Advanced Topics in Digital Signal Processing

!

"

"

#$
%

% &% '(()
*
+#
#,# -
% .#/# % ## /%

% , 01$% 2333#

4

&

!

4

%

5

4
# 6%

.

4

"

%

% 4

. 4

$

#

0 0

6
* + 0

4

10 7 8

9
4

4
6

*5 +

0

6

#
7

%

# %
7 %

4

&

0
0

%
0

,
%

%

6

#
%

# 6

8:

4

8 4

8 4

#
#

##

##

##
##

*

0+4

0

4

##

6

5

% % 8 % 0
#
4

4

6

8
-%

8
%
4

!

6

1
4

## ## ##

## ##

6

*##%
+#

4

"

8 * +4

0

0
#
4

#

" 4

*
+

7

4

4

$

"

*

% & 5 %
#+ 8

8
4

##

%

'4
8 * +# 6

0

#

%

#
4

$0 % 0 8

4

&

24 * +#

% %

# 6

#
m
=

0
- % % %

%
5

7

6

# 6 %

6
*+

0

1
0

1

6

0
;

1
#
%

<4 * +#

% 8

%

# 6

#

!

!

##
##

##

"
!

## ##

##
##
##

##
##

"

# $ !

4

#

! "

%

8 4

%

$
8 4

*$ +

5
7 #
4

5 % 0

4

$

# $

4

6

8 0

6 %

# $%

0

1
0

* +
#

%

%

% % %
0
7

8

0

%

$4

6

#

% 0

8 # 6

1
& #

&

6
$ #
!
8

% 0

6- $

% 0

+%

$ *

%

0
#

$
'

#

'
%
'
%
'

#

0
4

6 %

*
+

$ #

6
$

% ##%
%
#
! 0

# 6

%
%

8

6- $

8
-
$ *##% +%

=0%
5
8

*##%
+% 0

0

#

%

$ 0
*

+
#

% $
% 0

4

6
%
0
8

# % 0 #

!"

$ % 0

4

$%

*##% +% % %

-

% 8 %

"

%

5

4

8

$%

(

#

%

*&

+ % %

# &
0

7

*
1

+4

6

4

0

4

$

&

4

%

6

#

*

5 +% 0

# % 0

&

8 % 0 .

4

% 8

0

%

%
#

&

"
.4
m
n
= U
00111100
11001100
0011
VH
n<m
m
n
A =
0011
1100
0011 1100
1100
n>m

!

' (

#
"

#
$$
"
*+4

0

!

% 0

4

#
$$
p x(x)
%
%
SURFACE = Probability{x1 < x () < x2}
x1 x2

x
!

4
&

!
&
)
4

& &

& & &
& &
&

4

5

% 5

4

& &
& & & &
& &
&

!!

'

>
#
* +
0
1
4

#
$$
#
$$

4

*
4

' '

!"

0
.

4
&

0
&

&
& &

!#

+
!
&
,
!
&

!
&
+
!

& &
& &

&

& & &

!$

,
!

& & & & & &

& &

&

##
##
##
##

##
##
##
##

!%

& 0

& &

#
'

&
& &
&

&
!&

$ &

8
&

# $

##

##

##

##

##

#
#

"

4

0

%
5

% %

&

"

-

4

!
&

,
!

&
&

&

"

)

.

4

()

!

()

)(

!

+ .

4

()

!

, .

4

!
()

"

"

,

4

)(

,

,
% ##

)(
"!

# *
+ +
0 7 1

4

0

#
.

0
#

# 6% 0
0

0

*

+#
""

! -

&
&

&

* + 0
5

" 0

:

"#

6

#

%
%

%

60
0
4
% %
* 8

+
01 -

"$

,'- ,- ,',
, + 8 4

"

4

*+
+,
"%

6- " 1

8

1
% 0
# "

"
"

"
6 % 8

6

*5 +
$ "
# "
"

#

"

#
"
% "
& "
"&

6 5 #
6
5 5 >
-

# 6

1 &$ 4
x(n)
BM(z)
H(z)=
AN(z)

^
y(n)
#

,. / 0.12
1 4
$ "

8 4

&"

*0
+

&

#

0
&
&

%
&

6
% 0
&

&

#

8

&

##

$

$
$

& $ ##
$
$

##

$
$
$

$
$
$

&

$

$
$

& $
##
$
$

##

$
$
$

$
$
$

#!

% 0

8

##
##
##
##

##

0 5
8 % 0

##

##

##
##

##

##

#
#

%

- .

#"

,. / 3
?1&- 8

0 0 5
>
#

8 4

0 '

#

##

%

4

a x
=-

+
#$

6 5
%

% ##% 7

6

8

% 0 # %
0

:

#%

0 ?1&- *" + 8
4

$%
0

%

%
:

#&

+ .

4

(

0
0

4
( ( (

$

7 8 *+4

)
&
&
&
&
& & &
&
6- % 0

)

0 ?1&- 8
*

+:
$

1
-

&

?1&- * + 8
*6 7

+
6 *" + 5 7
&
* +
*1+

*-+

1

0
0 17

$

,.4
17
$ "
% "

8 4

$0 5 >

@

6
5 >
1
>
& + # & -0
5 5 4
% "

"

&"

7 %
- '

0 * 5
4
% " #

"

$!

6
8

4
&

" % "

& >

%

5
8 >
7 1 #
6

!
"

&
+ % + +

$"

, *
% 5 1
0 *
?1&- 8 1

#

>

% 5
>
*
#

$#

# .4 / 5 0.12
"17 *
+4
% "
$ "
&"

8 4

&

$$

& * 8

8

1

% 0
&
&

8 0 4

##

*

##

$%

8 0
- & #
4

##

4

##

##

##

$&

*

##

##

6 % 0 ' ?1&- 8

4

##
##

##
##

##

%

6
% 0 8
4

##
##

0 0

# 6
# 8 4

##

##

##
##
##

##
##
##

#
#

0
8 # 4

/ - .

%

0

6

6 7
-

&

5 ?1&- 8
*0 8 0

1 +

%

9 >

# & 0

%% % " %%
% " % "

" %

%
&"
&" &"
$% 5
0 6 5

&"

%

"
% " % "
6%

*5 +

17 8
*
%
+#

% +.2
01 -
0

0

%

%

#

-0%

-0 *-0+%

-0 -0 #

%!

"
01 - 4
x
A
=

n
+
%"

, /! -0# 6% 4

6
7

4

%#

, 0!
-0 -0 # = 4

5

-
%%%%
%%%%
%% %%
%%%%
%%%%
%% %%
%%%%
%%%%
%% %% (

%$

, 7

4

-
%%%%
%%%%
%% %%
%%%%
%%%%

%% %%

(

%%

=

0

,

,
)

(0
6 % ;

0
4

(

%&

0

4
^
R
1
=
K
X
H

&

6

0 0
% 0
0

1

01 -

&

, 1! -0#

%

% 0
01 - #
# *"
2
% '(<)+4 , , * , +
0 .

01 -
*'
, +

0
0

, '

7
#

&

0
0
X0

00
0
&

!
" #

. #
1 '#
.% 01 -

- 1?
#

&!

#

4 % %
% %
% % %

%
6

*
+ * +

#

&"

spectral analysis
parametric
high-resolution
nonparametric
high-resolution
AR, ARMA based
subspace-based
low-resolution
Capon
periodogram
correlogram
modified
periodogram
correlogram
model fitting based

maximum
entropy
det. and stoch. ML

Borgiotti-Lagunas

MUSIC
least squares
min-norm
&#

# + 3

01

4
&
'

!
+

84

&

+ +
!

+ +
!
&$

'

!
+
%

%
$
$
%
%

%

%
%%

&

%%
$
%
%$

+ 3 4! 5

5
" 8

6
%

>
:

&%

# 6 /

* 5
5 "+4
+
%%
%%

%%
%%

%
%%
%
, *
5 "+4
+

0 0

&&

5
!

6 !

#

6

0 0

#

!

% 0 %
4

&

&

+!

0 #
!

)

0

5

)

1 0
4
-
&)) -
-
0
5 0

+

0 5
"A
4
+
+ +
+
+

%% %%

%%
%%

%
%%
%

+
+
=0% +%

+

+#

-

&

&

)

.)
.

. &) )
.

.
.

$
!

5
5 "% 0
+

+
7% 0 0 0 8

4
+
+
+

+
+
+
"

#-6 !

& () ! / )
0
1
1
8
) 1 7 1 1 ,

/ 1

! *

+

#

" *&
% +
150
PERIODOGRAM
100
50
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
$

" *&
% +
1000
900
800
PERIODOGRAM
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
%

" *&
% +
250
PERIODOGRAM
200
150
100
50
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
&

% +
" *&

10
PERIODOGRAM
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5

% +
" *&

14
12
PERIODOGRAM
10
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5

" *&
% +
3.5
PERIODOGRAM
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5

# 3

%
#

+% 0
& + & +

% 0
&

&
'

&
&

&
'
&

$%
& +
&

&

'

(

0 ! * + 00

(

"
!

!

6
8

&
+

&

+

"# '
%

& + 1232 (

% %
& +

0 1 + 0 0
!
"

+
1232
1 + 1232(

6 1 +

(
)

+
1 +
+
0
10
N=25
20
FEJER KERNEL (DB)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
ANGULAR FREQUENCY
#

8

8 %

! 0 1 8

0

0
0 8

0

0 # 6
B

$

=0%

#

!
7 1 ,
0

4
&, ,

&4 4

&, 4

0
8
&

&

%

+!

%

"4
& +
&

&

'
'

+

&
- &
- &
&
& -

-
-
7 1 0

&

$
$
$
$
*
,*
$
$

- +
& $ +
$
$

$

$
$

& + +
*
,*

+

- +

,
-

$
$
$
,$
$
$

-$
$
$
$
$
$

$

& + +
&
-

-

-

6

0
%%
%%

%
%

%
%%

%%
%

"
!
& + +

+ +
+ +
$% 0

&
+ +

+ + + + +
+ +

&
+ + + +

+

+
+

6
-

* +# 6

" +:

6

0

'

B 8

0 0

# '5 (

+'
*! +4
x(n)
x 1(n)
x 2(n)
x L(n)
!

8 ' *

8
* %
%

4

+
+
'

%%
%%

+

%
%

*

!

'

*& +4
x(n)
x 1(n) x 2(n)
x L(n)
& 5

! 4

8

8

"

& 0 #-6 #

*& % +
4
3.5
PERIODOGRAM
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
#

*&
% % * +
12
AVERAGED PERIODOGRAM
10
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
$

& *& %

$ 00
% * + 0
3.5
WELCH PERIODOGRAM
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.05
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
FREQUENCY
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
%

+'
*!-16- +4

# $%
*

*
+

+

(

+

1 + 0 0 0
!
-0

% ##%

:

&

## ".

,

5 0

6 0
&

&

&

8

$ +
0
+

+

# ,

!
C
D 5 0

8 + ;

8
4

&

$5

$ +

$5 +

+
+
+

0 ?1&- 8 :

-
8 +

+
+ +
% 0

+ +
$%

+ +
+

,
!
+
%%
&
%

+ +

+ +
+ +
6

# 6-

4
+

+
+

' ,
36 &-
4

0
5 +%

"4
&
2
#61

+ +
0

5 0
8 +4

.
0

$

0

$ +
!

$ +
%

% 0

$ 0 0

!

0

0

!
!
"

0 0 0
!
)

0 0 0
! 0
!
!

0 0 0
!

-

"

6

+

+

+ +
++

+ +
6 &-
!

+ +
+
+ + ++
+
+

+
+
+

#

+
6
;
5 >

&+
+
0
8

# % ?1&-

0

$%

%
+

+
+

$

+

+

!

%
7

# ,

1

" *6 +4

6 !

+ +
!
(
;

+ +
!

6
0

0

:

%

#% ". (
6 5

1
0

% 0
0
5 5 7 ,
5 * +

* 8 6

9 +#
5 7, !
(2
2 2
0
.

##

##

##

##

&

& 2 2

&2 2

0 &2 2
- #

0

4

'
$)

' $)

&
1

!

1

1

$)
$)
6

9

8 0 % 0

!

6
&

#
%
&

1
#
6 8
+

+ +
0

+ +

5 7, !

+
+ + + +

!

+
0

+
+

+
+

,

!

'

8

0 '

+ &5 7, 364!

%

"
"
0
"

" "

!!

% % %

0
;
% ##% "
% " 0
0
!
"
"

"
"
"
"
'" !" "'

"'
"
"
% "
:

!"

"! "

7
; 1
# 6%
8
"
7
6
%

4
Im
1
z*
1.25
0.8
z
1
Re

!#

&

#

8
4
+
"
'

'

*
1
+ 0 " #
signal roots
Im
noise roots
1
Re

!$

1

0 =

* %

&
+4
Im
true roots
estimated roots
1
Re
degradation of spectral MUSIC

caused by radial errors

!%

1

1

8

&
3+8 #
9
4
+
+
0

5
8

1

4 -0
1

%

!&

9 7 4

$5

;
5

"

&

% 7

$%

$5

0
8 0

#

8

% 0

"

%
1 7 4

0

+

+ +

6

%
%
4
+

+

+
"

" +7# * +4

##

##

##

##

0 5

0%
4
...

...
A
...
...
...
...
_
A
A
_
"

0 %

#

*
+

# 6 4

"!

8
0
!

%

:

!4

0

!:

""

$%&

1

1

!

3% - ' !
8

+

3
"#

1 % "6 8
&
"6
1
!

*6+
# 6 5

#- &" +7#
"6

& # $

3#4 *% % /+%

*$ - +

"$

#& .5 ( 3

*

- *=-E &E !F+4 01 -
8
7

2 2

0
- 3-4#
8
0
%

15

- :

3: 4 ;" 0

"%

#7 6 /

!
"

" "
" "

" #

&

'
"&

0

"

"

+
+ +
+
+ +

0
*1 + 1

+
+

+
+

#

$% = * + 0
+ +
+ +
0 +% % %

#

#

#-6 !
< 810 *&

& &+
0 8

% 8%

7 1 1 ,

=

#

!-16-

*69,
!% '33

+
45
SPECTRUM (DB)
40
35
30
25
20
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#

*69,
!% '33

+
25
20
SPECTRUM (DB)
15
10
10
15
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#!

! 1

*69,
!% '33

+
16
14
12
SPECTRUM (DB)
10
2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#"

*+

*69,
!% '33

+
100
90
SPECTRUM (DB)
80
70
60
50
40
30
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
##

*69,
!% '33

+
40
35
30
SPECTRUM (DB)
25
20
15
10
10
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#$

1

*69,
!% '33

+
50
40
SPECTRUM (DB)
30
20
10
10
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#%

!-16-

*69,
!% '33

+
35
SPECTRUM (DB)
30
25
20
15
10
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
#&

*69,
!% '33

+
15
10
SPECTRUM (DB)
10
15
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$

! 1

*69,
!% '33

+
12
10
SPECTRUM (DB)
2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$

*+

*69,
!% '33

+
80
75
70
SPECTRUM (DB)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$

*69,
!% '33

+
25
20
SPECTRUM (DB)
15
10
10
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$

1

*69,
!% '33

+
45
40
35
SPECTRUM (DB)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$!

!-16-

*69,
!% '33

+
24
22
SPECTRUM (DB)
20
18
16
14
12
10
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$"

*69,
!% '33

+
SPECTRUM (DB)
10
12
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$#

! 1

*69,
!% '33

+
10
SPECTRUM (DB)
2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$$

*+

*69,
!% '33

+
65
60
SPECTRUM (DB)
55
50
45
40
35
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$%

*69,
!% '33

+
15
SPECTRUM (DB)
10
10
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
$&

1

*69,
!% '33

+
35
30
SPECTRUM (DB)
25
20
15
10
5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%

!-16-

*69,
!% '3333

+
14.5
14
13.5
SPECTRUM (DB)
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%

*69,
!% '3333

+
5.5
6.5
SPECTRUM (DB)
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
10.5
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%

! 1

*69,
!% '3333

+
4.5
3.5
SPECTRUM (DB)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%

*69,
!% '3333

+
87
86
SPECTRUM (DB)
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%!

*69,
!% '3333

+
20
15
SPECTRUM (DB)
10
10
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%"

1

*69,
!% '3333

+
40
35
30
SPECTRUM (DB)
25
20
15
10
5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0.1
FREQUENCY
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
%#

'

0-

#
4 ,

4

#
d(n)
x(n)
FILTER

d(n) + e(n)
-
%$

5 >

( ( (

0

(

9 % 0 0

%%

7
" 3 "4!

*6& & &

&

& & & &

&

*6&
*6& &

&

(

&

:
& 8 4

%&

" /! -0

5
UNKNOWN
SYSTEM
x(n)
ADAPTIVE
FILTER

d(n)
+ e(n)
+
^
d(n)
&

" 0! -0

87
d(n)
s(n)
UNKNOWN
SYSTEM
^ +
x(n) ADAPTIVE d(n)
e(n)
+
+
FILTER
noise

&

" 1! =

s(n)
Signal
Source
s(n)+z1(n)
Primary input
d(n)
+
+
z (n)
1
Noise
Source
z2(n)
z (n) Reference
2
^
e(n)= s(n)
^
d(n)
ADAPTIVE
FILTER
input

&

" <!
d(n)
x(n)
x(n- 1 )
x(n)

MASTER
ADAPTIVE
FILTER
SLAVE
ADAPTIVE
FILTER
^
+
d(n) + e(n)
^ 1)
x(n+
&

-&
& 3- 4 !

&
0

*##%

+%
&

&
&
&

1

4

4

:*6
&!

,

!

4

-
&

&
&
&"

6%

& & &

& # 6

>

4

* +
8

% 0

&#

6% 0

!
%
'

'

'
'
'

> 0
' '

&$

8

'

' 4

0
8

0

# %

4
0

&%

1 * $ - 3*- 4 &
!

9:*6
6
>

%

# 6 - =

% 54

5 #

&&

+ -& 3+- 4 !

*
+ 8 0

5
#

0

1
#

%
0

6 %

#
#

0
#

$% 8 0

4

#
#
#

#

#

7 4

#

4

#

#

#-6 !

$

0
7

0

E
E
"#$
"#$

"#$
!

100
90
80
MSE
70
mu=1/trace(R)
60
mu=1/3trace(R)
50
40
mu=1/10trace(R)
30
0
200
400
600

800
1000
1200
ITERATION
1400
1600
1800
2000
"

1
2
w1
w3
wp
wN
w2

#

6

% ##

( (
G

( ( 7

G

4

4

$

4

4

%
&'

%$
$"($"$#$
6
5

% % %

%

4

1 1 1
1=
1 *=+

"!

*6&

"!
(
649,

*6& &

&

649, &

&

MASTER
w1
w2
w3
++
d
wN
GENERATOR
OF DESIRED
SIGNAL
COPY
w1
w2
w3
x^S
wN
SLAVE

w1
w2
w3
^x
S
wN
ADAPTIVE
PROCESSOR

8% 0A
( 649, # 0

.

0

# 6%
649,
0

&

&

1
1
#

9
% =

% ##%

0

# 6 %
=
8 4
$5

# 6%
$

$

6

& 1$ 8 :

8 % 0

*;1, $

=
% 0
( 649, 649,

0

0

649,

!

0
0 =

4

&

% 0

0
/

9 =
B :

"

$0 %

4

5

-0
%

% ##4
-0

0

-0
0
0

0

#

#

=0%

5

-0

#

% 0 ;

4

;

$

, 7 = *

+4

0 % % 0

6

#

6

0% ##

%

#-6 "!
7

5 69, !
0 5 49, !#

8
%
8
% 8

&

20
15
10
OPTIMAL SINR
MU3
MU2
SINR (DB)
0
MU1
5
10
15
20
25
30
1000
2000

3000
4000
NUMBER OF ITERATION
5000
6000
7000

4

0

+&&6

3+64 !
%
* =+

!
,
$%

:

4

) )

6

0 0 6 # 0

:
- 7

!
%

*
=+
0 !A

,'
0 '

# $%

*
% '+:

#-6 "!

5 69, !
0 5 49,

!#

*

+% ,
SMI, 20 SNAPSHOTS
DIRECTIONAL PATTERN (DB)
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
60
40

20
0
20
ANGLE(DEGREES)
40
60
80
!

*

+% ,
LSMI, 2 SNAPSHOTS
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
60
40

20
0
20
ANGLE(DEGREES)
40
60
80
"

0

4
CONVERGENCE OF LSMI/SMI
12
OPTIMAL SINR
10
LSMI/SMI WITH SIGNAL FREE CM

8
SINR (DB)
LSMI/SMI WHEN SIGNAL IS PRESENT
4
0
50
100

150
200
250
SNAPSHOT NUMBER
300
350
400
450
#

$16 * ; + 4
*+

##% 1 ;

#
$16 %

0
,'
9 ,
,
'
0-4

-0

$

-
* + 4
signal direction
assumed
real
interference
angle

%

6
B

#

8
7

4
$5 $

'
(

4

0 -

0#
.

&

)
) '
(

4

%
%
5 %
5 %

%
%
5 %%
.

5
%%

=
5 %%

%
5 %%
0
5

7 4

4

$
$

8
*9 A
+ H

*
+

B

4
angle

* +
' ,+-

0
%

%
4

$

, 7
% 0 0

4

,
,
$
0

1
0 %

- %
0 0 #

!

, 7
*, +4
+ +
-
wq
waH

# & -
# $0 %

1 - #

* 1 - # 6%

*
,

"

% % 0

7 , 0
-
, ,
, , , ,
6

,
#

=

,

0

&

&

&

&

,
,
$%

.
<) 0
$

$0
@
9
%

4

* =
*
0

#
6

:

%

- - -
wa,1 wa,2 wa,3
wa,N-1
wa
++-
GSC in the particular case of normal

direction (single) constraint and under
a particular choice of the blocking matrix

&

%

# # #
# #

##
##

##

!

%

'
0

#
$"
'!

# ( &

%
' ' '

&&

% 0
'
' ' %

%
#

!

6 0
& 4
$
&
0

+!
6
0
%

;
1
1

;

-0

!

1

-1
aS
-1
PaS

!

" * +

#
secondary path
("interference")
multichannel
receiver
direct path
("signal")
source

!!

6 0

(:

4 / %
'(IJ
7

! & -0

$

;

# 6
%

0

% 0

: 9
%
%

0A

%

#

!"

, #-6 !

5 69, !
0 5 49, !#

#

!#

0
INCOHERENT CASE
10
15
COHERENT CASE
20
25
30
35
40
80
60
40

20
0
20
ANGLE (DEGREES)
40
60
80
!$

+!
'%

spatial smoothing
subarray 1
subarray 2
subarray 3

!%

.

%
&'
$"($"$#$

'
'

'

'

%
0

& % & %
%

%

&
%

5 5 9A

'

!&

7
0 7

#
7 7

4
'

'

0

'

& '
'

"

&
'

'

& '
'

' &

'

'
'

' ' '

'

"

0

4

% '

4
'
6

0

%%
%%
%% + 8 5 5 %%
% + 8 5 5 %

9
'
9
"

.
!
'
,./-

"(
6

8

## ##

##
##

##

"

=

## ##

##
##

##

& %
%
##

& %
%

& %

##

& %
%

%

0
%

5
& % 5
%

A
0
&

"!

% 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

6
%

1
&
%

""

6
0

1$ 4
.

% 0

0 -

1

4
' .

' '

% !

"#

, #-6 !

5 69, !
0 5 49, !

0 0

!

0 )

"$

10
WITHOUT SPATIAL SMOOTHING
WITH SPATIAL SMOOTHING
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
80
60
40

20
0
20
ANGLE (DEGREES)
40
60
80
"%

* , " - ./

"

8 ' '

' . /

6
8 8 8
$ 7

#

1- %
7
0 - = > % ##
&,

"&

4 6 7
%
1
'
)
""
%
6 74
%

6 7 %

#

"

4
0

4

#

+

4

0

#
4

# $0

@
60
4
1

!
0

4

00#

&

)

)

#

' '

'

)
# "

)

%

0
*
*9 A
++#

%

#
%
4

4

&
0

* ** +
&
* 1 -

#

"
1 2 3
T
1 2 3
w1 w2 w3
wM

#!

"
y
T
nonadaptive
preprocessor
adaptive
processor

#"

6

4

4

&
& & &
& &

##

% 0

'

'
& & & &

' ' '

&
& &

& 0
% 0
& &
% % B

#

#$

"

w1
w2
w3

#%

"

&
* & &

:+

&

## ##

0 ' * & &

'

##
##

%
#&

"

elementspace
beam 1
w1
beam 2
w2
beam 3
beamspace
w3

$

61

5
5
%5 5 %5 5
6-

5
5
&

#

-

%
5 5 5
%

&# 6

8#
! 5

& & :

$

% 0 $

# 6 % 0

&

1
2
w11
w21
wN1
w12
w22
wN 2

w1P
w2P
wNP
$

&
4

*
+

84

( +
0
+

8

8

0

0

$

0
4
FFT
FFT
narrowband
adaptive
beamformer
(subband 1)
FFT
narrowband
adaptive
beamformer
(subband 2)
narrowband
adaptive
beamformer
(subband P )

$!

'

# 6

-

#

0
4
1
*0
+
1-

1

4

0

*

% +

*

% % 9+
0 5 *0 %

+

$"

4

,

"
6

"
$#

0

1

*
+

1

1 #
7 - 0# # #

0 - #
*

+4
% 5

-
- %

7

$$

4
)1+
+

(

"

'
% 7

E

$%

1 4 6

&
)

0 )

1
* +
)
&
=

! ,

*!
+4

,

"

,

$&

5 !A
* = E &
+4
)1+
+
0

,

,

,
(
,
(

)"
)
%
%
%
5 %
5 %
5 %

%
%
%
5 %% 5 %%
5 %%

,

%

+)

# (

& 4
5)1+

(

5
%

(

%
5 5

55
5

(
5
%
$% ! 9
4
.5
5
5
*

!-16-

+

%

1"!
'!
*

+#

5
5
5
0

%
&' %23%#$

5
5
%

%$ %23%#$
1 *

*A
+:+
"
0 "
"
"
'& %
%

%

/

' 02%+(

&

!

%
&' %23%#$
%$ %23%#$

% 0

*

:

%

#

& &
& & & &
' '

' &

0
0

# 6

1

4
'5

& 5
%!

!

5
'5
' 5

& 5
5&
!
1 * A
+
"
0
'"
' "

*

%
&' %23%#$

& "
" &
!

%$ %23%#$
%"

2
02%+( 1$ 4

1

#

% 0 1$

1 !1
.

=0% 5 ;

'
'

'
'

'
%#

6 0 0

;

'

'

0

%

# &

% 0 0

.'
'

&#

%$

#

.'
'
'
'

.

'
'
.

.'
'

4
.

' ' ' ' %' '

' *' ' ' !' '

%%

.
'

8
.
'
'
'
'% 0

'
. ''
'

'
' ''
'

'
'
'
.
'

0

:
.
$%

'

' '
'

' *'
'

' !'

%'
%&

1 ! 1 4

."
' ' "

"

'' "
'
'
" ''

' ' "

'
'

" ' '

!
!
' ' ' "

" '
' ' '"
' "
'"

' "
"
"
&

1

&
%
1

=
*=+

5-
1 * +
real NULA
d d d d

virtual ULA
&

& 0

& 5 >5 5 ?

0
5
>5
9@:+

@:+

4
> 4

& 4

> 4

0 4

&

4
&
44 4> 4
=

%

& &

& & % 0
1

& & &

& & & && &

& & & && &
> > & &
& &

,
&

1 * =+

"
0

& & "

" & &
*

%
&' %23%#$
!

%$ %23%#$

1 % 8 B

0 %

&5 7,

0 *
0+

&!

+
,' - '( = 8
%

1
8

#
+!

*B

7

+
*B

+
1

*9% E

-0
& % . 9
+

&"

*, +%

8

4
0
)1

+

+

###
###

&#

03$
# 9
7 0
8 4

+

# 9 5
7 8

+

'#
0

% 5

9A
1

0 >
#

&$

+!
01
9
:

?
9

# 6

01
9
&

&%

4
3
(
0

%

-1
# $0 0
0
@
*
00+ 6A

% 0
8 4
+

+ + +
*
,

3

)

3

!

3

$

$

&&

4
!+
+
&
+ +
++ + +
& + +

!+

0
:
4
# 0(

8
% 0
;
8

A
8
#
6 ; 1- 0
1-

# 6 7

0 #

% 0 0

)1+

)1+

!$

+ ! + !$
0

+

+
+
!
,

6 0

1

% 0

8

+(4
)
+ +( -
*
6

) % - * % 0

:
4 8 +% 0

+# %

+((

+ -
*

9

%

4
'#

'
!

) ! + )

*

+ )
)
+(+( +(

*

2# 0
'
!
"
'
" !"
" +(+( +("

+ ) )

<#
4
1 #
2 7

0

0 9
*
%

+

!

Advanced Topics in Digital Signal Processing

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Advanced Topics in Digital Signal Processing

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

 

  

   % 

      

 

          

  

       

      

    

    "  

$0  %  0   8 

     

# $  !

 !    " 

 %  

# $    

   %      

           0  

% $  

 $    %  0    

   

&        

&     

0            

SURFACE = Probability{x1 < x () < x2}

      4

    5    

 '   

& & &

& &  &  &  & & 

&   0        

    

 )      

         ,

     0  7 1  

" 0    

 ,'- ,-  ,',  

,   + 8 4

 ,.   / 0.1 2  

         

     

&     

 ,.   / 3 

? 1&- 8 

   8 

        + .   

    4

7    8  *+4

6-     % 0  

1   

 ,.4  

$0 5    > 

&       > 

# .4  /  5 0.1 2 

" 17   * 

&     *  8  

   1   

  8    0        4

  

6  % 0     ' ? 1&- 8 

 0   6 5  

% +. 2  

 01 -        

%

"

$0 % 0 8

# $ !

! "

%

# $

%

0

% $

$ % 0

&

&

0

4

5

'

& & &

& & & & & &

& 0

)

,

0 7 1

" 0

,'- ,- ,',

, + 8 4

,. / 0.12

&

,. / 3

?1&- 8

8

+ .

4

7 8 *+4

6- % 0

1

,.4

$0 5 >

& >

# .4 / 5 0.12

"17 *

& * 8

1

8 0 4

6 % 0 ' ?1&- 8

0 6 5

% +.2

01 -

, /! -0# 6% 4

, 7

6 % ;

, 1! -0#

+ * +

# + 3

+ 3 4! 5

# 6 /

+!

=0% +%

7% 0 0 0 8

& () ! / )

" *&

" *&

" *&

" *&

" *&

" *&

# 3

& + & +

& + 1232 (

0

%

& + +

& + +

+ + + + +

-

# '5 (

& 5

& 0 #-6 #

% % * +

& *& %