IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 01 | July 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Review on Signature Recognition using Neural

Network, SVM, Classifier Combination of HOG
and LBP Features
Sangeeta
M. Tech Student
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CGE, Landran, Mohali

Mrs. Manpreet Kaur

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CGE, Landran, Mohali

Abstract
Signature verification systems can be categorized as offline (static) and online (dynamic). This paper presents comparison
between neural network, SVM and Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP features with surf feature based recognition of
offline signatures system that is trained with poor-resolution scanned signature images. The signature of a person is an important
biometric attribute of a human being which can be used to authenticate persons identity. However signatures can be taken asan
image and recognized using computer vision and neural network and SVM with surf feature methods. With high speed
computers, there is need to develop fast and robust algorithms for signature recognition. There are various approaches to
signature recognition with a lot of scope of research. The Off-line Signature Recognition and verification is implemented using
Matlab where the Neural Network is trained using all the attributes of a given image. For the implementation of this work Matlab
software will be used. Whereas another approach follows the process of extracting out information from the image and creating a
Histogram (HOG) using the vectors. After extracting, data is classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM).
Keywords: Signature verification, Neural Network, HOG, LBP and SVM
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I.

INTRODUCTION

Signature is a behavioral biometric that codes the ballistic movements of the signer for his chosen signature. Compared to
observable traits such as fingerprint, face or iris, a signature typically shows higher security and time variability. It is originated
from the Latin word "Signare" meaning "Sign". For a long time, signatures have been used as an important element in
authentication of any person's identity, who is felicitating the document.
A signature comprises of special characters and flourishes and therefore most of the signatures can be unreadable. Also
variations in single individual and interpersonal differences make it necessary to analyze them as complete images and not as
letters and symbols put together. Signatures find various applications in places like banks, registered places and validating
documents. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that a method on Signature Verification should be formulated to avoid
forgery.
Depending on the signature acquisition method used, automatic signature verification systems can be classified into two
groups: online and offline. A static signature image, scanned at a high resolution, is the only input to offline systems. E.g.
(Verification of signatures found on bank cheques and vouchers are among important applications for offline systems).
On the other hand online (dynamic) system a person's dynamic information characteristics can also be accounted. But the
problem with such a system is that, in reality, most of the documents
are already pre-signed, therefore it is difficult to replace the pre-existing Signatures with the online ones.
Due to the above reasons Offline signature verification forms a superior and major case of concern, it is possible in some real
life scenarios for an impostor to trace over a genuine offline signature and obtain a high definition forgery. The availability of the
signatures trajectory makes it simple for online verification systems to align two signatures and verify differences.
A number of forgery types have been defined: a skilled forgery is signed by an imposter who has had access to a genuine
signature for practice, and a randomorzero-effort forgery is signed without having any information about the signature, even the
name of the person whose signature is forged. The system performance is generally reported using the False Rejection Rate
(FRR) of genuine signatures and the False Acceptance rate (FAR) of forgery signatures. Different measures such as the Equal
Error Rate (EER), the error rate where both FAR and FRR are same, as well as the false reject rates at fixed false accept rates are
also commonly reported. Distinguishing Error Rate (DER) can also be possibly used, which is the average of FAR and FRR.
The Signature verification process require various steps such as 1.Calculation of various graphs such as histograms etc. or
generating a skill set based on various experiments performed on a database(e.g. GDPS-160) comprising of both the users and
the forgeries. A combination of a number of signatures both from the user and forgeries are stored and are used to train and test
an Artificial Neural Network(ANN).2.Classifications using various methods like Support vector Machines(SVM), Least
Squares-Support Vector Machines(LS-SVM), Distance Likelihood ratio Test (DLRT), Artificial Neural Network (ANN),

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Review on Signature Recognition using Neural Network, SVM, Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 01 / 076)

Fisher's Linear Discriminant (FLD), Logistics Discriminant and Naive Bayes. According to various experimental findings
results, LS-SVM performs the best among the seven classifiers, achieving the Equal Error Rate (EER) of 13%.
The topologies that have been studied are as follows:1) Enhanced Offline Signature Recognition Using Neural Network and SVM.
2) Computer Vision & Fuzzy Logic based Offline Signature Verification and Forgery Detection.
3) Offline Signature Verification Using Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features.
This paper is organized as follows: In section II topologies mentioned above are summarized. Section III comparison on the
mentioned topologies is discussed, Section IV concludes the paper.
II. DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES
There are different methods that are proposed and are been implemented for the purpose of Signature verification, some of those
methods are mentioned above. Each method has its own merits and demerits; the efficiency of a method is determined by the
EER.
Enhanced Offline Signature Recognition Using Neural Network and SVM
The method of signature verification being reviewed benefits the advantage of being highly accepted by a large number of
custom customers. More than 40 different feature types have been used for signature verification. Features can be divided into
two major types: local and global. Majorly, all Off-line Signature Recognition and Verification System (SRVS) systems rely on
feature extraction techniques and image processing.
Image Preprocessing and Features Extraction
We approach the question in two steps; firstly, the scanned signature image is preprocessed to make it suitable for extracting
features out of it. Then, the preprocessed image is used to extract relevant geometric parameters that can separate forged
signatures from exact ones using the ANN approach.
1) Preprocessing:
The signature is first captured and converted into a format that can be processed be a computer (e.g. binary).
2) Colour Inversion:
By eliminating the hue and saturation information while retaining the luminance, the true color of the image is transformed
into gray scale image.
Neural Network:
Neural network is set of interconnected neurons. It is used for universal approximation. Artificial neural networks are composed
of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons). Artificial neural
networks may either be used to gain an understanding of biological neural networks, a neural network for handwriting
recognition is defined by a set of input neurons which may be activated by the pixels of an input image. After being weighted
and transformed by a function (determined by the network's designer), the activations of these neurons are then passed on to
other neurons.

Fig. 1: Neural Network

Architecture of artificial neural network:

The basic architecture consists of three types of neuron layers: input, hidden, and output. The architecture is shown in Fig 1. In
feed-forward networks, the signal flow is from input to output units, strictly in a feed-forward direction.
Delta Rule
The delta rule is a gradient descent learning rule for updating the weights of the artificial neurons in a single layer perceptron. It
uses the back propagation rule or network in its working.

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Review on Signature Recognition using Neural Network, SVM, Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 01 / 076)

Computer Vision & Fuzzy Logic based Offline Signature Verification and Forgery Detection:
Computer Vision Technology
Computer Vision Technology is used for automating the vision perception process.
III. METHODOLOGY
The proposed approach aims at developing automatic offline signature verification and forgery detection system. Fig. 2 shows
the algorithm that is used in order to build the automated signature verification and forgery detection system.The proposed
methodology has been divided into two parts namely:
Training
Testing
Both the above process requires the same dataset and the same number of Signatures of both the users and the forgeries.
Training Phase:
In the training part of the system, the following steps are performed:
1) ImageDatabase:The images are collected for training and are stored in a database. The images are collected by scanning
them from a physical paper source.
2) Pre-Processing:In this step, each of the scanned signature goes through a series of pre-processing steps which include the
following:
1) Image Resize
2) Binarization
3) Thinning
4) Rotation
5) Cropping
3) Feature Extraction:After the image has gone through the pre-processing, various features are extracted from the image. The
extracted features out of each image are then stored in a MATLAB file.

Fig. 2: Algorithm

4) Generate Training Feature Set: In this step, once all the features calculated is saved, then the required output is generated on
the basis of which the Neural Network is trained.
5) Training Using ANN: Once the feature values and output values of the images are decided, then the neural network can be
trained.

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Review on Signature Recognition using Neural Network, SVM, Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 01 / 076)

Testing Phase:
This phase is used to test the implementation of the system. It consists of following steps.
1) Browse Image
2) Pre- Process
3) Feature Extraction
4) Generate Testing Feature Set
5) Signature Identification Using Trained Artificial Neural Network
6) Forgery Detection
Offline Signature Verification Using Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features.
Histogram of Oriented Graphs (HOG) is a histogram that is made by dividing an image in a number of cells, each cell will
overlap the other cell partially, information or various essential features are thus extracted out of the image and HOG of that
image will be constructed.
Histogram of Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is another histogram that is made by processing a gray-scale image and assigning it
a 0 or 1 in respect of its intensity with its neighboring pixel.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Preprocessing
A process of normalizing the features ofthe image to obtain the global rotation, scale and translation invariance of the image due
to the changing signing conditions of the signature.
Grids in Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
To develop a robust system that should be invariant to any change, it is very important to divide the image into a number of grids
and then extracting out information from those grids. This information is then used to construct graphs based on HOG or LBP.
There are two methods for dividing an image into grids.
Rectangular grids
Circular tessellation

Fig. 3: Rectangular Grid

Fig. 4: Circular Tessellation

Classification:
Classification is performed using classifiers such as SVM.
The SVM is further subdivided into two parts:
Global SVMs
User Dependent SVMs

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Review on Signature Recognition using Neural Network, SVM, Classifier Combination of HOG and LBP Features
(IJSTE/ Volume 3 / Issue 01 / 076)

V. COMPARISON
The above three mentioned methods for offline signature verification have their own merits & demerits. Each method is
compared with other methods based on the EER parameter.
The Neural Network approach has the advantage of increasing the parameter value of EER. The HOG and LBP system find its
importance while using both of the above mentioned extraction techniques in unison. Although this method also has a certain
disadvantages. By far the best method devised (on account of the EER value) is Offline Signature Verification Using Neural
Network. This method has an accuracy of 95.16% [5].
VI. CONCLUSION
The above paper reviews the different methods for Offline Signature Recognition and Verification. Signatures are a very
important biometric in the present era and more and more methods are being devised for the better verification of signatures to
reduce any mismatch or to avoid any forgery. Signature Verification using Neural Network alone could not provide better
results.The results of matching are improved as we use neural network and SVM with surf feature technique for matching. Better
improved quality of signature and matching results are obtained. In the system comprising of the HOG & LBP features, the
system performance is measured using the skilled forgery tests of the GPDS-160 signature dataset. It improves as both the
techniques are used in unison.
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