcernedwith
theenvironmentmayimplementatanygivenmoment.Thenationalpoliciesareembodiedinexistinglaws,
rules and regulations pertaining to environment and natural resources, such as P.D. Nos. 704 and 1219
relating to fishery resources. The above provision was crafted to make sure that local government
enactmentsdonotsupplantornegatenationalgovernmentpoliciesonenvironment.6 This is precisely the reason
whytheLocalGovernmentCodedidnotrepealSec.4ofP.D.NO.704requiringpriorsubmissiontoandapprovalbytheSecretaryofAgricultureof
ordinancesrelativetofisheryandaquaticresources.Needlesstostress,theapprovaloftheSecretaryisnecessaryinordertoensurethatthese
ordinancesareinaccordancewiththelawsonfisheriesandnationalpolicies.Likewise,thejurisdictionoftheSecretaryofEnvironmentandNatural
ResourcesovercoralresourcesunderP.D.No.1219remains.
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The core of the devolution adopted by the Local Government Code is found in Sec. 17 thereof which
reiterates the basic services and facilities to be rendered by the local governments. With respect to the
protectionandconservationoffisheries,Sec.17,par.2(i),specificallyprovidesthatthemunicipalityshall
conduct "extension and onsite research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activities
whichincludedispersaloflivestockandpoultry,fingerlingsandotherseedingmaterialsforaquaculture
....andenforcementoffisherylawsinmunicipalwatersincludingtheconservationofmangroves...."
The power devolved upon the municipality under the Local Government Code is the enforcement of
existingfisherylawsoftheStateandnottheenactmentthereof.Whilealocalgovernmentunitmayadopt
ordinancesuponsubjectscoveredbylaworstatute,suchordinancesshouldbeinaccordancewithandnot
repugnanttothelaw.7Inviewthereof,ordinanceswhichmaybeenactedbythemunicipalityorcityshouldbepursuanttotheprovisionsof
P.D.Nos.704,1015and1219.Thus,undertheprovisionsofSecs.447,par.1(vi),458,par.1(vi)and468,par.1(vi),themunicipality,cityand
province respectively may approve ordinances protecting the environment by specifically penalizing only those acts which endanger the
environmentsuchasdynamitefishingandotherformsofdestructivefishingwhicharealreadyprohibitedunderP.D.Nos.704and1219,andother
lawsonillegalfishing.8
Thequestionedordinancesmayalsobestruckdownforbeingnotonlyaprohibitorylegislationbutalsoan
unauthorizedexerciseofdelegationofpowers.Anobjective,howeverworthyordesirableitmaybe,such
astheprotectionandconservationofourfisheriesinthiscase,canbeattainedbyameasurethatdoesnot
encompass too wide a field. The purpose can be achieved by reasonable restrictions rather than by
absolute prohibition. Local governments are not possessed with prohibitory powers but only regulatory
powersunderthegeneralwelfareclause.9TheycannotthereforeexceedthepowersgrantedtothembytheCodebyaltogether
prohibiting fishing and selling for five (5) years all live fishes through Ordinance No. 1592 and coral organisms through Ordinance No. 293
involvingevenlawfulmethodsoffishing.
Theseprohibitionsaretantamounttotheestablishmentofaclosedseasonforfishandaquaticresources
whichauthorityisnotamongthosepowersvestedbytheLocalGovernmentCodetothelocalgovernment
units.FortheauthoritytoestablishaclosedseasonforfisheriesisvestedupontheSecretaryofAgriculture
byvirtueofP.D.Nos.704and1015andintheSecretaryofEnvironmentandNaturalresourcespursuantto
P.D.No.1219inrelationtocoralresources.Thepowerofthelocalgovernmentsisconfinedandlimitedto
ensuringthatthesenationalfisherylawsareimplementedandenforcedwithintheirterritorialjurisdictions.
Hence,anymemorandumofagreementwhichmighthavebeenexecutedbytheDepartmentofAgriculture
orDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesgrantingadditionalpowersandfunctionstothelocal
governments which are not vested upon the latter by the Local Government Code because such powers
arecoveredbyexistingstatutes,isanunduedelegationofpowerand,consequently,nullandvoid.
The majority also cites R.A. No. 7611, otherwise known as the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for
PalawanAct,asproofofthepowerofthelocalgovernmentsofPalawanandPuertoPrincesaCitytoissue
theassailedordinances.AlthoughtheobjectivesofR.A.No.7611andoftheordinancesareoneandthe
same,i.e., the protection, conservation and development of natural resources, the former does not grant
additional powers to the local governments pertaining to the environment. In fact, the law adopts a
comprehensive framework which shall serve to direct and guide local governments and national
government agencies in the implementation of programs and projects affecting Palawan. With the
enactment of this Act, the local governments are mandated to coordinate and align their developmental
plans, projects and budgets in accord with the framework of the SEP. It can be said that this is another
limitation on the exercise of police power by the local governments of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City
becausethegovernance,implementationandpolicydirectionoftheSEPshallbeexercisedbythePalawan
CouncilforSustainableDevelopment(PCSD)whichisundertheOfficeofthePresident.
Finally, I find unreasonable Resolution No. 293 of Palawan and Ordinance No. 1592 of Puerto Princesa
City.Theprohibitionssetfortharenotgermanetotheaccomplishmentoftheirgoals.OrdinanceNo.1592
is aimed to free effectively the marine resources of Puerto Princesa from cyanide and other obnoxious
substances.Butthemeanstoachievethisobjectivebordersontheexcessiveandirrational,fortheedict
would absolutely ban the shipment of live fishes and lobsters out of the city for a period of five (5) years
without prohibiting cyanide fishing itself which is the professed goal of the ordinance. The purpose of
ResolutionNo.293,ontheotherhand,istoprotectandpreserveallmarinecoraldwellingorganismsfrom
devastationanddestructionbyillegalfishingactivities,e.g.,dynamitefishing,sodiumcyanidefishing,and
the use of other obnoxious substances. But in absolutely prohibiting the catching, gathering, buying and
shipmentoflivefishesandmarinecoralresourcesbyanymeansincludingthoselawfullyexecutedordone
inthepursuitoflegitimateoccupation,theordinanceoversteppedthereasonablelimitsandboundariesof
itsraisond'etre. This I cannot help viewing as plain arbitrariness masquerading as police power. For the
consequentdeprivationofthemainsourceoflivelihoodofthepeopleofPalawancanonlyberegardedas
utterdepravationofthisawesomepoweroftheState.
Foralltheforegoing,Ivotetograntthepetition.
KapunanandHermosisima,Jr.,JJ.,concur.
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SeparateOpinions
I fully concur in the opinion of the Court written by Justice Davide. I write separately to emphasize two
points which I believe are important. The first is the need to uphold the presumption of validity of the
ordinances in this case in view of the total absence of evidence to undermine their factual basis. The
secondistheneednottoallowashortcircuitingofthenormalprocessofadjudicationonthemerepleathat
unless we take cognizance of petitions like this, bypassing the trial courts, alleged violations of
constitutionalrightswillbeleftunprotected,whenthemattercanverywellbelookedintobytrialcourtsand
infactshouldbebroughtthere.
The ordinances in question in this case are conservation measures which the local governments of
Palawanhaveadoptedinviewofthewidespreaddestructioncausedbycyanidefishingofcoralswithintheir
territorialwaters.Attheveryleast,theseordinancesmustbepresumedvalidintheabsenceofevidenceto
showthatthenecessaryfactualfoundationfortheirenactmentdoesnotexist.Theirinvalidationatthispoint
can result in the untimely exoneration of otherwise guilty parties on the basis of doubtful constitutional
claims.
Ordinance No. 293, which the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan adopted in 1993, prohibits, for a
period of five years, the "catching, gathering, possessing, buying, selling and shipment" of five fish and
lobsters. As originally enacted, the prohibition applied to eight species of fish and lobsters caught in the
waters of Palawan, namely, "1. Family: Scaridae (Mameng), 2. Epinephelus Fasciatus (Suno), 3.
Cromileptes altivelis (Panther or Seorita), lobster (below 200 grams and spawning), 4. Tridacna Gigas
(GiantClamsorTakloboandotherspecies),5.PinctadaMargaritifera(MotherPearlOysters),6.Penaeus
Monodon(TigerPrawnbreedersizeormother),7.EpinephelusSuillus(LobaorGreenGrouper)and8.
Family:Balistidae(TropicalAquariumFishes)." 1 Later, however, the ordinance was amended to limit the ban to three species
only, namely: mameng (scaridae), panther or seorita (cromileptes altivelis) and ornamental or aquarium fishes (balistidae). Violation of the
ordinance is punishable by a fine of P5,000.00 and/or imprisonment of not less than 6 nor more than 12 months and confiscation of the
paraphernaliaandequipmentusedinthecommissionoftheoffense.2
OrdinanceNo.293wasadoptedbytheSangguniangPanlalawiganonthebasisofa1992studysubmitted
bytheDepartmentofAgriculture,3showingthat,asaresultoftheuseofcyanideandothernoxioussubstancesforfishing,only5%
ofthecoralreefsintheProvinceofPalawanremainedinexcellentconditionasfishsanctuariesandhabitats,while75%washeavilydamaged.
The rampant use of cyanide has been encouraged by the lucrative trade in live fishes which are shipped
not only to Manila but also abroad, principally to Hongkong, Taiwan and Malaysia. The fishes are sold to
gourmet restaurants because of the great demand for exotic food, to aquariums and to pet shops. In its
issueofJuly19,1993.TimeMagazine4reportedthattheillicittradeinliveanimalsisthethirdbiggestcontrabandbusinessinthe
world,afterdrugsandarms,andidentifiedthePhilippinesasamajorsourceoftropicalfishesfortheglobaltrafficinlivefishes.
Theuseofcyanideenablesfishermentocatchfishaliveandincommercialquantityinawaynotpossible
withtheuseofsuchtraditionalmethodsashookandline,fishtraps,bakladandthelike,whichallowsonly
limited catch and often results in injuries to fishes and the loss of their scales, thereby reducing their
survivalfortransportationabroad.5Cyanidedoesnotkillfishbutonlystunsthem.Thestunnedcreaturesarethenscoopedupand
placed in containers ready for shipment across borders, national and transnational. What cyanide does, however, is poison the fragile reefs and
causethemtodieandceaseasfishhabitats.6
Concernovertheuseofcyanideinfishinganditsilleffectonthemarineenvironmentalsopromptedthe
SangguniangPanlungsodofPuertoPrincesatopassOrdinanceNo.1592,whichmakesitunlawfulforany
person or business enterprise or company "to ship out from Puerto Princesa City to any point of
destinations either via aircraft or seacraft of any live fish and lobster except SEA BASS, CATFISH,
MUDFISHandMILKFISHFRIES."7 The ban is for five years, from January 1, 1993 to January 1, 1998. The penalty for violation of
theordinanceisafineofnotmorethanP5,000.00orimprisonmentofnotmorethan12months.8
Toenforcetheordinance,themayorofPuertoPrincesaorderedtheinspectionofcargoesoflivefishand
lobstersleavingthecitybyairorsea.Inspectorsaretoascertainiftheshipperhasapermitissuedbythe
office of the city mayor. Any cargo of live fish and lobster without a permit from the mayor's office will be
"heldforproperdisposition."9
Theordinancesinquestionarepolicepowermeasures,enactedbytheProvinceofPalawanandtheCityof
PuertoPrincesa,pursuanttotheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991whichmakesitinfacttheirdutytoenact
measures to "protect the environment and impose appropriate penalties for acts which endanger the
environment,suchasdynamitefishingandotherformsofdestructivefishing...."10Thereisnobasisforthe
claim in the dissenting opinion that the subject of these ordinances lies within the competence of the national
government.Forthematterconcernsalocalproblem,namely,thedestructionofaquaticresourcesintheProvinceof
Palawan. For this reason the Solicitor General asked for leave to withdraw from this case. On the other hand, the
DepartmentofAgriculturesubmitteditsreportontheextentofthedevastationofcoralreefscausedbyillegalfishing
to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan and thereby left the solution of the problem to be worked out by the
localauthorities.ItwouldthereforesetbackthepolicyofdecentralizationwerethisCourttosustainsuchaclaim.
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Indeed, petitioners' challenge to the validity of the ordinances does not rest on the claim that the
ordinances are beyond the power of local governments to enact but on the ground that they deprive
petitioners of their means of livelihood and occupation and for that reason violate the Constitution of the
Philippines.Forsupport,petitionersinvokethefollowingconstitutionalprovisions:
Art.XII,2.....
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea and
exclusiveeconomiczone,andreserveitsuseandenjoymentexclusivelytoFilipinocitizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow smallscale utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as
well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers,
lakes,baysandlagoons.
Art.XIII,1:TheCongressshallgivehighestprioritytotheenactmentofmeasuresthatprotectand
enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political
inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the
commongood.
Id.,7:TheStateshallprotecttherightsofsubsistencefishermen,especiallyoflocalcommunities,to
I cannot see how these provisions can, in any way, lend support to petitioners' contention that the
ordinances violate the Constitution. These provisions refer to the duty of the State to protect the nation's
marine resources for the exclusive use and enjoyment of Filipino citizens, to the preferential right of
subsistence fishermen in the use of such communal marine resources, and to their right to be protected,
eveninoffshorefishinggrounds,againstforeignintrusion.ThereisnoquestionhereofFilipinopreference
over aliens in the use of marine resources. What is in issue is the protection of marine resources in the
Province of Palawan. It was precisely to implement Art. XII, 2 that the ordinances in question were
enacted.For,withoutthesemarineresources,itwouldbeidletotalkoftherightsofsubsistencefishermen
tobepreferredintheuseoftheseresources.
Ithasbeenheldthat"asunderlyingquestionsoffactmayconditiontheconstitutionalityoflegislationofthis
character, the presumption of constitutionality must prevail in the absence of some factual foundation of
recordforoverthrowingthestatute."11 No evidence has been presented by petitioners to overthrow the factual
basisoftheordinancesthat,asaresultoftheuseofcyanideandothernoxioussubstancesforfishing,only5%
ofthecoralreefsinPalawanwasinexcellentcondition,that75%hadbeenheavilydestroyed,andthatbecauseof
thethrivingmarketforlivefishandlobsterhereandabroadtherewasrampantillicittradeinlivefish.
Norhasitbeenshownbypetitionersthatthelocallegislationhereinvolvedisarbitraryorunreasonable.It
hasbeenheld:"Ifthelawspassedareseentohaveareasonablerelationtoaproperlegislativepurpose,
and are neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, the requirements of due process are satisfied, and judicial
determinationtothateffectrendersacourtfunctusofficio....Withthewisdomofthepolicyadopted,with
the adequacy or practicability of the law enacted to forward it, the courts are both incompetent and
unauthorizedtodeal...."12
ItiscontendedthatneitherProvincialOrdinanceNo.293norCityOrdinanceNo.1592prohibitscyanide
fishing and therefore the prohibition against catching certain species of fish and their transportation is
"excessive and irrational." It is further argued that the ban is unreasonable because it is not limited to
cyanidefishingbutincludesevenlegitimatefishing.
The ban on the use of cyanide and other noxious substances is already provided for in other legislation.
P.D.No.534,2punishesfishingbymeansof"explosives,obnoxiousorpoisonoussubstancesorbythe
use of electricity." Consequently, the ordinances in question can be seen as a necessary corollary of the
prohibitionagainstillegalfishingcontainedinthisDecree.Byprohibitingthecatchingofcertainfishesand
lobsters,OrdinanceNo.293ineffectdiscouragescyanidefishingbecause,asalreadystated,cyanideis
preferredincatchingfishesbecauseitdoesnotkillbutonlystunsthemandthuspreservesthemforexport
totheworldmarket.
On the other hand, the claim that the ordinance sweeps overbroadly by "absolutely prohibit[ing] the
catching,gathering,buyingandshipmentoflivefishesandmarinecoralresourcesbyanyandallmeans
includingthoselawfullyexecutedordoneinthepursuitoflegitimateoccupation"misconceivestheprincipal
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purposeoftheordinance,whichisnotsomuchtoprohibittheuseofcyanideforfishingastorebuildcorals
becauseoftheirdestructionbycyanidefishing.Thisisclearfromthe"whereas"clausesofResolutionNo.
33,accompanyingOrdinanceNo.293:
WHEREAS, scientific and factual researches and studies disclose that only five (5) percent of the
coralsofourprovinceremaintobeinexcellentconditionashabitatofmarinecoraldwellingaquatic
organisms
WHEREAS, it cannot be gainsaid that the destruction and devastation of the corals of our province
were principally due to illegal fishing activities like dynamite fishing, sodium cyanide fishing, use of
otherobnoxioussubstancesandotherrelatedactivities
WHEREAS, there is an imperative and urgent need to protect and preserve the existence of the
remainingexcellentcoralsandallowthedevastatedonestoreinvigorateandregeneratethemselves
intovitalitywithinthespanoffive(5)years
WHEREAS, Sec. 468, Par. 1, SubPar. VI of R.A. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government
Code of 1991 empowers the Sangguniang Panlalawigan to protect the environment and impose
appropriatepenalties[for]actswhichendangertheenvironmentsuchasdynamitefishingandother
formsofdestructivefishing,amongothers
Theprincipalaimoftheordinanceisthusthepreservationandrehabilitationofthecorals.Onlyindirectlyis
it also concerned with prohibiting the use of cyanide. That this is the aim of the ordinance can also be
inferred from the fact that the ban imposed by it on the catching and gathering of fishes is for a limited
period(5years)calculatedtobethetimeneededforthegrowthandregenerationofthecorals.Werethe
purposeoftheordinancetheprohibitionoftheuseofcyanideforfishing,thebanwouldnotbeforalimited
periodonlybutforalltime.
Iamnotmuchmovedbythepleathattheordinancesdeprivesmallfishermenoftheirmeansoflivelihood
and occupation. The ban imposed by Ordinance No. 293, as amended, covers only three species, i.e.,
mameng (scaridae), panther or seorita (cromilepres altivelis) and ornamental aquarium fishes
(balistiedae), which are prized in the black market. With respect to other species, it is open season for
legitimate fishermen. On the other hand, the ban imposed by Ordinance No. 1592 allows the
transportationandshipmentofseabass,catfish,mudfishandmilkfishfries.Thebanimposedbythetwo
ordinancesislimitedtofiveyears.Itisthuslimitedbothastoscopeandastoperiodofeffectivity.Thereis,
ontheotherhand,theimperativenecessityformeasurestopreventtheextinctionofcertainspeciesoffish.
Indeed, the burden of showing that there is no reasonable relation between the end and the means
adoptedinthiscaseisnotonthelocalgovernmentsbutonpetitionersbecauseofthepresumptionthata
regulatory statute is valid in the absence of factual evidence to the contrary. As held in United States v.
Salaveria.13 "The presumption is all in favor of validity. . . The councilors must, in the very nature of things, be
familiar with the necessities of their particular municipality and with all the facts and circumstances which surround
thesubject,andnecessitateaction.Thelocallegislativebody,byenactingtheordinance,hasineffectgivennotice
that the regulations are essential to the well being of the people. . . . The Judiciary should not lightly set aside
legislativeactionwhenthereisnotaclearinvasionofpersonalorpropertyrightsundertheguiseofpoliceregulation."
Finally,petitionersquestionOfficeOrderNo.23,s.of1993,ofthecitymayorofPuertoPrincesa,forbeing
allegedly vague. This order prohibits the transportation of fish outside the city without permit from the
mayor's office. Petitioners contend that the order does not state under what condition a permit may be
granted and, consequently, leaves it to the absolute discretion of the mayor when to grant and when to
denyapermit.Thequestionedparagraphoftheorderstates:
The purpose of the inspection is to ascertain whether the shipper possessed the required Mayor's
PermitissuedbythisOfficeandtheshipmentiscoveredbyinvoiceorclearanceissuedbythelocal
officeoftheBureauofFisheriesandAquaticResourcesandastocompliancewithallotherexisting
rulesandregulationsonthematter.
Thiscontentionisuntenable.AstheofficeorderisintendedtoimplementCityOrdinanceNo.1592,resort
mustbemadetotheordinanceinordertodeterminethescopeofsuchofficeorder.Asalreadynoted,the
ordinance prohibits the shipment out of Puerto Princesa of live fish and lobsters, with the exception of
catfish, mudfish and milkfish fries. Consequently, a permit may be denied if it is for the transportation of
fishes which are covered by the ban, but not for those not covered by it. This is the common sense
meaningoftheofficeorderinquestion.Criminallawsmustbepreciselydrawn,but,asJusticeHolmesonce
said,"Weagreetoallthegeneralitiesaboutnotsupplyingcriminallawswithwhattheyomit,butthereisno
canonagainstusingcommonsenseinconstruinglawsassayingwhattheyobviouslymean."14
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Onefinalpoint.ThiscasewasbroughttothisCourtonthebarebonesoftheordinances,onthemereclaim
ofpetitionerAlfredoTanoandhis83copetitionersthattheyaresubsistencefishermen.Theconstitutional
protectionreferstosmallfishermenwhodependontheseafortheirexistence.Tenofthepetitioners,led
byAlfredoTano,areaccusedintheMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtofpossessionofthespeciescoveredby
Provincial Ordinance No. 293, while two, Roberto Lim and Virginia Lim, are charged with violation of the
two ordinances in the City Prosecutor's Office. There is no telling from the records of this case whether
petitioners are subsistence fishermen or simply impecunious individuals selling their catch to the big
businessmen. The other petitioners are admittedly fish traders, members of an association of airline
shippers,towhomtheconstitutionalprovisionsobviouslydonotapply.
The judicial invalidation of the ordinances in this case could undermine the ongoing trial of some of
petitioners. Instead of leaving the determination of the validity of the ordinances to the trial court, where
someofpetitionersarefacingcharges,thisCourtwillbeshortcircuitingthecriminalprocessbyprematurely
passingupontheconstitutionalquestionsandindirectlyonthecriminalliabilityofsomeofthepetitioners.
Thisisataskwhichshouldawaitthedevelopmentofevidenceofrecord.
Indeedbecauseoftheunsatisfactoryabstractnessoftherecord,thiscaseshouldnothavebeenbrought
here. The mere fact that some of petitioners are facing prosecution for violation of the ordinances is no
reasonforentertainingtheirsuit.Ourjurisdictionislimitedtocasesandcontroversies.Whoarepetitioners?
What is the impact of the ordinance on their economic situation? Are the factual bases of the two
ordinancessupportedbyevidence?Thesequestionsmustberaisedinthecriminaltrialorinasuitbrought
in the trial court so that facts necessary to adjudicate the constitutional questions can be presented.
Nothingcantaketheplaceofthefleshandbloodoflitigationtoassesstheactualoperationofastatuteand
thusgroundthejudicialpowermorefirmly.
Petitioners justify the filing of the present action in this Court on the ground that constitutional questions
must be raised at the earliest time. That is true, but it does not mean that the questions should be
presentedtotheSupremeCourtfirsthand.Moreover,theruleisnotabsolute.Constitutionalquestionslike
thoseinvokedbypetitionerscanberaisedanytime,eveninamotionforreconsideration,iftheirresolution
is necessary to the decision of an actual case or controversy, as our recent resolution 15 of the
constitutionalityofR.A.No.7659,reimposingthedeathpenalty,amplydemonstrates.
Romero,Melo,PunoandFrancisco,JJ.,concur.
BELLOSILLO,J.,dissenting:
It is settled rule that where the provisions of the law are clear and unambiguous there is no room for
interpretation.Thedutyofthecourtisonlytoapplythelaw.Theexceptiontosuchrulecannotbejustified
onthesolebasisofgoodmotivesornobleobjectives.Foritisalsobasicthattheenddoesnotjustifythe
means.
The petition raises significant constitutional questions. While petitioners apparently instituted the action to
enjoin their criminal prosecution, the issue boils down to whether the subject ordinances of Palawan and
Puerto Princesa are valid and enforceable as to authorize the criminal prosecution of those charged with
violationthereof.
Notwithstanding the procedural limitations strictly applied in the majority opinion to render the petition
dismissible on grounds of prematurity and lack of real interest in the controversy, the case clearly falls
undertheexceptionsallowedbylaw.Thepetition,Isubmit,canbeproperlytreatedasaspecialcivilaction
forcertiorariandprohibitionunderRule65oftheRulesofCourttocorrecterrorsofjurisdictioncommitted
bythelowercourtarisingfromtheimplementationofavoidordinance.Evenifthepurposeofthepetitionis
for declaratory relief, if the petition has farreaching implications and raises questions that should be
resolvedastheyinvolvenationalinterest,itmaybetreatedasaspecialcivilactionunderRule65.1Themere
absenceofapriormotiontoquashtheInformationinthetrialcourtshouldnotpreventtheaccused,petitionersherein,fromseekingtorendernull
andvoidthecriminalproceedingsbelow.
In criminal cases, when the constitutionality or validity of a law or ordinance is essentially involved, the
samemayberaisedatanystageoftheproceedings.Itcanalsobeconsideredbytheappellatecourtat
anytimeifitinvolvesthejurisdictionofthelowerCourt.2Further,underSec.8,Rule117,oftheRulesonCriminalProcedure,
thefailureoftheaccusedtoassertanygroundofamotiontoquashbeforehepleadstotheComplaintorInformationeitherbecausehedidnot
fileamotiontoquashorfailedtoallegethesameinthemotionshallbedeemedawaiverofthegroundsofamotiontoquash,exceptthegrounds
ofnooffensecharged,lackofjurisdictionovertheoffensecharged,extinctionoftheoffenseorpenalty,andjeopardy.
Petitionersareproperpartiestosetasidetheproceedingsinthetrialcourt.Aproperpartyisonewhohas
sustainedorisinimmediatedangerofsustaininganinjuryasaresultoftheactcomplainedof.Petitioners
have been criminally charged and arrested for alleged violation of the ordinances in question.
Consequently, unless the trial court is enjoined from continuing with the proceedings, petitioners are in
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dangerofbeingconvictedandpunishedunderordinanceswhichtheyallegetobeinvalidandineffective.In
fact this Court initially recognized the real interest of petitioners in instituting the action when it issued a
restrainingorderdirectingJudgeAngelR.Miclattoceaseanddesistuntilfurtherordersfromproceeding
withthearraignmentandpretrialofPeoplev.AlfredoTano,etal.,Crim.CaseNo.11223,forviolationof
Resolution No. 293 of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Palawan, and Ordinance No. 1592 of the
SangguniangPanlungsodofPuertoPrincesaCity.
ThequestiontoberesolvediswhetherResolutionNo.293,OfficeOrderNo.23andOrdinanceNo.1592
are constitutional, valid and enforceable. By considering the purpose and objective of the ordinances as
laudable, the majority adopts the affirmative view in consonance with the general welfare clause and
principleofdevolutionwellrootedintheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991.
WhileIagreewiththemajoritythatthelocalleadersofPalawanandPuertoPrincesaCitybecommended
fortheireffortstoupliftandprotecttheenvironmentandnaturalresourceswithintheirareas,thegeneral
welfare clause is not the sole criterion to determine the validity or constitutionality of the ordinances. In
Magtajasv.PrycePropertiesCorporation, 3 we reiterated that the wellestablished tests of a valid ordinance are: (a) It must not
contravenetheConstitutionoranystatute(b)Itmustnotbeunfairoroppressive(c)Itmustnotbepartialordiscriminatory(d)Itmustnotprohibit
butmayregulatetrade(e)Itmustbegeneralandconsistentwithpublicpolicyand,(f)Itmustnotbeunreasonable.
As admitted by the majority, among our existing statutes on fishing and fishery or aquatic resources are
P.D. Nos. 704, 1015 and 1219. P.D. No. 704 is titled "Revising and Consolidating All Laws and Decrees
AffectingFishingandFisheries."WiththeenactmentoftheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991,onlySecs.16
and29ofP.D.No.704wereexpresslyrepealed.AlltherestoftheprovisionsofP.D.No.704remainvalid
andeffective,Sec.4ofwhichisenlightening
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction of the Bureau (of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). The Bureau shall have
jurisdiction and responsibility in the management, conservation, development, protection, utilization
anddispositionofallfisheryandaquaticresourcesofthecountryexceptmunicipalwaterswhichshall
beunderthemunicipalorcitygovernmentconcerned:Provided,Thatfishpensandseaweedculture
inmunicipalcentersshallbeunderthejurisdictionoftheBureau:Provided,further,Thatallmunicipal
orcityordinancesandresolutionsaffectingfishingandfisheriesandanydispositionthereundershall
besubmittedtotheSecretaryforappropriateactionandshallhavefullforceandeffectonlyuponhis
approval.TheBureaushallalsohaveauthoritytoregulateandsupervisetheproduction,captureand
gatheringoffishandfishery/aquaticproducts.
There is no doubt that under P.D. No. 704 fishing, fishery and aquatic resources in municipal waters are
underthejurisdictionofthemunicipalorcitygovernmentconcerned.However,thesamedecreeimposesa
mandatoryrequirementdirectingmunicipalorcitygovernmentstosubmitordinancesenactedpertinentto
fishingandfisheryresourcestotheSecretaryofAgriculturewhonowhascontrolandsupervisionoverthe
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The ordinances will attain full force and effect only
upontheapprovaloftheSecretaryofAgriculture.
Ordinance 1592 of Puerto Princesa City, admittedly, was not submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture
through the BFAR for approval. Such failure of compliance with the law prevented it from becoming valid
and effective. Consequently, Office Order No. 23 of the Mayor of Puerto Princesa City which seeks to
implementandenforceOrdinanceNo.1592isalsoineffectiveasthereisnothingtoimplement.
TosaythatSec.4ofP.D.No.704wasimpliedlyrepealedbytheLocalGovernmentCodeisgratuitous.For,
ifitwastheintentionofthelegislaturetodispensewiththerequirementofpriorapprovalbytheSecretary
ofAgricultureofordinancespertinenttofisheryresources,itwould.haveexpresslyrepealedSec.4when,
infact,itdidsowithSecs.16and29ofP.D.No.704.Casesaboundholdingthatarepealbyimplicationis
not presumed or favored considering that the legislature is presumed to be aware of existing laws
ordinarily,ifitintendstorevokeastatuteitwouldmanifestsuchintentioninexpressterms.4Beforesucharepeal
isdeemedtoexistitshouldbeshownthatthestatutesorstatutoryprovisionsdealwiththesamesubjectmatterandthatthelatterbeinconsistent
withtheformer.Theremustbeashowingofrepugnancyclearandconvincingincharacter.Thelanguageusedinthelatterstatutemustbesuch
astorenderitirreconcilablewithwhathasbeenformerlyenacted.Aninconsistencythatfallsshortofthatstandarddoesnotsuffice.Infact,there
isnoinconsistencybetweentheLocalGovernmentCodeandP.D.No.704asamended.WhiletheLocalGovernmentCodevestspoweruponthe
local government to enact ordinances for the general welfare of its inhabitants, such power is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code
itselfandbyotherstatutes.WhenthelegislaturefailedtorepealSec.4ofP.D.No.704itacceptedandrecognizedalimitationonthepowerofthe
local government to enact ordinances relative to matters affecting fishery and aquatic resources. A reading of particular provisions of the Local
GovernmentCodeitselfwillrevealthatdevolutiononthepowersofthelocalgovernmentpertainingtotheprotectionofenvironmentislimitedand
notallencompassing,aswillbediscussedinthesucceedingparagraphs.
Further,whiletheLocalGovernmentCodeisagenerallawonthepowers,responsibilitiesandcomposition
of different local government units, P.D. No. 704 is a special law dealing with the protection and
conservation of fishing and aquatic resources including those in the municipal waters. Hence, the special
lawshouldprevailoverthegenerallaw.
ThereisalsoP.D.No.1015whichvestsupontheSecretaryofAgriculturetheauthoritytoestablishclosed
seasons.AnotherexistinglawonfisherieswhichhasnotbeenrepealedbytheLocalGovernmentCodeis
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P.D. No. 1219, which provides for the exploration, exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral
resources. Section 4 thereof provides that the decree shall be implemented by the Secretary of
Environment and Natural Resources who shall have jurisdiction and responsibility in the exploration,
exploitation, utilization and conservation of coral resources. Section 6 authorizes the Secretary to issue
special permit to any person or institution to gather in limited quantities any coral for scientific or
educational purposes. Section 10 empowers the Secretary to promulgate rules and regulations for the
implementationofthislaw.
Itistruethatpolicepowercanbeexercisedthroughthegeneralwelfareclause.But,whilepolicepoweris
inherent in a state, it is not so in municipal corporations or local governments. In order that a local
governmentmayexercisepolicepower,theremustbealegislativegrantwhichnecessarilysetsthelimits
fortheexerciseofthepower.5Inthiscase,CongresshasenactedtheLocalGovernmentCodewhichprovidesthestandardsaswell
asthelimitationsintheexerciseofthepolicepowerbythelocalgovernmentunit.
Section 2 of the Local Government Code provides for a system of decentralization whereby local
government units are given more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources, and the process shall
proceedfromthenationalgovernmenttothelocalgovernmentunits.However,underSec3,par.(i),ofthe
Local Government Code, the operative principles of decentralization upon the environment and natural
resources are not absolute when it is provided therein that "local government units shall share with the
national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within
theirterritorialjurisdiction,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisCodeandnationalpolicies."Thenationalpolicies
mentionedhererefertoexistingpolicieswhichtheDENRandothergovernmentagenciesconcernedwith
theenvironmentmayimplementatanygivenmoment.Thenationalpoliciesareembodiedinexistinglaws,
rules and regulations pertaining to environment and natural resources, such as P.D. Nos. 704 and 1219
relating to fishery resources. The above provision was crafted to make sure that local government
enactmentsdonotsupplantornegatenationalgovernmentpoliciesonenvironment.6 This is precisely the reason
whytheLocalGovernmentCodedidnotrepealSec.4ofP.D.NO.704requiringpriorsubmissiontoandapprovalbytheSecretaryofAgricultureof
ordinancesrelativetofisheryandaquaticresources.Needlesstostress,theapprovaloftheSecretaryisnecessaryinordertoensurethatthese
ordinancesareinaccordancewiththelawsonfisheriesandnationalpolicies.Likewise,thejurisdictionoftheSecretaryofEnvironmentandNatural
ResourcesovercoralresourcesunderP.D.No.1219remains.
The core of the devolution adopted by the Local Government Code is found in Sec. 17 thereof which
reiterates the basic services and facilities to be rendered by the local governments. With respect to the
protectionandconservationoffisheries,Sec.17,par.2(i),specificallyprovidesthatthemunicipalityshall
conduct "extension and onsite research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activities
whichincludedispersaloflivestockandpoultry,fingerlingsandotherseedingmaterialsforaquaculture
....andenforcementoffisherylawsinmunicipalwatersincludingtheconservationofmangroves...."
The power devolved upon the municipality under the Local Government Code is the enforcement of
existingfisherylawsoftheStateandnottheenactmentthereof.Whilealocalgovernmentunitmayadopt
ordinancesuponsubjectscoveredbylaworstatute,suchordinancesshouldbeinaccordancewithandnot
repugnanttothelaw.7Inviewthereof,ordinanceswhichmaybeenactedbythemunicipalityorcityshouldbepursuanttotheprovisionsof
P.D.Nos.704,1015and1219.Thus,undertheprovisionsofSecs.447,par.1(vi),458,par.1(vi)and468,par.1(vi),themunicipality,cityand
province respectively may approve ordinances protecting the environment by specifically penalizing only those acts which endanger the
environmentsuchasdynamitefishingandotherformsofdestructivefishingwhicharealreadyprohibitedunderP.D.Nos.704and1219,andother
lawsonillegalfishing.8
Thequestionedordinancesmayalsobestruckdownforbeingnotonlyaprohibitorylegislationbutalsoan
unauthorizedexerciseofdelegationofpowers.Anobjective,howeverworthyordesirableitmaybe,such
astheprotectionandconservationofourfisheriesinthiscase,canbeattainedbyameasurethatdoesnot
encompass too wide a field. The purpose can be achieved by reasonable restrictions rather than by
absolute prohibition. Local governments are not possessed with prohibitory powers but only regulatory
powersunderthegeneralwelfareclause.9TheycannotthereforeexceedthepowersgrantedtothembytheCodebyaltogether
prohibiting fishing and selling for five (5) years all live fishes through Ordinance No. 1592 and coral organisms through Ordinance No. 293
involvingevenlawfulmethodsoffishing.
Theseprohibitionsaretantamounttotheestablishmentofaclosedseasonforfishandaquaticresources
whichauthorityisnotamongthosepowersvestedbytheLocalGovernmentCodetothelocalgovernment
units.FortheauthoritytoestablishaclosedseasonforfisheriesisvestedupontheSecretaryofAgriculture
byvirtueofP.D.Nos.704and1015andintheSecretaryofEnvironmentandNaturalresourcespursuantto
P.D.No.1219inrelationtocoralresources.Thepowerofthelocalgovernmentsisconfinedandlimitedto
ensuringthatthesenationalfisherylawsareimplementedandenforcedwithintheirterritorialjurisdictions.
Hence,anymemorandumofagreementwhichmighthavebeenexecutedbytheDepartmentofAgriculture
orDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesgrantingadditionalpowersandfunctionstothelocal
governments which are not vested upon the latter by the Local Government Code because such powers
arecoveredbyexistingstatutes,isanunduedelegationofpowerand,consequently,nullandvoid.
The majority also cites R.A. No. 7611, otherwise known as the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for
PalawanAct,asproofofthepowerofthelocalgovernmentsofPalawanandPuertoPrincesaCitytoissue
theassailedordinances.AlthoughtheobjectivesofR.A.No.7611andoftheordinancesareoneandthe
same,i.e., the protection, conservation and development of natural resources, the former does not grant
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additional powers to the local governments pertaining to the environment. In fact, the law adopts a
comprehensive framework which shall serve to direct and guide local governments and national
government agencies in the implementation of programs and projects affecting Palawan. With the
enactment of this Act, the local governments are mandated to coordinate and align their developmental
plans, projects and budgets in accord with the framework of the SEP. It can be said that this is another
limitation on the exercise of police power by the local governments of Palawan and Puerto Princesa City
becausethegovernance,implementationandpolicydirectionoftheSEPshallbeexercisedbythePalawan
CouncilforSustainableDevelopment(PCSD)whichisundertheOfficeofthePresident.
Finally, I find unreasonable Resolution No. 293 of Palawan and Ordinance No. 1592 of Puerto Princesa
City.Theprohibitionssetfortharenotgermanetotheaccomplishmentoftheirgoals.OrdinanceNo.1592
is aimed to free effectively the marine resources of Puerto Princesa from cyanide and other obnoxious
substances.Butthemeanstoachievethisobjectivebordersontheexcessiveandirrational,fortheedict
would absolutely ban the shipment of live fishes and lobsters out of the city for a period of five (5) years
without prohibiting cyanide fishing itself which is the professed goal of the ordinance. The purpose of
ResolutionNo.293,ontheotherhand,istoprotectandpreserveallmarinecoraldwellingorganismsfrom
devastationanddestructionbyillegalfishingactivities,e.g.,dynamitefishing,sodiumcyanidefishing,and
the use of other obnoxious substances. But in absolutely prohibiting the catching, gathering, buying and
shipmentoflivefishesandmarinecoralresourcesbyanymeansincludingthoselawfullyexecutedordone
inthepursuitoflegitimateoccupation,theordinanceoversteppedthereasonablelimitsandboundariesof
itsraisond'etre. This I cannot help viewing as plain arbitrariness masquerading as police power. For the
consequentdeprivationofthemainsourceoflivelihoodofthepeopleofPalawancanonlyberegardedas
utterdepravationofthisawesomepoweroftheState.
Foralltheforegoing,Ivotetograntthepetition.
KapunanandHermosisima,Jr.,JJ.,concur.
Footnotes
1None,however,existsinPuertoPrincesaCity.
2PetitionersfiledtheirMemorandumon24October1994,respondentsCityMayorHagedornand
MembersoftheSangguniangPanlungsodoftheCityofPuertoPrincessfiledtheirMemorandumon
25January1995,whilerespondentsGovernorSocratesandMembersoftheSangguniang
PanlalawiganofPalawanfiledtheirMemorandumon31January1995.
3Annex"D"ofPetition,Rollo,35.
4Annex"E"ofPetitionid,36.
5Annex"A"to"A5"ofUrgentPleafortheImmediateIssuanceofTemporaryRestrainingOrder,
Rollo,86etseq.
6VICENTEJ.FRANCISCO,THEREVISEDRULESOFCOURTINTHEPHILIPPINES,CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE,582(2nded.1969),citingU.S.v.Pompeya,31Phil.245[1915].
7Acharonv.Purisima,13SCRA309,311[1965]Cruzv.CourtofAppeals,194SCRA145,152153
[1991]Yapv.IntermediateAppellateCourt,220SCRA245,253[1993]Peoplev.Bans,239SCRA
48,5455[1994].
8LibertyInsuranceCorporationv.CourtofAppeals,222SCRA37,47[1993]Lascov.United
NationsRevolvingFundforNaturalResourcesExploration,241SCRA681,684[1995].
9SeeMendozav.CourtofAppeals,201SCRA343[1991]Peoplev.Bans,supranote7.
10Rollo,25.
11Macasianov.NationalHousingAuthority,224SCRA236,243[1993],citingRemotiguev.
Osmea,21SCRA837[1967]RuralBankofOlongapov.CommissionerofLandRegistration,102
SCRA794[1981]andAlliedBroadcastingCenterv.RepublicofthePhilippines,190SCRA782
[1990].
12PhilnabankEmployeesAssociationv.Hon.Estanislao,227SCRA804,811[1993].
13172SCRA415,423424[1989],reiteratedinManalov.Gloria,236SCRA130,138139[1994].
14217SCRA633,652[1993].
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15LaUnionElectricCooperativeInc.v.Yaranon,179SCRA828,836[1989]Franciscov.Permskul,
173SCRA324,333[1989].
16SeePeraltav.CommissiononElections,82SCRA30,55[1978].
17Paredesv.ExecutiveSecretary,128SCRA6,11[1984],citingYuGongEngv.Trinidad,47Phil.
385[1925].SeealsoAris(Phil.)Inc.v.NLRC,200SCRA246,255256[1991].
18Althoughtheintentoftheframerswastohavethetermsrefertothose"wholivedahandto
mouthexistence.,"JOAQUING.BERNAS,THEINTENTOFTHE1986CONSTITUTIONWRITERS
964(1995).
19Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionary1381[1993].
20Webster's,supra,2279.
21IIIRecordoftheConstitutionalCommission,50.
22Section16,ArticleII.
23224SCRA792,804805[1993].
24Section149.
25Section447[a][1][vi]Section458[a][1][vi]Section468[a][1][vi].
26Section2(a).
27Section3,ArticleX.
28Section5(a).
29Section17(e).
30Section17[b][2][i].
31Section13[r],LGC.
32Sec.4.R.A.No.7611.
33Section458[a][1][vi]Section468[a][1][vi].
34Section3[3],R.A.No.7611.
35JayBatongbacal,Note,TheCoastalEnvironmentandtheSmallScaleFisherfolk:Advocacyfor
CommunityBasedCoastalZoneManagement,66PHIL.L.J.149,162(December1991).
36AnthonySpaeth,Reefkillers,TIMEMagazine,3June1996,49,50.
37AnthonySpaeth,ReefKillers,TIMEMagazine,3June1996,49,50.
38Batongbacal,168.
39Spaeth.51.
40Id.
41Batongbacal,168.
42Saidsectionreads:
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction of the Bureau. The Bureau shall have jurisdiction and responsibility in the
management, conservation, development, protection, utilization and disposition of all fishery and
aquaticresourcesofthecountryexceptmunicipalwaterswhichshallbeunderthemunicipalorcity
governmentconcerned:Provided,That fishpens and seaweed culture in municipal centers shall be
under the jurisdiction of the Bureau: Provided, further, That all municipal or city ordinances and
resolutions affecting fishing and fisheries and any disposition thereunder shall be submitted to the
Secretary for appropriate action and shall have full force and effect only upon his approval. The
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G.R.No.110249
Bureaushallalsohaveauthoritytoregulateandsupervisetheproduction,captureandgatheringof
fishandfishery/aquaticproducts.
TheBureaushallprepareandimplement,uponapprovaloftheFisheryIndustryDevelopment
Council,aFisheryIndustryDevelopmentProgram.
43ExecutiveOrderNo.292.
44Section20,Chapter4,TitleIV,BookIV.
45Thesesectionsreadasfollows:
Sec.16.License,lease,andpermit.Nopersonshallexploit,occupy,produce,culture,captureor
gather fish, or fry or fingerling of any species of fish or fishery/aquatic products, or engage in any
fishery activity in Philippine or municipal waters without a license, lease or permit: Provided, That
whenduetodestructionwroughtuponfishponds,fishpensorfishnurseries,bytyphoons,floodsand
otherfortuitousevents,orduetospeculation,monopolisticandotherperniciouspracticeswhichtend
tocreateanartificialshortageoffryand/orfingerling,thesupplyoffishandfishery/aquaticproducts
can reasonably be expected to fall below the usual demand therefor and the price thereof, to
increase,theSecretary,uponrecommendationoftheDirector,isherebyauthorizedtofixafairand
reasonablepriceforfryandfingerlingofanyspeciesoffish,andinsodoingandwhennecessary,fix
different price levels for various areas or regions taking into account such variable factors as
availability, accessibility to transportation facilities, packing and crating, and to regulate the
movement,shipmentandtransportingofsuchfryandfingerling:Provided,Further,Thatthepriceso
fixedshallguaranteethegatherersoffryajustandequitablereturnfortheirlabor:Provided,Finally,
That any administrative order issued by the Secretary to implement the foregoing shall take effect
immediately,theprovisionsofSection7hereoftothecontrarynotwithstanding.
xxxxxxxxx
C.MUNICIPALFISHERIES
Sec.29.Grantoffisheryprivileges.Amunicipalorcitycouncil,conformablywithanordinanceduly
approvedbytheSecretarypursuanttoSection4hereofmay:
a. grant to the highest qualified bidder the exclusive privilege of constructing and
operating fish corrals, oyster culture beds, or of gathering "bangus" fry, or the fry of
other species, in municipal waters for a period not exceeding five (5) years: Provided,
That in the zoning and classification of municipal waters for purposes of awarding,
through public bidding, areas for the construction or operation of fish corrals, oyster
culturebeds,orthegatheringoffry,themunicipalorcitycouncilshallsetasidenotmore
thanonefifth(1/5)ofthearea,earmarkedforthegatheringoffry,asmaybedesignated
bytheBureau,asgovernment"bangus"fryreservation:Provided,Further,Thatnofish
corral shall be constructed within two hundred (200) meters of another fish corral in
marine fisheries, or one hundred (100) meters in freshwater fisheries, unless they
belong to the same licensee, but in no case shall the distance be less than sixty (60)
meters,exceptinwaterslessthantwo(2)metersdeepatlowtide,orunlesspreviously
approvedbytheSecretary
b.authorizetheissuancetoqualifiedpersonsoflicensefortheoperationoffishingboats
three(3)grosstonsorless,orfortheprivilegeoffishinginmunicipalwaterswithnets,
trapsorotherfishinggear:Provided,Thatitshallbebeyondthepowerofthemunicipal
orcitycounciltoimposealicensefortheprivilegeofgatheringmarinemolluscaorthe
shells thereof, for pearling boats and pearl divers, or for prospecting, collecting, or
gathering sponges or other aquatic products, or for the culture of fishery/aquatic
products: Provided, Further, That a licensee under this paragraph shall not operate
within two hundred (200) meters of any fish corral licensed by the municipality except
whenthelicenseeistheowneroroperatorofthefishcorralbutinnocasewithinsixty
(60) meters of said corral. The municipality or city council shall furnish the Bureau, for
statisticalpurposes,onformswhichshallbefurnishedbytheBureau,suchinformation
anddataonfisherymattersasarereflectedinsuchforms.
46Section149.
47Section447[a][1][vi]Section458[a][1][vi]Section468[a][1][vi].
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G.R.No.110249
1IandIII.
2IV.
3QuotedinRespondentsCommentonthePetition.p.7.
4Toufexis.AllGod'sCreaturesPricedtoSell.Time,July19,1993,p.32.
5Supranote3atp.8.
6Supranote4atp.34.
74.
85.
9OfficeOrderNo.33,s.1993.
10R.A.No.7160,458(a)(1)(vi)and468(a)(1)(vi).
11ErmitaMalateHotelandMotelOperatorsAss'nv.CityMayor,20SCRA849,857(1967),citing
O'Gozman&Youngv.HartfordFireIns.Co.,282U.S.255,257,75L.Ed.324,328(1931).
12Nebbiav.NewYork,291U.S.502(1934).SeealsoLansangv.Garcia,42SCRA448,481(1971):
Peoplev.Ferrer,48SCRA382(1972).
1339Phil.102,111(1918).
14Roschenv.Ward,279U.S.337,339,73L.Ed.722,728(1929),quotedbythisCourtinErmita
MalateHotelandMotelOperatorsAss'nv.CityMayor,20SCRAat867.
15Peoplev.Echegaray,G.R.No.117472,Feb.7,1997(deathpenaltystatutevalid).
BELLOSILLO,J.:dissenting:
1AllianceofGovernmentWorkersv.MinisterofLabor,G.R.No.60403,3August1983,124SCRA1.
2SanMiguelBrewery,Inc.v.Magno,No.L2187,29September1967,21SCRA292.
3G.R.No.111097,20July1994,234SCRA255.
4Almedav.Florentino,No.L23800,21December1965,15SCRA514.
5Martin,RupertoG.,PublicCorporations,Rev.Ed.,p.46,citingElliot,MunicipalCorporations,p.33.
6Pimentel,Aquilino,TheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991,KeytoNationalDevelopment,1993,p.
19.
7SeeNote5,p.69,citingU.S.v.ChanTienco,25Phil.89(1913).
8SeeNote6,p.73.
9Cruzv.Paras,Nos.L4257172,25July1983,123SCRA569.
TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation
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