RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete Report of Basic Biology Experiment with the title "Eternity" that
arranged by:
name : Ummu Salamah
ID

: 1513440005

class

: ICP of Chemistry Education

group : IV
after checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this
report was accepted.
Makassar, January
Coordinator assistant

Assistant

Agung Suprianto

Cicci Ima Delima

1214441025

1214040002

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Dr. Hj. Andi Asmawati Azis, M.Si

NIP. 19640307 198903 2 001

2016

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Immortality is a decrease, forwarding or inheritance of genetic
characteristics from one generation to the offspringSimilarities someone with a
family or even with other families who are related to often raise questions.
Everyone has the shape and color of different physical exist similar to the father
or mother, and even like them but there is a more dominating nature. Everyone
has to think why it can happen and what causes it to happen, so that they have in
common is so exactly with his parents, both physically and mentally.
Every living thing has a certain set of characteristics or traits. There is a
common trait anatara individuals with each other, and there are also differences
between individuals with each other. The discrepancies that cause us to be able
to distinguish individuals in a group of similar creatures.
Practicum aims to prove the immortality of the comparative figures
genotype and phenotype from genotype basic law of Mendel and some
properties of the human immortal obtained from existing data on student. So it is
expected to make students more and understand how the process of inheritance.
All of this is closely related to the presence of inheritance or heredity which
means inheritance from parents to children. Terms of heredity is studied in the
study of genetics that define and analyze descent or constancy and change the
settings of various physiological functions that make up an organism character.
Studies conducted in the study of the nature of heredity (heredity) is
helpful in solving some problems. For example, problems with settlement with
DNA testing, it is done because they are a segment of DNA that play a role in
carrying the genetic information or character information specific biochemical or
physiological. Therefore, through this practice, theory Mendel law not merely as
a theory for students but students can prove it and apply it in everyday life in the
community.

B. Purpose
To prove the comparative figures genotype and phenotype of Mendel's
laws and basic genotif some immortal human nature.
C. Benefit
Apprentices can prove the comparison number of genotype and phenotype
from Mendels Law and genetic basic of some heredity behavior in the human.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Heredity or a cross, there is the principle that we should remember, that
genes play a role in regulating and determining the nature of given letters and
symbols are the dominant gene is expressed by a capital letter. Recessive gene that is
expressed in small letters, for example, genes that determine the nature of the short
stem is written with the letter "t". Thus, it can be interpreted that the dominant high
stem to stem short, and vice versa short stem to stem recessive high. In humans and
vertebrate animals, the union of sperm and ovum each is haploid (n) will form a
zygote. Zygote grows and develops into inividu the diploid (2n), so that the
individual who has the trait is expressed by two letters. The arrangement of genes
that determine the nature of an individual is called genotype (can not be seen with the
eye). Genotype of an individual given the symbol with double letters, because it is
generally diploid individuals, eg MM, Mm and mm (Tim Penuntun 2015).
Heredity,

the sum of all biological processes by which particular

characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. The concept of

heredity encompasses two seemingly paradoxical observations about organisms: the
constancy of aspecies from generation to generation and thevariation among
individuals within a species. Constancy and variation are actually two sides of the
same coin, as becomes clear in the study of genetics. Both aspects of heredity can be
explained by genes, the functional units of heritable material that are found within all
living cells. Every member of a species has a set of genes specific to that species. It
is this set of genes that provides the constancy of the species. Among individuals
within a species, however, variations can occur in the form each gene takes,
providing the genetic basis for the fact that no two individuals (except identical
twins) have exactly the same traits (Robinson, 2015).
Mendel grew up on his parents' small farm in a region of Austria that is now
part of the Czech Republic. In this agricultural Examined off spring: all purple
flowers

Planted seeds from pod o Removed stamens from purple flower 6

Transferred sperm bearing pollen from stamens of white flower to eggbearing carpel
of purple flower First filial generation offspring (F,) Parental generation {P} Whether

forcing self-pollination or executing artificial crosspollination, Mendel could always

be sure of the parentage of new seeds. Mendel chose to track only those characters
that varied between two distinctaltematives. For example, his plants had either purple
flowers or white flowers; there was nothing intermediate between these two varieties.
Had Mendel focused instead on characters that varied in a continuum among
individuals seed weight, for example-he would not have discovered the particulate
nature of inheritance. Mendel also made sure that he started his experiments with
varieties that, over many generations ofself-pollination, Mendel also made sure that
he started his experiments with varieties that, over many generations ofselfpollination, area, Mendel and the other children received agricultural training in
school along with their basic education. As an adolescent, Mendel overcame
financial hardship and illness to excel in high school and, later, at the Olmutz
Philosophical Institute (Campbell 2008).
Mendel began his experiments by crossing plants from two different true
breeding lines with contrasting phenotypes; these genetically pure individuals
constituted the parental generation, or generation. In every case, the members of the
first generation of offspring all looked alike and resembled one of the two parents.
For example, when he crossed tall plants with short plants, all the offspring were tall.
These offspring were the fi rst fi lial generation, or the F1 generation (filial is from
the Latin for sons and daughters). The second fi lial generation, or F2 generation,
resulted from a cross between F1 individuals or by self-pollination of F1 individuals.
Mendels F2 generation in this experiment included 787 tall plants and 277 short
plants. Most breeders in Mendels time thought that inheritance involved the
blending of traits. In blending inheritance, male and female gametes supposedly
contained fluids that blended together during reproduction to produce hybrid off
spring with features intermediate between those of the mother and father. In fact,
some plant breeders had obtained such hybrids. Although Mendel observed some
intermediate types of hybrids, he chose for further study those F1 hybrids in which
hereditary factors (as he called them) from one of the parents apparently masked
the expression of those factors from the other parent. Other breeders had also
observed these types of hybrids, but they had not explained them. Using modern
terms, we say that the factor expressed in the F1 generation (tallness, in our example)

is dominant; the one hidden in the F1 (shortness) is recessive. Dominant traits mask
recessive ones when both are present in the same individual. Although scientists
know today that dominance is not always observed, the fact that dominance can
occur was not consistent with the notion of blending inheritance (Solomon. 2005).
How does Mendels model of inheritance explain the composition of the F2
generation in experiment 1? Consider first the F1, which has the spherical seed
phenotype and the Ss genotype. According to Mendels model, when any individual
produces gametes, the two alleles separate, so that each gamete receives only one
member of the pair of alleles. This is Mendels first law, the law of segregation. In
experiment 1, half the gametes produced by the F1 generation contained the S allele
and half the s allele. In the F2 generation, since both SS and Ss plants produce
spherical seeds while ss produces wrinkled seeds, there are three ways to get a
spherical-seeded plant, but only one way to get a wrinkled-seeded plant (s from both
parents)predicting a 3:1 ratio remarkably close to the values Mendel found
experimentally for all six of the traits he compared (Heller. 2010)

CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and place
Day/Date
Time
Place

: Thursday/December, 31st 2015

: 01.10 PM 05.30 PM
: Laboratory of Biology Matematics and Science Faculty State

Uneversity of Makassar
B. Tools and materials
Phenotype list
C. Work procedures
1. Checked the immortal phenotype of any nature that exist in the list above
phenotype yourself. Asked for help to friends or members of your group if
you are having trouble. Recorded the results in table form.
2. If you have dominant phenotype, marked it (-) to second gen
3. Recorded data from your group of friends and calculate the percentage of the
data.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation result
Observation of Human Nature Table Hereafter

1.

Personal Data
Characteristics / properties baka
(genotype)

Your genotype possibility

a. No chin dimple (D) no (d)

b. Child leaves hanging ears (E) attached

(e)

c. Left thumb above (F) below (f)

d. The tip of the little finger tilted inward

(B) not skewed (b)

e. Overhanging forehead hair (W) not

indented (w)
f. hair on finger (M) no hair on finger
(m)

W
M

g. Dimples (P) no diples (p)

h. the tongue can be rolled lengthwise (L)

can not be rolled lengthwise (l)

i.

upper incisors have a crack (G) dont

have a crack (g)

2. Data Group
Names
of group
member
s
Umma

Hilda
Ilmy
Wiwi
Ira
Amount

D
D

d
d

E
E

C
e
e

F
F

D
ff

b
b

W
W

B
B

F
w
w

M
M

G
m
m

P
P

p
p

L
L

I
G
G

ll

gg

3. Data class
Group
I

II

DD

dd

EE

ee

FF

ff

BB

bb

W
W

0
0

6
5

3
5

3
0

5
2

1
3

0
0

6
5

1
0

F
ww

MM

5
5

2
3

mm

P
P

pp

LL

ll

4
2

3
2

3
3

5
2

1
3

III
IV
V
Amount

0
0
1
1

6
6
5
28

4
5
5
22

2
1
1
7

4
4
5
20

2
2
1
9

0
3
0
3

6
3
6
26

0
1
1
3

6
5
5
26

2
3
3
13

A. Data analysis
1. Group data

Value of dominant gene

DD

0
100
6

Value of ressesive gene

dd

6
100
6

= 0%
5
100
EE 6

= 100 %
1
100
ee 6

= 83.3 %
4
100
FF 6

= 16.67 %
2
100
ff 6

= 66.67 %
3
100
BB 6

= 33.3 %
3
100
bb 6

= 50 %
1
100
WW 6

= 50 %
5
100
ww 6

= 16.67 %
3
100
MM 6

= 83.3 %
3
100
mm 6

= 50 %
1
100
PP 6

= 50 %
5
100
pp 6

= 16.67 %
3
100
LL 6

= 83.3 %
3
100
ll 6

= 50 %

= 50 %

4
3
3
16

0
1
2
8

6
5
4
21

5
3
4
19

1
3
2
10

GG

0
100
6

gg

=0%

6
100
6
= 100 %

2. Class data

Value of dominant gene

DD

1
100
30

Value of ressesive gene

dd

28
100
30

= 3.33 %
22
100
EE 30

= 93.3 %
7
100
ee 30

= 73.3 %
20
100
FF 30

= 23.3 %
9
100
ff 30

= 66.67 %
3
100
BB 30

= 30 %
26
100
bb 30

= 10 %
3
100
WW 30

= 86.67 %
26
100
ww 30

= 10 %
13
100
MM 30

= 86.67 %
16
100
mm 30

= 43.3 %
8
100
PP 30

= 53.3 %
21
100
pp 30

= 26.67 %
19
100
LL 30

= 70 %
10
100
ll 30

= 63.3 %

= 33.3 %

GG

2
100
30

= 6.67 %

gg

27
100
30

= 90 %

C. Discussion
Experiments in which the individual nature of the afterlife in this
experiment to see the state of our own show our personal circumstances. Where it
appears that the individual does not have a chin dimple (dd), child attached
earlobes (ee), the thumb of the left hand above (FF), not the little finger oblique
segment into (b), no overhanging forehead hair (ww), there is hair on finger
(MM), has a dimple (PP), the tongue can be rolled lengthwise (LL), and incisors
not berselah (gg). The results of these observations have its own personal self.
In the data analysis for the dominant class obtained, the nature of the
immortal existence chin dimple (DD) as much as 3.33%. In the immortal nature of
the child leaves hanging ears (EE) as much as 73.3%. In the immortal nature of
the thumb of the left hand over the right thumb (FF) 66.67%. In the immortal
nature of the tip of the little finger knuckle oblique to the direction in (BB) of
10%. In the immortal nature of the overhanging forehead hair (WW) as much as
10%. In the immortal nature of the hair found on the finger (MM) as much as
43.3%. In the immortal nature of the presence of dimples (PP) as much as
26.67%. In the immortal nature of the tongue can be rolled lengthwise (LL) as
much as 63.3%. In the immortal nature of the porous upper incisors (GG) as much
as 6.67%.
In a class of data analysis for recessive obtained, the immortal nature of the
absence of a dimple chin (dd) as much as 93.3%. In the immortal nature of the
child's earlobe attaches (ee) as much as 23.3%. In the immortal nature of the right
thumb over the left thumb (ff) as much as 30%. In the immortal nature of the tip
of the little finger knuckle is not oblique (b) as much as 86.67%. In the immortal
nature of the forehead hair is not indented (ww) of 86.67%. In the immortal nature
of the lack of hair on the fingers (mm) as much as 53.3%. In the immortal nature
of the absence of a dimple (pp) as much as 70%. In the immortal nature of the

tongue can not be rolled lengthwise (II) as much as 33.3%. In the immortal nature
of the upper incisors are not slotted (gg) of 90%.
From the data obtained immortal dominant trait in Chemistry Educaion of
ICP is less than the recessive nature of the afterlife. Or in other words a recessive
trait more than the dominant trait in which a percentage grade for the overall
dominant trait is 303.24%, while the percentage of the class for the recessive
nature of 566.54%. This indicates that the more recessive trait possessed by
students of Chemistry Education of ICP compared with the dominant trait
possessed only a few students Chemistry Education of ICP It also indicates that
the presence of differences in the nature of the afterlife on each student with one
another.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
From the results it can be concluded that praktikum immortal nature
possessed by every human being is different. This is because the genes that
control human nature is also different. Differences that arise in human nature
that is a combination trait inherited by both parents.
B. Suggestion
For the next practitioner should pay attention to the rules that apply in the
laboratory in order to practice to run smooth

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, Neil A.2008. Biology eight edition. United States of America. Deborah
Gale
Robinson MD, Arthur, 2015. http://www.britannica.com/science/heredity-genetics.
accessed on January 5th 2015
Heller, P S Orians. 2010. The Science of Biology. New York. FMIN
Salomon Berg. 2005. Biology Eight Edition. California. Thompson Brooks
Tim penuntun. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar.Makassar: UNM
Departement of Biological

APPENDIX
Frequent genes value of the class
Value of dominant gene
DD

3
100
27

Value of ressesive gene

dd

24
100
27

= 11,1 %
16
100
EE 27

= 88,89 %
11
100
ee 27

= 59,25 %
15
100
FF 27

= 40,74 %
12
100
ff 27

= 55,5 %
7
100
BB 27

= 44,44 %
20
100
bb 27

= 25,92 %
5
100
WW 27

= 74,07 %
22
100
ww 27

= 18,51 %
9
100
MM 27

= 81,48 %
18
100
mm 27

= 33,3 %
3
100
PP 27

= 66,67 %
24
100
pp 27

= 11,1 %
19
100
LL 27

= 88,89 %
8
100
ll 27

= 70,37 %
1
100
GG 27

= 29,62 %
26
100
gg 27

= 3,70 %

= 96,29 %