Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe systems for macOS

and Windows. Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. It can edit and
compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing and several color
models including RGB, CMYK, Lab color space, spot color and duotone. Photoshop has vast support
for graphic file formats but also uses its own PSD and PSB file formats which support all the mentioned
above features. In addition to raster graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector
graphics, 3D graphics and video
1. Adobe Photoshop 7.0--The new and enhanced features in this version are:
File Browser--The new File Browser lets you search for images visually rather than just by file
name.
Healing Brush & Patch Tool--The Healing Brush and Patch Tool lets you remove artifacts such
as dust, scratches, blemishes, and wrinkles.
Web Transparency--The new Save for Web option enables you to remap colors to transparency
or to other colors and to dither a transparency for better partially transparent effects in your
Web graphics.
Enhanced Web Output--Keep vector art and text looking crisp by letting Photoshop or Image
Ready automatically assign a higher priority to those areas when you optimize an image for the
Web.
WBMP Support--Preview and save for Web in WBMP format, commonly used for displaying
images on PDAs and wireless devices.
Rollovers Palette--Use one convenient palette to create, view, and set rollover states.
Workspaces--Customize your Photoshop working environment by creating a palette layout and
then saving the layout as a workspace.
Tool Presets--Customize any tool and save your settings as a new, unique tool.
Auto Color Command--With the new Auto Color command, color correction is easier.
Data-Driven Graphics--Use the new data-driven graphics feature in ImageReady to combine
visual sophistication with automated production.
Paint Engine--Create and save custom brushes with a powerful new paint engine that lets you
adjust dozens of different brush settings.
Art Studio Brushes--In addition to the brushes you create yourself, you can use the preset
brushes included on the Photoshop CD.
Pattern Maker--With the new Pattern Maker plug-in, you can create patterns simply by selecting
a section of an image.
Liquify Enhancements--The Liquify command offers more flexibility and allows you to save
custom meshes.
PDF Security--Offers complete support for Acrobat 5.0 security settings.
Picture Package Enhancements--Now you can print to different page sizes.
Web Photos Gallery Enhancements--Provides new templates to give you more flexibility.
XMP Support--Add metadata in XMP so you files can be indexed by Internet search engines.
Text Support--Use the new spell checker and find and replace features to eliminate typos.
Tighter Integration--Work more effectively with Photoshop and other Adobe products such as
Illustrator, InDesign, GoLive, LiveMotion, Acrobat, and AlterCast.
2. Different color modes:
RGB mode (millions of colors) , CMYK mode (four-printed colors), Index mode (256 colors)
Grayscale mode (256 grays), Bitmap mode (2 colors)
The color mode or image mode determines how colors combine based on the number of channels in a
color model. Different color modes result in different levels of color detail and file size.
RGB Color mode
Photoshop RGB Color mode uses the RGB model, assigning an intensity value to each pixel. In 8-bits-perchannel images, the intensity values range from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for each of the RGB (red, green,
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blue) components in a color image. RGB images use three colors, or channels, to reproduce colors on
screen. In 8-bits-per-channel images, the three channels translate to 24 (8 bits x 3 channels) bits of color
information per pixel. With 24-bit images, the three channels can reproduce up to 16.7 million colors per
pixel. The RGB model is used by computer monitors to display colors.
CMYK Color mode
In the CMYK mode, each pixel is assigned a percentage value for each of the process inks. The lightest
(highlight) colors are assigned small percentages of process ink colors; the darker (shadow) colors
higher percentages. For example, a bright red might contain 2% cyan, 93% magenta, 90% yellow, and
0% black. In CMYK images, pure white is generated when all four components have values of 0%.
Use the CMYK mode when preparing an image to be printed using process colors. Converting an RGB
image into CMYK creates a color separation. You can also use CMYK mode to work directly with CMYK
images scanned or imported from high-end systems.
Lab Color mode
The CIE L*a*b* color model (Lab) is based on the human perception of color. The numeric values in Lab
describe all the colors that a person with normal vision sees. Because Lab describes how a color looks
rather than how much of a particular colorant is needed for a device (such as a monitor, desktop printer,
or digital camera) to produce colors, Lab is considered to be a device-independent color model. Color
management systems use Lab as a color reference to predictably transform a color from one color space
to another color space.
The Lab Color mode has a lightness component (L) that can range from 0 to 100. In the Adobe Color
Picker and Color panel, the a component (green-red axis) and the b component (blue-yellow axis) can
range from +127 to 128.
Grayscale mode
Grayscale mode uses different shades of gray in an image. In 8-bit images, there can be up to 256 shades
of gray. Every pixel of a grayscale image has a brightness value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). In
16-and 32-bit images, the number of shades in an image is much greater than in 8-bit images.
Grayscale values can also be measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0% is equal to white, 100%
to black).
Bitmap mode
Bitmap mode uses one of two color values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image. Images in
Bitmap mode are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.
Duotone mode
Duotone mode creates monotone, duotone (two-color), tritone (three-color), and quadtone (four-color)
grayscale images using one to four custom inks.
Indexed Color mode
Indexed Color mode produces 8-bit image files with up to 256 colors. When converting to indexed color,
Photoshop builds a color lookup table (CLUT), which stores and indexes the colors in the image. If a color
in the original image does not appear in the table, the program chooses the closest one or
uses dithering to simulate the color using available colors.
Multichannel mode
Multichannel mode images contain 256 levels of gray in each channel and are useful for specialized
printing. Multichannel mode images can be saved in Photoshop, Large Document Format (PSB),
Photoshop 2.0, Photoshop Raw, or Photoshop DCS 2.0 formats.
3. Screen modes
The screen modes control which Photoshop interface features are showing or hidden and what type of
background displays behind your image. Our favorite is Maximized screen mode.
To change screen modes:
From the Screen Mode menu at the bottom of the Tools palette, A choose a screen mode, or
press F to cycle through the choices:
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Standard Screen Mode (the default mode) to display the document window, menu bar, Options
bar, and palettes, with the Desktop and other application windows visible behind everything. When
working in this mode, enlarge the document window to display a gray background behind the
image, and to obscure as much of the Desktop as possible.
Maximized Screen Mode to display the image on the gray (default color) background of an
expanded document window, which will fill the space between the Tools palette, Options bar, and
palettes. This mode is dynamic, meaning that if you make a palette dock wider or narrower, the
document window will resize accordingly and the image will recenter itself in the remaining
available space.
Full Screen Mode with Menu Bar to display the image on a gray (default color) background,
obscuring the Desktop, with the menu bar, Options bar, and palettes visible, but without dynamic
resizing.
Full Screen Mode to display the image on a black (default color) background, with the palettes and
Options bar visible but the menu bar (and the Dock, in Mac) hidden, and without dynamic resizing.
4. Position with guides and the grid
Guides and the grid help you position images or elements precisely. Guides appear as nonprinting lines
that float over the image. You can move and remove guides. You can also lock them.
Smart Guides help you align shapes, slices, and selections. They appear automatically when you draw a
shape or create a selection or slide. You can hide Smart Guides if you need to.
The grid is useful for laying out elements symmetrically. The grid appears by default as nonprinting lines
but can also be displayed as dots.
Guides and grids behave in similar ways:
Show or hide a grid, guides, or Smart Guides
Choose View > Show > Grid.
Choose View > Show > Guides.
Choose View > Show > Smart Guides.
Choose View > Extras. This command also shows or hides layer edges, selection edges, target paths,
and slices.
Place a guide
If the rulers are not visible, choose View > Rulers.
Do one of the following to create a guide:
Choose View > New Guide. In the dialog box, select Horizontal or Vertical orientation, enter a
position, and click OK.
Drag from the horizontal ruler to create a horizontal guide.
Hold down Alt (Windows) and drag from the vertical ruler to create a horizontal guide.
Drag from the vertical ruler to create a vertical guide.
Hold down Alt (Windows and drag from the horizontal ruler to create a vertical guide.
Hold down Shift and drag from the horizontal or vertical ruler to create a guide that snaps to the ruler
ticks. The pointer changes to a double-headed arrow when you drag a guide.
If you want to lock all guides, choose View > Lock Guides.
Move a guide
Select the Move tool
, or hold down Ctrl (Windows) to activate the Move tool.
Position the pointer over the guide (the pointer turns into a double-headed arrow).
Move the guide in any of the following ways:
Drag the guide to move it.
Change the guide from horizontal to vertical, or vice versa, by holding down Alt (Windows) as you click
or drag the guide.
Align the guide with the ruler ticks by holding down Shift as you drag the guide. The guide snaps to the
grid if the grid is visible and View > Snap To > Grid is selected.
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Remove guides from the image

Do one of the following:
To remove a single guide, drag the guide outside the image window.
To remove all guides, choose View > Clear Guides.
5. File formats for saving Photoshop Elements can save images in the following file formats:
BMP A standard Windows image format. You can specify either Windows or OS/2 format and a bit depth
for the image. For 4-bit and 8-bit images using Windows format, you can also specify RLE compression.
CompuServe GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) Commonly used to display graphics and small
animations in web pages. GIF is a compressed format designed to minimize file size and transfer time.
GIF supports only 8-bit color images (256 or fewer colors). You can also save an image as a GIF file using
the Save For Web command.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Used to save photographs, JPEG format retains all color
information in an image but compresses file size by selectively discarding data. You can choose the level
of compression. Higher compression results in lower image quality and a smaller file size; lower
compression results in better image quality and a larger file size. JPEG is a standard format for
displaying images over the web.
Photoshop (PSD) The standard Photoshop Elements format for images. You should generally use this
format for edited images to save your work and preserve all your image data and layers in a single page
file.
Photo Creations Format (PSE) The standard Photoshop Elements format for multiple page creations.
You should generally use this format for photo creations to save your work and preserve all your image
data and layers in a multiple page file.
Photoshop PDF (Portable Document Format) A cross-platform and cross-application file format. PDF
files accurately display and preserve fonts, page layouts, and both vector and bitmap graphics.
Pixar Used for exchanging files with Pixar image computers. Pixar workstations are designed for highend graphics applications, such as those used for three-dimensional images and animation. Pixar format
supports RGB and grayscale images.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Used for lossless compression and for displaying images on the
web. Unlike GIF, PNG supports 24-bit images and produces background transparency without jagged
edges; however, some web browsers do not support PNG images. PNG preserves transparency in
grayscale and RGB images.
TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) Used to exchange files between applications and computer
platforms. TIFF is a flexible bitmap image format supported by most paint, image-editing, and pagelayout applications. Most desktop scanners can produce TIFF files.