Chapter 2 - 1
12.011
1.008 etc.
Chapter 2 - 2
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Atomic Structure
Some of the following properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Optical
Chapter 2 - 3
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
...
Atomic #
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electron configuration
1s 1
1s 2
(stable)
1s 2 2s 1
1s 2 2s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
...
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
...
10
11
12
13
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
...
Argon
...
Krypton
18
...
36
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
...
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)
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Electron Configurations
Valence electrons those in unfilled shells
Filled shells more stable
Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties
example: C (atomic number = 6)
1s2 2s2 2p2
valence electrons
Chapter 2 - 5
K Ca Sc
Se Br Kr
He
Li Be
F Ne
Na Mg
Cl Ar
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Te
Adapted from
Fig. 2.6,
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
Xe
Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
Chapter 2 - 6
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Electronegativity
Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
Chapter 2 - 7
donates
electrons
nonmetal
accepts
electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO
Mg
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Ionic Bonding
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
+
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
Chapter 2 - 9
Ionic Bonding
Energy minimum energy most stable
Energy balance of attractive and repulsive terms
EN = EA + ER =
A
r
B
rn
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig. 2.8(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 10
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Give up electrons
Acquire electrons
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
Chapter 2 - 11