Exam- Friday, October 21st

EXAM 2
I found this Just for extra help https://quizlet.com/76008459/naturaldisasters-geog303-exam-2-flash-cards/

Has anyone done the HW assignment? How long did it take?

10 secs. Just answer random numbers. It doesnt have to be
correct :)
LECTURE 1: Plate Tectonics
Basic premises of Plate tectonics and major lines of evidence: what does it say exactly?
What are the layers of the Earth directly involved in tectonic processes?
lithosphere - all crust + part of the upper mantle
oceanic crust - thinner & denser, 7 km thick, basalt rocks, thinner crust
continental crust - thicker, 40 km granite
the lithosphere is broken up into plates, moves over the asthenosphere
evidence
a. plate boundaries
b. lithospheric plates
c. mantle convection (due to radioactivity)
d. earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes
Lines of Evidence
Continental Drift
Supercontinent Pangaea- 200 mya, (essentially this super continent is all the continents fit
together like a puzzle and connected from the north to south poles) (idea proposed by
Wegener)
Aka Wegeners Continental Drift, 1915
line of evidence
continental fit
fossils of same dinosaurs on
different continents
similar rocks and mountains
climate
latitude controls
climate
glacial deposits
glacial striations
ice
ages, 300-250 mya
18,000
years ago - ice sheet melting


s
ea level rises
continents are still drifting apart
continents by constant movement will eventually
come together and create another supercontinent, and then drift apart
again, but this destined cycle takes hundreds of millions of yrs.
Sea-floor spreading
seafloor spreading
mid-ocean ridges - where ocean floor is manufactured
trenches - where ocean floors and republican supreme court
judges go to die Wtf??
Describe the ages of the seafloor; are they random?
ages of the ocean floor
oldest sea floor is the furthest from the mid-ocean ridge, right next
to the continents
Youngest sea floor is at top of ridges, forming as we speak right
now
The rocks get progressively older symmetrically on the both sides
of the ridge

3 plate boundaries and examples of each in the world today?.

Divergent Boundaries
2 plates drift apart
huge volcanic mountain chain
ex: Iceland, east Pacific Rise, mid-Indian ridge, mid-Atlantic ridge

Convergent Boundaries (mother of geological natural disasters)

Come Together like The Beatles
subduction zone: 2 plates collide - ocean plate subducts
gravity in the form of slab pull
mountain chain, tench, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami
water is brought down with the plate and allows rocks to melt and
erupt as volcanoes
ex: Andes, Japan, Tonga, the Kaskade (*Cascades, not the DJ)

continental collision
continents cannot subduct - causes tall mountains
ex: Himalayas
at the top of the Himalayas are
seashells
not volcanic - just rocks being
shoved together
Transform Boundary
2 plates slide by horizontally in opposite directions
occur mostly under ocean close to ridges
EXAMPLE: SAN ANDREAS FAULT
only transform boundary on a continent
Pacific Plate
we are moving northwest
20 million years old
San Francisco is on North American plate - east of
San Andreas
What will happen to California eventually?
move more northwards
Will California eventually fill into the ocean?
NO

Forces responsible for each?

forces for plate motion
gravity
driven by mantle convection
slab pull - subduction zones
ride push - midocean ridges - seafloor spreading
Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth
world distribution of earthquakes
distributed near faults
at the edges of the plates
more where plates collide than where they are created
world distribution of volcanoes
convergent boundaries
What are hot spots?
deep mantle plumes of hot rock rise by convection
Ex: Hawaii
volcanic islands older in the direction of plate motion - Hawaii
youngest is southeast
why build observatories on a volcano?
Mauna Kea is no longer active because it has
moved away from the hotspot
hotspot doesnt move with plates
hotspots are not plate boundaries

LECTURE 2: Earthquakes
Part 1: Introduction, Faults, Stresses
Baja Quake 2010 (Mag 7.2)
Aftershocks: small individual earthquakes, taper off
Earthquake
Definition: vibration of the Earth produced by rapid release of energy -> slip along
a fault
Fault: much smaller than plate boundary
Found anywhere along any plate
Boundary: a gigantic fault
Separates two plates
Hypocenter (focus) location inside the crust where an earthquake is initiated
Epicenter: location on surface directly above the focus
Largest earthquake ever recorded by instruments:
Chile (1960) Magnitude 9.5
Largest Quakes:
*** all at subduction zones***
Most earthquakes occur around/at the ring of fire
In U.S. the areas with the highest likelihood of an earthquake are located along the west coast
of the country, including Alaska and Hawaii
Western region falls along a plate boundary (3)
Hazard in San Diego?
Less than other areas along the coast, why? furthest away from
plate boundary
Stresses -> Forces
Stresses are just forces
Three types`
1) Compression: rock squeezed together; Convergent boundaries
2) Tension: rocks pulled apart; Divergent boundaries
3) Shear: rocks slide past one another; Transform boundaries
Horizontal compression stress causes rock bodies to shorten horizontally and
thicken vertically
Horizontal tension stress causes rock bodies to lengthen horizontally and thin
vertically
Shear stress causes displacements along fault zones or by ductile flow
Faults

line)

Definition: fractures in the crust along which rocks move (synonymous with fault

Hanging wall: block of rock above fault plane

Footwall: block of rock below fault plane

Faults that exhibit vertical movement

1) Normal: footwall moves up
o Stress-> Tension
2) Reverse: Footwall moves down
o Stress-> Compression
**Special type**: Thrust fault: reverse fault at 45 or less from the surface
Faults that exhibit horizontal movement
1) Strike slip
Stress-> shear
A) Right-lateral
B) Left-lateral
Can tell what side by standing on one side of the fault and looking
at the other to notice everything on the other side is moved either in the right or
left
Normal fault: tectonic regime? Divergent boundaries at the ridges
Reverse fault: tectonic regime? Convergent boundaries
Thrust fault: faults that are reversed but have a shallow dip (shallow fault) 45
degrees or less
Tectonic regime? Convergent
Strike slip fault: what type of regime: transform, right lateral (example)
Fault Scarp: Exposed fault plane

Seismic Waves

Seismic energy that is released by an earthquake

that people will feel shaking under their feet

Energy released at the focus by EQ


The black arrow above where the star is located is
the epicenter. The focus is the star (the hypocenter of the
earthquake)

1) body waves

1) P-Wave (primary) - moves like a slinky

Fastest

Compressional - push/pull motion

Can go through solids, liquids, gases

Solid crust, mantle, inner core

Liquid ocean, outer core

Gases atmosphere

2) S-Wave (secondary)

Shear Wave

Up/down motion

Slower than the P-Wave but still going

fast

Solids only crust and mantle

2) surface waves slower of speed but more

destructive

1) Love Wave (Snake Motion) <3 <-what is

this? (its just the name of the wave)

Side/side motion

Shear wave only move through solids

2) Rayleigh Wave

Rolling motion

Move through solids, liquids, gases

Like the ocean wave

Pop Quiz:

Scales function of Richter magnitude; location; substrate

rocks and soil; population density relative to the epicenter

1) Intensity scale --> Mercalli scale

Measure of shaking, damage

Shakemaps I-XII (1-12)

2) magnitude scale --> Richter scale (based on the

mathematical function)

Measure of energy released at focus

Largest amplitude of waves

Each Richter increment releases 32 times more

energy

3) Seismic Moment scale:

Function of rupture area, average slip, rock strength

Works for VERY large EQs

More accurate

3 largest Mag EQs?

Chile 1960 M=9.5 - megathrust quake

Sumatra 2004 M=9.3

Alaska 1964 M=9.2 - largest EQ in US, low

death toll for size

Earthquake Destruction


Pancake collapse when everything comes down on
top of each other like a pancake. Happens when you have
concrete/brick or unreinforced structures.

1) ground shaking and acceleration

flat basins not as dense

More shaking

Soft, loose, weak, saturated sediments

Artificial fill - manmade to build buildings,

ground that is artificially filled

Hard, dense, strong bedrock (SAFEST, like

igneous or metamorphic rock)

Less shaking

2) Liquifaction loose, weak soils start moving

3) Fire

4) Landslides

5) Tsunamis

Pop Quiz: What is the best place in an earthquake?

Deadly buildings --> heavy masonry, concrete

low structures

Safe buildings --> wooden houses and steel

framed buildings (and on a mountain)

Earthquakes don't kill, but buildings do!

Pop Quiz:

What do all these events have in common?

Plate boundaries? Yes

Active faults? Yes

Economic condition? Poor, developing

nation

Population density? High

Building safety? Almost nonexistent

EARTHQUAKES: Case Studies

1) Haiti (2010): 7.0 Magnitude, Intensity: 10
-Located on plate boundary
-Moving east (sideways relative to other plates)
-Epicenter right next to the capital
-Transform boundary, Strike slip faults (left)
-Why so many people killed? Shallow focus, buildings codes not up to standard for
earthquakes, high population density (very poor)

-**Not always direct coloration between magnitude and intensity of an earthquake **

-Death toll: 160,000, severe structural damage
-Cholera outbreak spread after earthquake killing more people

China: (series of earthquakes in the 1970s)

-No plate boundary. Why earthquake? Plate boundary found to the southwest. Plate
boundaries are adjacent to China therefore: stresses in the crust are there, faults
are produced, and when they break earthquakes occur
- Continental collision of India and Eurasia, faults in China accommodate the collision
1) Haicheng (7.3): water bubbling up in wells, peculiar animal behavior, series of
foreshocks
-Low death toll: gov had everyone leave their homes, buildings collapsed
-First EQ to be predicted
2) Tangshan: Deadliest EQ of 20th century, most buildings collapsed, liquification

TSUNAMIS
Japan Megathrust Quake & Tsunami 2011
$309 billion in damages, most costly
19,000 deaths
Eurasia and Pacific plate: Oceanic and Continental subduction
Lowered the land by 2ft
Most of the damage came from the Tsunami not the earthquake
Seawalls created before the Tsunami did not prevent it from going onto the land.
Virtually did not do much to hold it back.

Sumatra Megathrust Quake & Tsunami 2004

deadliest natural disaster
Magnitude 9.3 (megathrust)
34 M
280,000 dead
No warning system
Areas Affected Mainly: Indonesia, India, and Some coastal African countries

QUIZ ANSWERS BELOW

YOU ARE THE GOAT
OWE YOU MY FIRST BORN
YALL I GOT A 10/10 Let me help yall out! I shouldve
believed in me more!!!! You guys are very welcome!
We all gotta pass! <3 I hope dis helped, get some
sleep, and member to drink water. (:
1. Which letter corresponds to the epicenter of this quake in this cross-section? - R
2. The fault you see in this cross-section, and which broke in this earthquake, is a ___- Reverse
3. The stress applied to these rocks to produce this fault in this cross-section is
called ___compression
4. Mercalli City is a town out of view on the right side of the cross-section. There, the time lag
between the body waves and surface waves from this earthquake is going to be ___.longer

5. Who is going to feel more intense ground shaking during this earthquake?- sir yatch
6. What waves will mrs. conclusion and premise feel first? P waves
7. Earthquake today was a magnitude 7 the one yesterday was a magnitude 4 what is the energy
difference. -you do 32 to the 3rd power so 32x32x32=32768
8. More likely to collapse from liquefaction? - shaky town (soft Sediment)
9. Region on map must be located near a _____ plate boundary convergent
10. Safest place to be during the earthquake? -mrs premise and conclusion