Chiamaka Emelife

ISM Period 1

The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery and Medical Tests, 3rd Ed. N.p.: Gale., n.d. Print.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com>

An amount or type of anesthesia given to patients depend on many different things

about the patient
Must know many factors, including a patients age, weight, allergies to medications,
medical history, and general health (page 70)
Patients are determined by their health, how healthy they are
Patients are also classified by if they have and systematic diseases
Patients are classified by if they have severe systematic diseases and if they have any
limitations
Patients can also have severe life threatening diseases
Some patients arent expected to survive without the surgery
Must check and clean all equipment before the operation
New equipment, such as blood and medications and drugs should be ordered before
the operation during pre ops
Must have extra tubes and blades, in case of any complications
Surgeons and Anesthesiologists must be aware of the patients medical history if any
problems should occur and know how to address it
Must know how to react if the patients blood thins too much or clots
Must know how to react if the patient goes into cardiac arrest and many other
problems

This source was very well on explaining some of the most important things required for the
anesthesiologist to be aware of regarding the patient and their medical history, in order for
them to have a safe and effective surgery without any complications.

Chiamaka Emelife
ISM Period 1

FCCP, George Schiffman MD. What Is an Endontracheal Intubation Procedure?

Definition. MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.
<http://www.medicinenet.com/endotracheal_intubation/article.htm>

Endotracheal Intubation is when a tube is inserted into the mouth for surgery.
Endotracheal tubes are flexible and plastic
The tube is inserted with a laryngoscope and the laryngoscope holds the tongue aside and
out of the way
Endotracheal intubation is used to give the patient air to breathe and some medications
for the surgery
Endotracheal tubes can be connected to ventilator machines to provide artificial
respiration. (page 2, paragraph 1)
Some complications with endotracheal intubation can be brain damage, cardiac arrest and
even death.
If the tube is too far in, it can lead to pneumothorax, which is a collapsed lung.
During the placement, teeth can be damaged, and soft tissues in the back of the throat can
also be damaged.
The endotracheal tube is placed in the esophagus.

This source was very helpful by saying how important endotracheal intubation is, because it
explains why its used, where the tube goes and what the purpose of intubation is.

Chiamaka Emelife
ISM Period 1
Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, 3rd ed., Detroit: Gale, 2013, pp. 2747-2750.
< http://galenet.galegroup.com/>

Preoperative care is the preparation and management of a patient prior to surgery. It

includes both physical and psychological preparation. (paragraph 1)
People that go through pre op are more ready for the surgery and they recover better than
without pre op
Pre Op is when you tell the patient what surgery theyre having, what all that will happen
to them and to get all of their medical history, this usually calms the patient down so they
wont be so stressed.
Pre op prepares the patient physically and mentally for the operation.
Pre op is different for every patient, some want more knowledge than others but if some
hear too much, theyll worry more than they need to.
Whoever is doing the pre op must check the patients medical and anesthesia history
Patients can go into shock from anesthesia, they can have malignant hyperthermia, and
many other complications can come up
Most patients that are having surgery the next day do bowel preparations about 24 hours
before the surgery so they wont have any food or waste in their intestines.
The physician doing the surgery must tell the patient about the risks and possible
complications and side effects from the surgery
A written consent must be filled and signed by the patient
The physician must ask the patient at the end if they have any questions about the
upcoming procedure
The physician also tells the patient about the possible side effects of the medications that
will be used on the operation
If the patient is unable to understand what the physician is telling them during pre ops,
then he/she can have the next of kin, spouse, or child, or whoever is taking care of them,
sign and verify the consent form

This source was very helpful because it explained the purpose of Preoperative care and how
many things have to be taken care of to make sure the procedure goes well, and pre op can
even effect the patient during the operation and make sure they are safe and arent panicking
or worried.

Chiamaka Emelife
ISM Period 1

"Anesthesia & Types of Anesthesia." - Before and After Surgery. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.healthcommunities.com/before-after-surgery/overview-types-anesthesia.shtml>

Anesthesia can be given to patient by a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist

3 types of anesthesia general, local and regional
Type of anesthesia in a surgery is determined by the estimated length of the surgery and
patient medical history
Local anesthesia blocks the nerves in a small, specific area of the body (paragraph 4)
Local anesthesia is mostly used in minor surgeries
Local anesthesia is given through a shot
Cocaine is used medically as a sprayed anesthetic to numb the inside of the nose and
throat (paragraph 5)
Sedatives are used after giving local anesthesia to relax the patient
General anesthesia causes a higher risk
General anesthesia is given in serious and major surgeries so the patient wont have any
memory of the operation
General anesthesia is given through a gas mask or an endotracheal tube
Patients that use general anesthesia need support breathing
Heart rate, blood pressure and many important things are monitored throughout the
surgery
The endotracheal tube goes into the patients mouth, then into their lungs
After the surgery, the anesthesiologist reverses the anesthesia to wake up the patient
Regional anesthesia numbs a large area, or region, of the body and is used for more
extensive and invasive surgery (paragraph 8)
Regional anesthesia is mainly used in lower parts of the body operations
Spinal surgeries are common in using regional anesthesia
Spinal anesthesia is injected into the spinal fluid with a special needle that penetrates the
spinal column through the back (paragraph 9)
Epidural anesthesia is injected into an area outside the spinal column called the epidural
space (paragraph 9)

This cite was very helpful and detailed because it mentions all of the different types anesthesia
used in surgery. This website also mentions why certain surgeries require certain anesthesia to
put the patient to sleep.