Faecal Sludge Characterization Final Report 250215 PDF

FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION IN INDONESIA
TA-7739 INO: SUPPORTING WATER OPERATORS' PARTNERSHIPS
FINAL REPORT
February 2014
Prepared by:
Freya Mills
With Acknowledgements to
Ministry of Public Works, Government of Indonesia
Wastewater Authorities in Bogor, Jakarta, Makassar and Surakarta.
Javier Coloma Brotons, Urban Development Specialist (Water Supply and Sanitation) ADB
Leo Silvando, Sanitation Consultant ADB
Budi Darmawan, Faecal Sludge Management Consultant IUWASH/WSP
Emasesa (EmpresaMetropolitana de Abastecimiento y Saneamiento de Aguas de Sevilla, Spain)
IUWASH (Indonesia Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Project)
WSP (Water and Sanitation Program) World Bank, Indonesia
Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As part of ADBs Supporting Water Operators Partnership in Asia this input develops a dataset and
approach to analyzing faecal sludge to improve management of waste from on-site sanitation
systems. The majority of Indonesian households use on on-site systems for wastewater disposal,
however the safe management of faecal sludge is limited with low rates of pit emptying and poor
operation of sludge treatment plants. Adding to the knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics will
lead to better design and operation of treatment plants and opportunities for sludge reuse.
In the same four cities partnering with Spanish Water Authority Emasesa, 19 samples were taken
from sludge truck discharge to understand inflow for design of sludge treatment plants. In Jakarta
and Bogor the sludge treatment plants were operating sufficiently to also sample the treatment
processes and dried sludge, however in Makassar and Solo the treatment is used but not operating
as designed so not suitable to analyze. Samples were analyzed by local laboratories and compared
with analysis by the health and environment laboratories of the University Indonesia in Jakarta.
Possibly due to limited experience in wastewater analysis and almost no experience with sludge, the
results from the laboratories were extremely varied with the difference between duplicates outside
an acceptable range. Whilst faecal sludge characteristics are varied, there was no clear trend if one
laboratory was more accurate. However the results typically fell within the range of previous
International studies and are a guide to typical characteristics in Indonesia, although improved
laboratory techniques and equipment could lead to a more accurate and narrower range.
The survey of households emptied found on-site systems were typically single leach pits,
approximately 2.5m3 and on average operated for 6 years before emptying. The results shown in
Table 1 show most parameters are on the low end of International findings and can be classified as
low strength septage (Heinss 1998). In comparison with current design guidelines for Indonesian
Sludge Treatment Plants, these values are 2-6 times smaller, which along with assumption of much
higher emptying rate than occurs, could be the reason for oversized treatment plants. Despite the 6
years storage, due to the poor pre-treatment occurring in single leach pits, sludge is not fully
stabilized, therefore anaerobic treatment or digesters is suitable prior to dewatering.
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF FAECAL SLUDGE PARAMETERS
Parameter
Total Solids (TS) mg/L
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L
Volatile Solids (VS) %TS
COD mg/L
BOD5 mg/L
pH
NH3-N mg/L
Helminth egg total No./L
Existing International
Data
5,000-71,000
5,000-52,000
45-83%
1,200-83,000
600-2,600
6-7.7
150-1230
16-91/gTS, 16-50/gFS
N
17
15
9
24
23
29
16
6
Survey
Accepted Range
3,820-43,894
274-11,383
56-84%
549-17,875
215-3,500
6.3-8.0
96-398
0-200
Mean
15,052
2,664
73%
3,284
1,009
7.4
200
37/gFS
The results from the Jakarta and Bogor treatment plants found both had effective removal
compared with influent sludge quality however the discharge quality did not meet standards and
operation could be improved. The dried sludge in Jakarta met International reuse standards however
the Bogor sample was highly contaminated.
Whilst these results provide a useful indication of sludge characteristics in Indonesia, the analysis
highlighted the need for provision of training and more automated equipment for the laboratories.
ii
Contents
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. ii
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Purpose of Research ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Scope of Work ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3
Background Faecal Sludge Characteristics ........................................................................... 2
1.4
Faecal Sludge Physical and Chemical Characteristics ............................................................. 3
1.4.1
Solids ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2
Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand................................................................... 4
1.4.3
Nutrients & Ph................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.4
Pathogens........................................................................................................................ 4
2 Method ........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1
Analysis framework ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2
Method of Sampling and Analysis........................................................................................... 5
2.2.1
Pre-sampling preparation ............................................................................................... 5
2.2.2
Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.3
Transport ......................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.4
Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 6
3 City Sampling................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1
Bogor ....................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.1
Sludge Emptying Analysis................................................................................................ 7
3.1.2
Analysis of Sludge Treatment Plant and Dried Sludge .................................................... 8
3.2
Jakarta ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1
Sludge Emptying Analysis................................................................................................ 9
3.2.2
Analysis of Sludge Treatment Plant and Dried Sludge .................................................. 10
3.3
Solo........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.3.1
Sludge Emptying Analysis.............................................................................................. 11
3.3.2
3.4
Makassar ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1
Sludge Emptying Analysis.............................................................................................. 13
3.4.2
4 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1
Quality Assurance ................................................................................................................. 14
4.2
Faecal sludge characterization .............................................................................................. 15
4.2.1
Solids Parameters: TS, TSS, VS, SVI ............................................................................... 16
4.2.2
Biological Parameters: BOD, COD ................................................................................. 17
4.2.3
Nutrient & Pathogen Parameters ................................................................................. 18
4.2.4
Summary - Strength ...................................................................................................... 18
4.3
Treatment & Dry Sludge ....................................................................................................... 19
5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 22
6 Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix A Guidelines: Fecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Steps ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Steps ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Pit Emptying Survey Form / Survei di Tangki Septik dan Sedot ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix B Results............................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix C Summary of Sludge Treatment Plant Operations ........................................................... 31
C.1 Bogor ........................................................................................................................................... 31
C.2 Jakarta ......................................................................................................................................... 33
C.3 Surakarta ..................................................................................................................................... 34
C.4 Makassar ..................................................................................................................................... 36
iii
TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1 Summary of Faecal Sludge Parameters ................................................................................... ii
Table 2 Typical Urban Sanitation Characteristics Indonesia ................................................................ 3
Table 3 Analysis of Duplicate Samples Accuracy ................................................................................ 14
Table 4 - Comparison with international data ...................................................................................... 16
Table 5 Solid Parameters Analysis Results ......................................................................................... 17
Table 6 Biological Parameter Results ................................................................................................. 18
Table 7 Nutrient and Pathogen Parameters Results .......................................................................... 18
Table 8 Comparison of Sludge Strength............................................................................................. 19
Table 9 Comparison With Influent Standard Guidelie ....................................................................... 19
Table 10 Efficiency of Sludge Treatment Plants................................................................................. 19
Table 11 Effluent Discharge Standards .............................................................................................. 20
Table 12 Dried Sludge Parameters ..................................................................................................... 22
Table 13 Summary of Faecal Sludge Parameters ............................................................................... 22
Table 14 Survey Results Bogor and Jakarta ....................................................................................... 29
Table 15 Survey Results Makassar and Surakarta.............................................................................. 30
Table 16 Summary of Design and Operation Issues IPLT Bogor ........................................................ 32
Table 17 Pulo Gebang New Treatment Plant ..................................................................................... 33
Table 18 Pulo Gebang Old Treatment Plant....................................................................................... 34
Table 19 Design and Operation Issues Makassar............................................................................... 36
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Faecal Sludge Service Chain ................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 Map of Cities Sampled ........................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 - Summary of operation issues & sample locations (B1-B10) .................................................. 9
Figure 4 - Inflow to Jakarta Sludge Treatment Plants ......................................................................... 10
Figure 5 IPLT East New System layout and Sample Locations ........................................................... 11
Figure 6 IPLT East New System layout and Sample Locations ........................................................... 12
Figure 7 IPLT Putri Cempo Surakarta ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8 Treatment Performance of Bogor and Jakarta IPLT ............................................................. 21
Figure 9 - Design Drawings of IPLT Tegal Gundil ................................................................................... 31
Figure 10 - IPLT Pulo Gebang Old System Layout ................................................................................. 34
Figure 11 IPLT Putri Cempo Surakarta ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 12 Putri Cempo: Inlet chamber, Sludge Drying Beds and Anaerobic Pond 2.......................... 36
Figure 13 Makassar Sludge Treatment Plant Design Drawing ........................................................... 38
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB
Asian Development Bank
FSM Faecal Sludge Management
IPAL Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (Wastewater treatment plant)
IPLT
Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (Sludge treatment plant)
IUWASH Indonesian Urban Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (USAID)
PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Regional Drinking Water Enterprise)
PD-PAL Perusahaan Daerah Pengelolaan Air Limbah (City wastewater management company)
PU
Pekerjaan Umum (Public Works)
UPTD Unit Pengelola Teknis Daerah (technical services unit within a local government department)
WSP Water and Sanitation Program (World Bank)
iv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
As part of ADBs technical assistance Supporting Water Operators Partnership in Asia (WOPs
program) this input aims to develop a dataset and approach to analyzing faecal sludge (FS) to
improve management of waste from on-site sanitation systems. Indonesia has one of the lowest
rates of urban sewerage coverage in Asia, with only 2% of the urban population connected to a
networked sewerage system and 83% of urban residents using on-site sanitation systems.1 As part of
the Acceleration of Sanitation Development in Human Settlements (PPSP) Program, the widespread
use of on-site sanitation systems in urban areas will continue. Foreseeing this demand, the Ministry
of Public Works has reviewed the performance of 150 existing sludge treatment plants (IPLT) and
found that less than 10% are operating. In 2013 approximately $20 million will be invested for their
upgrade and repair. Many septage treatment plants appear to be underutilized or oversized for local
conditions, often due to limited data on which to base designs and a low inflow due to on-demand
emptying. This work hopes to improve the knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics by developing
a data-set from four Indonesian cities and a methodology that can be adopted in other cities.
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

Faecal sludge management is not limited to just sludge treatment but involves the entire service
chain from accumulation in on-site systems to reuse. The data required to design and manage each
part of this service chain varies due to the different objectives and requirements. This analysis
focuses on the treatment and reuse/disposal components which is a key focus of the Wastewater
Operators participating in the twinning program. Local data already exists for the containment and
demand for emptying2 and the transport in three of the four assessed cities is undertaken by private
operators who lack emptying records to analyse.
FIGURE 1 FAECAL SLUDGE SERVICE CHAIN3
The scope of works includes:

Develop a sampling plan and analysis framework that can be adopted by relevant agencies in
other cities and for ongoing monitoring;
Faecal sludge characterization of influence to improve treatment design and operation.
Analysis of various stages in existing treatment to understand treatment performance.
FS characterization of dried sludge to assess its potential reuse benefit and health risks;
The sampling will occur in four cities already participating in ADB SWOP twinning program: Bogor,
Jakarta, Makassar and Surakarta.
BPS (2013) Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012. BPS: Jakarta.
WSP (2013) Sludge Accumulation and Pit Emptying Study. WSP: Jakarta.
3
WSP (2014) The Missing Link in Sanitation Service Delivery: A review of Fecal Sludge Management in 12
Cities. WSP: Washington DC.
2
MAKASSAR
BOGOR
SURAKARTA
FIGURE 2 MAP OF CITIES SAMPLED
1.3 BACKGROUND FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS

Although there is a much data on wastewater characteristics, the organic matter, total solids,
ammonium and helminth egg concentrations in faecal sludge are typically higher by a factor of10100 compared to wastewater sludge.4 The availability of faecal sludge analysis data is limited and
what exists internationally highlights the variability between and within countries.
To design sludge treatment plants, including selection of treatment method and sizing, requires
accurate data on faecal sludge characteristics. Systems in Indonesia are sometimes operating well
below the design load and due to the characteristics of the sludge, such as high solids content or
stabilization; the treatment technology may not be the most suited. Without understanding the
characteristics specific to each local conditions, treatment plants can be significantly over or undersized. An example of this is a sludge treatment plant built in Burkina Faso for 125m 3/d and TS load of
21,000mg/L, with recent analysis of sludge finding TS strength is half that, therefore the plant is
double the necessary size.5
Some data has been collected in Indonesia which this study will compile and build on to determine a
typical set of characteristics relevant to the local conditions. Previous international studies have
found the characteristics are influenced by local variables such as type of on-site system, toilet use
behaviour, and groundwater and soil conditions. Some typical characteristics of on-site systems in as
assessed in other recent studies in Indonesia6:
Montangero, A. and Strauss, M. (2002). Faecal Sludge Treatment. Lecture Notes, IHE Delft, February.
SANDEC.http://www.sandec.ch/files/IHE_Lecture_notes_FS.pdf
5
Bassan, M., Mbgur, M., Tchonda, T., Zabsonre, F., Strande, L. (2013b). Integrated faecal sludge
management scheme
for the cities of Burkina Faso. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3(2), p.216221.
6
Mills (2013), Sludge Accumulation and Pity Emptying in Indonesia, WEDC 37 Conference, Hanoi 2014.

TABLE 2 TYPICAL URBAN SANITATION CHARACTERISTICS INDONESIA
Type of toilet
Squat toilet, goose neck/water sealed, manually flushed with bucket
Solids added
No, water cleansing is typically practiced and rubbish not commonly added.
Greywater
Typically not added to on-site system and discharges directly to drain
Type of On-site
system
Most are a single pit with sealed walls and leaking base. Some twin septic tanks,
typically with second chamber unsealed and about 20% of systems have
overflow to drain/river.
Sludge
Accumulation
Average sludge accumulation 25L/p/year, higher in first years after emptying

and lower for well sealed systems or ones with overflow to drain.
Emptying
Low frequency of emptying, most systems never emptied and an average of 16

years before first requiring emptying. Emptying by government or private
vacuum truck, occasionally need to add water and mix contents.
Other influencing Groundwater level is often high and can infiltrate tanks. Sandy soil with high
factors
permeability.
1.4 FAECAL SLUDGE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The following section summarizes the main parameters used in designing faecal sludge treatment
and assessing quality of sludge and effluent produced. A main source of information from Eawag
Faecal Sludge Management Book, 2014.
1.4.1 SOLIDS
Measuring the solids concentration is used to understand the strength of sludge and useful in
determining the loading on the sludge treatment plant, type and size of treatment required and
efficiency of treatment.
The Total Solids (TS) are the sum of suspended (TSS) and dissolved solids (TDS) and include
organic and inorganic matter. They are determined by the material remaining after 24 hours
drying in an oven at 103-105C, Indonesian standard SNI 06-6989.26-2005.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are the solids not able to pass through a filter, typically 0.45 m
filter is used wastewater analysis. The solids that pass through are called dissolved solids. If the
sludge is too dense, total solids is more commonly reported. Indonesian standard SNI 06-6989.32004
Total Volatile Solids (TVS or VS) are the fraction that are ignited and burned off at 500C. The
ratio of VS to TS indicates the relative amount of organic material and biochemical stability and
used to assess the need for digestion. Indonesian standard SNI 06-6989.26-2005.
Sludge volume index (SVI in mL/g) is an empirical method to determine the settling ability of
sludge based on the volume of settled sludge in an Imhoff cone after 30-60mins (mL/L) divided
by the total suspended solids of the sample (g/L). Based on experiences in the design of settlingthickening tanks for wastewater treatment plants, wastewater sludge with a SVI of less than 100
(mL/g SS) achieves good solids-liquid separation in settling-thickening tanks (lower value better
sedimentation/thickening behaviour).7
Eawag 2014, Faecal Sludge Management Book, Chapter 6.
1.4.2 BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

As well as Volatile Solids indicating stabilisation, the oxygen demand of faecal sludge is an indicator
for the amount of degradable organic matter and an important parameter to assess operation and
discharge quality.
BOD measures the strength of wastewater by measuring the oxygen consumption of
microorganisms to digest organic matter under controlled time (5 days) and temperature (20C).
BOD5 is typically much higher in faecal sludge than wastewater. Oxygen demand is affected by
nitrifying organisms, which can increase the reported BOD and is also affected by delays in
analysing the sample after collection. Winkler methods used since no DO probe following SNI6989.72-2009.
COD is a measure of the oxygen consumption by both organic and inorganic matter, and
represents the organic matter that can be oxidised using a strong chemical agent (potassium
dichromate). Since the test if much quicker often the results are considered more accurate than
BOD and the ratio of COD:BOD is often used to assess accuracy of the two measurements, with
COD always greater than BOD. COD is measured in Indonesia using the reflux method as per
APHA 5220.C-2005.
1.4.3 NUTRIENTS & PH

High nutrient concentrations of faecal sludge can be both a benefit when reused in agriculture as an
alternative to fertilizers but also pose a contamination risk to receiving waterway and soils.
Total nitrogen concentrations in faecal sludge are much higher than in wastewater (10-100
times) and typically exists as Ammonia/Ammonium (NH3/NH4), nitrate/nitrite (NO3-N/NO2-N)
and organic nitrogen. Ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4) exist in equilibrium depending on
pH and mostly comes from urine. Ammonia is tested based on SNI 06-6989.30-2005, using HACH
electrode method or colorimetric. The laboratories were unable to test Total Nitrogen for liquid
samples.
Phosphorus concentration in faecal sludge is also much higher than wastewater (2-50 times) and
is present as phosphate, orthophosphate or organically bound phosphate. Phosphate is
determined colorimetrically as reactive phosphorus or if hydrolysis/digestion performed total
phosphorus can be measured. University Indonesia was only able to test for PO4 SNI 06-6989.312005.
pH is influenced by the contents of on-site systems with chemicals, industrial or commercial
inflows possibly causing it to vary outside the standard range of 6-9 which could upset biological
processes.
1.4.4 PATHOGENS
Faecal sludge contains large amounts of pathogenic microorganisms which pose a danger to
operators working with sludge and potential reuse. Commonly measured pathogens to assess health
risk are:
Total Coliforms are a group of bacteria used to indicate the faecal contamination of water and
give indication of pathogen reduction in the treatment process. Tested in Indonesia using the
Multiple Tubes Fermentation Method following International standard APHA 9221-2005.
Helminth eggs are used as an indicator of treatment effectiveness due to their prevalence in
low-middle income countries, resist inactivation and a health risk to those exposed. Types
4

monitored in Indonesia include Ascaris lumbricoides eggs (roundworm) which make up the
majority of Helminth eggs in developing countries, Hookworm larvae/egg, Trichuris trichura eggs
(whipworm). The Department of Parasitology University Indonesia is the only known laboratory
with experience testing for Helminth eggs, using method of direct examination of the egg/larvae
recovered in a sucrose floatation from 5 gram sludge sample.
2 METHOD
2.1 ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK
The sampling framework focuses on the three main uses for faecal sludge data:
Design treatment plant: based on the characteristics of influent sludge from vacuum trucks.
Propose 5 samples based on the limited number of trucks discharging per day in most cities
(often 1-3). Requires co-ordination with authority responsible for emptying to ensure trucks are
discharging on the day and time required for sampling and may need delaying some orders or
early delivery depending on laboratory opening hours.
Operation of treatment and quality of discharge: Sampling various stages of treatment to
understand the performance of each system. Only suitable if the treatment is in a sufficient
operational state, since bypassing phases of treatment or clogging with vegetation resulting in
substantially different operation to design.
Reuse of Sludge: The nutrient quality of faecal sludge make it a potentially valuable natural
fertilizer, however the remaining health risk needs to be considered. Most sludge treatment
facilities are not operating sufficiently to produce regular well treated sludge and currently use
of sludge is not common. In systems where dry sludge is produced can be tested, however it is
difficult to assess how long sludge is stored to dry without regular operation standards.
2.2 METHOD OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

2.2.1 PRE-SAMPLING PREPARATION
Preliminary site visit to assess treatment and determine the number of samples required;
Visit local laboratory to confirm opening hours/day, parameters that can be assessed, sample
size required and collect sample bottles for faecal coliform;
Prepare bottles for analysis: Sample size varied from 10 grams for helminth eggs, 0.5L (University
Indonesia) to 1.5L at some local laboratories. Clean bottles with pure water (not chlorinated)
and allow to dry, bottles with large opening are best since samples contain solids. Label each
bottle with sticker and waterproof pen (ie. J01, J02 for Jakarta), using the same label for
duplicate bottles;
Prepare safety equipment glasses, face mask, gloves, large bucket for collecting sample, bucket
on string or bottle attached to pole for deep tanks, water for cleaning;
Prepare cold storage for transporting (ie. cooler bag and ice packs);
Brief sludge truck operators on survey questions, request that only one pit is collected per truck
and co-ordinate time of emptying.
2.2.2 SAMPLING
Samples were collected from the mid-stream of truck discharge. Compared with sampling directly
from the on-site system this provides a more accurate analysis of what is actually entering the
sludge treatment plant, with a mix of solids, liquids and any added water or collected sand during
5

emptying. The sample is well mixed on the drive to the treatment plant, which typically takes 20-40
minutes, however some trucks discharged sludge collected the previous evening (this was not
sampled). For comparative analysis, only household discharge was sampled since this is the
predominate discharge to the treatment plants assessed, therefore sludge from commercial facilities
and public toilets were avoided, as were samples from multiple households which could not be
compared with survey. Sampling the mid-stream of the discharge was difficult due to the pressure of
flow and required safety equipment to protect against splashing and a large bucket. However often
the truck emptiers collected the sample and refused safety equipment since they typically do not
ware any protection during removal or disposal (bare face, hand, and feet).
Samples from various stages of the treatment were sampled with care given to take a submerged
sample (not top floating layer), from a flowing (not stagnant) point in the treatment and trying not
to create turbulence or scrape any solids from bottom or sides. Single grab samples were collected
from each operating system. In Jakarta the dry sludge sample was collected at the end of the drying
but not from the stored sludge are since no indication of how long they had been stored or whether
from the old treatment plant. In Bogor the sludge was estimated to be 6 months since emptying
from the sludge drying bed and a mixed sampled from lower and upper layers taken.
2.2.3 TRANSPORT
Samples were stored in a cooler container with ice packs during sampling (up to one hour) and
transport to the laboratories. Transport to the local laboratory was less than 30 minutes and to
Jakarta up to 4 hours (including flights). Samples should be kept below 4C to reduce microbial
activity and stop the sample degrading, however with ambient temperatures at over 30C, it is
unlikely that they cooled to this temperature.
2.2.4 ANALYSIS
Duplicate samples were tested at local laboratory and the University Indonesia laboratories in
Jakarta. Sampling typically occurred over two days and depending on the number of trucks
discharging, 2-3 samples were taken to the local laboratory on the first day. The second day 2-3
trucks sampled and the treatment system and dry sludge, with all samples having duplicate tests at
the local laboratory and University Indonesia.
Local Laboratory Each city health or environmental department has the ability to measure a
range of basic parameters and has the benefit of reduced transportation time. However,
experience with wastewater analysis is often minimal and typically no previous sludge analysis
and evidence of unrealistic results (Surakarta BOD>COD). Local laboratories used included
Seameo Biotrop Services Laboratory Bogor, Makassar Ministry of Health Laboratory, University
NS Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Laboratory Solo and the University Gajah Mada
Centre for Environmental Health Engineering and Communicable Disease Control Laboratory
(BTKL) at for Solo duplicate testing.
University Indonesia Environmental Engineering Department in Depok near Jakarta had
previous experience testing sludge samples and is able to most required parameters including
Volatile Solids and Sludge Volume Index. However limited in Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus
analysis.
University Indonesia Medicine Faculty, Parasitological Department in Jakarta is the only known
laboratory with experience testing helminth eggs.
Limitation of sampling includes:

Single grab sample of treatment only portraying the condition at the time of sampling;
Effect of any operational changes such as inflow of river water into the Bogor treatment plant to
increase flow in the day prior to sampling.
Uncertain duration of Dry sample mixed but from the driest bed only.
Limited experience of local laboratories in wastewater analysis and no experience in sludge
analysis.
Limited equipment at local laboratories therefore relying on less accurate manual techniques for
analysis. (ie. The PDAM wastewater laboratory in Solo uses manual methods for BOD and COD
analysis and were limited to concentrations <400 and <1500mg/L respectively)
3 CITY SAMPLING
3.1 BOGOR
Bogor is located in West Java, 60km south of Jakarta with a population of 1.1 million, it is an inland
hilly area with high average annual rainfall of 1700mm. The Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas (UPTD) is
responsible for the management of the wastewater treatment plant, sewer, sludge treatment plant
(IPLT in Indonesian) and sludge emptying. There is a current proposal to change some of these
responsibilities to the local water authority but not yet confirmed. Both private and government
sludge emptying trucks exist, however only the government trucks discharge at the IPLT Tegal
Gundil. IUWASH is currently working with UPT-Bogor to develop a regular desludging trial in one
housing estate. The Seameo Biotrop8 laboratory was recommended by UPTD and used for their
wastewater analysis, however the IPLT had never been analysed.
3.1.1 SLUDGE EMPTYING ANALYSIS

UPTD have four 4m3 trucks and 2 small (0.45m3) motanks which are not commonly used since there
is no demand from dense slum areas. Service is provided on-call basis, with customers telephoning
the UPTD office to book emptying. Approximately 4 private operators also exist, discussions in 2013
indicated demand is lower than UPT with only 2-4 houses/week and typically disposed to river or to
neighbouring city Depoks treatment plant9.
Previous studies by WSP and IUWASH10 found the majority of households in Bogor had never
emptied their on-site systems (84% IUWASH). UPT estimates that approximately 3 households are
emptied per day with government trucks, with large fluctuations, as shown in their monthly income
varying from estimated 206 households emptied in March 2014 to 75 households in July 2014.
Seameo Biotrop, the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology, services.lab@biotrop.org, (62)
2518357175. Able to analyze all parameters except VS, SVI, Helminth but not the dried sludge sample.
9
WSP 2013 Sludge Accumulation and Pit Empting in Indonesia
10
IUWASH 2014 Results Survey Sludge Emptying Bogor
Income/month (Rp ,000)
Monthly Sludge Emptying Income

16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
2012
2013
2014
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
FIG 5. MONTHLY INCOME FROM SLUDGE EMPTYING
The two days of sampling (30-31 October 2014) had low demand for emptying and orders were
requested for emptying in the evening or weekend which didnt align with delivering samples to the
laboratories. UPTD was supportive of the analysis and re-scheduled emptying and also emptied from
an employees house (pit was almost full). Three samples (B1-3) were taken to the local laboratory
on the 30 October and two samples (B4-5) were analyzed at both the local laboratory and University
Indonesia, taking approximately 3 hours to be delivered.
3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AND DRIED SLUDGE

The Bogor sludge treatment plant located in Tegal Gundil, the same site as the wastewater
treatment plant, was rebuilt by National Ministry Public Works in 2010 and operational since 2013.
There are many operational issues predominately due to the plant sized much larger than current
inflow, as detailed in Appendix C. Designed for 30m3/d approximately 7-10 trucks/day, it is currently
receiving an average of 3 trucks/day with long retention time causing dried sludge to block the
biodigester, baffle reactor and channels. Five samples (B6-B10) were taken at the locations shown in
Figure 3 and tested at both the local laboratory and University Indonesia.
There is no current reuse of sludge from the sludge drying beds, which is restricted by the lack of
operation plan limiting safe sludge drying (see Appendix C). The operator expected there would be
interest in sludge reuse but the quality would need to be approved.
Influences of current operation on sampling included:
The day prior to sampling a pipe diverting water from the river into the treatment plant was the
operators solution to reduce blockages.;
The pipe from 2nd chamber in baffle reactor always opened, sludge only stored in one chamber
before discharge to SDB, other chambers empty.
Sludge drying beds (SDB) not filled/emptied based on a schedule, uncertain length of time the
dried sludge has been stored. There is no current emptying or reuse of sludge from drying beds.
No clear inflow from SDB to gravel filter, SDB possibly leaking or diverted directly to ponds.
B8 Inflow to
SDB B7 Inflow to
Baffle Reactor
Discharge to
ponds then
sample B9 at
Outlet to River
B6 Digester Outlet
(shallow tank)
B10 Dry sludge

Est. 6 months old
B1-B5 Truck
Discharge
FIGURE 3 - SUMMARY OF OPERATION ISSUES & SAMPLE LOCATIONS (B1-B10)
3.2 JAKARTA
DKI Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia and also the largest and
most dense province with a population of 9.76 million (2012) and density of 14,464/km 2. Jakarta is a
flat coastal city with fast draining sandy soil and high groundwater with flooding also a common
problem. Groundwater depth varies from 0-40m below surface and survey in 2012 found 68% of
shallow wells are polluted with faecal contamination11, despite this wells are still commonly used,
however the majority receive piped water supply (66%) and use bottled water for drinking (63%).

Data from WSP 2014 study in low income areas in Jakarta found a typical on-site system was a single
leach pits although some households had a two chamber septic tank, often with the second for
infiltration. 58% of households had never emptied their pits after an average 12years.
At the time of the study the City Waste Department (Dinas Kebersihan) was responsible for the
sludge treatment plant and pit emptying and operating an on-call emptying service from a fleet of
approximately 70-100 trucks operating from five city offices (North, Central, South, East, West).
Management of sludge emptying and treatment will be handed over to PD-PDAL Jaya in January
2015 in addition to their current responsibility for sewerage and wastewater treatment. IUWASH are
working with PD-PAL to develop a regular emptying program, commencing with government
buildings and then to trial in east Jakarta, with regulations already in place. PD-PDAL have 4 trucks
which are predominately used for sewerage and commercial customers.
11
JICA WW Masterplan Review Surveys in Jakarta from 2007-2009 found 75-77% shallow wells (generally
<20m) contaminated with coliform bacteria due to poor wastewater management.

There are two sludge treatment plants in Jakarta, one in the west at Duri Kosambi and in east at Pulo
Gebang. The Pulo Gebang is new and has higher rates of emptying so was recommended by PDPAL
for analysis, the is the same site assessed by Emasesa for the WOP. Figure 4 shows the data available
from 2009-2014 with detailed data from 2012 indicating a much higher inflow. The data from 2009
and 2010 is not disaggregated between private and government and daily rate was estimated from
annual volume (and known truck volume from 2012 detailed data). Data from 2012 indicated that
approximately 83 trucks discharged to Pulo Gebang and 57 trucks to Duri Kosambi12. During the
survey the operator of IPLT Pulo Gebang estimated an average 40 trucks per day, with 80% private,
however daily records from the IPLT for October 2014 had an average 33/day with 53% private. It
why this is lower than 2012, whether there is an actual reduction in discharge or changes in accuracy
of recording. However with over 40 trucks per day, there were sufficient trucks to collect 5 samples
in one day, with all samples analyzed in University Indonesia taking approximately 1.5hrs to be
delivered.
Daily Discharge to Jakarta Sludge Treatment

Trucks/day (based on volume data)
160
140
Duri Kosambi - Private

Duri Kosambi - Govt.
Pulo Gebang - Private
Pulo Gebang - Govt.
120
100
80
60
40
20
-
2009
2010
2012
2014
FIGURE 4 - INFLOW TO JAKARTA SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS

Two parallel treatment plants exist at Pulo Gebang, a new system at the back of the site and old
system at the front. The rear IPLT has improved treatment and safety features but is used less since
it is located at the back of the property and trucks typically only discharge to it when the front
system is occupied (operator estimated 70% to the front/old system and 30% to the back/new).
Another reason for preference to discharge into the old system is due to need to pump discharge
into the inlet/screen in the new system vs. gravity discharge to the old.
No design drawings were provided for either the old or new systems which made sampling difficult
because the operators were not able to describe exactly the configuration and flow of each plant.
The systems appear predominately separate however there are some overflow connections in the
final ponds which appear to be in use and no clear discharge point could be found with the high level
overflow to drain indicated as the outflow with levels well below overflow so no discharge.
Since the new treatment plant was expected to be more closely following design operation, samples
were taken from each of the systems and freshly dewatered sludge. Other than the uncertainty of
discharge meaning the final measurement was from the final pond rather than stream inflow, the
12
Report provided by PDPAL Aktivitas Pembuangan Limbah Tangki Septik di IPLS yang berasal dari Armada
Swasta
10

operational issues presented in Appendix C are not expected to have affected the analysis. The onsite laboratory test Pulo Gebang and Duri Kosambi treatment train for TSS, pH and COD.
FIGURE 5 IPLT EAST NEW SYSTEM LAYOUT AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS
The agriculture university has twice used the dried sludge for fertilizer for pilot projects. In 2012 for
plantation and 2013 for flowers, the sludge quality wasnt tested but said it had good results.
3.3 SOLO
Surakarta, or Solo as it is commonly known, is located in central Java with a population of 520,061
and a gently sloping inland city surrounded by volcanoes Mt Merapi and Lawu and intersected by
four main rivers. PDAM manages water, wastewater and faecal sludge, with approximately 57%
households receiving piped water sourced from spring and deep wells.

Although PDAM have one sludge emptying truck, the private operators are the main sludge
emptying service provider in Solo with up to 7 companies. IUWASH is working with PDAM to develop
a regular emptying trial program in cooperation with private trucks, regulations already exists and
despite delays it is hoped to commence mid 2015.
Data from WSP 2014 study in low income areas in Solo found most toilets discharged to either a
multi chamber septic tank or twin pits. 74% of systems had never been emptied despite an average
age of 12 years. 26% of systems had an overflow to the drain or river, which is higher than other
cities and could lead to the low emptying rate.
The operator of IPLT estimated an average 1-4 trucks per day, predominately private operators. The
log book for November 2014 indicated a total 46 trucks for the month (ave 1.8/day if closed Sunday)
and estimated discharge of 130m3 (ave. 2.8m3/truck). Figure 6 below shows the data from PDAM for
2014 converted from volume by the average 2.8m3/truck recorded in November. While the January
to April data appears incomplete, the average monthly trucks from May-October is 58 trucks per
month or 2.3/day.
11
ITruck/month
80
Solo IPLT Inflow 2014
70
PDAM
60
Total Private
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct
FIGURE 6 IPLT EAST NEW SYSTEM LAYOUT AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS
The treatment plant is located at the back of the city landfill site and reports of inaccessibility or
difficult access refer to the road previously being in poor condition. This was fixed/paved early 2014
and could be one reason for the low discharge values in Figure 6, however there is still an issue with
access daily due to piles of rubbish or bulldozers often blocking the only entry. Although not officially
reported, comments that trucks often discharge to rivers or land when they cannot access the
treatment.
Two tucks were sampled on the first day but the results from the PDAM wastewater laboratory were
not accurate and they are unable to measure BOD >400mg/L, COD>1500mg/. Despite having two
ovens for volatile solids analysis (provided by previous ADB Twinning project), one is in the PDAM
office and the laboratory staff did not remember how to use the other located at the wastewater
treatment plant laboratory. This laboratory has receive various training support from ADB including
training in Korea, multiple visits by twinning authority Emasesa, however with lack of practice were
unable to complete any sludge analysis. The subsequent day sampling was not possible due to
delays and no trucks therefore PDAM staff sampled independently on Thursday 4th October and
delivered samples to the local University (UNS) Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (MIPA)
Laboratory Solo and in a cooler box to the laboratory at the university of Centre For Environmental
Health Engineering and Communicable Disease Control (BTKL) at Universitas Gajah Mada
Yogyakarta, approximately 2 hours delivery time.

The treatment plant at Putri Cempo was handed over from previous government agency to PDAM
ten years ago, which the operator comments was not in good conditions and has not operated
properly since. Although sludge is still emptied (when accessible, see issues above) it goes directly
into one pond which flows to a overgrown second pond before discharge to the river. There are no
design drawings but an estimated layout is shown below and reported to be 26m3/d capacity
(approximately 9 trucks).
12
Inlet
Sludge
Drying Beds
Anaerobic
Pond 2
Facultative
Pond
Maturation
Pond
Anaerobic
Pond 1
River
FIGURE 7 IPLT PUTRI CEMPO SURAKARTA
Sludge is discharged directly into the Anaerobic pond 2 since the inlet chamber is blocked. This
discharges to an overgrown Facultative pond and maturation pond, which appear to be leaking. The
final discharge into the river was not accessible. Due to thick vegetation and clear solids build up in
both ponds, they do not function as designed with many stagnant areas and therefore not
considered worthwhile assessing. There is no dry sludge for reuse analysis. See Appendix C for
further details of operation issues.
3.4 MAKASSAR
Makassar is the capital of South Sulawesi province with a population of 1.27million. It is a flat coastal
city experiencing issues of tide induced flooding near the coast but rising to hilly areas in the east
with deep groundwater. PDAM supplies piped water to 65% of households, sourced predominately
from two rivers running through the city and well water use is common for the un-served
households. UPTD was set up in January 2013 to manage septic tank emptying, sludge treatment
operation, support to community treatment systems and sewerage when the proposed treatment
and sewer is built in the coming years.

UPT Makassar have 8 sludge emptying trucks and typically operate 2-3 each day with an on-call
operation where customers come or call the office to place orders, and once three orders exist one
truck is sent. Although the trucks are 2.5-3m3 and survey of on-site systems found pits on average
2.5m3, it is UPT policy for trucks to empty multiple pits before discharging to the treatment to save
on petrol costs since the IPLT is 20km from the city.
Two private companies empty sludge into IPLT, one has 4 trucks the other only one. There is maybe
one other operator but not discharging to the IPLT. The two companies are charged
Rp25,000/discharge and pay monthly based on the IPLT log book.
Although incomplete the log book at the treatment plant had up 1-2 private sludge trucks
discharging per day and 1-3 UPT trucks. Previous studies found more than half the on-site systems
13

are never emptied13. During the visit UPT estimated that an average 6 households were emptied
with 2 trucks and up to 12 households in wet season.
The UPTD arranged for early empting and allowed trucks to empty only one house per trip for the
benefit of the survey. Due to low emptying rates only 2 samples were possible on the first day
before the local laboratory closed and only two samples arrived the morning of the second day, with
long travel time needed to deliver the samples back to Jakarta before 4pm.

The treatment plant in Nipa-Nipa plant was originally built in 1991 and rehabilitated from April 2013
by National Public Works with expected capacity of 100 m3/day. A second rehabilitation contract
from May 2014 to build an additional inlet/grit chamber was underway at the time of visit. There are
many design and operational issues, with the new imhoff tank becoming blocked within weeks of
operation and sludge trucks discharge directly to the anaerobic pond. Additionally the final
maturation pond was not finished so discharge from the facultative pond to the river. There are also
design issues with the new inlet chamber and likely to also clog with sludge. Details of design and
operation issues are in Appendix C, and with no pre-treatment and overgrown and sludge filled
ponds the system was not sufficiently operating to effectively monitor. Additionally sludge in the
new drying beds was wet and overgrown with vegetation therefore also not sampled.
4 RESULTS
4.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE
Knowing that most laboratories in Indonesia had little experience with faecal sludge analysis,
duplicate samples were tested at both a local laboratory and the University of Indonesia (UI)
laboratory, as well as two sets of duplicate tested at UI.
TABLE 3 ANALYSIS OF DUPLICATE SAMPLES ACCURACY
Parameter
Local Lab
BOD
993
1,109
1,035
630
7-194%
COD
2,514
2,984
4,362
5,930
21-183%
TS
17,598
15,233
12,790
13,963
11-173%
TSS
4,284
4,639
812
718
6-190%
VS
NA
NA
73%
9%
NA
Ave
Stdev
National Lab
Ave
Stdev
Difference %
(N=11 Range (abs)
(UI* Local)/ave. pairs)
Average abs.
88%
89%
92%
93%
NA
difference
Difference %
(N=2
Average abs.
39%
42%
12%
96%
12%
(UI UI)/ave.
pairs)
difference
Previous UI duplicate data Average abs.
24%
13%
9%
70%
Difference % (N=3 pairs)
difference
UI* - also includes the comparison of Local laboratory at Solo UNS and duplicate at Yogyakarta BTKL
13
WSP 2013 Sludge Accumulation and Pit Emptying Study
14

Seen in Table 3 there is a significant difference (acceptable is <10%) between all duplicate samples
ranging from 6-200% difference, both between testing at the University Indonesia and Local
Laboratory and even within University Indonesia. The characteristics of faecal sludge are known to
show a broad range of possible values along with the uncertainty of these non-comparable results
limits ability to present definite values for sludge characteristics in Indonesia. Possible reasons for
the discrepancies include:
Sample changing Whilst the local laboratory was within 30minutes to 1 hours of sampling, the
transport of samples took up to 4 hours to reach the University Indonesia laboratory (including
flights). Although the samples were kept in a cooler bag surrounded by ice, due to ambient
temperatures over 30C and the sample also commencing at this temperature, it is unlikely they
were at the recommended 4C for transport. However this typically reduces the BOD value
whereas the UI BOD is much higher.
Total Solids are however should not have been effected by the transport and the 170%
difference between local and UI laboratories indicates that other reasons are likely. The
duplicate samples tested at UI had least difference of all analysis and indicate a consistent
analysis method.
Technique and equipment is a likely factor to cause variation. Although they all referred to
standard techniques, most of the local laboratories have limited technology and rely more on
manual testing the equipment (ie. BOD/COD by titration & conversion from table rather than a
DO probe). Also most local laboratories has little or no experience in wastewater analysis and no
experience in faecal sludge analysis. This may be reason why the TSS results are so varied, with
different techniques needed for thick FS TSS analysis.
There was also a discrepancy with the reporting of parameters, with inconsistency in reporting
atom or molecule weight. Where possible this was confirmed with the laboratory and converted
(ie. NH3 to NH3-N /1.21589; NH4 to NH4-N / 1.8786). However it is uncertain whether the
laboratories were clear on what they are measuring/reporting. Additionally some of the liquid
sludge samples were reported based on weight rather than volume, making them incomparable
with international values or discharge standards.
In light of these discrepancies, as detailed below the majority of results are within the expected
range of faecal sludge parameters and therefore still a useful dataset to improve understanding of
Indonesian faecal sludge characteristics. Although with the uncertainty in data there are no definite
values, the range of likely values should be considered for design rather than the average. And
importantly, an improvement in wastewater analysis skills and equipment in Indonesia could lead to
an more accurate understanding of faecal sludge characteristics.
4.2 FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION

As detailed in the method above, samples were taken from the discharge of 15 trucks in the four
cities. The trucks had typically emptied one household (2 had emptied multiple households) and
driven straight to the treatment plant taking approximately 20-40minutes. Below is a table
summarizing the results in comparison with International and Previous Indonesia findings, with each
parameter explain the following section.
15

TABLE 4 - COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL DATA
Parameter
Total Solids (TS)

mg/L
Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) mg/L
Volatile mg/L
Solids
% TS
(VS)
Sludge Volume
Index (SVI) mL/g
CODmg/L
BOD5 mg/L
COD: BOD Ratio
pH
NH3-N or NH4-N
mg/L
Phosphate (PO4)
mg/L
Total Coliform
MPN/100mL
Helminth egg
total
No./L
4.2.1
Existing
International
Data14
5,000-71,000
5,000-52,000
Existing
Indonesian
Data15
1,332554,400
76-208,113
Mean
Stdev
427-43,894
Survey
Accepted
N
Range
3,820-43,894 17
15,052
14,322
66-11,383
274-11,383
15
2,664
3,767
2,200-33,096
56-84%
9
9
9,869
73%
12,176
8.6%
Actual Range
3,000-47,000
45-83%
68-88%
298-257,503
17-2254%
24-80
NA
47-3,367
47-58
52
1,200-83,000
600-2,600
6-9
6-7.7
150-1230
160-11,878
65-630
1.9-15
6.8-10
64-722
53-18,501
24-16,934
0.8-4.4
6.3-8.0
2-39816
549-17,875
215-3,500
1.3-2.9
Same
96-398
24
23
23
29
16
3,284
1,009
2.0
7.4
200
4,434
934
0.53
0.38
93
69-186*
(sewage)
0.6-9 million
74-386
1-277
37-277
14
153
83
110-350
400039million
17
8mil
15mill
16-91/gTS
16-50/gFS
4000/L
0-30/g FS
40002.4billion
0-200/gFS
37/gFS
800
SOLIDS PARAMETERS: TS, TSS, VS, SVI
The total solids values were typically within the range but on the low side of international values and
similar to previous analysis from Indonesia. However most of the results for total suspended solids
were well below international levels, which are most likely due to the difficult of testing more dense
faecal sludge with typical liquid filter methods. It is recommended that Total Solids are calculated
separately rather than summing the results of TDS and TSS due to the difficulty measuring TSS in
thick sludge.
The percentage of volatile solids to total solids were within international range (except for Solo
analysis at BTKL Yogyakarta) and indicate that some stabilization has occurred although there was no
clear correlation between percentage volatile solids and years stored in tank. Since full stabilization
14
International Results from: Bassan et al 2013 (Burkina Faso), Kone and Strauss 2004 (Ghana, Burkina Faso,
Thailand), Strade et al 2014 (various countries), Schoebitz et al 2014 (Vietnam), Gallizzi 2004 (Ghana), JimenezCisneros 2007 (Mexico) Spit et al 2014 (Malawi), Awuah and Abrokwa, 2008 (Ghana), Lekeufack 2012
(Cameroon).
15
Indonesia Results, all data, not all realistic values. From: WSP 2014 (Balikpapan 4 samples), WSP 2013
(various cities 6 samples), IUWASH 2014 ( Surakarta 1 sample), Yulfaizi 2003 (Bandung).
16
UI results reported in NH3, converted to N-NH3 diving by 1.21589
16

has not yet occurred the use of anaerobic treatment or digesters is suitable, compared with highly
stabilized sludge which could be directly dewatered.17
The sludge volume index values in all results except two samples from the UNS Local Laboratory Solo
are too high to be realistic, which is most likely due to the low suspended solids values. For the
results from Solo the SVI of 47-58 mL/g indicate good settling/separation. For the remainder, the
settled sludge volume was back calculated (mL settled sludge in 1L) and more than half the samples
had achieved good settling, <400mL/L within the 60 minutes.18 However the results from one sample
from Makassar showed almost no solid liquid separation with 940/960 mL/L with this sample also
having the highest TS and two samples from Jakarta were average settling at 500 & 526mL/L.
TABLE 5 SOLID PARAMETERS ANALYSIS RESULTS
Parameter
TS mg/L
TSS mg/L
VS mg/L
VS % TS
SVI mL/g
V60# ml/L
Typical
International
N
Data
5,000-71,000 17
(>3800)
5,000-52,000 15
(250 sewage) (>250)
3,000-47,000 9
45-83%
9
24-80
2
NA
Acceptable Data
Range
Mean* Stdev*
All Data
Range
3,820-43,894
15,052
14,322
27
427-43,894
Mean
All
10,045
274-11,383
2,664
3,767
27
66-11,383
1,546
2,200-33,096
56-84%
47-58
NA
9,869
73%
52
12,176
8.6%
8
12
298-257,503
17-2254%
47-3,367
94-960
28,912
246%
1,242
417
9
9
*Mean and Standard Deviation exclude the outliers that are considered incorrect.
#
V60 calculated from SVI x TSS
4.2.2 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: BOD, COD

The low COD values indicate that some stabilization has occurred and reduced the organic content
of sludge. This accord with the lower values of the volatile solids and as expected for on-site systems
which had not been emptied from 3 months to 14 years.
The low values could be due to the degradation of the sample between sampling and analysis which
was up to 4 hours delivered to the lab and possibly starting the next day. Although the samples were
stored in a cooler with ice, since sample & surrounding temperatures were around 30C, it is unlikely
the samples were at 4 degrees, which is not realistic unless frozen. Other explanations for low BOD
results are when samples are incubated in presence of light, causing photosynthesis which satisfies
oxygen demand or insufficient stirring of the sample. High Ammonia levels which also consume
oxygen can present false high BOD results, however the two high BOD results did not have high
Ammonia levels there was no clear trend in BOD vs N-NH3. Another reason could be the method of
analysis in local laboratories using Winkler titration and comparing with a table when the BOD values
in sludge are typically much higher than in wastewater. This limited the analysis in the wastewater
laboratory at PDAM Solo since the limit in their conversion tables for BOD <400mg/L and COD
<1500mg/L.
The very low COD:BOD ratio which is more typical of sewerage than faecal sludge, could be due to
the low BOD results, since a low COD:BOD ratio indicates very high/easy biodegradability, where as
17
18
Montangero and Strauss, Eawag 2002.IHE Delft Faecal Sludge Treatment Lecture Notes
As above
17

the VS% and low COD indicate average biodegradability. Although the BOD and COD were reported
to have been independently tested in Makassar, it is surprising that all samples had identical
COD:BOD ratio of 2.50.
TABLE 6 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER RESULTS
Parameter
COD
BOD5
COD:BOD
Typical
International
N
Data
1,200-83,000 24
600-2,600
23
6-9
23
Acceptable Data
Range
Mean* Stdev*
549-17,875
215-3,500
1.3-2.9
3,284
1,009
2.0
4,434
934
0.53
N
27
27
27
All Data
Range
53-18,501
24-16,934
0.8-4.4
Mean
All
3,618
2,081
2.1
4.2.3 NUTRIENT & PATHOGEN PARAMETERS

The pH is within the neutral range as expected for household septage. Ammonia levels are within
international range and indicate a low strength septage as per the other parameters. Not possible to
test Total Nitrogen or Total Phosphorus of liquid sludge samples in either the local or national
laboratories. The data on Phosphate for faecal sludge is limited and the above range is from
sewerage influent to a wetland treatment system in Cameroon, with the concentration of total
phosphorus of faecal sludge 2-50 times the concentration of domestic wastewater.19
Total coliform data showed varied results and for tropical countries not always accurate due to the
high temperatures influencing the analysis. Helminth eggs provide a more useful indication of
pathogen reduction in treatment and is discussed further in the analysis of treatment performance
and dried sludge quality. Comparison with international data is difficult due to different units and
the limitation that the helminth eggs are analyzed in a different laboratory to TS so reporting in that
unit is difficult.
TABLE 7 NUTRIENT AND PATHOGEN PARAMETERS RESULTS
Parameter
pH
N-NH4
PO4
Total
Coliform
Typical
International
Data
6-7.7
150-1230
69-186*
0.6-9million
N
29
16
14
17
Helminth 16-91/gTS, 16- 6

Egg
50/gFS, 4000/L
* Only data on PO4 from sewage
Acceptable Data
Range
Mean* Stdev*
Same
96-398
37-277
400039million
7.4
200
153
8mil
0.38
93
83
15mill
37/gFS
800
N
29
22
21
19
All Data
Range
6.3-8.0
2-39820
0.3-277
40002.4billion
Mean
All
7.4
148
108
145
million
0-200/gFS
4.2.4 SUMMARY - STRENGTH

Despite the limited quality assurance of the analysis with large difference in duplicate sample
results, overall the results align with international data. Seen in Table 8 below, many of the
parameters indicate that the sludge from on-site systems in Indonesia is Low Strength having
undergone some digestion over the average 6 years accumulation.
19
20
Eawag 2014 Faecal Sludge Management Book Chapter 2

UI results reported in NH3, converted to N-NH3 diving by 1.21589
18

TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF SLUDGE STRENGTH
Parameter
Storage
COD mg/L
COD:BOD
NH4-N mg/L
TS mg/L
Helminth Egg no./L
High Strength
(Public toilet)
Days-weeks
20,000-50,000
2:1-5:1
2,000-5,000
>35,000
20,000-60,000
Low Strength
(Septic tank)
Month-years
<10,000
5:1-9:1
<1000
<30,000
<4,000
Tropical
Sewerage
No storage
500-2,500
2:1
30-70
<10,000
300-2,000
Findings Indonesia
Mean (Range)
Ave 6 years storage
3,284 (549-17,875)
2.0 (1.3-2.9)
200 (96-398)
15,052 (3,820-43,894)
37 (0-200 Ascaris Egg)
Current influent design guidelines for sludge treatment plants in Indonesia21 recommend assuming
the influent concentrations seen in table xx below.
TABLE 9 COMPARISON WITH INFLUENT STANDARD GUIDELIE
Std
TS
TSS
TVS
BOD5
40,000
15,000
25,000
5,000
Indonesia Findings
Mean
Range
15,052
3,820-43,894
2,664
274-11,383
9,869
2,220-33,096
1,009
215-3,500
Potential Oversize
(Standard/mean)
2.5x
6x
2.5x
5x
4.3 TREATMENT & DRY SLUDGE

Of the four cities assessed, only the sludge treatment facilities in Jakarta and Bogor were operating
sufficiently to assess their function. Although sludge was still being emptied into the systems in
Makassar and Solo, they were typically missing the initial treatment step(s), not flowing to other
ponds as per designed (assumed) and with no clear discharge due to overgrowth/leaking. Design and
operation issues and suggestions are included in Appendix C.
Another challenge is the lack of design drawings available, since the utility is not typically involved in
the construction and on occasions could not provide design basis or clearly explain the intended
operation. The table and figures below show the two systems and sampling points with the following
graphs showing key analysis results.
TABLE 10 EFFICIENCY OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS
City
Treatment Plant Details
Sample Points
Sample
Reduction from ave.
inflow to Outlet
Reduction from sample
in first pond to Outlet
Bogor
IPLT Tegal Gunil, built 2010, designed for
30m3/d receives approximately <9m3/d.
1 Outlet Biodigester
2- Inlet Baffle Reactor
3- Inlet Sludge Drying Bed
4 Outlet to River
TS
TSS
COD
BOD
96-99% 99% 98-97%
96-98%
99-98%
98%
99%
99-98%
Jakarta
IPLT Pulo Gebang, new
system.
1 SST1 First Aeration Pond
2- Second Aeration Pond
3 Chlorination pond
4 SST2 Outlet pond
TS
TSS
COD BOD
77% 64% 93% 75%
-4%
35%
27%
-10%
21
Petunjukteknis Tata Cara Perencanaan IPLT Sistem Kolam Ministry of Public Works. (Technical Guidelines
for Planning Procedures IPLT Pond System) from IUWASH Solo IPLT Design.
19

The Local analysis treatment data for Bogor typically found an increase from the influent, to the
discharge of Biodigester to inlet to baffle reactor (drawn from the base of the biodigester outlet
tank). But then reduced after the baffle reactor to the outlet. Surprisingly the volatile solids were not
reduced from the influent values to the digester discharge however reduced after the baffle reactor.
Also surprising is the increase in Total Coli forms through the treatment. Ph is particularly low in the
digester, baffle reactor and inflow to sludge drying bed which could impact the performance.
For the treatment in Jakarta there is an overall reduction in all parameters across the treatment,
which are typically much lower than the Bogor treatment values. The new system in Jakarta has well
operating initial and second aeration ponds, however the subsequent ponds appeared stagnant and
flow diversions or leaking might cause low levels and the worsening quality.
As can be seen in the table and graphs the treatment performance in Jakarta IPLT is worse in the
final ponds, as can be seen in the appendix C, these are both green and have low water levels
despite the high volume of inflow. It is possible that the sludge discharges to the old system after the
aeration but the operators were uncertain of the design.
Although Table 10 showed good treatment efficiency, the comparison of effluent quality with
Indonesian domestic discharge standards in Table 11 shows that for the analysis from University
Indonesia, neither plant meets discharge requirements. Additionally in comparison with existing
data for Jakarta, previous tests also indicate the insufficient treatment.
According to the UI results, and also previous analysis by BPLHD, the discharge does not meet the
Indonesian standards for either plant, however the Jakarta system was not actual discharge and
instead the final pond since the discharge channel was dry (unlikely since very high inflow)/could not
indicate where the discharge was.
TABLE 11 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS
Parameter
TS (mg/L)
TSS
BOD
COD
pH
N-NH3
Bogor Outlet
Local
UI
458
3
20
43
7.36
0
224
4
154
251
9
UI
278
216
222
345
7.12
82
Jakarta Outlet
On-site
BPLHD24
laboratory23
61
167
7.5
280
1050
4170
8.9
218
Indonesian Standard22
100
100
(250 recommended)
6-9
22
Ministry of Environment Decree No.112/2003 on Domestic Wastewater Quality Standard.

Jakarta IPLT On-site laboratory weekly analysis results Average July-Nov 2014
24
BPLHD Analysis of IPLT on 19/09/14
23
20

FIGURE 8 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE OF BOGOR AND JAKARTA IPLT
TS
80000
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max
60000
TSS
1000
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
800
Jakarta (UI)
600
40000
400
20000
0
mg/L
200
Ave. Inflow System 1
System 2
System 3
Outlet
VS
100%
0
mg/L Ave. Inflow System 1
60%
40%
Bogor (UI)
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max
20%
mg/L
0%
Ave. Inflow System 1
System 2
System 3
Outlet
4000
3000
0
System 2
System 3
Outlet
COD
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max (83000)
5000
1000
0
mg/L Ave. Inflow System 1 System 2 System 3
Outlet
NH3-N
400
10000
2000
Outlet
Bogor (Local)
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
20000
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max
15000
BOD
System 3
pH
10
80%
System 2
0
100000
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
80000
Jakarta (UI)
Int. Min
Int. Max (1230) 60000
300
System 2
System 3
Outlet
Coliform
Bogor (Local)
Bogor (UI)
Jakarta (UI)
200
40000
100
20000
0
System 2
System 3
Outlet
mg/L
0
Ave. Inflow System 1 System 2 System 3
Outlet
The first point is an average of the truck discharge from the previous section. Not all parameters
were analyzed in each system due to budget.
As per the influent data, the BOD results from UI for Bogor were well above the international
maximum and unrealistic.
21

Dry sludge was analyzed from the sludge drying bed in Bogor, thought to be 6 months storage and
from the outlet of the sludge drying process in Jakarta.
TABLE 12 DRIED SLUDGE PARAMETERS
Dry
Sludge
Bogor
Jakarta
TS mg/kg
pH
3316 NA
3220
7.34
NH3-N
mg/kg
PO4-4
Total Coliform Helminth
mg/kg
MPN/100ml
Egg no/gFS
41.9
13.3
5500
80
70.0
31.3
4750
<1
The WHO guidelines 2006 require that wastewater used for agriculture has 1 helminth egg per litre
and 103104 faecal coli forms per 100ml. This criterion is met for the dried sludge in Jakarta, even
before it has had additional storage after the dewatering which indicates it has high potential for
reuse. The dried sludge from Bogor had high levels of helminth eggs and improved treatment
procedures are recommended before this is made available for reuse.
5 CONCLUSION
The characterization of faecal sludge in Indonesia found sludge discharge from household on-site
systems to be of low strength, with main parameters found in Table 13 below. A major limitation of
this analysis was the limited experience laboratories have with faecal sludge analysis which was
evident in the large differences between duplicate samples. Due to this it is recommended that the
data below only be used as an indication of typical sludge characteristics rather than exact findings.
However they do strongly indicate that sludge is weak strength and the current influent design
guidelines could results in treatment systems designed 2-6 times greater than required.
The performance of the Jakarta and Bogor treatment plants was also analyzed with Makassar and
Solo not operating sufficiently for useful analysis. These systems showed good removal efficiency
compared with influent sludge characteristics, however did not meet discharge standards. The dried
sludge in Jakarta appears to be well treated after the aeration pond then screw press dewatering
and meets international guidelines for reuse. The Bogor sample had very high helminth egg
contamination and potentially had not had 6 months storage and full treatment as was indicated.
It is recommended to review the operation of all sludge treatment plants, which could be greatly
improved with adjusting the use of existing facilities to better match inflow and following a standard
procedure for filling and emptying sludge drying beds. Additionally it is recommended that improved
equipment and training is provided to local laboratories to increase the accuracy of analysis to
improve design, operation and regularly monitor discharge of sludge treatment plants.
TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF FAECAL SLUDGE PARAMETERS
Parameter
Total Solids (TS) mg/L
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L
Volatile Solids (VS) %TS
COD mg/L
BOD5 mg/L
pH
NH3-N mg/L
Helminth egg total No./L
Existing International
Data
5,000-71,000
5,000-52,000
45-83%
1,200-83,000
600-2,600
6-7.7
150-1230
16-91/gTS, 16-50/gFS
N
12
12
9
19
18
23
16
6
Survey
Accepted Range
5,400-43,894
300-11,383
56-84%
549-17,875
215-3,319
1.3-2.5
96-398
0-200
Mean
18,968
2,413
73%
3,252
1,022
7.4
200
37/gFS
22
6 REFERENCE
Awuah, E and Abrokwa, K.A., Performance evaluation of the UASB sewage treatment plant at James
Town (Mudor), Accra. 33rd WEDC International Conference, Ghana, 2008.
Bassan, M., Mbgur, M., Tchonda, T., Zabsonre, F., Strande, L. Characterization of faecal sludge
during dry and rainy seasons in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 36th WEDC International Conference,
Kenya, 2013.
Buku Putih Sanitation, Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012. BPS: Jakarta, 2013.
Heinss, U. L., Characteristics of Faecal Sludge and their Solids-Liquid Separation. Duebendorf,
Switzerland: Eawag/Sandec, 1999.
Kone, D., Low-cost Options for Treating Faecal Sludges (FS) in Developing Countries Challenges and
Performance. 9th International IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wetlands Systems for Water
Pollution Control. Avignon, France: Eawag/Sandec, 2004.
Lekeufack M., Fonkou T., Pamo T.E and Amougou A., Removal of faecal bacteria and nutrients from
domestic wastewater in a horizontal surface flow wetland vegetated with Echinochloa pyramidalis.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 6(9), pp. 337-345, September 2012.
Mills F., Sludge Accumulation and Pity Emptying in Indonesia, 37th WEDC International Conference,
Hanoi 2014.
Montangero, A. and Strauss, M. Faecal Sludge Treatment. Lecture Notes IHE Delft, Sandec ,2002.
http://www.sandec.ch/files/IHE_Lecture_notes_FS.pdf
Strade, L., Ronteltap, M., Brdjanovic, D. (ed), Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) book: Systems
Approach for Implementation and Operation, IWA Publishing 2014.
WSP, The Missing Link in Sanitation Service Delivery: A review of Fecal Sludge Management in 12
Cities. WSP: Washington DC, 2014.
23
Appendix 1 - Guidelines: Fecal Sludge Characterization/ Karakteristik Lumpur Tinja

Introduction - Why Analyse?
Pengantar - Mengapa harus Menganalisis?
On-site systems used by 83% population, but

limited Indonesia specific data on contents;
Some sludge treatment plants not operating
well and plans to build new treatment plants;
Improve sizing of treatment plants;
Select more suitable treatment systems;
Understand and improve operation and
performance.
Steps
1. Plan sampling: where and when?
2. Prepare sampling equipment
3. Sampling & Transport
4. Analysis and review results
Sistem Sanitasi Setempat digunakan oleh 83%

penduduk, tetapi konten di dalam data khusus
Indonesia terbatas;
Beberapa IPLT tidak beroperasi dengan baik dan ada
rencana membangun IPLT baru;
Meningkatkan kapasitas IPLT;
Memilih sistem pengolahan yang lebih sesuai;
Memahami dan memperbaiki operasi dan kinerja.
Steps
1. Rencana sampel: mangapa dan di mana?
2. Siapkan peralatan pengambilan sampel
3. Sampel dan mengirimkan ke laboratorium
4. Menganalisis hasilnya
1. Scope Sampling
1. Scope Sampling
Sample truck discharge understand discharge

to design treatment. Short background survey of
household & emptying. Parameters to assess:
TS, TVS, SVI, COD, BOD5, pH. (Optional: TSS,
NH4, PO4, Helminth eggs, oils & grease)
Sample treatment understand and improve
operation and performance. Parameters to
assess:
Treatment: TS, COD, BOD5, pH. (Optional: TSS,
NH4, PO4, Helminth eggs, oils & grease)
Discharge: TS, TSS, COD, BOD, Helminth Eggs,
pH, Oils & Grease (Optional: NH4, PO4)
Analysis Check what parameters the local
laboratory can analyse and experience with
wastewater and fecal sludge.
Sampel diambil dari truk untuk perencanaan IPLT

Survei rumah tangga dan operator truk. Parameter
yang analisa:
TS, TVS, SVI, COD, BOD5, pH. (Optional: TSS, NH4,
PO4, Helminths, Minyak dan lemak)
Sampel dari IPLT Memahami dan memperbaiki
operasi dan kinerja. Parameter yang analisa:
Treatment: TS, COD, BOD5, pH. (Optional: TSS, NH4,
PO4, Helminth, minyak dan lemak)
Discharge: TS, TSS, COD, BOD, Helminth, Minyak dan
lemak, pH, (Optional: NH4, PO4)
Analisis - Periksa parameter yang laboratorium uji,
ukuran sampel yang diperlukan dan jam buka.
2. Prepare Before Sampling

Prepare sample bottles (clean dry bottles with
wide opening) with labels (waterproof).
Safety equipment (glasses, gloves, face mask);
Large bucket (fast discharge from truck), and
submersible bottle deep chambers (pole/rope)
Water to wash sampling containers and sample
bottles (not always available at IPLT).
Insulated box with ice for transport to
laboratory.
2. Siapkan Sebelum Sampel

Siapkan botol sampel (bersih dan kering dengan
bukaan lebar) dengan diberi label (Kedap air).
Peralatan keselamatan (kaca mata, sarung tangan,
masker wajah);
Ember besar (buangan cepat dari truk), wadah
untuk pencelupan botol benam (botol diberi
tongkat/tali)
Air untuk mencuci wadah pengambilan sampel dan
botol sampel (tidak selalu tersedia di IPLT).
Box khusus dengan es untuk pengangkutan.
Draft Sludge Characterization Guide (ADB SWOP February 2015)
- 24-
3. Sampling and Transport

Truck Discharge
3. Sampel dan mengirimkan ke laboratorium

Truk Membuang
a. The is no set number of samples since fecal

sludge characteristics are highly varied and the
more samples is better. At least 5 are needed.
b. Target trucks that have emptied one
household only (not a mix) in the last hour.
c. Survey household and pit emptier (Form 1).
d. Wearing safety equipment, request that
discharge is slow and take sample from
midway of discharge (estimate, not at very
start or end).
e. Collect sufficient volume for each analysis and
duplicates if additional accuracy is needed.
f. Pour slowly into sample bottles and if
duplicate analysis then create evenly mixed
samples. Record sample bottle label on survey
form and Record of Analysis (Form 2) include
any comments about sampling.
g. Immediately seal and put in dark insulated
box, keep in cool location until transport.
h. Take samples to the lab preferably within 4
hours (maximum 24 hours, must be kept at
4C).
a. Tidak ada set nomor sampel, karena karakteristik

lumpur tinja sangat bervariasi, dan lebih sampel
yang lebih baik. Setidaknya 5 diperlukan.
b. Target sedot dari tangki di satu rumah tangga
(tidak campuran) pada jam terakhir.
c. Survei rumah tangga dan operator truk (Form 1).
d. Memakai Peralatan keselamatan. Meminta
membuang lambat dari truk dan mengambil
sampel dari tengah debit (perkiraan, tidak di
sangat mulai atau akhir).
e. Sampel volume yang cukup untuk setiap analisis
dan duplikat, ketika perlu lebih akurat.
f. Tuang lambat ke dalam botol sampel. Jika duplikat
analisis, membuat campuran yang sama untuk dua
sampel. Catat nomor botol sampel pada formulir
survei dan Analysis Catatan (Form 2) dengan
komentar tentang sampel.
g. Segera tutup dan simpan dalam box khusus
dengan es dan gelap, di lokasi dingin.
h. Mengambil sampel ke laboratorium dalam waktu 4
jam (maksimal 24 jam, harus dipertahankan pada
suhu 4C).
Treatment Samples
IPLT Sampel
a. Select sample points consistently at the inlet a. Pilih lokasi sampel konsisten pada inlet atau akhir
or outlet point of each system and avoid
outlet masing-masing sistem. Hindari daerah
stagnant areas or areas outside of main flow
stagnan atau di luar jalur aliran utama;
path;
b. Memakai Peralatan keselamatan. Sampel
b. Wearing safety equipment, take a submerged
terendam (tidak atas lapisan mengambang) dan
sample (not top floating layer) and try to not
mencoba tidak menciptakan turbulensi atau
create turbulence or scrape solids from
mengikis padatan dari dinding / dasar. Sebuah
side/base. A bottle taped to stick or bucket on
botol di melekat tiang, atau ember pada string
string may be needed for deep chambers.
mungkin diperlukan untuk ruang dalam.
c. Follow e-g above.
c. Sama degan e-h di atas.
4. Analysis and review results
4. Menganalisis hasilnya
Complete analysis form indicating required

analysis for each sample. Copy for yourself and
give to laboratory.
Compare results with checklist, ensure that
units match and clarify with laboratory if values
outside expected range.
Mengisi di catatan analisis, menunjukkan analisis

yang diperlukan untuk masing-masing sampel. Salin
untuk diri sendiri dan memberikan ke laboratorium.
Bandingkan hasil dengan batas standar
Indonesia/internasional. Kalau berbeda periksa hasil
dengan laboratorium.
- 25-
FORM 1: PIT EMPTYING SURVEY FORM / SURVEI DI TANGKI SEPTIK DAN SEDOT
Survey to understand characteristic of septic tank and emptying. Interview household and pit emptier
Survei untuk karakteristik tangki septic dan sedot. Survei rumah tangga dan operator truk
Sample # (ie. B01)
Tanggal
Nama Sopir:
Jam sedot
Jam
discharge
Pesanan:
Nama:
Alamat
Kel:
Mob #:
Jumlah
penghuni?
Lumpur Tinja:
Volume tank:
% lumpur tinja
(tebal):
Jenis
properti
m3
- Hampir penuh lumpur
- 75% penuh lumpur
- 50% lumpur
<50% lumpur
X
Berapa
Tahun
terakhir kali
disedot?
Hampir semua air

Untuk sedot,
harus?
Masukkan air?
Aduk?
Pit Details
Outlet: Apakah tangki memiliki saluran ke
got/sungai?
Infiltrasi? Apakah air masuk melalui
dinding/dasar selama sedot?
Rumah Tangga
Komersial (restoran, hotel)
Kantor
WC Umum
Lainnya
Belum pernah
>10 tahun yang lalu
>5 tahun yang lalu
Satu kali <5tahun yang lalu
Lebih dari sekali dalam 5
tahun terakhir
Berapa tahun terakhir kali
sedot? ________
Komentar
lain?
Sistem
limbah yang
apa?
Cubluk, 1 ruangan
Cubluk, 2 ruangan, kembar
Septik tangki, >2 ruangan
Lainnya?
Membuang:
Dimana
membuang?
Volume
membuang
IPLT
Tanah Pribadi
Tanah Umum
Sungai
Sistem perpipaan terpusat
Lainnya?
m3
Warna
lumpur
tinja?
Other
comments
Berapa
rumah per
truck?
Hitam
Coklat
Hijau
Coklat muda/berair
Banyak Sampah?
Lemak/ grease?
- 26-
FORM 2: EXAMPLE RECORD OF ANALYSIS / ANALISIS CATATAN

City/Kota: __________________
Laboratory
Name/Nama: ____________________________
Address/ Alamat: __________________________
Mobile/Email: ___________________________
Sample
Number
Eg. (B01
Parameter
TS (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
VS (mg/L)
SVI (mL/g)
pH
Where Sampled/ Sampel

Dari Mana
Truck Discharge
Time/ Jam
Sample
10:40
Date & Time Delivered/ Tanggal & Jam Discharge: _____________

Expected date results/Tanggal Hasil: ______________
Paid In Advance/ Sudah bayar(/X): ___________
Parameter to
Analyze/Analisis
TS, VS, SVI, COD, BOD, pH
Laboratory Analysis Method/Metode Analisis

(SNI, method, manual or machine)
Duplicate / Ulangi
pengujian
Yes, same lab, B02
Parameter
Other Comments/ Komentar lain?

Very dark sample, many solids)
Laboratory Analysis Method/Metode Analisis

(SNI, method, manual or machine)
COD (mg/L)
BOD5 (mg/L)
Nh4-N (mg/L)
PO4 (mg/L)
Helminth Eggs (no./g
TS or no.g/FS sample)
- 27-
CHECKLIST SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS
CHECKLIST KARAKTERISTIK LUMPUR TINJA
Duplicate test same sample whenever possible

Compare results with requirement and the previously found
Indonesia and International results. If values outside this check with
laboratory if any problem with testing.
Parameter
Method
Sample Sample Treatment
Truck
/IPLT Process
Total Solids/Residu
Heat to 105C for
(TS) mg/L
24 hours.
Total Suspended
Filter & heat solids Optional Optional
Solids (TSS) mg/L
retained to 105C
for 24 hr.
Total Volatile Solids
Solids burnt off at
Optional
(VS) mg/L
500C
Sludge Volume
Settle for 60min,
Index (SVI) mL/g

SVI=V60/TSS
Chemical Oxygen
Total oxygen
Demand (COD) mg/L consumed

Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5)
mg/L
pH
Biological oxygen
consumed (5 days,
20C)
Acid/Base,
electrode
Ammonium
Nitrogen (NH4-N)
mg/L
Phosphate (PO4)
mg/L
Helminth Eggs (no./g Count eggs under
FS)~
microscope
Ulangi pengujian apabila diperlukan (bandingkan sampel yang sama dua

kali)
Bandingkan hasil dengan batas standar Indonesia/internasional. Kalau
berbeda periksa hasil dengan laboratorium.
Outlet
Typical Results Typical Results Requirement/Other
Treatment/IPLT Indonesia
International
Comment
3,820-43,894
5,000-71,000
Test separately (not as
sum of TDS+TSS results)

274-11,383
5,000-52,000
TSS<TS
3,000-47,000
45-83%
24-80
TVS<TS,
2,200-33,096,
56-84%
*
549-17,875
1,200-83,000
COD:BOD expect 6-9

(International data, but
Indonesia results 1.3-3)
BOD<COD
215-3,500
600-2,600
6.3-8.0
6-7.7
Optional
Optional
96-398
150-1230
Check units are NH4-N

not NH4
Optional Optional
Optional
37-277
Check units are PO4
Optional -
(dry sludge)
0-200/gFS
69-186*
(sewage)
16-91/g TS,
16-50/g FS,
4000/L
* Too few accurate values available.

~If possible test no./g TS for better comparison with international data
- 28-
APPENDIX B RESULTS
TABLE 14 SURVEY RESULTS BOGOR AND JAKARTA
City
BOGOR
Sample #
B01
B02
B03
Date
30-Oct
30-Oct
30-Oct
Location
Bantar Jati
Cimanggu
Kebon Pedes
Users
Type Tank
Emptying
Content (%
sludge)
Analysis
TS
TSS
VS
SVI
BOD
COD
COD:BOD
pH
NH3-N
NH3
TP
PO4
Total
Coliform
Ascaris egg
Hookworm
larva
Trichuris egg
4
Single tank,
leach base. 3
Approx. 3m
Never (but only
occupied 1yr)
Blocked pipe,
tank full, lots
water added.
Black/green
5
Single tank,
unsealed
3
2m
Once, 2
years ago
Tank 50%
full sludge.
Added some
water
Local Lab only
39260
43894
146
795
NA
NA
NA
NA
24
809
53
1680
2.16
2.08
6.25
6.91
NH4+ 0.68
22
3.9x10
NA
NH4+ 0.19
142
3.1x10
4
Two chamber
nd
tank, 2
3
unsealed 2m
Once, >5 yrs
ago
Mostly liquid,
brown/ green
15082
233
NA
NA
416
880
2.12
6.68
NH4+ 0.16
22
3.8x10
B04
B05
31-Oct
31-Oct
Cilendek Timur Tegal lega
5
Two chamber
nd
tank, 2
3
unsealed 3m
Once, 3 years
ago
Almost full
sludge. Brown/
black.
J01 2houses
20-Nov
Hh1 Kali Abang,
Hh2 Babelan
4, 5
Single pit, Twin
3
Pit. Both 2m
3
Single tank, 3
unsealed. 4m
Once, 3 years
ago
Mostly liquid,
green, some
stones
Once, 7yrs ago.

Other NA
30% sludge
Local Lab, UI
6974, 3752
2290, 9848
175, 230
144, 467
2769
7592
410
390
249, 16934
449, 11815
560, 12715
960, 17875
2.25, 0.75
2.14, 1.51
6.92, 7.47
7.15, 7.76
0.64
0.44
182
470
6
6
136
212
JAKARTA
J03
J02
J04
J05
Harapan
Baru
4
Single
pit,
3
2m
Raua Mangun Matraman

Jahtim
7
4
Three
Single
pit,
3
chamber tank 3m
Often,
7mths ago
35%
sludge,
brown
1147
200
NA
NA
813
1129
1.39
7.25
4750
360
3520
1389
868
1254
1.45
7.52
Once, 3 yrs
ago
30% sludge,
3
Only 1m
emptied,
black
UI only
3940
310
2220
1697
1113
1693
1.52
7.48
177
117
99
Harapam
jaya Bekasi
6
Single
pit,
3
2m
Regularly, Once, 4yrs

3mths ago ago
10%
40% sludge
sludge,
1136
1505
1.33
7.28
3820
300
2550
500
865
1411
1.63
7.36
174
372
220
68
80
117
90
8400
13500
6000
72000, 13500
24000, 16500
6300
9000
15
45
<1
<1
15
45
<1
<1
7040
1810
29

TABLE 15 SURVEY RESULTS MAKASSAR AND SURAKARTA
City
MAKASSAR
Sample #
M01 3hh
M02
M03
M04
M05
Date
3-Dec
3-Dec
3-Dec
4-Dec
4-Dec
Location
BTP, Manga
Rapocini
Comp Bumi
Manggala
Mardelaya
Tiga, Toll
Palema
Users
2,3,?
5
4
10
5
3
3
Type Tank
Single tank, 1m
Single tank, 2m
Circle pit,
2 chamber tank,
2 chamber tank,
3
3
3
2m
6m
2m
Emptying
Once, 6-8 yrs
Once 14 yrs ago Once >10 yrs Once, 2 yrs ago
Once, >5 yrs ago
ago
ago
Content (%
Full sludge, add
75% sludge, add <50% sludge 20% sludge
75% sludge, add
sludge)
water & mix
water & mix
water & mix
Analysis
Local Lab only
Local Lab, UI, UI duplicate
TS
12357
7451
4342
2152, 6048, 5400 1317, 39312, 34950
TSS
11383
6788
3483
822, 66, 156
77, 540, 1900
VS
, 4224, 3760
, 33096, 29088
SVI
, 3367, 1154
, 1778, 495
BOD
3319
1811
1132
302,215,357
604,1687,2258
COD
8298
4526
2829
754, 314, 549
1509, 2352, 3136
COD:BOD
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5, 1.5, 1.5
2.5, 1.4, 1.4
pH
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.7, 7.9, 7.9
7.5, 7.9, 8.0
NH3-N
111
109
118
230 (Local)
173 (Local)
NH3
264, 261 (UI)
262, 484 (UI)
TP
1.08
56.4
11.5
45.3 (Local)
18.8 (Local)
PO4
250, 237 (UI)
265, 277 (UI)
Total
2.4E+08, 14000,
2.4E+08
2.4E+08
2.4E+08 2.4E+08, 4000, 4400
Coliform
12300
Ascaris egg
200
2000
Hookworm
0
0
larva
Trichuris egg
100
200
SURAKARTA/SOLO
S3
4-Dec
S2
4-Dec
Pabelan
Banyuanyar
4
3
Single pit, 2m
4-Dec
PDAM
Adisucipto
3
Single pit, 2m
S4
Twin pit, 3m
Never
Once, >5yrs
Once <5yrs
100% sludge
<50% sludge
<50% sludge
University Lab Solo (UNS), Health Dpt Yogyakarta

818, 11422
427, 1754
451, 1207
280, 10400
64, 325
16, 274
, 257503
, 298
, 326
, 2077
, 58
, 47
4184, 3500
335, 360
341, 280
18501, 9813
796, 1040
857, 695
4.4, 2.8
2.4, 2.9
2.5, 2.5
7.1, 7.2
7.5, 7.6
7.2, 7.4
30 (UNS)
14 (UNS)
6 (UNS)
3.98 (BTKL)
7.19 (BTKL)
2.46 (BTKL)
11, 193
2.4 billion (BTKL)
0.3, 81
240 million
(BTKL)
0.3, 37
22 million
(BTKL)
30
APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONS

C.1 BOGOR
Located at the IPAL site in Tegal Gundil, the IPLT was renovated in 2010 by National Public Works,
however could not be used until March 2013 since the original access ramp was too steep. Access to
the treatment is via narrow steep local roads and there have been complaints by the surrounding
community.
FIGURE 9 - DESIGN DRAWINGS OF IPLT TEGAL GUNDIL
The treatment is designed for 30m3/d approximately 7-10 trucks/day, however is currently receiving
an average of 3 trucks. Although operating, due to inflow being well below design capacity there are
some operational issues that cause clogging, drying of sludge and lead operators to bypass some
components. Table 16 contains a description of design and operational issues assessed during
sludge sampling and discussion with operators in October. The operators are proactive at trying to
fix issues, such as adding water to reduce drying and manually unblocking pipes, however these do
not always benefit the treatment. A complete review of operation is recommended to better suit the
current loading rate.
31

TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES IPLT BOGOR
Inlet Tank:
Design Issues:
- Inlet ramp was too steep and system was unused for 3 years
until UPTD built a new one.
- Mechanical screen, very fine
- Since loading is currently only 1/3 design, staff add river
water to dilute sludge.
Operation Issues:
- Manually rake screen but no safety equipment used.
- Rubbish dumped beside inlet
Digester:
Design Issues:
- Baffle at inlet designed to stop short-circuiting in
wastewater biodigesters. But due to thick sludge and low
loading, sludge builds up behind it.
- Outlet tank shallow/large, causing issues with sludge drying..
Operation Issues:
- Gas from digester not used, valve open but no pipe for use. .
- Emptying digester difficult - manual
- Diverting river water into inlet to counteract low
flow/clogging issues.
Stabilization/Baffle Reactor:
Design Issues:
- Very large system, need for stabilization should be reviewed.
- Outlet from base of 2nd chamber so no flow into remaining 4
chambers.
Operation Issues:
- Outlet from second chamber always open.
- Never emptied, emptying difficult.
Sludge Drying Beds
Design Issues:
- Poor flow in inlet channel, blocked with sludge.
- Some beds may be leaking since earth very damp at the
outlet end of SDBs.
Operation Issues:
- No clear operation plan followed. Sludge fills top two beds,
with no flow into the south beds due to operation of baffle
reactor & blocked channel.
- Perforated pipes under sludge maybe be blocked, no
outflow evident.
Horizontal Filter
Operation Issues:
- In poor condition, operator unsure of inflow or purpose
Anaerobic Lagoon
Operation Issues
- Have not previously tested discharge from lagoons.
32
C.2 JAKARTA
In the east treatment plant site in Pulo Gebang there are two parallel treatment systems, and old
system at the front of the site and new system at the back. Unfortunately no details of design,
capacity or year built were provided.
TABLE 17 PULO GEBANG NEW TREATMENT PLANT
Inlet:
Pump discharge into inlet which then discharges to grit chamber
and screen.
Design issues
- Issue with backflow of sludge due to negative gradient.
Operation
- Trash and grit machines appear to be operating well and
operators alternate which inlet valve is used.
- Contaminated wash down water flows into open drain.
Inside Aeration Pond SST1

Inside aeration chamber. All inflow from grit/bar screen enters
with most aerators functioning.
Operation Issues
- Discharges via pump sludge dewatering rotors. However inflow
is greater than pump capacity, chamber overflows directly to
aeration chamber.
Aeration Pond
Overflow pipes connect this pond to the old system, potentially
overflowing between since the subsequent ponds are low.
Operation Issues
- Sludge return/scraper not operational, appears that it might
not work.
Chlorination pond
Operation Issues
- Pond green colour and level very low, no chlorination occurring.
Maturation Pond SST2

Last pond before discharge but no known discharge point.
Operation Issues
- Pond also very green and low level. Operator could not explain
why or whether there was an alternative discharge. The outlet
indicated by the operator was the high level overflow to drain which
was dry.
Sludge Dewatering/Drying
Sludge dewatered in screw press, dry sludge
conveyed via belt to storage area.
Operation Issues
- Manual raking of conveyor, dangerous
balance on raised platform.
33
FIGURE 10 - IPLT PULO GEBANG OLD SYSTEM LAYOUT
25
TABLE 18 PULO GEBANG OLD TREATMENT PLANT
Inlet Chamber
Design Issues
+ Receiving chamber, lower level than truck so can use
gravity discharge (only option for some trucks)
+ Bar screen but requires ,manual cleaning
Operation Issues
- A large amount of splashing/overflow/wash down
water that is highly contaminated runs off into the open
drain.
Sludge Separation Chamber
Design Issues
- Requires manual scraping to remove solids
- Have to shovel solids overhead into the sludge storage
Operation Issues
- Health & safety risk for operator
Aeration and Neutralization ponds

Design issues
Flow of wastewater unclear without
design drawings. High inflow but no
outflow.
Operation issues
Aeration ponds operating well but
final pond is very low and green.
C.3 SURAKARTA
25
White Book DKI Jakarta CH 2.7.2
34

Sludge treatment plant has not been operating for over 10 years since the system was handed over
from the previous operators. The site is at the back of the landfill and access is often restricted (see
right). Although it is not operating well sludge is still dumped there daily, approximately 1-4 trucks
per day.
IUWASH recently completed a preliminary design for rehabilitation of this treatment, proposing the
following three options:
Anaerobic sludge digester: Anaerobic continually stirred sludge digester, Sedimentation tank,
belt filter press, conditioner, sludge drying bed, aerobic, facultative and maturation ponds.
Imhoff Modification: Imhoff tank, sludge pumped to drying beds, aerobic, facultative and
maturation ponds.
Solid Separation Chamber: Solid Separation chamber/Imhoff tank, sludge drying bed, aerobic,
facultative and maturation ponds.
The first two options with pumps and mechanical equipment would require substantially more
operation skill than is currently shown and it would be important to assess whether a sufficiently
skilled operators would work at the site, particularly due to the smell of the land fill. It is
recommended the design values be reviewed since the influent sludge quality and number of
systems currently emptied is much lower than the proposed design and could cause operational
issues if oversized. Additionally without improved access, either via an alternative road or better
coordination with the landfill, any rehabilitated system will continue to face delivery issues and
trucks may continue to discharge elsewhere.
Inlet
Sludge
Drying Beds
Anaerobic
Pond 2
Facultative
Pond
Maturation
Pond
Anaerobic
Pond 1
River
FIGURE 11 IPLT PUTRI CEMPO SURAKARTA
Key operation issues:

Inlet chamber is not used since the pipes are blocked.
Sludge drying beds are small but also not used.
Anaerobic Pond 1 is not used since all sludge discharged directly into Anaerobic Pond 2
which requires desludging.
Facultative and Maturation ponds are all heavily overgrown and need sludge and rubbish
removal to improve operation.
35
FIGURE 12 PUTRI CEMPO: INLET CHAMBER, SLUDGE DRYING BEDS AND ANAEROBIC POND 2
C.4 MAKASSAR
The IPLT is located in Nipa Kampung Village about 20km from central Makassar and takes
considerable time to reach due to poor roads. It was built in 1991 and is currently being
reconstruction with an initial phase in 2013 building an imhoff tank and sludge drying beds, and a
new contract since May 2014 building a new inlet/grit chamber.
TABLE 19 DESIGN AND OPERATION ISSUES MAKASSAR
System, Design (based on drawings)

New Inlet/Grit Chamber
- Sludge discharged into the 4 parallel
channels
- Grit accumulates in base, flows into
the pipes at the end of each chamber
to the left and up to discharge into the
anaerobic pond
- Liquid builds up and overflows into
the raised channel flows to left and into
pipe to Imhoff.
Imhoff Tank
- Current inflow directly to Imhoff.
Bottom pipe to sludge treatment plant.
Overflow pipe to anaerobic pond.
- New design has an additional two
overflow pipes to anaerobic pond
Ponds
- Currently flowing to two anaerobic
ponds then Facultative pond.
- Outlet to maturation blocked and
currently relying on evaporation.
Issues (or potential issues)

- Insufficient space for truck to turn around to discharge;
- No reason why this low flow should enter the anaerobic
pond, should go to imhoff or sludge drying bed.
- Unlikely the sludge can flow up to the pond.
- Overflow at same level as inlet, will take many trucks to
fill.
- Almost no space between grit chamber and imhoff for
pipes
- No details of connection to Imhoff.
- No screen caused blockage of sludge pipes within a few
weeks of operation.
- Submerged pipe is possible too small and flat to convey
bottom settled sludge to sludge drying beds.
- Not possible to open and empty the tank easily or to
unblock the pipe.
- All ponds look very full of sludge and vegetation and
need cleaning.
- Maturation pond almost full (and rainy season starting)
likely to overflow but uncertain if overflow to river is also
blocked.
- Final maturation pond was emptied but the outlet was
broken and not replaced. Need to rebuild outlet wall to
retain water or raise the outlet level above the floor.
Sludge Drying Beds

- Initially filled but now overgrown.
- Need operating procedure for filling/drying once the

sludge pipe is unblocked.
Dried Sludge in Imhoff tank, discharge directly to aeration pond
36
Aeration ponds black with thick sludge, vegetation in second ponds & rubbish dumped between.
Broken wall of final maturation pond and poor condition of sludge drying beds
37
Settled grit/sludge from bottom of

grit chamber to anaerobic
Overflow sludge high channel in grit
chamber to imhoff
Overflow from imhoff to anaerobic
pond
Bottom sludge to sludge drying bed
A Anaerobic Pond
B Anaerobic Pond
C Faculatative Pond
D Maturation Pond
A1 Imhof Tank
A2 Sludge Drying Beds
A8 Grit Chamber
FIGURE 13 MAKASSAR SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN DRAWING
38

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FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION IN INDONESIA

TA-7739 INO: SUPPORTING WATER OPERATORS' PARTNERSHIPS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

FIGURE 1 FAECAL SLUDGE SERVICE CHAIN3

The scope of works includes:

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

FIGURE 2 MAP OF CITIES SAMPLED

1.3 BACKGROUND FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Squat toilet, goose neck/water sealed, manually flushed with bucket

Typically not added to on-site system and discharges directly to drain

Average sludge accumulation 25L/p/year, higher in first years after emptying

Low frequency of emptying, most systems never emptied and an average of 16

1.4 FAECAL SLUDGE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Eawag 2014, Faecal Sludge Management Book, Chapter 6.

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

1.4.2 BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

1.4.3 NUTRIENTS & PH

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

2.2 METHOD OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Limitation of sampling includes:

3.1.1 SLUDGE EMPTYING ANALYSIS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Income/month (Rp ,000)

Monthly Sludge Emptying Income

FIG 5. MONTHLY INCOME FROM SLUDGE EMPTYING

3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AND DRIED SLUDGE

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

B10 Dry sludge

FIGURE 3 - SUMMARY OF OPERATION ISSUES & SAMPLE LOCATIONS (B1-B10)

3.2.1 SLUDGE EMPTYING ANALYSIS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Daily Discharge to Jakarta Sludge Treatment

Duri Kosambi - Private

FIGURE 4 - INFLOW TO JAKARTA SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS

3.2.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AND DRIED SLUDGE

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

FIGURE 5 IPLT EAST NEW SYSTEM LAYOUT AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS

3.3.1 SLUDGE EMPTYING ANALYSIS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Solo IPLT Inflow 2014

Jul Aug Sep Oct

FIGURE 6 IPLT EAST NEW SYSTEM LAYOUT AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS

3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AND DRIED SLUDGE

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

FIGURE 7 IPLT PUTRI CEMPO SURAKARTA

3.4.1 SLUDGE EMPTYING ANALYSIS

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

3.4.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AND DRIED SLUDGE

WSP 2013 Sludge Accumulation and Pit Emptying Study

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

4.2 FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

Total Solids (TS)

SOLIDS PARAMETERS: TS, TSS, VS, SVI

Faecal Sludge Characterization Indonesia

4.2.2 BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: BOD, COD