KINDS OF TEXT IN ENGLISH

1. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
is used to describe a particular person, place, or thing.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Identification (pengenalan)
b) Description (deskripsi)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of Simple Present Tense.
Use of specific nouns, ex: our family, my rabbit, GIGI.
Detailed noun phrases, ex: a beautiful fat rabbit.
Use of adjectives, ex: long, high, big, green.
Use of epithet (julukan) and classifiers in nominal group.

THE EXAMPLES
The Symbol of Olympic Games
The Sea Eagle
Westlife

2) RECOUNT TEXT
is used to retell the readers about the past events or experiences in a chronological sequence for the purpose of informing or
entertaining.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Orientation (introducing the
participants, places, or times)
b) Events (telling what happened in a
chronological sequence)
c) Re-orientation (closure of events)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of Simple Past Tense.
Focus on a temporal sequence of events (kejadian
berurutan)
Use of material clauses
Nouns or pronouns David, the monkey, he, it.
Adjectives beautiful, old, young, etc.
Action verbs went, slept, ate, etc.
Conjunctions and time connectives and, but,
then, after that, etc.
Adverb and adverb phrases yesterday, slowly,

THE EXAMPLES
Horror Experience
Trip to Balekambang Beach
My Last Holiday in Bali

etc.
3) NARRATIVE TEXT
is used to amuse or entertain the readers or listeners with a true experiences or an imaginary one.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Orientation (introducing the
characters, when and where the story

occurred.
b) Complication (how the problems
are started)
c) Resolution (how the problems are

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of Simple Past Tense.
Use of material clauses
Particular nouns stepsisters, the witch, etc.
Adjectives kind, cruel, wise, etc.
Action verbs stayed, came, brought, etc.
Saying verbs said, told, etc.
Thinking verbs believed, thought, felt, etc.
Adverb and adverb phrases in the forest, here,

resolved)
d) Re-orientation (optional) (closing

happily ever after.

Conjunctions and time connectives once upon a

remarks of the story, moral lessons,

THE EXAMPLES
Fairy tale (dongeng)
Cinderella, Snow White.
Legend (legenda)
Roro Jonggrang, Lake Toba.
Mythe (mitos)
Nyi Roro Kidul.
Fable (fabel)
Mousedeer.
Folklore (cerita rakyat)
Angling Darma, Wali Songo.

time, then, after that, etc.

advice or teaching from the writer)

4) PROCEDURE TEXT
is used to describe how to do or make something through a sequence of actions or steps.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Goal / Aim / Purpose (The title of the text)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of Simple Present Time, mostly in imperative

sentence.
Use of temporal conjunctions, ex: first, second, etc.

b) Materials / Ingredients / Tools (optional)

(everything we need to do or make something)

THE EXAMPLES
How paper is made
How to use a rice cooker
How to make a fried

c) Steps / Ways / Instructions (the steps to

achieve the goal)

Action verbs turn on, stir, pour, put, etc.

Adverbials of time for five minutes, 3 centimetres from

banana
Tips on Preparing a
Speech

the top, etc.

5) REPORT TEXT
to describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) General Classification ( klasifikasi

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of Simple Present Tense in general statement, ex: Komodo

dragons usually weight more than 160kg.

Use of general nouns, ex: platypus, reptile, etc.
Use of relating verbs, ex: am/is/are, have, look, seem, etc.
Use of action verbs, ex: eat, fly, etc.
Use of technical words, ex: warm-bloodied, predators, etc.
Use of topic sentence in every paragraph.

umum)
b) Description (deskripsi) (describing
the phenomena, quality, habits,
benefit, etc.

THE EXAMPLES
Snakes
Plants
Platypus

6) ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

is used to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Thesis (pernyataan pendapat)
b) Arguments (elaborating the
arguments)
c) Reiteration (penguatan pendapat)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Use of passive voice.
Use of material clauses
General nouns, ex: car, pollution, etc.
Abstract nouns, ex: policy, government, etc.
Technical verbs, ex: species of animals.
Relating verbs, ex: it is important, etc.
Action verbs, ex: she must save, etc.
Thinking verbs, ex: many people believe, etc.

THE EXAMPLES
Is Smoking Good For Us?

 Modal verbs, ex: can, must, will, etc.

Connectives, ex: fistly, secondly, etc.
Bahasa evaluatif, ex: valuable, important, etc.

7) HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

is used to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Thesis (pernyataan pendapat)
b) Arguments (elaborating the
arguments)
c) Recommendation ( rekomendasi
atau saran)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Focus on the writers who write the issues.
Use of Simple Present Tense.
Use of passive voice.
Use of material clauses
General nouns, ex: car, pollution, etc.
Abstract nouns, ex: policy, government, etc.
Technical verbs, ex: species of animals.
Relating verbs, ex: it is important, etc.
Action verbs, ex: she must save, etc.
Thinking verbs, ex: many people believe, etc.
Modal verbs, ex: can, must, will, etc.
Connectives, ex: fistly, secondly, etc.
Bahasa evaluatif, ex: valuable, important, etc.

THE EXAMPLES
Is It Important to Know What
Your Kids Are Watching on TV?

8) DISCUSSION TEXT
is used to present (at least) two point of view about an issue.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Issue
b) Arguments pro & contra.
c) Conclusion or Recommendation.

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

General nouns, ex: uniforms, alcohol, etc.
Relating verbs, ex: smoking is harmful, etc.
Thinking verbs, ex: feel, believe, hope, etc.
Additives, contrastive, causal connectives, ex: similarly, on the

hand, however, etc.

Detailed noun groups, ex: the dumping of unwanted kittens, etc.
Modalities, ex: perhaps, must, should, etc.
Adverbials of manner, ex: deliberately, hopefully, etc.

THE EXAMPLES
The Advantage and
Disadvantage of Nuclear
Power

9) REVIEW TEXT
is used to critique an art work, or event for a public audience such works of art include movies, books, etc.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Orientation (pengenalan)
b) Interpretative Recount (penafsiran
c) Evaluations (at least two points)

THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu.
Use of adjectives yang menunjukkan sikap, ex: bad, good, etc.
Klausa panjang.

THE EXAMPLES

d) Evaluation Summation
(rangkuman)

Metafor.