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AnimalKingdom
CharacteristicsofAnimal
KingdomClassification
AnimalKingdom
ClassificationSystem
AnimalKingdom
ClassificationChart

Biology Organism BiologicalClassification KingdomAnimalia AnimalKingdom

Classification

AnimalKingdomClassification
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Animalsarecharacterizedbeingmulticellularandeukaryotic.Classificationofanimalsisabout
organizingorganismsintogroups.Membersofagrouphavesharedcharacteristic,thatiscommon
toallmembersofthatgroupanditisthischaracterthatdefinesthegroup.
Thereareabout1.2millionspeciesofanimalsidentifiedandtherearealmost910millionspecies
ofanimalsonearth.Thishugepopulationofanimalscreatesimportancefortheneed
ofclassification.Classificationhelpsinassigningasystematicpositiontonewlydescribed
species.

CharacteristicsofAnimalKingdomClassification

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BasisofClassification
Thereisadifferenceinstructureandformofdifferentanimals,thereareafewfundamental
characteristicsthatarecommontovariousorganisms.Thefeaturesare
Arrangementofcells,
Bodysymmetry,
Natureofcoelom,
Patternsofdigestive,circulatoryandreproductivesystems,
Arrangementofcellsingermlayers,
Segmentation,
Notochord.Thesearethefeaturesthatformsbasisforanimalclassification.

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LevelsofOrganisation
AlltheorganismsoftheAnimalkingdomaremulticellularbuttheydonotexhibitthesamepatternif
organizationofcells.
Thepatternsofcellularorganizationseeninanimalsare:

CellularLevelofOrganization Intheseanimalsthecellsarearrangedintheformofloose
cellaggregates.Thiskindofcellularorganizationisseeninsponges.Example:Sponges.
TissueLevelofOrganization Cellsoftheanimalsshowdivisionofactivitiesamong
themselves.Cellsperformingthesamefunctionarearrangedastissues.
Example:Coelentrates.
OrganLevelofOrganization Tissuesoftheanimalsperformingthesimilarfunctionare
groupedtoformorgans.Eachorgansisspecializedforspecificfunction.Example:
Platyhelminthes.
OrgansystemLevelofOrganization Inanimalswhereorganshaveassociatedtoform
functionalsystemswhereeachsystemisconcernedwithaspecificphysiologicalfunction
aresaidtoexhibitorgansystemleveloforganisation.Example:Annelids,Arthropods,
Molluscs,EchinodermsandChordates.

PatternsofOrganSystems
Organssystemsindifferentgroupsofanimalsexhibitvariouspatternsofcomplexities.
DigestiveSystemTherearetwopatternsofdigestivesystemincompleteandcomplete
digestivesystem.
Incompletedigestivesystem Thispatternofdigestivehasonlyoneopeningtotheoutsideofthe
body,i.e.,asingleopeningservesasbothmouthandanus.Example:Platyhelminthes.
Completedigestivesystem Inthispatterntherearetwoopeningtotheoutsideofthebody,the
mouthandtheanus.Example:Arthropods,Chordates,etc.
CirculatorySystemCirculatorysystemmaybeoftwotypesopentypeandclosedtype.
Opentype Inopentypecirculatorysystemthebloodispumpedoutoftheheartandthecellsand
tissuesarediectlybathedinit.
Closedtype Inthistypeofcirculatorysystemthebloodiscirculatedthroughaseriesofvessels
ofvaryingdiametersthearteries,veinsandcapillaries.

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BodySymmetry
Animalscanbecategorizedonthebasisoftheirbodysymmetry.Thearrangementofbodyparts
aroundacentralpointorlinedeterminesthesymmetry.
Asymmetrical someanimalscannotbedividedintotwoequalhalvesalonganyplane
passingthroughthecenteroftheorganism.Asymmetryisthecompleteabsenceof
symmetry.Example:Sponges.
RadialSymmetry Animalsaresaidtoexhibitradialsymmetry,whenanyplanepassing
throughthecentralaxisofthebodydividestheorganismintotwoidenticalhalves.Example:
Coelentrates,ctenophoresandechinoderms.
BilateralSymmetry Animalswherebodycanbedividedintoidenticalrightandlefthalves
aresaidtobebilaterallysymmetrical.Example:Annelids,Arthropods,etc.

BodyWall
Bodywallofanimalsarearrangedintwoorthreeembryoniclayers.Accordinglyanimalsare
diplobalsticortriploblastic.

DiploblasticAnimals Animalsinwhichthecellsarearrangedintwoembryoniclayersare
knownasdiploblasticanimals.Diploblasticanimalshaveanexternalectodermandan
internalendoderm.Themiddlemesogleaisthemiddleundifferentiatedlayerpresentbetween
outerectodermandmiddlemesoderm.Example:Coelentrates.
TriploblasticAnimals Triploblasticanimalsarethose,whosecellsarearrangedinthree
germinallayers,theouterectoderm,innerendodermandthethirdgerminallayermesoderm
whichisinbetweenouterectodermandtheendoderm.Example:Platyhelminthesto
Chordates.

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NatureofCoelom
Thepresenceorabsenceofacavitybetweenthebodywallandthegutwallisimportant
characteristicforclassification.Coelomisthebodycavitythatislinedbythemesoderm.Thereare
threetypesofanimalsbasedonthetypeofcoelomcoelomates,pseudocoelomatesor
acoelomates.

Acoelomates Animalsinwhichthebodycavityisabsentareknownasacoelomates.
Example:Platyhelminthes.
Pseudocoelomates Animalsinwhichthebodycavityisnotlinedbythemesoderm,
insteadthemesodermispresentinscatteredpouchesinbetweentheectodermandthe
endodermareknownasthepseudocoelomates.Example:Aschelminthes.
Coelomates Animalspossessingthebodycavitywhichislinedbythemesodermare
knownascoelomates.Example:Annelids,Mollusca,Arthropods,Echinoderms,chordates.

Segmentation
Insomeanimals,bodyissegmentedexternallyandinternally,withserialrepittionofatleastsome
organs.Thisphenomenonisknownasmetamerismandthesegmentedbodypatternisknownas
metamericsegmentation.Example:Earthworm.

Notochord
Insomeanimalsduringembryonicdevelopment,amesodermallyderivedrodlikestructureis
formedonthedorsalside,thisisknownasnotochord.Animalswithnotochordareknownas
chordatesandtheanimalswhichdonotformnotochordareknownasnonchordates.Example:
PoriferatoEchinoderms.

AnimalKingdomClassificationSystem

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Therearemanydifferenttypesofanimalswhicharesimilaranddifferenttoeachotherinmany
aspects.Membersofaparticulargroupofanimalshareaparticularcharacteristicthatiscommon
toallthemembersofthegroup.Thisisthefeaturethatdefinesthegroup.
Biologistsarrangeorganismsintogroupsonthebasisoftraitswhichtheysharewithotheranimals
andthegeneticrelationshipwitheachother.Thisorderlyformofclassificationofanimalsisthe

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basisoftaxonomy.Moderntaxonomyisbasedonphysicalcharacteristicsandgenetic
characteristics.Systematicsisthefieldofstudythatfocusesonevolutionaryrelationshipsbetween
livingorganisms.
CarlousLinnaeus(17071778),aSwedishbotanistwastheinventorofmodernscientific
classification.Hedesignedhissystemofclassificationsothateachanimalandplanthedescribed
hadonlyonenameandthisnamewouldnotbeshardwithanyotherorganism.
Thesystemmostscientistuseputeachlivingthingintosevengroupsortaxons.Theyare
organizedfrommostgeneraltomostspecificcategory.Thesecategoriesinthehierarchical
systemarefromhigherandmostinclusivetolowertomorespecificarekingdom,phylum,class,
order,family,genusandspecies.

Kingdom isthehighestprimarydivisioninwhichallobjectsareplaced.Allanimalsarepartofthe
AnimalKingdom.

Phylum Eachkingdomisdividedintosmallerunitscalledphyla.Example,chordatesarea
phylumwithmemberspossessingthenervecord.
Class ThechordatesarefurtherdividedintoclassessuchasMammalia,Birds,Reptilia,
Amphibians.Membersofeachclasshaveacharacteristicsthattheysharewiththemembersof
thesameclassbutarenotfoundinmembersofotherclasses.
Family Classesarefurtherdividedintofamilies.Familiescontainmorethanonegenus.
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Genus Familiesaresubdividedintogenera.Animalsthatsharethesamegenusareverysimilar
andprobablyevolvedfromthesamecommonancestor.

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Species Speciesisthemostfundamentalandcontainssingletypeofanimal.

AnimalKingdomClassificationChart

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Animalsareclassifiedintotwoprincipalgroupsinvertebrates(withoutbackbone)andvertebrates
(withbackbone).Backboneistheobservablefeaturewhichdefineswhethertheanimalisvertebrate
orinvertebrate.
Sponges,starfish,Obelia,worms,spiders,insectsarethesubgroupsoftheinvertebrategroup,
theydonothaveabackbone.
Fishes,birds,frogs,snakesandmammalshaveabackboneandarethesubgroupofthe
vertebrategroup.

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Invertebrates

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