p

NASA

Contractor

A Modal

....

187089

Report

Aeroelastic

Analysis Scheme for

Turbomachinery
Blading
(NASA-C_-187UP,
A_ALYSIS
$C_L_

_)

/_.5.

C._,_:

T_esis

Final

_eport

A
FOP,

M_]OAL
AER"g, ELAeTIC
IU_O_ACH[N_-RY
_LAL)IN_
_/c_storn

(Sverdrup

P_erve

Univ.

Technology)

Todd E. Smith
Sverdrup
Lewis
Brook

Technology,
Research
Center
Park, Ohio

Inc.
Group

March 1991

Prepared
for
Lewis Research

Center

Under

NAS3-25266

Contract

NVI-ZII_J

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

www.Asec.ir

132
CSCL

p
2117

Uncles

_3/o7

www.Asec.ir

A MODAL

AEROELASTIC

FOR

ANALYSIS

TURBOMACHINERY

Todd

BLADING

E. Smith

Sverdrup
Technology,
Lewis Research
Center
Brook

SCHEME

Park,

Ohio

Inc.
Group

44142

ABSTRACT

An aeroelastic
types
ear

analysis

of axial-flow
modal

modes.

used

to

forces

are

using

modal

it

the

coupled

turbopump
undergo

to the

analysis.

of the

in the

analysis.

high-energy
power
flutter

flow

over

flow

is

the

span

harmonic
blade

blade

dynamic

in an edgewise

evaluated

The

each

is based

on lin-

is represented

unsteady

in-vacuum

motions.

blades.

the

in the

force

blade

from

results

indicate

that

this

acting

aerodynamic

aerodynamic

turbine

www.Asec.ir

pressures

is solved

is demonstrated

two-

stacked

frequency

problem

of vibration.

The

The unsteady

unsteady

theory

several

The unsteady

modes

free

potential

in the generalized

eigenvalue

mode

to all

of its

along

of the airfoil.

normal

application

response

oscillating

The approach

subsonic
turbine.

from

the

when

general

The approach

to result

An iterative

stability

has

linearized

are integrated

due to simple

included
to

along

surface

on the blade

are

the

strips

at the blade

blade's

of contributions

unsteady

axisymmetric

the

which
blades.

A compressible

model

dimensional

termine

where

combination

vibrational
is

turbomachinery

analysis,

as a linear

is developed

domain
to deforces

by applying
rocket
turbine

engine
could

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank my employer, Sverdrup Technology, Inc. for its continued

support and encouragement during the course of my graduate study. In
addition,

I also

(LeRC),
ship

On

in particular

of this

research

a personal

Electric

would

Corp.

like

to express

dent

research

discussions

like

George

Stefko

the
and

NASA
Oral

Lewis

Mehmed,

Research
for their

Center
sponsor-

activity.

note,

I would

for introducing
my warm
associate

we shared

to thank

like

me to the field

regards
at NASA

over

to thank

several

Dr.

for

years.

www.Asec.ir

Kielb

of aeroelasticity.

to my friend
LeRC,

Robert

Dr. Durbha

the many

hours

of General
I would

Murthy,

also

a resi-

of thoughtful

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................

ii

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................

vii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................

ix

NOMENCLATURE ........................................

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ..............................

1.1 Introduction

........................................

1.2 Literature Review ....................................

1.21 Turbomachinery Aeroelastic Problems ..................

1.22 Unsteady Aerodynamic Models

1.23 Aeroelastic Analysis Models

.......................

........................

1.3 Objective of Current Work .............................

CHAPTER2 - ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT ...................
2.1 Aerodynamic Analysis
2.11 Steady
2.12 Linearized
2.2 Structural
2.3 Aeroelastic

Full

Potential
Unsteady

Dynamic
Model

16
22
24

...............................

24

Flow

25

Potential
Analysis

..........................
Flow

..................

.........................

.................................

www.Asec.ir

28
33
38

CHAPTER3 - APPLICATION OF METHOD ....................

48

3.1 Computer Program ..................................

48

3.2 SSME HPOTPTurbine Description

49

......................

3.3 Aeroelastic Model ...................................

52

3.4 Structural Dynamic Results ............................

54

3.5 Aerodynamic Results

56

................................

3.51 Steady Aerodynamic Results ........................

58

3.52 Unsteady Aerodynamic Results ......................

59

3.6 Aeroelastic Results ..................................

CHAPTER4

4.1 Conclusion

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

TABLES

FIGURES

RECOMMENDATIONS

........................................

4.2 Recommendations

REFERENCES

AND

..................................

..........................................

...........................................

62

.........

67
67
69

72

77

...............................................

88

..............................................

90

iv

www.Asec.ir

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1.

Cascade

representation

Figure

2.

Cascade

and

Figure

3.

Steady

airfoil

solution

of rotor
geometry

inlet and

and

blade-to-blade

exit

flows

nomenclature

passage

and

boundary

con-

ditions
Figure

4.

Steady

flow

computational

meshes,

(a) global

mesh,

(b) local

mesh
Figure

5.

Unsteady

solution

Figure

6.

Oscillating

airfoil

Figure

7.

FREPS

Figure

8.

Modal

aerodynamic

Figure

9.

SSME

high

pressure

HPOTP

turbine

program

cascade

boundary

displacement

conditions

vector

aeroelastic

stability

matrix

logic

I-A_] logic

oxygen

r" definition
flowchart

flowchart

turbopump

(HPOTP)

cross-

section
Figure

10.

SSME

Figure

11.

Turbine

blade

aeroelastic

Figure

12.

Turbine

blade

airfoil

Figure

13.

Calculated

natural

Figure

14.

Calculated

deformed

mode

shapes

for

modes

1 and

Figure

15.

Calculated

deformed

mode

shapes

for

modes

3 and

Figure

16.

Airfoil

Figure

17.

Turbine

mode
blade

shape
fluid

blade

finite

element

strip

definitions

description

at 75%

frequencies

versus

cross-sections
velocity

diagram

www.Asec.ir

model

span

rotational

at strip
at strip

speed

no. 1
no.

Figure

18.

Steady

flow

Mach

number

contours

for strip

no. 1

Figure

19.

Steady

flow

Mach

number

contours

for

no. 3

Figure

20.

Turbine

blade

surface

Mach

number

Figure

21.

Turbine

blade

surface

static

pressure

Figure

22.

Turbine

blade

unsteady

part)
Figure

Figure

23.

24.

Turbine

blade

aginary

part)

Turbine

blade

ution
Figure

25.

26.

HPOTP
mode

Figure

27.

HPOTP
mode

Figure

28.

HPOTP
mode

in second

unsteady

unsteady

turbine

distributions
distributions

pressure
mode

surface

due to motion

due to motion

HPOTP
mode

Figure

due to motion

surface

distributions

pressure
mode

aerodynamic

work

mode

(real

(edgewise)

in second

in second

strip

distributions

(im-

(edgewise)
per

cycle

distrib-

(edgewise)

rotor

tuned

root

locus

rotor

tuned

root

locus

for

vibration

in

first

(bending)
turbine
(edgewise),
turbine
(edgewise),
turbine
(edgewise),

mechanical
rotor

tuned

damping
root

mechanical
rotor

tuned

1%

locus
damping

root

mechanical

vi

www.Asec.ir

locus

for

vibration

in third

neglected
for vibration

in second

neglected
for vibration

damping

included

in second

LIST OF TABLES

Table I.

HPOTPturbine aeroelastic strip properties

Table II.

HPOTPturbine calculated natural frequencies

vii

www.Asec.ir

NOMENCLATURE

Symbols

Fluid

[A]

Modal

= Airfoil

B;(

= c cos _

= 2b

aerodynamic

semichord

Airfoil

matrix,

eq (23)

length

projected

chord

length

chord

length

Static

pressure

coefficient

unsteady

pressure

at stagger

Poo

1
-2 pv2

pV 2

velocity

unsteady

Airfoil

--

C_

sonic

Harmonic

[c]

= Mechanical

and structural

_'CGJ

= Generalized

damping

damping

matrix,

eq (14)

viii

www.Asec.ir

coefficient

matrix

angle

{FA(t)}

= External aerodynamic forcing function

{FM(t)}

= External mechanical forcing function

= fluid

specific

enthalpy

;
_b
V

Reduced

frequency

[K]

= Structural

_r'KGJ

= Generalized

stiffness

matrix,

I-K']

= State-space

modified

stiffness

[MJ

= Structural

_'MGJ

= Generalized

Mach

stiffness

matrix

eq (14)

matrix,

number

mass

mass

matrix

matrix,

eq (14)

ix

www.Asec.ir

eq (27)

[M']

= State-space

= Airfoil

= Fluid

= Steady-state

Number

mass

matrix,

of degrees-of-freedom

surface

Number

normal

of rotor

eq (27)

in physical

space

vector

blades

pressure

= Harmonic

Vector

modified

fluid

unsteady

(q}

of time

{8}

= Vector

of harmonic

{Q}

= Vector

of generalized

{QA}

= Vector

of aerodynamic

pressure

fluid

dependent

pressure

modal

modal

coordinates

coordinates,

forces,

eq (19)

eq (15)

generalized

www.Asec.ir

forces,

eq (16)

{QM}

Vector

Airfoil

{R}

= Vector

of modal

unsteady

[R]

unsteady

aerodynamic

= time

{u}

= Vector

V,

Modal

of mechanical

displacement

generalized

forces,

eq (16)

vector

of physical

Fluid

velocity

vector

Fluid

velocity

vector

aerodynamic

force

forces

matrix

displacements

tangent

to airfoil

xi

www.Asec.ir

surface

Greek

= Absolute

flow

= Relative

flow

= Gas specific

= Modal

/J

angle

heat

damping

ratio

ratio

= Complex

aeroelastic

eigenvalue,

eq (30)

= Real

of complex

eigenvalue

_, eq (30)

part

Imaginary

= Cascade

{4}

angle

--

Vector

part

of complex

stagger

angle

eigenvalue

measured

of time-dependent

from

state-space

,_, eq (30)

axial

modal

direction

coordinates,

(25)

Vector

of harmonic

state-space

modal

www.Asec.ir
xii

coordinates,

eq (25)

eq

Fluid

density

= Interblade

phase

= Airfoil

surface

= Scalar

velocity

= Harmonic

angle

tangent

potential

unsteady

q)

= Steady-state

{q_n}

= Free-vibration

natural

I-(t)]

modal

0.)

(J)f

velocity

Free-vibration

= Radian

frequency

= Assumed

flutter

= Free-vibration

vector

velocity

potential

potential

mode

shape

matrix

frequency

natural

frequency

xiii

www.Asec.ir

vector

www.Asec.ir

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The

development

years

has

veral

problems

turbine
sult

encountered

designs

also

turbine

and

higher

high

combustion

were

designs

drawbacks

and

due to the

fuel

led

to

to earlier

recon-

lighter

designs.

turbomachinery

reduced

Se-

the end

reduced

advances

the

forty

materials,

with

compared
for

last

barriers.

resolved

these

densities

the

temperature

efficiencies

powerplants,
power

during

technological

advanced

of lighter

led to some

many

component

gas

technology

overcome

and

higher

accomplishments

nents
sign

For

system

with

and fuels

of significantly

overall

and

associated

cooling,

sumption.

The

of propulsion

compo-

margins

on the

de-

factor-of-safety.

Fan and
on higher

compressor
aerodynamic

gross

power

ingly

frequent

actions.
flutter,
because

designs

without

Ioadings,
sacrificing

problems

A particularly
which
the

began

during

to occur

technical

and
fuel

resulting
serious

this

lighter

was

often.

consensus
].

This

trend
and

was

the

www.Asec.ir

emphasis

to increase

structural

inter-

instability,

a surprising

time

the

led to increas-

due to aeroelastic

This
at

primary

weight

aerodynamic

problem

placed

blade

efficiency.

from

more

period

considered

problem
that

-2turbomachinery blading had sufficiently high

avoid

aeroelastic

is a science

the

(inertial

structure

immersed

vibrating

structure

structure

will

the

analysis

most

active

and

begins

research

to

and
fluid.

extract

use

strength

mutual

to

Under

conditions,

and

certain
from

the

This

is referred

and

subjected

flowing

fluid

was

associated

to external

flow,

the

Up to

focused

control

vibration

to as flutter.

theory

flutter

of a
when

self-excited

aeroelasticity

aeroelasticity

among

characteristics

vibration.

Static

interactions

aerodynamic

of aeroelasticity

structures.

structures

the

energy

condition,

dynamic
for

with

self-excited

common

and

elastic)

in a flowing

unstable

of aircraft

divergence

concerned

experience

is a dynamically
1960,

and

problems.

Aeroelasticity
structural

stiffness

On the

with

were
such

wing

areas

of

as aircraft

structures.

The aeroelastic
flow,

which

i.e. turbomachinery,

higher
ative

problems

stressed
to fixed

aeroelastic
designs
of lacing

blade
wing

problems
like

the

wires

resulted
designs

external

for systems

a combination

operating

at (b) higher

structures.

in turbomachinery

intentionally

to occur

from

aircraft

incorporation
and

began

of part-span
introduced

of (a)
fluid

Successful

required
and

more
tip

friction

www.Asec.ir

under

internal

lighter

and

velocities

rel-

solution

robust

shrouds
damping.

of the

mechanical
and

the

use

Unfortu-

-3nately,
nent

these
weight

mechanical

modifications

in addition

resulted

to a degradation

in an increase

in the

aerodynamic

in compoperformance

of the machine.

Designers

of

disciplinary

effects

turbomachinery
esses

of fluid

entire

engine

of

tural

dynamics

Advances
element

in

(flutter)
flat-plate

methods

for

methods

theory.
rely

upon

a variety

representations

more

theory

period

of the

fluid

greatly

blade

for

that

achieve

distinct

reliable
proc-

thermodynamics

of the

The traditional

method

of the

struc-

approach.

from

systems

has enjoyed

1960 to the

dynamics

(CFD)

expanded

the

predicting

aeroelastic

aerodynamic
up to complicated

www.Asec.ir

multi-

physical

independently
a viable

computational

of unsteady

to

to propulsion

the time

methods

and

important.

is no longer

have

Current

dynamics

discovered

order

of the

performance,

of aeroelasticity

analysis

aeroelastic

aerodynamic

during

in

interaction

is becoming

attention

have

considered

structural

of the system

The application

systems

The

dynamics,

for

considerable

be

must

designs.

system

designing

propulsion

modern

present.
and

finite

applications

models,

from

stability
simple

CFD analyses.

of

-41.2 Literature

Review

A thorough
standing
lem.

of the

There

another

are

within

steady
the

review

of turbomachinery

physical

mechanisms

which

basically

two

processes

undergoing
fact

that

The

study

of the

and
The

the

a periodic

fluid.

vibration

blading.

estimating

there

system.

behavior

turbomachinery
with

physical

an aeroelastic

aerodynamic

cerned

is a transfer

structural

dynamics

dynamic

response

dynamic

The

of

work

rence

of aeroelastic

flutter,

for

various

compressors

and

tion

of the

of some

within

most

of turbomachinery

turbines

is presented.
dynamic

with

behavior

of

is conwhich

is

due to the

and

blading
both

one

(a) the un-

blade

blade

under

of prob-

the

flowing

requires

free

of these

and

the
forced

combined

effects.

types

fluid

blade

in the following

problems,

of a

the

under-

problem

is an investigation

and structural

is presented

dynamic

is complicated

between

of the

type

are

aerodynamic

problem

an

interact

processes

of turbomachinery

Aeroelasticity

previous

which

response

This

of energy

this

structural

aerodynamic

aerodynamic

aeroelasticity

(b) the

requires

dominate

These

unsteady

oscillation.

conditions.

review

aeroelasticity

the

field

order.

notably

models

of

A survey

self-excited

including
This

turbomachinery

which

www.Asec.ir

have

occur-

vibrations

aircraft

is followed

of the

engine

or
fans,

by an examinabeen

proposed

to

-5solve

the unsteady

veral

different

have

been

aerodynamic

flow

regimes.

applied

problem

Finally,

of oscillating

a review

to turbomachinery

airfoils

of aeroelastic

analyses

over

the

under

se-

models

which

past thirty

years

is included.

1.21 Turbomachinery

Reports

of

Aeroelastic

aeroelastic

turbomachinery

such

relatively

This

ment
ing,
prior

rare.

ported

in the

velopment

form

Carter

into

in

are
common

highly

often

quick

knowledge

and

as a result

to

the

years

and

results

to prove

when
that

undertak-

of design

work
are

failures,

projects.

are

develop-

instabilities

of catastrophic

actual

turbines

expensive

many

aerospace

in order

design

Some

publish

in

generation

a very

certification.

visible

occurring

because

represents

or

either

flutter,

or power

of dollars

acceptance

delays

or

engines

turbines

millions

literature,

manufacturers
come

as aircraft

gas

requiring

to customer

instability,

is not unexpected,

of high-energy
often

Problems

Gas
such

a redesign

re-

or deturbine

problems
will

per-

successfully.

and

Kilpatrick

of the aeroelastic
part-speed

[1] were

response

conditions.

one of the first

of a multi-stage
Their

experiments

to publish
compressor
were

www.Asec.ir

an investigation
operating

conducted

under
on

the

-6compressors
stresses
tions.

of

The results
design

angle

limits

Jeffers

and

from

Meece

stage

fan

surge

threshold

at

to overcome

for a more
isting

subsonic

database

for aeroelastic

of the aeroelastic

described

in the work
a general

the

rotating

vibratory

stall

introduction

frequency

condiof some

and

incidence

of a fan stall

flutter

which

was

under

employed
A full

for

which

at that

time

discovered

to occur

system
the

near

the

the standard

& Whitney's

engine

of the fan including

part-span

was

during

for the first-

using

redesign

The authors

prediction

occurrence

conditions

of Pratt

of the

problem.
flutter

found

designed

all

structural

modification

was

off-design

The fan was

flutter

shroud

expressed

was

the need

to augment
standard

re-

the

ex-

technique

design.

An outline

presents

and

led to the

engine

numbers

the flutter

reliable

empirical

the

flutter

a diagnosis

Stall

year.

and

determine

compressors.

engine.
rules

that

thickening

quired

Mach

to

on reduced

F100 turbofan

of the

up until

airfoil

based

testing.

high

stall

experiments

[2] present

correlation

designs

their

& Whitney

turbines

during

correlations

development

empirical

vanes

for high-speed

for the Pratt

engine

generation

on the stator

modified

used

power

design

system

of Cardinale,

overview

Bankhead

of the

empirical

used
and

by General
McKay

design

www.Asec.ir

f3].

system

Electric
This
which

was
paper
had

-7been

verified

tion

of

over

aircraft

gas

turbomachinery

years

identification

conclusion

this

to variations

velopes,

the

application

Aeroelastic

of existing

problems

However,

these

stringent

thrust/weight

other

types

stage

turbine

mented
within
air

density

cracking

high

caused

blade.

and

turbine

under
to

operating

by a self-excited

A rotor-based

telemetry

levels

under

hostile

The

turbine

blade

was

[5].

blade

and to increase

the

natural

problems

flight

en-

based

on

encountered

within

was

was

high

temperature

redesigned

to

first
used

stiffen

of the blade,

www.Asec.ir

was

found
where

to

the last
docu-

to occur
the

High-cycle

in the

of the

relative

turbine

problem

engines.

because

systems

operation.

system

frequency

of

rules

conditions

vibration

stress

tions

The

normal

complexities

gas turbine

combustion

[4].

exA

and

design

propulsion

problem

Antos

the

included.

conditions

to aircraft

industrial

relative

inherent

to these
of

A flutter

Allen,

stage

was

was

vibratory

requirements

including

of

experience.

limited
prone

of a Westinghouse

last

test

opera-

discussion

is also

of conservative

are more

of gas turbines.

by Scalzo,
the

of the

engines

the

in operating

engine

in-service

design,

problems

is that

are not solely

and
detailed

aerodynamic

paper

due

of hours

aeroelastic

turbomachinery,

thousands

testing

engines.

and
of

from

require

of engine

turbine

mechanical

perimental
strong

several

fatigue

bending

mode

to quantify

operating

inlet

the

condi-

the

base

of the

thus

giving

more

-8acceptable

margin

buffeting

was

the

response

large

damping

The

also

of higher

energy

or

modern

like

hence

name

the

(LeRC)

development

1980's.

An unexpected

propfan

made

experienced
numbers

of blades

occurrence

develop
test

of the

more

model

was

during

engine.

propfan.
testing

of

not flutter,
low

due

to

although

aerodynamic

a high

The

NASA

swept

and

coupled

Lewis

blade

the

ratio

during

twisted

and

Center
the

early

denoted
[6].

blades

flutter.

and the effect

numbers

Kielb

flexible

the

propeller-

for the propfan

Lubomski

ad-

replaced

Research

bending-torsion

on the rotor

due to higher

bypass

develop-

notably

concept

concepts

occurred
Kaza,

led to the
most

engine

with

instability

subsonic

1970's

systems,

propfan

in Mehmed,

tested

the

This

turbofan

flutter

were

coupling

stabilization

did

response

to extremely

propulsion

up of highly

classical

aerodynamic

The

and

it is reported

was

costs

propfan

fan of the

and

which

attributable

aircraft

standard

SR-5

blades

dynamic

blades.

turboprop

fan,

amplitude

for the

is probably

of high-efficiency

vanced

Large

reported

for those

impact

ment

for flutter.

This
which

Different

of the increased

led to a stronger

de-

rotor.

of classical
accurate
designed

flutter

aeroelastic

in the
analysis

by NASA

LeRC

SR-5

propfan

for propfan
intentionally

www.Asec.ir

led to an effort
design.

A propfan

to encounter

flutter

to

-9in the wind tunnel. This propfan designated SR3C-X2 (Mehmed

[7]) was

a composite

in natural
blade

frequencies

under

test

aeroelastic
signed

which

opment

flutter

physics

response

can or cannot

is

the

that

equations

cussion

within

erates

in.

work

at a specific

verified

lead
the

that

layup

to result

to flutter

of the

accuracy

a blade

Kaza

of

could

the

be de-

condition.

Models

blade

vibration
models

be classified
made

problem

for

in

where

aerodynamic

behavior

depending

upon

if

(transonic),

or

aerodynamic
of the flow

the

of
the

is

The

modern

is

influence

of

devel-

most
airfoil

to the analysis
by

separate

subsonic,
The following

to cover

fluid

be-

The

governed

attempts

www.Asec.ir

the

ways.

complication

supersonic.

which

that

motion-dependent

flow

models

regimes

the

a variety

blades

fully

requires

be determined:
for

unsteady

each

ply

would

operating

A further

of unsteady

efforts

which

be neglected.

subsonic/supersonic

a specific

by demonstrating

aerodynamic

is

shapes

shapes
Their

to the

can

distinction

using

of an aeroelastic

due

of cascades

common

mode

Aerodynamic

of unsteady

havior

and

methods

would

underlying

pressure

designed

conditions.

analysis

1.22 Unsteady

The

blade

and

some

turbomachinery

mixed
disof the
op-

- 10 One of the first investigations of the inviscid, incompressible unsteady

aerodynamics of cascades of blades was reported by Whitehead [8,9].
His technique was to solve for the unsteady vorticity distribution

along

plates

harmonic

which

were

oscillations.

The airfoil

modifying
was

work

This

finding
for

simplified,

developed
thickness
They
a very
cillating

the

results
was

that

unsteady

approach

and

camber

discovered

that
influence

gradient

terms.

effect

better

shape

and

steady

the

unsteady

de-

aerodynamic

experimental

data

analysis.

loading

even

when

flows

over

cascades.

www.Asec.ir

and

steady

Akai

[10]

having
flowfield.

loading
response

was

modeled

airfoils

aerodynamic

aerodynamic

later

of the

Atassi

nonuniform

His

agreement

flows.

incompressible
a

flow

aerodynamic

of airfoils,

within

steady

steady

with

in the unsteady

of steady

[8]

blades.

The

by

paper

no

the

condition

The first

of the

for

included

operating

over

caused

to account

in incompressible

airfoil

surface.

representation

much

rotational

as a boundary

which

aerodynamics

for

and

the airfoil

plates

was

the

flat plates

an

strong

flat

condition

loading

implied

along

analysis

aerodynamic

the steady

important
using

the

translational

was applied

flat plate

in the boundary

unsteady
when

over

unloaded

[9] extended

loading

upwash

to flows

a truly

rigid

vibration

the velocity

limited

flection,

undergoing

flat

had
of os-

- 11 Requirements to reduce the noise problem associated with aircraft engine

fans and compressors presented the need to address compressible flows,
and the acoustic properties of turbomachinery operating within such
flows. A development for the unsteady subsonic flow within cascades of
oscillating flat plates has been reported by Smith [11]. This work was
primarily concerned with quantifying the acoustical properties of the cascade by placing special emphasis on the identification of "acoustic resonance" phenomena for the cascade. The occurrence of
greatly
pared

complicated

flow

[12] advanced
of flat

effect

over

the

and

unsteady

a similar

work

blade

supersonic

technique
under

concluded

aerodynamic

analysis

of the acoustical
was

This

for

unsteady

flow

problem

waves

when

com-

to subsonic

cas-

flows.

operating

of steady

aerodynamic

gimes

plates

incidence.

the

sonic

compressible

to the incompressible

Namba
cades

the

acoustic

characteristics

aerodynamic

that as for the

had

flat plates

A thorough
of oscillating

discussion
airfoils

www.Asec.ir

due

incompressible

of the
within

to

case,
influence

a complete

for application

presented.

loading

a considerable

Ni [13] presented

unloaded

flows.

steady

loading

forces.

for application

unsteady
to both

sub-

identification
these

flow

re-

- ]2 The development of higher tip speed fans and compressors during the
1970's opened up a unique flow regime for unsteady aerodynamic research. Operation of turbomachinery
speeds

and

termed

subsonic

"supersonic

develops

when

cascade

because

Mach

wave

cascade.
lem

Verdon

[14]
flow

of a finite
alytical

the

wake

sented
approach.

Mach

torsional

leading-edge

but

the

flow

do not

problem
condition

pass

into

A trailing

adjacent

in

flow

more

the

edge

blades

supersonic

becoming

rotational

flow

This

to this

was

for

the

potential

of

[15] allowed

the

analysis

solution

formulation

The

for infinite

improvement

for

The method

upstream

cascade.

method

problem

airfoils.

to a finite-difference

This

devoted

tip

special

subsonic.

upon

potential

of oscillating

considerable

form

remains

flutter

a velocity

subsonic

region

waves

velocity

was

in

leading-edge".

it impinges

effort

developed

solution

matched

subsonic

flow

and

results

blade

the

prob-

frequent

in

designs.

number

line

Kurosaka

forms

supersonic

with

with

the axial

high-speed

speeds

edge

Considerable

new

sonic

flow

leading

also

because

the

flight

at supersonic

of the
within
Laplace
cascades

in computational

resulted

in closed-form

www.Asec.ir

for solving

the super-

a cascade

consisting

incorporated

cascade
the

leading

cascade

transform

region

edge
and

solution

of blades,
time

an an-

over

analytical

which

of
pre-

Verdon's
solutions

for the

blade

unsteady

puter,

although

Verdon

and

transform

McCune

which

scribed

in the work

in a full

analytical

Miles

[16]

A similar

Goldstein's

axial

flow

over

[19]

presented

a similar

and

accounted

for the

supersonic
analysis
algorithm

transport

Mach

of supersonic
for

the

the

axial

solving

unsteady

leading

flow

used

late

fre-

was

method

1980's

to
and

of Miles

flows

results
and

blade

in

and

[20]

Lane

had

1956.

integral

renewed

field.

which

blade-row.

Kielb

de-

Adamczyk

for

the

in the

the formulations

This

of the

evaluated

Ramsey

a Laplace

of reduced

problem.

reflections

flow.

on

technique

work

led

com-

in the turbomachinery

edge

which

wave

range

[17].

aerodynamic

analysis

in

Goldstein

on the

frequencies.

based

to the full

and widely

unsteady

reduced

a the Wiener-Hopf

and

for the

is popular

the

to low

quickly

an approach

using

of Adamczyk

be solved

limited

presented

solution

initiated

supersonic

was

could

had application

solution

model

[18]

which

the technique

solution

quencies.

forces

13-

Lane

equations
Interest

interest

in

in

the

developed
efficiently

an
on a

computer.

Most

of the methods

to consist
coupled

of flat
from

the

discussed

plates,
unsteady

to this

or cascades
flow.

point
where

Ni and Sisto

have
the

considered
steady

flow

[21] presented

www.Asec.ir

the cascade
was

fully

un-

an approach

which

solved

the unsteady

a time-marching
airfoils

integration

undergoing

to solve

the

of the method

to the

proach

was

Euler

unsteady

that

the

for a cascade

The

motions,

but the

equations

using

was

flow

time

equations

method.

harmonic

unsteady

A key feature
coupled

Euler

14-

that

work

method

was

to flat

in

long

plate

solution.
flow

A disadvantage

resulted

using

one of the first

steady-state

cascade.

integration

limited

a finite-difference

the mean

in the

was

of blades

was fully
of the

computer

ap-

running

times.

Another

time

presented
method
sonic
sented
the

integration

by
for

fan

Huff

solving
blades

results

unsteady
showed

highly

cambered

small

and

Reddy

the

unsteady

for a flat

which

times

and

modeled

Euler

Disadvantages

excellent

plate

phase

[22].
Euler

unsteady

Euler

employed

equations

for

a finite-difference

cascade
and

fan

the
They

and

compared

Results
blade

method

were

which

required

were

undergoing

excessively
multiple

angles.

www.Asec.ir

equations

cascades

the

of superThey

supersonic
also

grid

solution

computer

computational

preusing

theory

included

torsional
long

was

a deforming

strategy.

a small-disturbance

agreement.

supersonic

a limitation

for

using

equations

of this

interblade

solution

for

oscillation.
running
grids

for

- ].5
Verdon

and

potential
steady
was

caused
flow

by blade

method

transonic

used

[24]

The

perturbation

the

a direct

solution

flows

the

The

problem

containing

was

of the nonlinear
shock

linearized

unsteady

method

of Verdon

although

scheme.

This

technique

motion.

flow

also

used

used

and

of this

potential

was

in CFD

applica-

computational

time.

flow

theory

was

to
field.

utilized

shocks.

The

motion

shocks

during

Shock
[25]
which

fitting

a finite

os-

harmonic
was

presented
was

were

airfoil

be a first-order

shock-capturing

www.Asec.ir

shape

potential

equation

his approach

potential

and

Whitehead

potential

unsteady

Verdon

harmonic

steady

nonlinear

by

cascade

assumed

dis-

investigated

unsteady

weak

a small

The

unsteady

in reduced

was

small-amplitude
flow

the

cascade

An advantage

commonly

results

in the

of airfoil

analysis.

unsteady

a nonuniform

field.

the effect

for

solutions

linearized

about

harmonic

showed

scheme

flow

unsteady

unsteady

to the

the

as being

potential

solution

for

of the airfoils

to flat plate

matrix

to iterative

to undergo

cillation.

coupled

flow

potential

steady

comparison

in 1984.

camber

Results

unsteady

to model

assumed

model

vibration.

compared
The direct

Caspar

for

that

was

method

unsteady

the unsteady

nonuniform
flow

with

was

obtained
tions.

the

potential

incidence

and

by solving

about

a solution
the

The thickness

accomodated

full

developed

by linearizing

flowfield.

steady

[23]

equation

turbance

The

Caspar

method

to

a solution

similar

element

used

to the
solution
for

the

steady
ence

flow,

although

System

Analysis

energy

models

turbomachinery
modeled

applied
work

isolated

aeroelastic

at the

3/4

the

unsteady

Stability

was

determined

was
type

A need

utilizing

with

coupling,

very

higher

The

well

with

those

aerodynamic
based

of Refer-

and

could

although

the

isolated

aerodynamic

of

blade

His

work

theory

were

were

was

often
of the

by con-

fluid

shape.
on the

An example
was

blade-disk-shroud
airfoil

in

developed

mode

of the

(stable).

[26].

were

be determined

work

or negative

loads

an assessment

the

effect

the new unsteady

blade,

on whether

by Carta

inception

theories

the

the

having

airfoil

and

studying

in turbomachinery

which

forces

(unstable)

ratios

theories

performed

flutter

aerodynamic

isolated

of the

loads

to predict

unsteady

These

location

pressure

used

thin-wing

is described

blade-to-blade

for

1970.

analysis.

positive

of model

concerned

simulate

either

commonly

airfoil

span

sidering

sulted

to

that the aerodynamic

namic

compare

Models

were

prior

using

for aircraft

blade

results

[24].

1.23 Aeroelastic

this

the

16 -

of

principally

structural

dy-

incorporated

to

coupling.

and
higher

aerodynamic

increased

thrust

tip speeds.
models

in the

Aeroelastic

for turbomachinery

www.Asec.ir

1970's

re-

modeling
more

accurately

estimated

used

an energy

edge

model

addition,

number

also

blades

It was

that

system
they

to be less

concluded

was

an energy

structural

incorporated
Verdon

incompressible,

in the work

for flutter

damping
unsteady
[14]

for

where

was

subsonic,

and

occur
the

airfoil

of seven

for ranges

in Mach

was
blades

theory

aerodynamic

In

cascade

supersonic

adjacent

isolated

leading
fan flutter.

conditions

of the

model

unsteady
very

good.

caused

the

predicted,

theory

used

used

must

and

be used

of high-speed

rules

flows.

The

unsteady

aerodynamic
flow

www.Asec.ir

regimes.

Airwork
used

aeroelastic

aerodynamic

of stability.

of Whitehead

This

formerly

Of the calculated

theories

supersonic

& Whitney

et. al. [28].

and design

as a measure

of

by Pratt

of Mikolajczak,

the sum

aerodynamic
estimation

in a linear
would

correlations
analysis

model

[27]

of turbomachinery.

prediction

the empirical

inadequate

model

and

that

Commerford

of high-speed

flutter

unsteady

flows

in 1975 is outlined

were

and

cascade

the

and

supersonic/subsonic

between

effects

than

of the flutter

discovered

flutter

measured

cascade

unsteady

A description

when

the

stable

that

for the unique

craft

the

the
flutter

The agreement
and

Snyder

an experiment

to measure

model

applied

[14] to predict

performed

aerodynamic

of flutter.

which

and frequency.

noted

onset

method

of Verdon

they

oscillating

the

17-

The

model

[8], Smith
forces
This

work

[11],
in

the
em-

phasized

the importance

structural

coupling,

The aeroelastic
ods,

where

freedom
was

presented

(DOF)
theory

section"

along

of

have

parameter
for

the

Goldstein

of modern
unsteady
[17],

bending-torsion

model

which

incorporated

blade.

This
[8].

approach

A lumped

of the blade

must

was
The

account

during

turbomachinery

aerodynamic
and

Ramsey

two

DOF blade

Kielb

description

of
[20]

the

to investi[29]

degrees-of-

incompressible

model

that

of a "typical
and

bending-torsion

flutter,

and

that

accu-

degrees-of-freedom.

1980's,

Smith

[11],

combined
resulted

www.Asec.ir

commonly

and

analysis.

has

and

two

the most

the

flutter

theories
and

imply

became

analysis

had one bending

on cascade

model

analyses

which

for multiple

degree-of-

in flutter

parameter

results

meth-

and Friedmann

utilized

used

effect

a single

blade

Bendiksen

two DOF

aeroelastic

the

flutter.

a pronounced

analysis

for

analysis.

on energy

trend

on blade

aeroelastic

the span

aeroelastic

workhorse

degrees-of-freedom

the

in

A new

blade-disk

in flutter

based

to vibrate

mode.

degree-of-freedom.

can

The lumped

vibrational

analysis,

forces

primarily

assumed

of Whitehead

torsional

approach

were

for

vibrational

aerodynamic

blades

of coupling

cascade

rate

unsteady

blade

up to 1980 were

multiple

an

freedom

coupling

and

or in a single

gate the effect

one

of accurate

models
the

to include

18-

used

serves

The

as the

combination

Adamcyzk
with

and

the

coupled

in flutter

predic-

- 19tion models which are relevant for all of the flow regimes of modern
turbomachinery.

All of the aeroelastic models discussed assume that each blade within a
rotor is identical, having exactly the same natural frequencies and mode
shapes. This system is termed a "tuned" system. Research to determine
the aeroelastic behavior of systems which have small statistical variations
in dynamic properties of the adjacent blades on the rotor has begun.
Such a rotor is referred to as "mistuned" because the dynamic behavior
of the rotor is no longer uniform from blade-to-blade. A study of mistuned
systems ([30] to [33]) has concluded that the tuned system represents the
most unstable configuration for a rotor. Mistuning has a stabilizing effect
on the flutter stability of rotors, primarily due to a break-up of the cyclicity
of the rotor. This was an important conclusion because the analysis of
mistuned rotors was computationally expensive, and knowledge that the
tuned analysis is conservative simplifies the turbomachinery designer's
task.

The occurrence
flutter

problem

aeroelastic
propeller

of flutter
existed

analysis
blade

which

in the
which

SR-5

could

methods.

The

experienced

advanced
not

propfan

be predicted

propfan

was

large-amplitude

www.Asec.ir

indicated

using

a thin,

the
swept,

self-excited

that
available
flexible
vibration

- 20 during

performance testing at NASA LeRC [6].

The complicated

vibrational behavior of the blade could not be properly predicted using a

simple typical section two DOF aeroelastic model.

Nonlinear large-displacement beam structural dynamic models were introduced in order to incorporate the three-dimensional properties of the
blade. Kaza and Kielb [34], [35] developed an analysis which modeled
the blades as cantilevered beams having varying properties along the
span. The model also accounted for the effects of centrifugal stiffening of
the beam. The unsteady aerodynamic forces were
radial

positions

ically

integrated

generalized
of Smith

[11]

beam

for

span

the

The

of the

span

to arrive

unsteady

subsonic

beam

and
at an

aerodynamic

flows

and

the

forces

Adamczyk

were

unsteady

models

at several

aerodynamic

used

and

numer-

were

Goldstein

those

[17]

for

flows.

models

of the experimental
underwent

simulated

was

chosen
blade

of the

using
to

propfans

flutter

complicated

fully

flexible

the

along

force.

supersonic

The

along

evaluated

model

dynamics

resulted

conditions.
coupled

the beam
the

But the wind

vibrational

modes,

representation.

propfan

could

in better

blades

analytical
tunnel

so that

be accomplished

www.Asec.ir

more

propfan

which

The finite
the

prediction

could

element
simulation

accurately.

models
not

be

method
of the

Turnberg

[36]

propfan

flutter

response
sonic

forces

applied

in

on the

theory

mic

first

1983.

the

of Smith
acting

[11] was

at several

with

experimental

the

was

that

each

strip

ization

An

was

found

developed
steady
face

large

of the

placed

on panels

approach

showed

for flutter

prediction

of the lifting

surface

as a zero-thickness

the

along

[37]

over

line

span
good.

range

model

with

zero

the

flow

the

propfan

of

flow

flow

on

visual-

blades.

analysis

used

of the

wind

tunnel

The

that the

was
unsur-

which

were

blade.

This

experiments

primary

airfoil

incidence.

www.Asec.ir

a lifting

doublets

surface

was

The

a three-dimensional

of speeds.

model

blade.

aeroelastic

oscillating

with

aerodyna-

that

for the

aerodynamic
using

The sub-

A disadvantage

occurred

by incorporating

of

aeroelastic

of the

flows

modal

the

the unsteady

experimental

based

analysis

blade.

though

agreement
a wide

of the

even

three-dimensional

aerodynamic
camber

very

base

assumed

The
blade

the

excellent

was

the

to the

model

element

theory.

model

along

results

spanwise

et. al.

aerodynamic
to

"strips"

to

modes

to determine

aerodynamic

finite

by Kaza,

theory

used

method

analysis

vibration

two-dimensional,

that

extension

the

element

modal

free

comparison
method

finite

He used

in-vacuum

?.1 -

was

limitation
modeled

- 22 1.3 Objective

The

of Current

purpose

of this

of an aeroelastic
flow

most

restricted
plate
the

work

of
to

the
two

models
siderable
duclion

aeroelastic

the present

Develop

work

Utilize

was

begun

stability

blade

and thickness

flow

acting

theory

with

which
on the

designs

to calculate

on the blade

during

The

prevent
results

full

of the

of axial-

has discov-

date

have

models
which

been
or

flat

disregard

aerodynamic

often

their

use

require

con-

within

pro-

literature

review,

to:

suitable

for general

varying

degrees

in compressible

potential

the

types

unsteady

loading

having

and operating

steady

models

the objectives

analysis

to

application

work

parameter

aerodynamic

times
Based

two-dimensional

potential
loads

codes.

an aeroelastic

turbomachinery
camber

running

developed

loading.

steady

and

for all

previous

aerodynamic

aerodynamic

computer

related

lumped

unsteady

for

development

is suitable

analyses

degree-of-freedom

account

the

which
of the

aeroelastic

of steady

which

analysis

A review

small-disturbance
effects

is to present

stability

turbomachinery.

ered

Work

and

vibration.

www.Asec.ir

of

airfoil

flows.

linearized

motion-dependent

axial-flow

unsteady

aerodynamic

- 23 Account for three-dimensional aeroelastic effects by calculating the

unsteady aerodynamic loads on two-dimensional strips which are
stacked along the span of the blade from airfoil hub to tip.

Use modal analysis to couple the in-vacuum natural vibrational modes

of the blade to the motion-dependent unsteady aerodynamic loads
within the frequency domain.

Demonstrate capability by applying method to a high-energy subsonic

turbine rotor blade which is suspected to experience aeroelastic
problems.

The implementation of this analytical formulation was performed at NASA

LeRC in support of their turbomachinery aeroelasticity research. NASA
LeRC is developing an
Forced

REsponse

and forced

response

aeroelastic

Prediction
prediction

analysis

System

for turbomachinery

(FREPS)

for fans,

which

compressors,

www.Asec.ir

is applicable
and turbine

called

the

to flutter
blades.

CHAPTER2

2.1 Aerodynamic

The fluid

flow

Analysis

within

two-dimensional
to tip.

This

occur

the turbomachinery

streamsurface

model

streamsurfaces

for
except

ondary

dominate.

linearized
the

proach

assumes

a small

unsteady

that

unsteady

flow

steady
solution
of the

that

is due
The

of the unsteady
steady

equations

and

and

ratio
hub

and

Verdon

within

the

blades.

the unsteady

flow

nonlinear

to the
steady

potential

for

flows.
both

along

from

it is fair

the

the airfoil

and
This

resulting

of the
potential

flow
A
the

steady

are

from

airfoil

- 24 -

www.Asec.ir

twosec-

to
ap-

oscillation
flow.

the

is
It is

on the

nonuniform

is evaluated

description

the

used

and camber

to account

full

is

(or "mean")

flowfield

that

potential

airfoil

through

which

where

[24]

linearized

hub

almost

blade

Caspar

thickness

in order
brief

to assume

tip of the

stacked

flows

turbomachine

of blade

motion
full

the blade

steady-state

influence

Unsteady

solution

hub/tip

of

of the

is modeled

of the three-dimensional

theory

the primary

flowfield.

over

However,

to the

flow

perturbation

assumed

close

potential

model

"strips"

blades.

a high

dimensional,

The

blading

is a simplification

in turbomachinery

flows

ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT

prior

to

for the coupling

of the

potential

flow

governing
and

the

- 25 linearized unsteady potential flow follows. A detailed review of the steady

and unsteady aerodynamic formulation used may be found in Verdon [38].

2.11 Steady

Full

The

compressible

steady

lated

using

the full

technique

is

passage.

For

flow

Flow

flow

potential

utilized

gas,

to solve

the

along

a two-dimensional

method
the

compressible,

of a perfect

the steady

Potential

of Caspar,
continuity

inviscid,
continuity

surface

et. al.

equation

isentropic,
equation

for

and

can

[39],

is calcu-

A finite-area
a single

irrotational

be solved

blade
steady

uniquely

for

flow.

v.(pv) = 0

In terms
equation

of the velocity
(equation

potential,

equation

variables

inlet

the

of

1 yields

the steady

full

potential

2).

V-(pV(l))

The flow

(1)

,o and

passage

= 0

(2)

V are nondimensionalized

denoted

as

state

1.

www.Asec.ir

by their
This

values

nondimensionalized

at the

- 26 equation, along with the steady Bernoulli equation and the ideal gas
equation of state results in an expression for the local density.
1

The

inlet

gas

is "V. The steady

ing

the

number

continuity

eq (3).
flow

Mach

The

equation

is assumed

analysis

Figure

gram

cascade

cascade

gap

The regions
are applied

The

boundary

surface

flow

an artificial

and

the

inlet

where

and exit

the

and

the boundary

and

for

velocity
the

trailing

condition

mean

(equation

of the

be solved

us-

description

of

waves

for

The

which

steady

in supersonic

a two-dimensional
flow

ratio

the
flow

regions

[40]).

representation

vectors
stagger

edges

conditions

the

density

shock

scheme

heat
may

irrotational.

cascade

potential
4).

www.Asec.ir

indicated.
angle,

is included

for the full

on the blade-to-blade

conditions

specific

local

weak

including

leading

are shown

tangency

showing

the

the cascade

viscosity

geometry,

the

for

(by Caspar

a figure

with

of the

solved
isentropic

the calculations

the cascade

within

of eq (2) and

to remain

1 includes

1 is M1 and

flow

is also

incorporates

to stabilize

at state

potential

solution

(3)

flow

require

A dia-

airfoil-chord,
on figure

potential
of figure

of

equation
3.

the

airfoil

2.

- 27 -

V_.n

An

additional

= 0

boundary

along

condition

the airfoil

(4)

surface

is applied

at the

periodic

boundaries

as

V (_)lower

which

states

that

The boundary
of the inlet

The

flow

condition
Mach

airfoil

the

the

viscous

trailing
solved

edge

metal

to discretize

mesh

the flow

meshes
is used

for

of the
edge.

The
exit

Mach

passage.

to capture

mean

the overall

number

as the

solution.
details

www.Asec.ir

that

trailing
lower

the

Kutta

edge

surface

condition

also
flows

allows

bisector

of the

conservation

can

the
blade

then

be

M2.

(2) requires

flow

such

and

Kutta

mass

The approach
flow

edge,

upper
This

overall

of equation

the

specification

of a wedged

/_2 to be prescribed

angle.

solution

boundaries.

angle

trailing

The addition

trailing

for the downstream

The finite-area

spatial

angle

inlet

a sharp

interaction

flow

periodic

_1.

simulates

blunt

the

flow

to have

at a

across

M, and the

be satisfied.

downstream

is continuous

(5)

periodic

1 requires

may

meet

V(_)upper

boundary

condition

which

at the upstream

number

is assumed

periodic

the

use

of a spatial

of Reference
An

H-type

[40]

mesh

uses

two

of computational

of the passage.

A C-type

of

computational

mesh

around

the

amples

of these

servation

Linearized

the

flow

the

is

steady

flow

potential
modeled

velocity

which

irrotational

and

isentropic.

vibrate

small-amplitude

between

These

adjacent

assumptions

around

on figure

4.

over-relaxation

details

shocks.
The

finite-area

equation.

by airfoil

oscillation,

Ex-

mass

mesh

con-

for the

scheme

potential

of Verdon

a small-amplitude
The

The

flow

is used

Flow

unsteady
that

airfoils

in the
motion

and

the

is calculated

Caspar

potential
potential

requires

harmonic

permit

to a single

the

unsteady

shown

and

finer

[24].

perturbation

is a scalar

unsteady

cascade

are

and a constant

The

flow

repreremain

assumed
phase

to

angle

blades.

to be reduced
harmonic

the

of the

line

approach

of the

point

cells

caused

as

resolve

shown

steady

Potential

flow.

with

are

to the

the nonlinear

i.e. that

to

stagnation

A successive

potential

sentation

used

of meshes

(2).

linearized

unsteady

(LE)

Unsteady

flow,

also

is applied

solve

The unsteady

from

types

of equation

to iteratively

using

edge

equation

solution

2.12

leading

is

28 -

in nonconservative

the
partial

potential.
form

unsteady

equations

differential
The
in equation

equation
unsteady
6.

www.Asec.ir

of motion

for

the flow

which

is solved

for

potential

equation

is

D2_)

1 V_).V(V(1))2

_+-_Dt 2

In this

equation

velocity

potential.

D0
Dt

is shown

boundary

specification
airfoil
face

tangency
by the

general

boundary

and the

deformation

condition

along

velocity

and

substantial

(6)

4) is the

derivative

(6) from

the

unsteady

operator
unsteady

is
Euler

A.

for

the

along

unsteady

the

cascade

airfoil

a2V2_)

potential

of equation

upstream

periodic

condition

moving

+ V_).V(V(I).V_))=

unsteady

in Appendix

of conditions

flow

steady

Derivation

conditions

surfaces,

bounded
any

The

ko 0 + Vq_-().

equations

The

(t) is the

29 -

requires
surfaces.

mode,

as

the airfoil

potential
and

downstream,

boundaries
that

the

(figure
unsteady

The airfoil

indicated

in

problem

surface
figure

6.

require
vibrating

5).
flow
may
The

The

sur-

remain
undergo
surface

is

v, --

(7.V)V(l)]-n

www.Asec.ir

(7)

where

n is a unit

placement

vector,

the unit

vector

The first

term

its surface
the

tangent

oscillation.

Expressing

the

location

of the airfoil

airfoil

permits

solution

A Taylor

cation

to the

steady

airfoil

location

to

steady

airfoil

terms

conditions

are retained

in the last term

Substitution
the

surface

the

in this

series

of equation

(7).

of the harmonic
boundary

condition

term

conditions

grid.

boundary

airfoil

surface,

dis-

and

-_ is

airfoil

normal

to

represents

the

rotation

of

The

term

extrapolates

of the oscillating

reference

on

of the

is applied

airfoil

frame.

stationary,

expansion

airfoil

at the

nondeforming
moving

airfoil

to extrapolate

lothe

surfaces.

First-order

(linear)

(Reference

[38])

results

dependence

of equation

last

of the oscillating

expansion

time

is the

of the

the surface

computational
relative

velocity

in the steady

series

to the airfoil

field.

along

boundary

location

the

potential

conditions

surface,

surface.

The second

steady

the surface

airfoil

tangent

(7) defines

boundary

to the mean

to the

to the airfoil

of equation

through

the surface

normal

V, is the velocity

during

airfoil

steady

vector

30 -

into

equation

which

(7) results

in

(8).

[J(o7+ (va).;)(7.v)7 - (T.V)Va,].E

www.Asec.ir

(8)

The

periodic

boundary

as a constant
cascade.

Since

solution
vary

phase

for

adjacent

angle

airfoil

is given

adjacent

are

assumed

phase

angle

ditions

the blade
to vary

The

equation

squares
mined

from

discretized
as described

from

the
using

coefficient
the same

for the steady

upstream

analytical

harmonic

computational

in the

motion,

passage

angle"

_ (see

in terms

of the

interblade

the

simply
figure

5).

phase

(9)

rotor.

flow

All

of the flow

passages

and

by this

downstream

expressions

variables
interblade

boundary

for the far-field

conpoten-

oscillation.

unsteady

difference

blade

phase

on the

adjacent

The

due to blade

for the

finite

number

relationship.

tial fluctuations

adjacent

ei_t = _ ei(Cot +or)

between

are determined

for the

is prescribed

(9).

/j+l

The j represents

to the

motion

potential

to undergo

"interblade

harmonic

by equation

unsteady

in time

is assumed

harmonic

blade's

for the

difference

passages

by a constant

The

angle

the

flow

condition

31 -

potential

discretization.
terms
type

is solved
Differencing

of equation
of global

potential

using

and

(6).
local

computation

www.Asec.ir

a weighted
weights

The

blade

computational
(figure

4).

]east-

are

deter-

passage

is

meshes
Solution

for

- 32 the unsteady potential is obtained by a direct matrix solution of equation

(6).

The unsteady pressure/:; is found from the unsteady expansion

/; =/_

where/_
ents

represents

the first-order

to the airfoil

The

harmonic

motion

the

harmonic

Taylor

series

through

pressure

+ (r.V)#

pressure

the steady

is calculated

integrating

The

flow

flow

problem

set of steady

parameters

pressure

for a particular

term

pressure

and

variation

pressure

unsteady

represdue

fields.

potential

as

Dt

acting

(11)

on the airfoil

of equation

described

flow

the

second

moments

the harmonic

unsteady

prescribed

and

the

for the

potential

from

forces

and

expansion

P=--P

The unsteady

(10)

airfoil

(10) over

in this

and unsteady

are determined

section
flow

geometry

www.Asec.ir

the airfoil

is determined

parameters.
and working

by

surface.

for

The steady
fluid

are

(a)

the

inlet

Mach

Mach

number

number

condition.
vector

and

frequency

of the time

a fluid

forces.

Likewise

when

0.5, the excitation

frequencies

Dynamic
plished

little
usually

2.2 Structural

time

(7, and

the

_1, where
trailing
blade

the

edge

exit

Kutta

displacement

(c) the vibrational

takes

when

the

can

reduced

is much

higher

reduced

reduced

the surface

frequency

to large

frequency
than

low

one cycle

the same

becomes

the fluid

i.e. less
fashion

aerodynamic
high,

particle

Flows

as the

of the blade,

is low,

unsteady

unsteady

unstead-

to complete

in approximately
lead

of the

can be viewed

it takes

to the excitation.

in relatively

i.e. larger

velocity

at higher

aerodynamic

and

reduced
forces.

Analysis

of blades
finite

to pass over

the

is varying

to react

frequency

to the time

situation
the

k is a measure

the reduced

particle

result

Dynamic

analysis
using

angle

angle

are (a) the

frequency

to 0.5, the flow

This

has

phase

1
---_-. Thus,

excitation.

the flow

flow
from

parameters

reduced

as the

than

flow

In general,

vibration

or equal

inlet

determined

b
to --_-, compared

i.e. proportional
of blade

(b) the

ceb
V"

k -

of the flow.

ratio

are

interblade

nondimensional

iness

than

angle

The unsteady

r', (b) the

The

MI and

33 -

of general

element

shape

method

is most

(FEM).

www.Asec.ir

The

efficiently
FEM

accompermits

straightforward
complex

The
the

method

geometries

dynamic
blade

and

equations

are shown

the

n global

structure

mass,

[M],EC],

and

side
{FA(t)}

and

terms

and

Solution
eigenvalue

+ [C]{u}

[K],

+ [-K]{u}

and

results

eigenvalues
and

of

blades

anisotropic

element

the

having

materials.

representation

of

(12)

+ {FM(t)}

displacements
represented

forcing

external

terms

forces

are
by the

on

due

the
to

{u}.

The

matrices
right-hand

aerodynamic

sources.

form

vibration

are

The

represent
{FM(t)}

= {FA(t)}

stiffness

represents

free

finite

(DOF)

respectively.

(12)

damping,

dynamics

of advanced

for the

of equation

the

free

problem

(12), i.e. neglecting

vibration
requires

problem
the

of the

solution

forcing
blade.

of the

real

problem

_2[M]{u-}.

which

the

degrees-of-freedom

homogeneous

of the

made

of motion

mechanical

The undamped

being

damping,

of equation

estimating

below

[M]{6}

where

for

34 -

in the set of n eigenvalues

represent

the undamped

the

natural

undamped
modes,

[K]{_-}

(13)

con and eigenvectors

natural

or mode

frequencies

shapes.

www.Asec.ir

{q_n}. These
for

the

blade

- 35 -

The dynamic motion of the blade, in the presence of forcing functions and
damping, is assumed to be represented as a linear combination of contributions from each of a reduced set of the free-vibration natural modes.
This modal expansion using m modes for the n DOF system assumes that
the dynamic displacements can be written as
(14)

{u(t)} = E(l)]{q(t)}

where [_]

is

{_n} arranged
coordinate
of the

The

upon

will

modal

nature

having

be low.

to the expected

having

high

of the

forcing

only

frequency

for the

forcing

those

relative

or vibrating

of each

dynamic

displace-

dynamic

analysis

function.

modes

modal

a measure

to the

to retain

frequencies

eigenvectors

is the time-dependent
represent

expected

natural

the undamped

contribution

m modes

In general,

{q(t)}

coordinates

mode's

of which

the

matrix

The vector

vibrational

of modes

quency
close

vector.

The choice

depends
ution

columnwise.

natural

ments.

the n x m modal

The

contrib-

to the forcing
having

fre-

frequencies

frequency

need

to be

retained.

Substitution
equation

of equation
(12),

and

(14) into

premultiplying

the original
by the

dynamic

transpose

www.Asec.ir

equations
of the

modal

of motion
matrix

- 36
[(:I:)] T, transforms

the

space.

The modal

equation

of motion

becomes

_PMG.]{q}

+ [CG]{q}

+ [KG3{q

} = [-_)]

where
has

this

been

equation
reduced

The following

dynamic

equation

represents
from

m equations,

a system

definitions

from

physical

T
({FA(t)}

space

+ {Fa(t)}

so that the dynamic

to

modal

(15)

problem

of n equations.

are used

for the transformed

matrices

["M6J: [_)]T[M][-(I)]
[CG] : [e]T[c][e]

(16)

_r'K6,
] : [_)]T[K][(I)]

These
and

matrices

are known

generalized

eralized

stiffness

mass

EMG_] and

due to the orlhogonality

stiffness

It

is

[_K]

difficult

[CG]

damping

for

matrices

and

generalized

they

stiffness

of the eigenvectors

mass,
are

generalized

of size

['Ko.]

damping,

m x m.

matrices

to the physical

The gen-

are diagonal
mass

I-M]

and

matrices.

to

because

Damping

as the generalized

accurately

of the
a

blade

in connections,

determine

complicated
is

strongly
such

the

nature

generalized
of damping

dependent

as contact

stresses

www.Asec.ir

upon

damping

matrix

in turbomachines.
material

in turbine

damping,
blade

roots,

and

structural

nections
able

are

such

a nonlinear

of research

as

shroud

function

has

been

gaps.

These

of displacements,

devoted

types

of

con-

and a consider-

to damping

models

with

little

success.

A common
equivalent
plied

often

amount

definite

interfaces

37 -

assumption
modal

to each

of modal

for

modeling

damping,

individual

damping

which

generalized
is similar

vibrational

results

in the

mode

to single
of the

following

damping
DOF

is to assume
damping,

structure.

diagonal

The

generalized

ap-

concept
damping

matrix

[_CG] = [2_'_nJ

where

the modal

damping

are along

the

The force

expression

ratios

(17)

_ corresponding

to each

individual

mode

diagonal.

as the generalized

on the
force

right-hand

vector

{Q(t)}

side
and

of equation

it is defined

(15) is referred
in equation

to

(15).

{o(t)} --

Using

({FA(t)}+ {FM(t)})

the definitions

www.Asec.ir

(18)

= rd)]

T
{FA(t)}

= [_]

T
{fM(t)}

{QA(t)}
{OM(t)}

simplifies

the total

eralized

The

forces

final

nitions,

generalized

{QA(t)}

form

of the

38 -

force

(19)

as the sum

and

the mechanical

modal

equations

of the aerodynamic

generalized

of motion,

forces

using

gen-

{QM(t)}

the

above

defi-

becomes

(2o)

_r'MGJ{# } + _CG_]{(_ } + _'KG3{q } = {Q(t)}

which

represents

equation,

with

m uncoupled,
nificant
given
can

be reduced
within

rotor

for

every

m modal

equations

assumption

second-order

by equation

2.3 Aeroelastic

where

the

simplification

shapes,

The

the

ordinary

from
(12).

of modal

the

by including

damping,

system.

modal

Note

represents

coupled

This

and

this

as

truncation
basis

mode

the analysis.

Model

the present
blade

study

on the

disk

is assumed
has

the

to vibrate
same

www.Asec.ir

natural

of

is a sig-

equations

due to the modal

coordinates,

that

a system

equations.

of n fully

of accuracy

more

the

differential

system

The loss

for

as a "tuned"

rotor,

frequencies

and

mode

shapes.

This

blade

will

small

stallation

have
effects,

servative

is obviously

differences

etc.

estimate

additionally

assumption

But

of

due

a tuned

flutter,

significantly

39-

to the

rotor

as

because

manufacturing

always

was

simplifies

inaccurate,

results

discussed

in

the computational

every

process,
in the

section
effort

in-

most

con-

1.23,

and

for aeroelastic

analysis.

The

tuned

motions

rotor

while

implies

having

assumption

results

of the

rotor

with

to the

constant

any

of

blades

The

that

the

a constant
in a travelling

a certain
interblade

N possible

rotor
phase

interblade

angle
phase

have

lag between

wave

frequency
phase

blades

which

and
_.

passes

equal

amplitudes

adjacent

blades.

along

wavelength
A tuned

angles

where

corresponds

may

N is the

vibrate

refers

of

on the rotor.

interblade

with

number

phase

angles

are limited

to the discrete

values

2, U- 1)
e/=
N

forj

This

the periphery

which
rotor

of

1 to N.
to thejth

The vibration
travelling

of the rotor

wave

in the or/h interblade

of the rotor.

www.Asec.ir

(21)

phase

angle

- -40 Incipient

flutter

unstable

is small-amplitude

Flutter

is a linear

prediction

problem

and occurs

is concerned

vibrations

just

begin

Since

the

vibrations

vector

can

since

with

the vibration

up until

at a definite

identifying

it becomes

individual

the

frequency.

conditions

where

the

to go unstable.

occur

be assumed

at a single

to vary

frequency,

harmonically

the

in time.

modal
This

coordinate

is represented

as

{q(t)}

where

the

vibrational

to be close
plies

that

harmonic,
each

The

are

to a natural
the

dynamic

and

consist

undamped

mode

unsteady

as the

frequency,

generalized

of a linear
which

the
forces

flutter

of the

blade.

Such

blade

{FA(t)}.

forces

_or, is assumed

an assumption
system

of harmonic

to the modal

on the

forces

generalized
(equation

combination

forces

frequency

of the aeroelastic

corresponds

aerodynamic

(22)

i.e. the

displacements

aerodynamic

external

neglected,

frequency

= {_}e j_t

are

When

reduce

to

the
only

{u(t)}

are

vibrations

of

coordinates

applied

to the

mechanical
the

im-

{_}.

blade
forces

aerodynamic

23).

{Q(t)}

= [(D]

{FA(t)}

www.Asec.ir

(23)

The

external

aerodynamic

forces

dependent-aerodynamic
forces.

The

fluid

to the

lags

the

underlying
of the

as complex

parts.

The
such

forces

primarily

blade

motion.

blade,

so that

having

in-phase

systems.

For

prediction

of stability

and

motion-dependent

complex
linear
can
each

nodal
unsteady

similar

which

to the expansion

Following

this

forces

modeled

are

flutter

assumption,

pressure

by the

response

response

waves

forces

they

wakes,

play

are

re-

aerodynamic

the forced

analysis,

fluid

(imaginary)

from

or velocity

of the

of the

and out-of-phase
result

motion-

aerodynamic

motion-dependent

(real)

(a)

and these
response

no role

of

in the

be neglected.

aerodynamic

theory

forces

element

was assumed

as a summation
modes

The

act at the finite

aerodynamic

natural

caused

in determining

unsteady

loads

be represented
of the

linear
will

are

the

pressure

as either

motion-independent

forces

of importance

aeroelastic

The

forces

as incoming

be classified

(b)

motion-independent

excitations
are

may
or

motion-dependent

motion

presented

forces

41 -

of vibration

of the physical

of the
of the
DOF

the

motion-dependent

{FA(t)}

= o_f2r_R ]{q(t)}

physical
the full

forces

This

modal

unsteady

modeled
DOF.

unsteady

caused

blade.
using

are

by

as
Since

forces

motion

at

assumption

is

analysis.

aerodynamic

as

www.Asec.ir

(24)

with

[R_

each

being

individual

vector

2.

because

pressure

forces

blade

unsteady

Solve

the

shape

{q_}j as the airfoil

Calculate

4.

Integrate
result
ment

the resulting
the

surface

in unsteady
nodal

forces

having

as in the

modal

aerodynamic

of the blade

in thej

forces

th mode.

of the unsteady

The

pressures

by

-_VI 2.

dependent

angle

_, inlet

of the modal

upon
Mach

the

assumed

number

aerodynamic

forces

M1 and
{R}j

is

procedure:

shape

computational

linearized

unsteady

strongly

phase

mode

to the

3.

are

The calculation

the

is the

term

modal

columnwise,

of the scaling

in the following

Interpolate

arranged

{R}j

_or, interblade

speed.

aerodynamic

DOF due to vibration

unsteady

accomplished

{R}

vector

dynamic

frequency

the rotor

1.

force

blade

steady

modal

flutter

vector

_or2 results

inlet

The

The

at each

coefficient

n x m unsteady

force

r_].

acting

the

the

42 -

{_}i

potential

displacement
unsteady

concentrated

the finite

element

model

mesh.

unsteady

unsteady

from

equation

vector

pressure/_
pressure/_
forces

along

DOF.

www.Asec.ir

the

mode

r'.
along

{R}j

using

which

the airfoil
the airfoil

surface.
surface

act at the finite

to
ele-

- 43 The resulting force vector due to the jt_

unsteady

force

Substitution
into

vector

of the

the generalized

airfoil

mode

shape,

is the

modal

{R}j

motion-dependent
force

force

of equation

(23) results

{Q(t)}

=_f

expression

of equation

(24)

in the following

[-_]

[R]{q(t)}

or

{Q(t)}

and

the

which

modal

is of size

physical

and

of

generalized

in thejr_

matrix

vibrational

has complex

I-A]

-- [(b]T[R]

[A]

is that

elements

force

in the

mode.

This

unsteady

aerodynamic

monic

variation

because

only

applicable

(26)

for

harmonic

the

A,j element

i th mode

caused

matrix

which-include

generalized
time

is

m x m.

interpretation

aerodynamic
blade

aerodynamic

(25)

= cof2[A ]{q(t)}

forces.

the

unsteady

blade

motions.

represents
by motion

is in general

the magnitude
The matrix
aerodynamic

www.Asec.ir

the
of the

nonsymmetric,
and

also

phase

of the

requires

har-

model

used

is

- 44 -

Definition of the modal aerodynamic matrix permits substitution of eqs

(25) and (26) into the equation of motion equation (20) to result in
_'MG]{#} + _r'cGJ{q}+ _r'KGJ{q} =ojf2rA]{q}.

(27)

The harmonic motion assumption could now be applied to reduce this

system to

an eigenvalue

ing in this

equation

equations

because

system

occur

whereas

the

A state

vector

space,
This

which

problem.

prevents
they

modal

a straightforward

are

in complex

in quadratic
conjugate

equation

transformation

in a system

to

resulting
only

[41])

of a damped

2m

eigenvalues,

m equations.

express

involves

in

of damp-

of the modal

Eigenvalues

of 2m equations

(Reference

presence

eigensolution

pairs,

is used

the

form.

(27) contains

transformation
results

Unfortunately,

equation

(27)

in

state

for the 2m eigenvalues.

defining

the

auxiliary

vari-

ables

(28)

which

results

in the state

space

representation

[M*]{_:}

= [K*]{_}

www.Asec.ir

of the system

of equations

(29)

with

the

modified

partitioned

45 -

matrices

defined

as

I ([MG] [0]
(['MG.]+
[A(cot)])]
+ [ A(co;)])
['CGJ
]

(30)

The state-space
time,

variables

{_} are

assumed

to have

harmonic

variation

as

{_} = {_}e "_t

so that the transformed

lowing

aeroelastic

modal

eigenvalue

equation

is a 2m x 2m complex

The set of complex

pressed

eigenvalues

of equation

(31)

(29) becomes

the

fol-

problem

2[M'-I{_}

which

in

eigenvalue

from

(32)

= [K']{_}

problem.

the

solution

as

www.Asec.ir

of equation

(32) are ex-

46 -

). =/1

where

the

system
part

real

part

damping,

(/_) of the

both

(33)

eigenvalues

mechanical

(v) of the eigenvalues

+ vi

and

represents

represents

a measure

aerodynamic,

the damped

and

natural

the

of the

imaginary

frequency

of the

of the system

for the

system.

The "2m" eigenvalues

vibration
the

real

equal

at the frequency
part

of the

to zero,

growing

are used

the

stable

The

eigenvalues.
will

in

time.

condition,

or

the stability

stability
When

system

exponentially

neutrally

(or.

to assess

of the

the

real

be unstable,
Flutter
when

system
part

with

is said

/1 > O, an

# is greater

the
to

is governed

vibration
occur

by

than

or

amplitude

when

/_ = O, a

unconditionally

unstable

condition.

The

eigenvalue

rive solution
upon

the

rotor

speed

dynamic
The

problem
because

assumed
and

matrix

calculated

frequency

portion

represented

of the dependence
frequency

Mach
and

by equation

cot.

number,

damped

eigenvalue
v equal

of the modal

Solution
requires

eigenvalues
of interest

(32)

from

to the assumed

of this
calculation
for

www.Asec.ir

an itera-

aerodynamic

problem,

(32)

frequency

matrix

for a specific

of the

an assumed

equation
flutter

requires

modal

aero-

frequency
must

have

(or because

(or.
the
of

- 47 the

restrictions

eigenvalues
sumed
coi=

of the
are

flutter

v.

eigensolution

The

not

unsteady

equal

frequency
modal
continued

aerodynamic

to the

assumed

theory.
flutter

frequency,

is set to the calculated

damped

aerodynamic

is

in this

fashion

matrix
until

www.Asec.ir

If the

natural

recalculated

convergence

calculated
the

new

as-

frequency
and

is achieved.

the

CHAPTER3

3.1 Computer

An outline
Chapter
blade

ing

the

of the

computer

geometric

is

input

airfoil

finite

element

each

lation

of the

problems.
in database
unsteady

each

angles

strip,

the

steady

different

flow

packages.

the

and

The

The aeroelastic

strip

information.
nodal

velocity

the

points

(flutter

read-

MARC

definitions

Each

triangle

parameters

also

in

free-vibration
or

element

inlet

aeroelastic

model,

from

reading

MSC/NASTRAN

modal

of finite

unsteady
of grids

flow

strip

grids

are

potential
for

solution

on the computer.

on each

and

involves

eigenvectors.

the

computational

sets

element

model

strip

along

for

the

is
the

flow

frequency

is
_o_,

_) are input.

and

The steady
files

either

strip
the

The procedure

and

a locus

For

phase

Along

OF METHOD

of the aeroelastic

i.e. finite

geometry

Additionally,

interblade

two

blade

specifying

specified.

uses

the

surface.

7.

eigenvalues
using

after
by

in figure

performed

general-purpose

defined

implementation

information,

free-vibration

analysis

APPLICATION

Program

2 is diagrammed

the

are

the

and stored
-

flows.
steady

for each
Similar

generated

strip

and

the

is calculated

in the database

www.Asec.ir

the

The method

information

48 -

for

currently

unsteady

flow

and stored

is initialized
files.

calcu-

for the

- 49 -

FREPS begins the aeroelastic analysis by initializing the supplied database files which contain the steady potential solution
tional

grid

using

the

mode

shapes

each

by the

is used
to

matrix
This

3.2 SSME

is followed

the [A]

HPOTP

method
Space

finite

airfoil

airfoil

calculated

two-dimensional

element
from

is

eigenvectors

the finite

shape

is solved

for

element

ref-

grid.

The

computational

mode

computa-

along

each

2.12.

unsteady

modal

mode.

is evaluated

procedure

of the

of section

natural

the

the

matrix

The

aerodynamic

due to the enforced

the

8.

are interpolated

unsteady

of the

aerodynamic

figure

from

shapes

the

calculate

[AJ

determine

The

onto

method

the jr,

in

determined

integration
to

modal

outlined

The mode

flow

Numerical

due

are

frame

unsteady

The

procedure

strip.

erence

strip

information.

and

pressures

unsteady

aerodynamic

The jth column

in a loop

over

along

all

for all of the blade

of the
the

force
modal

modes

natural

the airfoil

surface

vector

{R}j

aerodynamic

as A,j = {q_}r,{R}i.

modes

to completely

matrix.

Turbine

outlined
Shuttle

above
Main

Description

was
Engine

used

for the aeroelastic

(SSME)

turbopump

www.Asec.ir

stability
power

analysis

turbine.

The

- 50 SSME is

a hydrogen-fueled

Ibf of thrust
two

high

sure

at full

steam

The High

Pressure

propellant

to the

Each

generates

turbine

Pressure

at

Fuel

RPM

low

pressure

transmits

blade

by four

gas turbines

at

gas

generates

pumps.

a rotor
over

turbopumps,

The high

which

pres-

are powered

the liquid
power

hydrogen

turbine

speed

of

the oxidizer

generates

transferring

30,000

approximately

for

36,000

700 horsepower.

supplies

turbine

512,000

preburners.

The

The

each

booster

chamber.

(HPOTP)

HPOTP

is fed

supplies

horsepower
rotor

which

(HPFTP)

TurboPump

with

engine

in individual

combustion

of this

engine

by axial-flow

TurboPump

main

blade

chamber.

28,000

rocket

generated

75,000

Oxidizer

bustion

and two

rocket

Each

are driven

by hydrogen-rich

HPFTP

power.

pressure

turbopumps

liquid

the

RPM.

The High
to the

com-

horsepower
300

horse-

power.

Both
at

the HPFTP

pressures

Turbine

of

blade

pressure
the HPFTP

and the smaller

HPOTP

up to 5000

and

cracking

turbopumps.
has effectively

psi

operate

temperatures

has been a continual

A material
reduced

in a severe

problem

replacement
the blade

close
for

to
both

of single-crystal
cracking

www.Asec.ir

problem.

environment
1600

deg

F.

of the high
alloys

for

- 51 A cross-sectional view of the HPOTP turbopump is provided on figure 9

which shows the pump impellers, shaft, gas turbine, preburner, and the
turbine blade coolant jet ring. The first stage turbine blade has experienced frequent cracking in the shank region of the blade. The cracking is
believed to be due to a resonant excitation of the second vibrational mode
of the blade with cooling jets which direct a steam mixture to the blade
shanks. There are 19 equally spaced cooling jets distributed circumferentially at a radius on the shank just above the top fir-tree attachment
lobe. The blade dimensions are approximately 1.4 in. (3.56 cm) tall, tip
chord of 0.66 in. (1.68 cm) and an airfoil span of 0.5 in. (1.27 cm) with a tip
diameter of 10.8 in. (27.43 cm).

The

HPOTP

stalled

first

to provide

plitudes

low.

did not

provide

development
reduction

The original

was to assist

has

blade-to-blade

mechanical
friction

sufficient

in cracking

LeRC's

turbine

additional

program.

of 55 launches

NASA

stage

damping

dampers

were

damping

to prevent

A redesign

of the

and

longer

service

friction
to keep

vibrational

a one-piece

fatigue

dampers
life,

dampers

but

design

cracking

early

inamwhich
in the

in 1985 to a led to a
the desired

design

life

has yet to be realized.

involvement
in identifying

in the

SSME

methods

HPOTP

for determining

www.Asec.ir

blade
the

cracking
level

problem
of mechan-

- 52 ical and aerodynamic damping which exist on the HPOTP turbine blade
and

to estimate

the

blade-row

mic

damping

unsteady
ous

for these

the

aerodynamic

3.3 Aeroelastic

Model

The aeroelastic

model

(a) the

finite

definitions
for this
sion
from
was

work

turbine

ANSYS

converted

The finite
points

was

of Rockwell
the

and

model
airfoil

of the
of the

Corp.

7758
has

model
solid

form

is three-dimensional,

hexahedron

extensions

for

elements
the

www.Asec.ir

and

the

of

used
Divi-

model

at NASA

was

model

LeRC.

of 10,014
on figure

friction

of

strip

model

element

consisting

blade-to-blade

consists

Rocketdyne

program,

as shown

level

of the motion.

element

finite

for analysis

stability

aerodynamic

contractor,

element

vari-

of the

blade

(b) the

The original

MSC/NASTRAN

aeroelastic

turbine

The finite

SSME

finite

undergoes

estimates

and

blade.

International

motion-dependent

of the stability

blade

by the the

into

including

the

jet and

The aerodyna-

as the blade

first stage

provided

to the

presents

blade,

for the HPOTP

general-purpose

element

blade

the

report

by the cooling

functions.

due

and a determination

element
along

forcing

of the fluid

This
turbine

damping,

caused

is essentially

response

HPOTP

levels

interaction

blades

of vibration.

for

stress

aerodynamic

aerodynamic

modes

analysis

the vibratory

nodal

10.

The

dampers

Io-

- 53 cated on the sides of the blade, between the top firtree lobe and the blade
platform.

This blade has a hollow core, to reduce the blade mass and

thermal inertia and a tip seal to prevent spanwise flows over the tip of the
blade.

Six aeroelastic strips, which represent approximate streamsurfaces, are

defined along the span of the airfoil, from the blade platform to the tip
shroud. These strips coincide with sections of the finite element model
which have constant radii for the nodal points. The strips are indicated
on figure 11, and a table of the cascade properties for each of the strips
is included as Table I.

A plot showing the airfoil cross-section of the HPOTP turbine is included

on figure
has

blunt,

thickness
turbine

12, along
rounded

with

a table

leading

is approximately
turns

the relative

of airfoil

and

trailing

30 percent
flow

coodinates.

into

edges.
of the

the blade

airfoil

through

www.Asec.ir

This
The

turbine

maximum

chord

blade
airfoil

length.

up to 130 degrees.

The

3.4 Structural

Dynamic

The MSC/NASTRAN
vacuum
the

eight

bility.

natural

load

bearing

The spring

ing the first

three

Rocketdyne

during

The

effect

adding
the

blade.

based

actual

modeled
versus

The

for these

calculated

natural

high-speed

engine
for

using

path

a tabular

within

for several

directionally

those

in-

applied
disk

at

flexi-

by matchmeasured

by

the

analysis

by

along

the

of

operating

variation

of the

alloy

of the orthotropic

span

speeds

measurements

solidified

the

testing.

variation

The thermal

description

determined

with

gas temperature

operation.
the

were

incorporated

were

to simulate

rig dynamic

distribution

flow

lobes

a temperature

to calculate

Springs

frequencies

was

and

used

modes.

springs

rotating

speed

loading

was

of the fir-tree

constants

upon

properties,

program
and

surfaces

The temperature

estimated

rial

element

frequencies

of rotational

centrifugal

during

Results

finite

blade

54 -

was

obtained
blade

mate-

MAR-M-246,

was

material

constants

temperature.

natural

linear

static

blade

rotation

the static

frequencies
analysis

were

(MSC/NASTRAN

and thermal

solution

was

calculated

stored

loading.

by performing
solution

sequence

The differential

in a database

file.

www.Asec.ir

a geometric

64) to simulate

stiffness

The normal

non-

matrix

from

modes

anal-

ysis
the

(MSC/NASTRAN
differential

This

method

Ioadings

The

first

rotational
typical

four

natural

speeds

blade,

The

mode

pump

shapes

ner

referred

for

frequencies

and

linear

rotating

global

by

including

stiffness

and other

structures

is

were

calculated

shuttle

RPM,

the variation

This

is due

for

by
most

matrix.
combined

described

by

blade

only

speed.

increased

stiffening

indicates
which

that

results

pump

is

frequencies
weak

de-

of rotational

of the

blade

gradients.
the thermal
in lower

of

diagram

a very

The effect

temperature

turbines,
effect

A Campbell

shows

at

representative

of the natural

to centrifugal

the stiffening

speeds

launch.

on the rotational

caused
case

blade

28,000

shows

speed.

frequency

rotational

mass

natural

performed

of centrifugal

of the

for an actual
13 which

outweighs

eralized
are

of

frequencies

levels

as is the

higher

the

effect

modes

of 0, 19,500

softening

ing effect

within

for the

of frequencies

on the

thermal

63) was

el. al. [42].

increasing

speed

sequence

matrix

normal

as figure

pendence

for

the

power

included
with

stiffness
of accounting

on

Lawrence,

solution

55 -

and
This

soften-

frequencies

speeds.

from

the

each

mode.

to

as

analysis

normal

for the three

were

Mode

shapes

modes.
rotor

normalized

to give

orfhogonalized

Table
speeds.

www.Asec.ir

II shows

a unit
in this

the

genman-

calculated

- 56 -

Plots

showing

quencies
can

the

deformed

at 28,000

be classified

bending,

are

using

(2) first

occurrence

RPM

blade
shown

common

edgewise,

mode

on figures

plate

(3) first

of the edgewise

mode

shapes

theory

torsion

for

these

natural

14 and

15.

modes

as modes

and

These

(4) second

as the second

weakest

modes
(1) first

bending.
mode

fre-

The

is unusual

for turbomachinery.

Plots
are

of the
also

section.
rigid

mode

shown

on figure

These

plots

bending

airfoil.

These

placement
steady

aerodynamic

3.5 Aerodynamic

The
Rated

to a rotor

no.

1, the strip

does

which

the

first

three

are

the

modes

for

this

enforced

for

each

are

essentially

strip

of

of the
the

tip

airfoil

bending

bending
strip

blade

blade

are

chordwise

considerable

displayed

to the

through

appreciable

display

closest

airfoil

airfoil

during

the

dis-

the

un-

analysis.

Results

aerodynamic
Power

that
no

shapes

descriptions

strip

16 as cross-sections

with

mode

mode

for

indicate

modes,

The fourth

section.

shapes

analysis

Level

speed

(RPL)

for

this

blade

of the turbopump.

of approximately

28,000

was

conducted

This
RPM.

www.Asec.ir

power

for

level

The SSME

the

109%

corresponds

operates

at this

power

level

analysis

for

approximately

is only

The velocity

presented

triangles

on information
fully

supplied

subsonic

flow

number

of 0.24

working

fluid

the perfect

locity

triangles

on figure
turbine

where

17.
inlet

flight

of the blade

strip

inlet

The

Mach

a ratio

no. 1 showing

The superheated
of approximately

were

constructed

turbine

aeroelastic

and

inlet

mixture

exit

ft/sec

and

turbine

used

the

the

The

assumed

of _ = 1.366.
flows

has a sonic

a=5600

tip Mach
0.30.

it was

heats

and

within

a blade

of around

of specific

based

operates

represent

steam,

the

steam

so the

number

superheated

having

time,

speed.

the velocities

a relative

gas law
for

rotor

the span

is hydrogen-rich

obey

of the

by Rocketdyne.

regime

with

90%

for this

along

57 -

Ve-

is included

velocity

inlet

to

total

at the

pressure

is P1 = 4600 psi.

The

aeroelastic

figure
ble

I.

rately
for

11, with
The
and

blade

as described

for

properties

potential

flowfield

the

unsteady

flow

analysis

H-grid.

this

cascade

the computational

steady
global

the

steady

use during

for the

model

grids
flow

was
and

consisted

for

each

strips
strip

calculated

solutions

analysis.

A 70 x 11 C-grid

in section

used

six

the

strips

in database

The computational

of a 78 x 25 mesh
was

tabulated

for

stored

indicated

used

for the

for the local

2.11.

www.Asec.ir

grids

on
in tasepafiles
used

blade-to-

analysis

grid,

3.51

Steady

Aerodynamic

Contour

plots

field

strips

for

show

the large

surface
same

contour

Figure

bine

with

surface.

The
the
A

normalized
pressures

by the

that this

of the
turbine

inlet

that

the

the

provides

and

little

within

18 and

acceleration
plots

the flow

19.

around

are

variation

distributions

results

for all

aerodynamic

expansion

The
the

presented

plots

suction
with

in the steady

total

largest

region

little

the

strips

along

flow

the leading
airfoil

edge

steady

results
expansion

the
field

www.Asec.ir

of the

21.

near

low

of the
span

for this

of
tur-

suction

pressure

The

loading

in figures
and

the

surface

aerodynamic
of the airfoil

surface

is evident

PT, is on figure

steady

aerodynamic
very

the

pressure

six

along

loading

near

indicating

40 percent

steady

variation

as figures

The two

number

steady

figure

LE.

number

strips.

Mach

flow

similar

included

and very

includes

largest

imply

the

two

large

Mach

of the flow

ranges,

the

is in the outer

Inspection

3 are

near

these

The figure

airfoil.

airfoil

level

20 shows

the

1 and

blade,

between

airfoil.

the steady

expansion

of the

is seen

Results

showing
no.

58 -

surface

along

the

the tip.

20 and

21 shows

increases

in Mach

number
craft

from

gas

tering
the

upstream

turbines.

the blade
inlet

The

pressures

high

density

the

from

blade.

At

calculated
length
mode

c and
shape

the
was

the

caused

psi,

can

so that

the

fluid

to air-

pressure

en-

In addition,

static

be misleading.

superheated

kinematic

strip,

the

the

inlet

assumed

pressure

The
blade

pressure
tip.

steam

mixture

using

the

airfoil

along

each

These

having

velocities.

were

calculated

normal

modes

flow

reduced

relative

flutter

the

The unsteady

unsteady

flow

frequency

to prescribe

3.1.

by the

dynamic

480 psi at the tip.

to 4600

of the

flows

used

the

can be up to 300 psi near the

element

on

in section

determine

pressures

each

based

discussed
to

finite

is that

in comparison

Results

potential
the

this

pressure

Aerodynamic

unsteady

shapes

high

especially

approximately

a result

and the

for

is close

the airfoil
are

3.52 Unsteady

The

high,

by total

across

high

reason

pressure

nondimensionalized
difference

to downstream,

is very

total

59 -

potential

prescribed

applied
frequency
velocity,
_of.

The

direction

solution
aeroelastic

www.Asec.ir

and

strip

parameter
strip

airfoil

interpolated

of airfoil

aerodynamic

mode

unsteady

conditions.

k was
chord
airfoil

oscillation

program

of

was

as
used

harmonic

The harmonic
spond

unsteady

in-phase

pressure
blade.

is an

part

part

representing

blade

pressures
the

blade

important

Unsteady

real

oscillation.

the

by the

the pressure

edgewise

distribution
mode,

phase

do not

lag or

governs

the

lead

and

the

re-

of the

stability

of the

quantity,

is in-phase

is 90 degrees

is plotted

square

root

as the

of the

pressure

gradients

within

about

might

apparent
among

somewhat

be due

to the

dependence
both

pressure

of motion
from

steady

with

the

imaginary

out-of-phase

potential

is included
the airfoil

irregular,

airfoil

the

with

the

airfoil

for

mode.

near
of the
is

the

The
with

the

same

largest

Note that

leading

edge.

shape.

common

flow

22.

in-phase

the

edge.

airfoil

of the

the same

www.Asec.ir

on figure
(_p multiplied

span,

potential

The variation

hub to the tip, obeys

span

of the leading

description

part)

in the second

coefficient

especially

unsteady

23.

blade

for the

description

(imaginary

in figure

the

mass

30 percent

and

due to motion

pressure

along

discrete

upon

distribution

along

generalized
strongly

are

part)

unsteady

varies

pressures

(real

is shown

response

sures,

motion

as a complex

which

which

pressure

The

which

pressure

blade

The

is represented

the

pressure

ordinate

This

from

motion.

mode,

the

resulting

parameter

pressure

representing

The unsteady

The

with

60 -

This

problem

CFD analysis.

edgewise

mode

out-of-phase

pres-

characteristics

as the

real

pressures,

change
two

in the shape

strips

along

For a single
termined

For

rule

no longer

dynamic

work

energy

aerodynamic

work

provided

condition
the

when

airfoil

is

work/cycle
lead

signifies

24

edgewise

shows
vibrational

almost

[38])

for

mode

the full chord

the

during

lag the
it could

between

modes,

the last

on

per

the

is doing

pressures
blade

of the

cycle

cycle

fluid.

un-

simple

An aerounsteady

motion.

The

aerodynamic
motion.
implies

Conversely,

work

motion,

this

of airfoil

is negative

at

become

the

of airfoil

a measure

work

can be de-

of stability.

to determine

one complete

fluid

on the airfoil,

A
that

positive

which

can

oscillation.

work/cycle
of the
length

imaginary

modes

represents

flow

motion

is used

arbitrary

work

local

to the

for determination

of the airfoil

the

A large

between

unsteady

pressures

coupling

solely

the

If the

exhibit

aerodynamic

that

real

lead

cycle

performing

to an instability

Figure

along

the

of the

(Verdon

by the fluid

smoother.

is seen

of the

pressures

transfer
per

much

distribution

stability

airfoil.

which

parameter

the
ratio

be used

aerodynamic

work

the

if the

systems

are

span.

on the

is stable,

pressures

pressure

of motion,

location

stable.
can

of the

by inspecting

motion

these

the blade

mode

a particular
the

although

5]

along
HPOTP.

of the

blade

the
The

airfoil

work/cycle

for all strips

www.Asec.ir

surface

for

the

is unstable
except

the one

- 62 located
the

at 58 percent

HPOTP

turbine

of the airfoil

may

be unstable

to the motion-dependent

3.6 Aeroelastic

Calculations
were

of the

(32).

Four

the flutter

quency

corresponded

rotor

angle

was

modes

culations
puter
and

damped
by

sis and

The

normal

were

were

analysis,

the

was

to

results

edgewise

would

mode

imply

that

of motion

due

blade.

the

analyzed

performed

first

aeroelastic
were

three
and

to reduce
on the

NASA

The unsteady

aerodynamic

phase

required

for

all

strips

required

The first

stability

analyses

damping

due to the friction

at frequencies

angle

at one

210 CPU

were

close

for the HPOTP

to each

the

in-vacuum

the

stage

Cray

modal

assumed
natural

calculation,
approximately

fre-

and

phase
The

cal-

Y-MP

com-

for a single

strip

12 CPU

phase

analy-

frequencies.

time.

X-MP

of

flutter

interblade

computational

LeRC

turbine

problem

the

of the total

interblade

angle

and

sec.

The

one

secs.

performed

dampers

within

when

half

first

eigenvalue

retained

performed

to be tuned,

frequency

to occur

of the

modes

analysis

one interblade

sumed

in this

eigenvalues

solving

assumed

systems.

flutter

response

These

Results

performed

equation

span.

was

when

the

neglected.

of the first

www.Asec.ir

three

effect

of mechanical

Flutter

was assumed

natural

frequencies.

as-

- 63 The eigenvalue problem of equation (32) was solved assuming four basis
normal modes, whereas the system equations were of size 4 x 4. Each of
the interblade phase angle modes was solved individually, so that the 4
x 4 system was solved 39 times for vibration at an assumed frequency.
The solution was accomplished by assuming a flutter frequency cot,and
the modal unsteady
eigensolution

for

turbine

was

blade

was

nearly

equal

was

required

aerodynamic

the

4 eigenvalues.

extremely
to the

The calculations

showed

for all interblade

phase

close

and

culated
most

modal

space

aeroelastic

phase

angle

bration

was

was

The
such

assumed

calculated

followed

aerodynamic

that

damping

the damped

frequency,

therefore

for

natural
only

by the
this

frequency

one

iteration

search.

that

the

angles

third

HPOTP

when

natural

eigenvectors

single-mode

[_A_] was

the modal

The

first

purely

matrix

low,

for the flutter

to the

matrix

frequencies.
that

vibrations.
enough

was

the vibration

showed

not strong

blade

the

occurred

aeroelastic

any

stable

at frequencies

An inspection

The coupling
to cause

aeroelastically

of the

cal-

were

al-

modes

due to the aerodynamic

appreciable

coupling

in

eigenvectors.

eigenvalues
_ in figure

at the first

25.
natural

_. are
This

plotted
root

frequency,

as a function

locus

is for the

_r = 4748

www.Asec.ir

of the
case

Hz and

interblade

when
the

the

vi-

numbers

- 64 on this plot identify the different interblade phase angle modes for the
rotor. Note that the eigenvalues are normalized by the assumed flutter
frequency.

Therefore the abscissa for this plot represents the system

damping ratio and the ordinate represents the damped frequency ratio.
The aerodynamic damping ratio for vibration at this mode varies from
= 0.16 percent of critical damping for _ = 350.77 up to _"= 0.40 percent
for _ = 161.54. The results for vibration at the third normal mode resulted in lower damping ratios, although the rotor was stable for all phase
angles

(figure

26).

Calculations

when

normal

mode,

almost

all the

this

interblade

mode

motion

that

neglected.

The

range

332.31

cause

dynamic
appear

only

deg

to

to

lead

and flow
to this

are

from

This

blade

and

of instability.

the

camber,

the edgewise

www.Asec.ir

was

flutter

mode

This

at the

27.

second

unstable
locus

for

results

in an edgewise

phase

dampers
angles

of vibration
large

be-

is rather

steady

mode

is

in the

is surprising

instability

for

plot

These

friction

instability

in an edgewise

expansion,

form

in figure

for interblade

deg.

of the high

occur

The root

to undergo

damping

346.15

of flutter

considered.

blade

modes

to

that the rotor

is included

mechanical

A combination
loading

blade

assumed

showed

angles

for this

stable

the occurrence

uncommon.

of the

when

was

mode,

phase

it is possible

of vibration

from

vibration

the edgewise

edgewise

indicate

the

aero-

of vibration

would

not

be

- 65 identified by the methods cited in the literature review because of the use
of the simplified aerodynamic and blade dynamic models.

The potential for the HPOTPblades to experience flutter in this mode appears to explain the occurrence of blade shank cracking noticed during
the SSME development program. In the early 1980's, blade-to-blade friction dampers were installed within the HPOTP rotor to attempt to damp
out the unidentifiable vibrations.

Continual high-cycle fatigue (HCF)

cracking determined that a more efficient friction damper design was required. A new two-piece damper was incorporated in the HPOTP design
which reduced the cracking problem significantly.

The mechanical damping provided by a blade-to-blade friction damper

can be anywhere between 0.5 to 2.5 percent of critical damping (refs [43]
and

[44]).

rotating
most

Measurements
dynamic

1 percent

edgewise

when

adding

modal

showed

effect

damping

performance

that

the

when

two-piece

the

blades

at Rocketdyne
damper
are

in a

delivers

stimulated

alin the

mode.

calculations
the

rig

of critical

vibrational

The stability
ued

test

of the damper

for the edgewise

of the

damping

friction

dampers

of _"= 0.01 for

the

mode
was

of vibration
included.

edgewise

www.Asec.ir

mode

were
This
of the

continentailed
blade.

The modal
zero.

and the

including

locus

when

for all

positive

in the

more

duced,

development

(a) flutter

damping.

stable)

results

or

When
effective
a result

and

mechanical

damping

with

(b) large
additional
friction

in agreement

assumed

28.

the

HPOTP

the

(lower

is fully

stable

overwhelms

in the rotor

of the SSME

HPOTP

root

locus

is included.

resulting

angle

It is observed

root

rotor

dampers

completely

phase

translates
the

to be

The
the

becoming

in-

unstastable

modes.

the history

program,

lowers

friction

damping,

in figure
essentially

slightly
that

blade

were

for the 39 interblade

damping

indicate

angle

modes

is shown

of the turbine

phase

agrees

locus

of modal

(more

other

performed

root

aerodynamic

interblade

result

was

effect

These

ble negative

ther

left

the effect

creased

for the three

resulting
the

to the

frequency).

This

ratios

The eigensolution

modes
that

damping

55 -

blade

forced

cracking

response

mechanical
damper,
with

the

could
due

damping
blade

have

to very
was

cracking

the analytical

www.Asec.ir

rotor,

results

where

been
low

due

early
to ei-

aerodynamic

introduced
problem
presented

by using
was
here.

re-

CHAPTER4 - CONCLUSIONAND

RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

A modal

aeroelastic

analysis

to turbomachinery
The

of general

quasi-three-dimensional

element

modal

axisymmetric
blade.

full

The

unsteady

flowfield

potential

linearized

unsteady

integrated

along

in modal

the

in state-vector

airfoil
forces.

to determine
space.

due
potential

aerodynamic

used

for

flowfield

nonlinear

steady

shape

along

the

using

surface

for

A modal

to include

complex

regimes.

The

of modal

67 -

www.Asec.ir

unsteady

damping.

was

were

in modal

couples

problem

for

using

pressures

to result

which

of the

by solving

determined

of the

eigenvalue

section

method.

unsteady

strip

matrix

airfoil

evaluated

was

finite

two-dimensional

solution

expansion

the effect

of the
was

each

of flow

stacked

oscillation

model.

has application

the three-dimensional

with

strip

which
a range

a finite-area

to airfoil
flow

over

span

each

the aerodynamic

An iterative
form

and

blade

along

flow

developed

combines

the

streamsurfaces

The steady

been

model

results

the

was

has

un-

forces

the modes
expressed

- 68 This modal

aeroelastic

high-energy
Specific

turbine

results

The

blade

natural

(2) first

high

airfoil

of

blade-row

Unsteady

stable
sults

for

flutter

vibration

quency,

turbine

occurred

in

edgewise,

(3) first

torsion

results
gas

the

The

results
mode,

work

the

of the fluid

calculations

determined

of the

at either

for all of the tuned

oxidizer

the

of a

turbopump.

interblade

calculated

and

pressure

axial

pressure
was

order;

(4) second

that

this

much

edgewise

energy

first

is subacross

through

the

smaller.

mode,

to the

(1)

differences
drop

by

bending.

turbine

that the vibration

first

using

reported

following

with

showed

supplies

rotor

analysis

measurements

to downstream

fluid

flutter

blade

indicated

loading,

psi.

upstream

uncoupled

because

the

modes

300

to the
engine

with

up to

in a positive

Modal

very

aerodynamic

at a single

rocket

well

steady

from

applied

were:

aerodynamic

to

for

agreed
The

Steady-state
jected

from

frequencies

Rocketdyne.
bending,

was

of this analysis

MSC/NASTRAN

the

approach

of the
would

oscillation

blade
be un-

which

re-

on the blade.

that
the

the

first

phase

www.Asec.ir

tuned
or

angle

the

rotor
third

modes

was
natural

stable
fre-

of the rotor.

- 69 -

Results from the flutter computation for vibration at the second natural
frequency indicated that flutter would occur for almost all of the
interblade phase angle modes of the rotor. This result agrees with the
high-cycle fatigue cracking problem encountered during SSME development in the early 1980's.

The addition of mechanical damping to simulate the blade friction

dampers resulted in
second

natural

a stabilization

of the

self-excited

vibration

at the

frequency.

4.2 Recommendations

Further
ment

expansion
of advanced

based
with
of

on linearizations
emphasis

mic

computation.

equations

with

model

advantage

unsteady
where

In particular,

will

strips

and

simplify
the

the potential

containing
equation

www.Asec.ir

shocks

models

Euler

is planned.

of a linearization

flows

on the develop-

i.e. linearized

geometries

the aeroelastic

The

emphasis

models.

flows,

aerodynamic

is that

can be analyzed

include

aerodynamic

on three-dimensional

associated

Euler

could

of rotational

a three-dimensional

force

model

unsteady

problems

flows

of this

solution,

The addition
the

modal
of the
and

is no longer

logistical
aerodynaunsteady
rotational
valid.

In

- 70 addition,

the

prohibitive,
tential

computational

although

solution.

[45].

An effort

is currently

in natural

aeroelastic

cal representation
the

statistical

of real-world

differences

of localized

modes,

can be captured

occur

with

referred

provide

Finally,

present
damping

the

blades

respond

blades

with

may

practi-

into account

large

failures

where

A mistuned

so-called

The occurrence

Blade

or fracturing,

and

differ-

is a more

rotor.

for

Hall

small
the

it takes

around

analyses.

failures.

rotor,

since

solution

by

have

po-

amplitypically

these

rotor

blades

analysis

fail on a rotor

can

due to flutter

problems.

accurate
micro-slip

method

model

cracking

of which

the

rotor

blades

prediction

a more

mistuned

mistuning

blade

response

corporating

modal

a few

which
the

using

to as "rogue"

better

or forced

The

only

presented

rotors

is not

linearized

Euler

within

a few

solution

the

linearized

turbomachinery

only

for

blades

in properties

where

tudes,

are

The

Euler

than

was

to analyze
of the

model.

larger

flows

underway

frequencies

linearized

of an unsteady

turbomachinery

Crawley

mistuned

of the

it is significantly

An example

two-dimensional

ences

cost

of

is only

representation
and

macro-slip

accounting
a global

of the

for

friction-damper

analyses

could

friction-damping

representation

www.Asec.ir

of the

model,
prove

in-

useful.

as

equivalent

effect

of friction

dampers.
using
models
blade
erences

Recent

either
of

work

lumped
blade

models

parameter

elements.

using

[44] and

has focused

nonlinear

or
Some
friction

7,l on applying
finite

nonlinear

element

examples
damper

of

and
the

elements

[46].

www.Asec.ir

friction

models

component

mode

lumped
are

parameter
cited

in Ref-

REFERENCES
,

Carter,

A.D.,

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Compressor
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2.

D.A.,

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Jeffers, J.D., Meece, C.E., "F100 Fan Stall Flutter Problem

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1975
Cardinale,

V.M,

Bankhead,

H.R.,

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tion of Turboblading
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AGARD
CP-293, 1980

56th

Scalzo, A.J., Allen, J.M., Antos, R.J., "Analysis

and Solution
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1986
Gabriel,
F.K., Donato,
Turbine
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1986

V., "Telemetry
Measurement
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in a High Temperature
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ASME

Mehmed,
O., Kaza,
K.R.V.,
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1982

Lubomski,
J.F., Kielb,
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Mehmed,
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9.

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10. Atassi,
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1979

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for

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Sound
1972

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M., "Subsonic
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-

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"Aerodynamic
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Classical
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13.

Ni, R.H., "A Rational

sonic
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14. Verdon,
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Analysis
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ASME

101, pp 431-439,

J.M.,
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73 -

Flow Perturbation
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1979

"The Unsteady
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Axial

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40, No. 3, pp 667-671,

M., "On the Unsteady

of a Finite
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Me-

1973

Supersonic

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16. Verdon,
J.M., McCune,
sonic Axial Flow", AIAA

18. Miles,
Wind
1956

12, pp 1248-1254,

a Subsonic

Parts 1 and 2", ASME

1, pp 13-31, 1974

J.E., "Unsteady
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in SubJournal,
Vol. 13, No. 2, pp 193-201, 1975

17. Adamczyk,
J.J., Goldstein,
M.E., "Unsteady
Cascade
with Subsonic
Leading-Edge
Locus",
No.

With

Flow
AIAA

in a Supersonic
Journal,
Vol. 16,

1978

J.W., "The Compressible

Tunnel",
Journal
of the

19. Lane, F., "Supersonic

Flow
sonic Leading-Edge
Locus",
24, 1957

Flow Past
Aeronautical

an Oscillating
Airfoil
in a
Sciences,
Vol. 23, No. 7,

Past an Oscillating
Cascade
with SuperJournal
of the Aeronautical
Sciences,
Vol.

20.

Ramsey,
J.K., Kielb, R.E., "A Computer
Program
steady
Aerodynamic
Coefficients
for Cascades
Flow", NASA TM-100204,
1987

21.

Ni, R.H., Sisto,

F., "Numerical
Computation
of Nonstationary
dynamics
of Flat Plate Cascades
in Compressible
Flow", ASME
nal of Engineering
for Power, Vol. 98, pp 165-170, 1976

22.

Huff, D.L., Reddy,

T.S.R.,
"Numerical
Through
Oscillating
Cascade
Sections
AIAA Paper 89-2805,
1989

23.

Verdon,
J.M., Caspar,
cade with Finite Mean
pp 540-548,
1980

J.R., "Subsonic
Flow Deflection",

Analysis
by Using

for Calculating
in Supersonic

of Supersonic
a Deforming

UnAxial

AeroJour-

Flow
Grid",

Flow Past an Oscillating

CasAIAA Journal,
Vol. 18, No. 5,

www.Asec.ir

24.

Verdon,

J.M.,

Caspar,

J.R.,

Analysis
for Transonic
149, pp 403-429,
1984

74 -

"A

Linearized

Cascades",

Journal

Unsteady
of

Fluid

Aerodynamic
Mechanics,

Vol.

25.

Whitehead,
D.S., "The Calculation
of Steady
and Unsteady
Transonic
Flow in Cascades",
Cambridge
University
Engineering
Dept. Report
CUED/A-Turbo/TR
118, 1982

26.

Carta,
Turbojet

F.O.,
"Coupled
Engine Rotors",

89, pp 419-426,
27.

Blade-Disk-Shroud
Flutter
ASME Journal
of Engineering

Instabilities
for Power,

in
Vol.

1967

Snyder,
Rotors;

L.E., Commerford,
G.E., "Supersonic
Analytical
and Experimental
Results",

neering

for Power,

pp 379-386,

Unstalled
Flutter
in Fan
ASME Journal
of Engi-

1974

28.

Mikolajczak,
A.A., Arnoldi,
R.A.,
vances
in Fan and Compressor
ictions",
AIAA Journal
of Aircraft,

29.

Bendiksen,
Cascades",

30.

Kaza, K.R.V.,
Kielb,
R.E., "Flutter
cade
in Incompressible
Flow",
1120-1127,
1982

31.

Kielb, R.E., Kaza, K.R.V., "Aeroelastic

Characteristics
of a Cascade
of
Mistuned
Blades
in Subsonic
and Supersonic
Flows",
ASME Journal
of Vibration,
Acoustics,
Stress and Reliability
in Design,
Vol. 105, pp
425-433, 1983

32.

Bendiksen,

O.O.,
AIAA

O.O.,

Snyder,
L.E., Stargardter,
H., "AdBlade
Flutter
Analysis
and PredVol. 12, No. 4, pp 325-332,
1975

Friedmann,
P., "Coupled
Bending-Torsion
Journal,
Vol. 18, No. 2, 1980

"Flutter

and
AIAA

of Mistuned

Journal
of Engineering
25-33, 1984

for

Gas

Response
Journal,

of a Mistuned
Vol. 20, No.

Turbomachinery

Turbines

and

Rotors",

Power,

33. Crawley,
E.F., Hall, K.C., "Optimization
and Mechanisms
in Cascades",
ASME Journal
of Engineering
for Gas
Power, Vol. 107, pp 418-426,
1985
34.

Kaza,
Blades",

K.R.V.,
AIAA

Kielb,
Journal,

R.E.,
Vol.

"Flutter
22, No.

of Turbofan

Rotors

11, pp 1618-1625,

www.Asec.ir

Flutter

Vol.

in

Cas8, pp

ASME
106,

pp

of Mistuning
Turbines
and

with
1984

Mistuned

- 75 35. Kaza, K.R.V., Kielb, R.E., "Vibration and Flutter of Mistuned BladedDisk Assemblies", AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 1, No.
5, pp 336-344, 1985
36. Turnberg, J., "Classical Flutter Stability of Swept Propellers",
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS 24th Structures, Structural Dynamics and
Materials Conference, 83-0847-CP,May 2-4, 1983
37. Kaza,

K.R.V., Mehmed,
O., Narayanan,
G.V.,
Flutter
Investigation
of a Composite
Propfan
Aircraft,
Vol. 26, No. 8, pp 772-780, 1989

38. Verdon,
J.M., "Linearized
Unsteady
AGARD
Manual
on Aeroelasticity
1, AGARD-AG-298,
1987
39.

Murthy,
Model",

Aerodynamic
in Axial
Flow

D.V.,
AIAA

Theory",
Chapter
II,
Turbomachines,
Vol.

Caspar,
J.R.,
Hobbs,
D.E.,
Davis,
R.L.,
"Calculation
Dimensional
Potential
Cascade
Flow Using
Finite
Area
AIAA Journal,
Vol. 18, No. 1, pp 103-109, 1980

40. Caspar,
J.R., "Unconditionally
tial Flow Through
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ture", ASME Paper 82-GT-238,

Stable Calculation
Using an Adaptive
1982

"Analytical
Journal
of

of
TwoMethods",

of Transonic
PotenMesh fo Shock Cap-

41.

Meirovitch,
L., Analytical
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in Vibrations

, Macmillan

Publish-

42.

Lawrence,
C., Aiello,
Primer
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May 1987

M.A.,
McGee,
O.G., "A
Flexible
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NASTRAN
TM-89861,

43.

Kielb,
R.E., Griffin,
H.H.,
Damper
Using an Integral

44.

Sinha,
A., Griffin,
J.H., "Friction
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AIAA
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372-376

45.

Hall,
K.C.,
Crawley,
Turbomachinery
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the Fourth
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of Turbomachines
and
1987

R.A., Ernst,
of Rotating

Menq,
C.,
Approach",

"Evaluation
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AIAA Paper 88-2400,
1988

Damping
of Aircraft,

of Flutter
Vol. 20,

in Gas Turbine
No. 4, 1983, pp

E.F.,
"Calculation
of
Unsteady
Flows
in
the Linearized
Euler Equations",
Presented
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on Unsteady
Aerodynamics
and Aeroelasticity
Propellers,
Aachen,
West Germany,
Sept 6-10,

www.Asec.ir

46.

Sinha, A., Griffin, J.H., "Stability

and Aerodynamically
Unstable
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Vol 103, No. 3, 1985,

75 of Limit Cycles
Rotor Stages",
pp 341-356

www.Asec.ir

in Frictionally
Damped
Journal
of Sound
and

APPENDIX

DERIVATION

The

governing

fluid

are

The

of the

flow

by

is obtained

first

principles.

The

governing

the

flow

equations

of

form

work

is to

for the

the

mass,

modeling

fluid.

compressible

momentum,

mathematical

study

the

two

equations

compressible,

and
basis

of fluid

energy
for

de-

dynamics.

dimensional,

The equation

governing

unsteady,

EQUATION

of an inviscid,

the

compressible

by reducing

equations

are equations

for

POTENTIAL

and thermodynamic

current

of an inviscid,

flow

the

UNSTEADY

equations

kinematic
of the

this

a fluid

equations

These

emphasis

steady

field

described

conservation.
scription

OF LINEARIZED

un-

set describing
obtained

inviscid

from

flow

of

(A.1) to (A.3).

8p
--+
c3t

V.(pV)

= 0

c3V
a--i-+ -v.vv_ = - 71 Vp

ah +-V.Vha_
-

c3p
c3t + V.Vp
77 -

www.Asec.ir

(A.1)

(A.2)

(A.3)

- 78 These equations are in conservation form and are general for a homogeneous fluid which is flowing without viscous dissipation, no heat addition,
and no body forces.

The assumption that the fluid flows reversibly, and is thus isentropic, allows use of the perfect gas relationship which relates the local pressure
to the density change as

P
p_ = Constant

The

velocity

potential

irrotational.

This

is introduced

irrotationality

(A.4)

by prescribing

condition

that

is represented

the

fluid

flow

as

v =0
which

permits

defining

the scalar

velocity

(A.5)
potential

as

V = V_

The

equations

quired

(A.1-A.6)

defined

for the development

equations

utilized

within

above

represent

of the steady-state
this

is

work.

www.Asec.ir

(A.6)

the
and

basis

framework

the unsteady

re-

potential

- 79 UNSTEADYBERNOULLI-KELVINTHEOREM

A relationship which defines the dependence of the fluid properties with

the kinematic state is now required. This formulation is obtained from the
momentum equation of equation (A.2).

a_Zv+ _.v_ = - Z vp
Ot

The following

vector

identity

is useful

for the

(_.v)_ = T v(_._)-

Introduction
potential

of the irrotationality
definition

equation

of this

_ x (v x _)

condition
(A.6)

reduction

equation

reduces

the

(A.7)

(A.5)

above

equation.

and the velocity

vector

relationship

to

(A.8)

(_:v)_ = _ v(v4,.v4_)

Substitution
sults

of the

above

equation

into

the

momentum

equation

(A.2),

re-

in

a (V_b) + V(V_b-V_b)
__
(3t

www.Asec.ir

Vp
-1
P

= --

(A.9)

- 80 -

Now,

recalling

from

Vd)t+v((V(D'V_)

the

since

calculus,

+ -p--Vp
=o
1

(A.10)

,v : ifv)

substituting

equation

(A.11)

results

V_bt+

and

integrating

along

equation

in the following

+V

integral

(A.12)

=0

V--p-

V-fi-

equation

=0

gives

_, +

This

(A111)

-7

is known

a streamline

(v_.v_)
2

as the

P
+ /oV --fi- = G(t)

Bernoulli-Kelvin

in the fluid.

www.Asec.ir

equation

(A.13)

and

it applies

UNSTEADY

The

FULL

unsteady

cation

of the

equation

POTENTIAL

potential
mass

EQUATION

equation

is derived

conservation

is reproduced

81 -

equation

below

indicated

rearranged

term

of this

to result

term

derivatives

of this

using

equation

ap
_t

tions,

assuming
the sonic

in equation

simplifi-

(A.1).

= o

This

may

(A.1)

be expanded

equation

the chain

+ v.F +-h-may

and the

equation

the fluid
velocity

=0

be written

(A.14)

as the product

of two

partial

rule

1 ap
P at

and

and

in

--P
The first

expansion

for completeness.

0p
a-/- + v.(,ov)

The divergence

by

behaves

1 ap ap
P ap at

as a perfect

gas,

(A.15)

under

isentropic

condi-

becomes

(A.16)
=

s=

constant

www.Asec.ir

such

that equation

(A.15)

now

82 -

becomes

1 _P

_P
(A.17)

relationship

Kelvin

Theorem

respect

to time

for

6_t

pa 2

(?p
_
is determined

of equation
results

_?t

through

(A.13).

the

use

Differentiating

of the

equation

Bernoulli(A.13)

with

in

_,, + _fi-( v_,.v_

v_
2 ) + -_t-tj"-h-=

where
zero.

the derivative
The last

term

of the time
of equation

constant
(A.18)

(') ['V p
c?t J
P -

and

so rearranging

equation

_]t --

and

substituting

ing relation

equation

for the first

(A.18)

and

G(t)

can

1
P

be written

term

into

been

set to

as

(A.19)

substituting

equation

(A.19)

gives

equation

in equation

arbitrarily

(_P
c?t

P d_tt + _

(A.20)

has

(,a._8)

(A.14)

www.Asec.ir

(A.17)

results

in the

follow-

- 83 -

The

second

term

from

cqp

#t

(A.21)

a2 (4>it + VqS"V_bt)

equation

(A.14)

is simply

the

Laplacian

of the

po-

tential

V-V = V24)

The

last term

of equation

(A.14)

can

pa
-

(A.22)

equation

(A.12)for

equation
(A.22),

(A.23)

and

V_f--_--)

sustituting

into

equation

gives

V.Vpp

At this

as

solving

be written

vqs.Vp

V.Vp

and

(A.22)

point,

each

(A.14)
(A.24)

of the

have

individual

been

are substituted

VqS-Va2 (_t

terms

expanded.
back

into

VqS-V_b2 )

from
These

equation

1
dptt + 2 VqS.V_) t + -_- V_.V(VqS.V_))

www.Asec.ir

(A.24)

the continuity
terms

equation

of equation

of

(A.21),

(A.14).

a2

V2_

(A.25)

This

equation

only

terms

locity

a.

is known
of the

An expression

as the

scalar

for the

Kelvin

equation

developed

at

upstream

infinity

(A.13)

becomes

far

equation

unsteady

velocity

sonic

above

steady

potential

LINEARIZED

flow

(A.25)

varying

harmonic

terms

potential
as shown

sumption

_ is of the order
results

is

oo
2

fully

fluid

from

the

steady,

completely

inviscid

sonic

the

ve-

Bernoulli-

from

1 (V_ .V_
-_-

_t -

(A.26)

local

a point
Bernoulli

(A.26)

describe

the

un-

fluid.

EQUATIONS

_(x,y,t)

where

the

It contains

a streamline,

tEv2

for a compressiblel

POTENTIAL

The time

flow

and

equation.

be obtained
Along

the

potential
_ and

can

previously.
where

equations

full

potential

velocity

a2 = a_ 2 + (7 -

So the

84 -

is assumed

to be a series

expansion

in time

of

below

= (l)(x,y)

of the small

in a zeroth-order

+ _(x,y)e

i_' + O(_ 2)

perturbations
term

which

www.Asec.ir
i,

r, and
represents

(A.27)

(_(x,y).

This

the steady-state

as-

(t)(x,y),

potential

_h(x,y,)

and

The terms

are truncated
into

the

The

following

from

unsteady

obtained

85 -

first-order

of higher

than

the expansion.
full

potential

expressions

by applying

harmonic
first

This

dptt =

--

can

now

than

e _'t,

be substituted

(A.25).

be useful

the expansion

potential

in _, i.e. higher

expansion

equation

will

order

unsteady

for this

of equation

They

development.

are

(A.27).

(x)2_

(A.28)

V2_ = V20 + V2_

--(va,?+
The

above

equation
order

relations
to result

O(_).

These

can

be used

in an equation
terms

are

to

+ 2 V@.V_

expand

which

grouped

the

contains
according

unsteady
terms
to their

full

potential

of both

O(0)

and

order

into

two

as the steady

full

equations.

The equation
potential

consisting

equation

of terms

as shown

of order

O(0)

is known

below.

VO.V(VO.VO)

a2V20

www.Asec.ir

(A.29)

- 86 The
terms

same

equation

from

the

An equivalent

can

unsteady

equation

be
full

obtained
potential

for the terms

by

dropping

equation

of order

the

time-dependent

of equation

O(s)

(A.25).

is shown

below

_+ va,.v(v.v_))
- _ + 2;o_v.v_
+ v_,.v(vo)
+ v_,.v(va,.v_)-a_V_
This
where

equation
the

potential

The substantial
dependence

represents
(x,y)

derivative

the

linearized

is assumed

operator

unsteady

to be harmonic

for the potential

potential

equation,

in time.

having

harmonic

becomes

Ot

+2;_v.v_,
+ v.v(v.v_,)

www.Asec.ir

(A.30)

time

The

substitution

steady

of the above

potential

equation

equation

unsteady

represents

potential

substantial

(A.30)

simplifies

derivative

operators

the

linearized

_ is assumed

into

the

un-

to

v_.v(v)_+ v_.v(v.v_))=

_+-_Dt 2

This

87 -

unsteady

to be harmonic

plitude.

www.Asec.ir

a2V2_)

potential
in time

(A.31)

flow
and

where

the

of small

am-

88-

c"
..Q

-_
C

CO
CO
Od

(._

Od
_0
Od

Od
0

C_

Z
O_

L
0
Q.
0
L..
Q..

O0

C_
CO

f..O

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0,1
O0
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0

CO
0

CO

LO

CZ)

CO

Od

u
_0

0
L

t--

..Q

._

CO
CO

-r

O_
h-

o
7-Z

a.

O0

Od

CO
C_

(.0

<

0
O0

I-L

Od

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89-

-o

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o.

n-

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(:3

0
0
0

r--_"

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Ob
143

,--

09
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n
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www.Asec.ir

90-

Exit Flow Velocity

V2

Inlet Flow Angle

Inlet Flow Velocity

Figure

1. Cascade

representation

of rotor

www.Asec.ir

inlet

and exit

flows

91 -

CanOeGap i

Figure

Stagger

Angle

Leading

Edge_

2.

Cascade

_"

Airfoil _hord

and airfoil

geometry

and

www.Asec.ir

nomenclature

g Edge (rE)

- 92 -

t'0
a

i.

-_

_,_

i
I

/
E
('a

Figure

3.

Steady

solution

blade-to-blade

passage

conditions

www.Asec.ir

and

boundary

-93-

iiFJJJi i
I

I I

[ [II

(a)

(b)

Figure

4. Steady flow computational

(b) local mesh

meshes,(a)

www.Asec.ir

global

mesh,

94 -

Figure

5.

Unsteady

solution

cascade

boundary

www.Asec.ir

conditions

- 95-

Undeformed

Airfoil

Airfoil Surface
Displacement

Figure

6.

Vector

Oscillating

Deformed

airfoil

displacement

www.Asec.ir

vector

r"

Airfoil

definition

96-

Read Strip Definitions

& Row Conditions

Read Finite Element

Modal Data

Loop Over All

v

0"s

Form Aerodynamic

[A] Matrix

Form Modal Mass & Stiffness

[Mo]

& [Ko] Matdces

1
Solve Elgenproblem
_' ( [iJ

+ [A] ) {q} =

[KJ {q}

Assess Flutter Stability

"_=/_ +iv

New Phase Angle

Figure

7.

FREPS

program

aeroelastic

www.Asec.ir

stability

logic

flowchart

97-

Form Aerodynamic
[A] Matrix

Loop Over All Stdps k

I
Compute Steady Flowfleld

1
Loop Over All Modes

Transfer Mode
Shape

Compute

{_) }1

Unsteady Flowfleld

Transfer Unsteady
Pressures

{P}I

Integrate {P }j TO
Nodal Loads

_'_}1

J
Add Contribution To

L
I New Strip

Figure

8.

Modal

aerodynamic

matrix

[-A_] logic

www.Asec.ir

flowchart

98-

O
I,.

0
CL

C_

E
0

C_
X
O

L..

C_

cW

@)

L.

LI-

www.Asec.ir

99

10,014

Node

Points

7758 Brick Elements

Figure

10.

SSME

HPOTPturbine

blade

www.Asec.ir

finite

element

model

- lO0 -

.c
v

e0

._

e-

"0
,L

ffl

0
i

et

U_

d
Z

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I01-

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rr_
00

tO

r_

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_3
O

"O
r_
r-

Z3

c_
L_

L_

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SSME High Pressure

Oxidizer

First Stage

102 -

Turbopump
Turbine

Campbel/

Diagram

B/ade

3O,OOO
109% RPL

65% RPL

1st Bend/Torsk_
25,000

Ist Torsion

15,000

".4

1st Edgewise
_

IO.OO0

7stBend_ng
5,OOO

5,ooo

lo,ooo

75,oo0

2o,oo0.

2_ooo

3o,ooo

PUMP ROTATIONAL SPEED (RPM)

Figure

13.

Calculated

natural

frequencies

versus

www.Asec.ir

rotational

speed

- 103 -

C_
o-

lD
O

E
t,_

O
I/)
(D
tO
"0
0

E
E
L,.

U_

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104 -

"O
0

E
t,.

0
Q)
Q.
-

E
E
t,..

"0

J
u_
o

LI_

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105-

'i
s

I
J
J

./

It

i/I

_.

I
.,

s"

;?,,,';"

,. i

I
p

/t

i
.

,,
_'

is

i"

iI

...

/ '

s
t,,

_,

'," ,'

t
s

iI

/ t,,"

s
/

,, \-:__-':-_J,

,,' ,"I,'V

Mode 1

"'--_-"
Frequency 9950 Hz

Frequency 4748 Hz

_,

J_-_

_,
".

I
_

,,V

i I

s _

_,_

II

o #

Mode 3

Mode 4

Frequency 16,580 Hz

Frequency 23,682 Hz

Figure

16.

Airfoil

mode

shape

cross-sections

www.Asec.ir

at strip

no. 1

106-

(X1 = 76.6Deg
_1

= 64.5Deg

v,=646
fp,_=
U = 1355 fps

0(= = 0.5 Deg

_=

Figure

17.

Turbine

blade

fluid

velocity

= 64.3 Deg

diagram

www.Asec.ir

at strip

no. 1

107-

oooooo oooooooooooooo
oooooddc doo
6

--_ _

7-

(.9 LJ_ ',' r7

m
0

0
C
0
o
L

0
m

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0
O9

o6
0
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LJ-

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108 -

ggg_ggggggg
d_d_dddd_

6
C
Q.

0
cO
k.

.Q

E
rr0

0
m

!
>,
"0

O_

www.Asec.ir

" 109_

Turbine

blade

Surfac e Mach number

distributions

www.Asec.ir

110-

7e %

28 % Span

8 % Span

Figure

21.

Turbine

blade

surface

static

pressure

www.Asec.ir

distributions

spen

-lll

76 % Spa_

58 % Span

42 _ span

28 % Span

16 % Span

Figure

22. Turbine
(real part)

blade unsteady
surface
due to motion
in second

www.Asec.ir

pressure
distributions
mode (edgewise)

112-

76 % Span
l

58 % Span

42 % Span

28 % Span

16 % Span
I

8 % Span

Figure

23. Turbine
(imaginary

blade unsteady
surface pressure
distributions
part) due to motion
in second mode (edgewise)

www.Asec.ir

- 113-

76 % Spar

58 % Span

42 % Span

28 % Span

20.0

10.0

16 % span

0.0

-10.0
8%
-200

Span

pfo_x_e_

Figure

Ax_

Omuuce

x/B,

24. Turbine
distribution

blade unsteady
due to motion

aerodynamic
work per cycle
in second
mode (edgewise)

www.Asec.ir

I14-

tl]
e-1

>

t_

n
0

u_

0
0

t_

[]

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LU

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[]

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c_
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[]

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0
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i_ _

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9

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ii

"0
e-0

IW A
Nallon_ Aeronautics

Report

and

Documentation

Page

Admlnlstt_Ion
1.

Repod

2. Government

No.

Accession

No.

3.

Recipient's

5.

Report

Catalog

No.

NASA CR - 187089
4. Title and

Subtitle

A Modal Aeroelastic

Analysis

Scheme

for Turbomachinery

Date

March

Blading

7. Author(s)

1991

6.

Performing

Organization

Code

8.

Pedorming

Organization

Report

T,._dtt E. Smith

None
10.

Work

No

(E - 608 I)
Unit

No.

505 - 63 - 1B
g

Performing

Organization

Name

and

Address
11

Sverdrup Technology, Inc.

Lt.v, is Re,arch Center Group
2001 Aerospace Parkway
Brook Park, Ohio 44142
12.

Sponsoring

Agency

Name

and

15.

Ohio

Supplementary

44135

13.

Type

of Report

Contractor
Final

Address

No.

i14.

Sponsoring

and

Period

Covered

Report

Agency

Code

- 3191

Notes

Project Manager, George L. Stefko, Structures Division, NASA Lewis Research

thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree Master of Science
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio in January 1991.

16.

or Grant

NAS3-25266

Nati,,ttal Aeronautics and Space Administration

I_a.wis Research Center
Cleveland,

Contract

Center. This report was submitted as a

in Mechanical
Engineering to Case

Abstract

An aeroelastie analysis is developed which has general application to all types of axial-flow turbomachinery blades.
The approach is based on linear modal analysis, where the blade's dynamic response is represented
as a linear
combination
of contributions
from each of its in-vacuum free vibrational modes. A compressible
linearized
unsteady potential theory is used to model the flow over the oscillating blades. The two-dimensional
unsteady flow
is evaluated along several stacked axisymmetric
strips along the span of the airfoil. The unsteady pressures at the
blade surface are integrated to result in the generalized
force acting on the blade due to simple harmonic motions.
The tmsteady aerodynamic
forces are coupled to the blade normal modes in the frequency domain using modal
analysis.
An iterative eigenvalue problem is solved to determine the stability of the blade when the unsteady
aerodynamic
forces are included in the analysis.
The approach is demonstrated
by applying it to a high-energy
subsonic turbine blade from a rocket engine turbopump power turbine. The results indicate that this turbine could
undergo flutter in an edgewise mode of vibration.

17.

Key Words

(Suggested

18.

by Author(s))

Distribution

Unclassified - Unlimited

Flutter; Turbomachinery;
Aeroelasticity;
Turbomachinery
blades; Rotor blades
(turbomachinery);
Liquid propellant

tg.

Secudty

Classi|.

(of the report)

Unclassified
NASAFORM
16215
OCT86

Statement

Subject Category

20

Security

Classif.

(of this

page)

Unclassified

www.Asec.ir

21.

07

No. of pages

131

*For sale bythe NationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,Virginia 22161

22.

Price*

A07

www.Asec.ir

National Aeronautics
Space Administration

and

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland. Ohio 44135
OIIlOIJ

FOURTH

ADDRESS

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CORRECTION

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