1

Session: July to November, 2012

LAW OF TORT

Module I: INTRODUCTION
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Introduction
Definition, Nature and Scope of Law of Torts
Torts and Crime
Torts and Contract
Essential Elements of Law of Torts.
Pigeon Hole Theory
Relevancy of Motive in Law of Torts.

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapters 1,3]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter 2]
3. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 1-4]
4. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapters 1,2]
5. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapter 1]
6. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 1, 2]
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs. Subhagwanti, AIR 1966 SC 1750

Ashby vs. White, (1703) 2 Lord Rayam 933
Bhim Singh vs. State of J&K, AIR 1968 SC 494
Constantine vs. Imperial Hotel Ltd., (1944) KB 693
Gloucester Grammar School Case 1410 YB 11
Mogul Steamship Co. vs. Mc Gregor Grow and Co., 1892 AC 25
Mayor of Bradford Copn. vs. Pickles, (1895) AC 587
Glasgow Copn. Vs. Taylor (1922) 1 AC 44

Module II: DEFENCES

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

Specific Defences
Volenti non fit injuria
Act of God (Vis major)
Inevitable Accident
Necessity
Private Defense
Novus actus interveniens
Contributory Negligence
Statutory Authority
Judicial and Quasi-judicial Authority
Parental and Quasi-parental Authority.

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 25]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter 22]
3. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [ Chapter 20]
4. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter 5]
5. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapter 5]
6. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 2,12]
7. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 5]
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Hall vs. Brook Lands Auto Racing Club, (1933) 1 KB 205

Padmawathi vs. Dugganaika, (1975)1 Kan.LJ 93
Brown vs. Kendall, (1850) 6 Cush.
Nichols vs. Marshland (1876) 2 Ex.D 1
Kallulal vs. Hemachand, AIR 1958 MP 48
Herbert Richard vs. Muniswami, ILR (1950) Mad. 365
Cope vs. Shape (1891) KB 496
Vaughan vs. Taff Valde Rail Co. (1860) 5 H and N 679
Singleton Abbey vs. Paludina, 1927 AC 16

3
10. Rural Transport Service vs. Bezlum Bibi, AIR 1980 Cal. 165
11. Davis vs. Mann (1882) 10 M&W 546
12. Subhakar vs. Mysore State Road Transport Corpn. AIR 1975 Ker. 73
Statutes
1. Indian Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850
Module III: PARTIES
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Capacity and Parties in Torts

Joint and Several Tort-feasors
Malfeasance, Misfeasance, Nonfeasance.
Vicarious Liability
Master and Servant
Doctrine of Common Employment.

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 21]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 20,21]
3. Paula Giliker & Silas Beckwith, Tort, 2ndEdn- 2004, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
[Chapter 2]
4. DG Cracknell, Obligations: The Law of Torts, 4th Edn- 2003, Old Baily Press,
London. [ Chapters 3,4]
5. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 8,17]
6. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapters 4,6]
7. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 3,4]
8. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 3]
Cases:
1. P&O Steam Navigation Co. vs. Secretary of State (1861) 5 Bom. HC
2. State of Rajasthan vs. Vidyavathi, AIR 1962 SC 933
3. Kasturilal vs. State of UP, AIR 1965 SC 1039

4
4. Rooplal vs. Union of India, AIR 1972 J&K 22
5. Ramngulu vs. Mullackal Devasam, AIR 1975 Kerala 25
6. Brook vs. Bool (1928) 2 KB 578
7. KSRTC vs. Krishnan, AIR 1981 Kant.11
8. T.Pillai vs. Municipal Council, Shericottah, AIR 1961 Mad. 230
9. VM Vadi vs. Vijayawada Municipality, AIR 1963 AP 435
10. Bernard vs. Haggis, (1863) 14 CBNS
11. Priestley vs. Flower, (1837) M&I
12. Cassidy vs. Ministry of Health, (1951)1 All. ER 574

Module IV: NUISANCE and NEGLIGENCE

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Nuisance
Types of Nuisance: Private, Public and Statutory Nuisance
Essentials of Private Nuisance
Remedies
Defences.
Negligence
Elements of Negligence
Res Ipsa Loquitor
Contributory Negligence
Defences.

Unit 3. Nervous Shock Its Meaning and Principles Conclusion.

Suggested References:
1. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 5,9]
2. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [ Chapter 11]
3. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 13,20]
4. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapters 16,17]
5. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 9,11,12]
6. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 20]

5
Cases:
1. Dr. Ram Raj Singh vs. Babulal, AIR 1982 All 285
2. Radhey Shyam vs. Guru Prasad, AIR 1978 All 86
3. St.Helens Smelting Co. vs. Tipping, (1865) 11 HL Cas.642
4. Starys vs. Bridgman, (1979) 11 Ch. D 852
5. Donoughue vs. Stevenson, 1932 AC 562
6. Ishwar Devi vs. Union of India, AIR 1869 Delhi 183
7. Dr. Laxman Balakrishna Joshi vs. Trimbak Bapu, AIR 1989 P&H 183
8. KSEB vs. Suresh Kumar, 1986 ACJ 998
9. Glasgow Corpn vs. Taylor, (1992)1 AC 44
10. Alka vs. Union of India, AIR 1993 Delhi 267
11. Nihal Kaur vs. Director, PGI, III (1996) CPJ 441.
Module V: DEFAMATION and MALICIUOS PROSECUTION
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Defamation
Libel and Slander Its Differences
Essentials of Defamation
Innuendo
Defences.
Malicious Prosecution
Essential Conditions
Distinction between Malicious Prosecution and False Imprisonment.

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 12]
2. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [ Chapter 18]
3. Paula Giliker & Silas Beckwith, Tort, 2ndEdn- 2004, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
[Chapter 12]
4. DG Cracknell, Obligations: The Law of Torts, 4th Edn- 2003, Old Baily Press,
London. [ Chapter 23]
5. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 19,23]
6. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapter 10]
7. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 8,10]

8. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapters 12, 13]
Cases:
1. Youssoupoff vs. MGM Pictures Ltd., (1934) 50 TLR 58
2. DP Choudhary vs. Manju Latha, AIR 1997 Raj. 170
3. Cassidy vs. Daily Mirror, (1929) 2 KB 331
4. Arumugha Mudhaliar vs. Annamalai Mudgaliar, (1996) 2 MLJ 223
5. TJ Ponnen vs. MC Varhgese, AIR 1970 SC 1876
6. Knapffer vs. London Express Newspaper ltd, 1944 AC 116
7. DN Sen vs. RK Bhadre, AIR 1970 Cal.216
8. AIADMK, Madras vs. K.Govindankutty, (1996) 2 ALD 139(AP)
9. Vimal Kumar vs. Deshdiwaker, AIR 2005 MP 37
10. Abrath vs, North Eastern Rly Co., (1886) II AC 247
Module VI: TRESPASS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Trespass to Person: Assault, Battery Mayhem & False Imprisonment.

Trespass to Land
Trespass abinitio
Remedies
Defences

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 4]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 4,7]
3. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [ Chapters 11,13,17]
4. Paula Giliker & Silas Beckwith, Tort, 2ndEdn- 2004, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
[Chapter 11]
5. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 9-11]
6. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapters 9,13,14]
7. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 7,17, 18]

8. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapters 11, 15, 16]
Cases:
1. R vs. St. George (1846)
9 C &P 483
2. Blake vs. Barnard, (1840) 9 CP 626
3. Stephen vs. Mayers (1840) 4 CP 349
4. Timothy vs. Simpson (1835) 1 Cr M &R 757
5. Bird vs. Jones (1845) 7 QB 742
6. Herring vs. Boyle (1834) 1 Cr M & R 377
7. Meering vs. Grahame (1914)122 LT 44
8. Bhim Singh vs. State of J&K, AIR 1968 SC 494
9. Rudhul Shah vs. State of Bihar, (1983) 4 SCC 141
10. Ellis vs. Loftus Iron Co. 1874 LR 10 CP 19
11. Six Carpenters Case (1610) 8 Co. Ref.146
12. Municipal Board of Kanuj vs. Manoharlal, 1952 ILR 2 All 1362
13. Armory vs. Delamirie (1721) 1 Stir 505

Module VII: LIABILITY

a. Strict Liability
b. Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher- Dangerous thing Escape of thing - Non-natural use
of land
c. Exceptions - Its criticisms.
d. Absolute Liability
e. Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Case.
Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 15]
2. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [ Chapter 4]
3. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter 13]
4. SK Desai & Kumud Desai, The Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 1987, NM Tripathi Pvt.
Ltd., Bombay.[ Chapter 17]
5. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapters 14,21]

6. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapter 18]

7. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapter 15]
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Rylands vs. Flecther, 1868 LR 3 HC 330

Crowhurst vs. Amersham Burial Board, (1878) 4 Ex. DS
Bolton vs. Stone, 1951 AC 850
TC Balakrishna Menon vs. TR Subramanian, AIR 1968 Ker. 151
MC Mehta vs. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1086
Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action vs. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1446
Harbrook vs. Strokes Bros (19250 1 KB 141
Bourhil vs. Young 1948 AC 92

9. Wilkinson vs. Downton, (1897) LR 2 QB 57

Module VIII:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

ECONOMIC TORTS

Malicious Falsehood
Tort of Passing off
Intimidation
Conspiracy
Inducing breach of Contract
Detinue Tort of Conversion (Trover)
Tort of Deciet
Slander of Title Slander of Goods.

Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London.[Chapters 17, 18]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [Chapters 6,16, 18]
3. Vivienne Harpwood, Principles of Tort Law, 4th Edn- 2000, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London. [Chapters 17, 18]
4. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [Chapters 15,21]
5. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [Chapter 11]

9
6. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 18,19,20]
7. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 25th Edn- 2006, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 21]
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Banshi vs. Goveradhan, AIR 1976 MP 125

Richardson vs. Atkinson, (1723) 1 Stra. 576
Lumely vs. Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216
Rookjers vs. Braivard (1954)AC 1129
Rateliff vs, Evans (1892) 2 QB
Ellora Industries vs. Banarasi Dass AIR 1980 Delhi 254
Derry vs. Peek (1889) 14 AC 337
Nemichand vs. Wallace ILR (1907) 34 Cal.495

Module IX: REMEDIES

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Judicial Remedies
Damages
Types of Damages Remoteness of Damages
Injunction
Specific Restitution
Constitutional Remedies.

Unit 2. Extra-judicial Remedies Self-help Expulsion of trespasser Re-entry on Land

Recatpion of Goods Distress damage feasant Abatement.
Suggested References:
1. W V H Rogers, Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, 17th Edn-2006, Sweet & Maxwell,
London. [ Chapter 22]
2. RFV. Heuston & RA Buckly, Salmond and Heuston on Law of Torts, 20th Edn1992, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter26]
3. Paula Giliker & Silas Beckwith, Tort, 2ndEdn- 2004, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
[Chapter 6]
4. SP Singh & Indrajith Singh, Law of Torts, 4th Edn 2006, Universal Law
Publishers, Delhi. [ Chapter 6]
5. B M Gandhi, Law of Torts, EBC, Lucknow, 2002. [ Chapter 8]

10

6. R K Bangia, Law of Torts, 8th Edn- 2005, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana.
[Chapters 6,23]
7. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Torts, 24th Edn-2004, Wadhwa, Nagpur.
[Chapter 9]
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ashby vs. White, (1703) 2 Lord Rayam 933

Bhim Singh vs. State of J&K, AIR 1968 SC 494
YS Kumar vs. Kuldip Singh, AIR 1972 P&H 326
Smith vs. London and South Western Rly Co., (1870) LR 6 CP 14
Re Polemis and Furness Withy & Co. Ltd Case, (1921) 3 KB 560
Overseas Tankship Ltd. vs. Morts Dock and Engg.Co.Ltd. (Wagon Mound Case)
(1961) AC 388
7. Livingstone vs. Raywards Coal Co. (1880) 5 App. Cas.25
Statues
1. Specific Relief Act, 1963

Articles
1. Dr. Usha Ramanathan, Tort Law in India, Annual Survey of Indian Law, 2001,
Pp.615-28(2002)

Module X:

CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986

a.
b.
c.
d.

Object and Reasons of Consumer Protection Act, 1986,

Definitions- Consumer, Goods, Service, etc.
Consumer Protection Councils
Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies District Forum, State Commission and
National Commission.
e. Suggestions for Improvement.
Suggested References:
1. G B Reddy, Law of Consumer Protection, 2nd Edn- 2004, Gogia Law Agency,
Hyderabad.
2. Avtar Singh, Law of Consumer Protection, 4th Edn- 2005, EBC, Lucknow.

11
3. SK Verma, A. Wani, SS Jaswal, A Treatise on Consumer Protection Laws, Indian
Law Institute, New Delhi, 2004.
4. V. Balakrishna Eradi, Consumer Protection Jurisprudence, Lexis Nexis, New
Delhi, 2005.
Cases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Thrissur Municipal Corporation v. Ummer Koya Haji, 2006(3)KLT897

Parel Roadways Ltd. vs. Birla Yamaha Ltd., AIR 2000 SC 1461
Isha Marbles vs. Bihar SEB, 1995(2) SCC 648.
RPF Commr. Vs. Shiv Kumar Joshi, 2000(1) SCC 98
Spring Meadows Hospital vs. Harjol Ahulwalia, AIR 1998 SC 1801
Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. vs. Dr. BN Raman, 2006(5) SCC 727
State of Karnataka vs. Vidyabarati House Building Co-Operative Society, AIR
2003 SC 1043
8. Fon-Ess India (P) Ltd. v. Kerala State Consumer D.R. Commission, 2006 (3)KLT
500
9. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner vs. Shiva Kumar Joshi, AIR 2000 SC
331
10. Laxmi Engineering Works vs. PSG Industrial Institute, AIR 1995 SC 1428
11. India Photographic Co. vs. HD Shourie, 1999(6) SCC 428
12. Srimathi and other vs. Union of India, AIR 1996 Mad. 427
13. IMA vs. VP Santha, 1995(6) SCC 651
14. Cosmopolitan Hospital vs. Vasantha P Nair, 1992 (1) CPR 20 (NC)
Statutes
1. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930
2. Indian Contract Act,1872
3. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986
4. Indian Penal Code
Articles:
1. Willaim C. Whitford, Structuring Consumer Protection Legislations to Maximise
Effectiveness, 1981 Wiscousin Law Review 1018-43
2. AK Agarwal, Some Legal Aspects of Consumer Under the Consumer Protection,
AIR 2007 SCC(J) 124
3. J Ashwin Kumar, Consumer Protection through Legislation, AIR 2004 SCC(J) 94
4. B Panigrahi, Consumer Protection and Law, AIR 1992 SCC(J) 33
5. Dr. Rjendra Prasad, Historical Evolution of Consumer Protection and Law in
India, Journal of Texas Consumer Law, p.132
Further Readings:

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1. Vivienne Harpwood, Lecture Notes on Law of Torts, Cavendish Publishing

Limited, London, 1993.
2. Vivienne Harpwood, Modern Tort Law, 5th Edn - 2003, Cavendish Publishing
Limited, London.
3. Carol Harlow, Understanding Tort Law, 3rd Edn-2005, Sweet & Maxwell,
London.
4. Victor E. Schwartz, Kathryn Kelly, David F. Partlett, Torts: Cases and Materials,
10th Edn- 2000, Foundation Press, New York.
5. Tony Weir, A Case book on Tort, 10th Edn 2004, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
6. Richard Kidner, A Case book on Tort, 9th Edn-2006, Oxford University Press.
7. Micheal A. Jones, Text book on Torts, 8th Edn- 2002, Oxford University Press.
8. PS Achuthan Pillai, Law of Tort, 9th Edn.-2004, EBC, Lucknow
9. J N Barowalia, Commentary on the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, 2nd Edn2000, Universal Law Publishers, Delhi.
10. VR Choudhari, Law of Consumer Protection, Premier Publishing Co., Bangalore,
2005.
11. Y Venkateshwara Rao, Commentary on Consumer protection Act, 1986, Asia Law
House, Hyderabad, 2005.
Articles:
1. The Concept of Commercial Purpose under the Consumer Protection Act, 1994
CPJ 1
2. Gurjeet Singh, Consumer rights under Consumer Protection Act: A critique1996
CPJ 16
3. David, Medical Profession and the Consumer Protection Act, 41 JILI 1999 P.460
4. Chandrasekhar, Medical Profession and the Consumer Protection, 1994 CULR
327
5. Jaswal, Medical negligence: An analysis of recent judicial trends, 32 IBR 2005
P.99
6. Ellison, L., & Akdeniz, Y., Cyber-stalking: the Regulation of Harassment on
the Internet, [1998] Criminal Law Review, December Special Edition: Crime,
Criminal Justice and the Internet, pp 29-48.

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7. Basu, S. and Jones, R.P., "Regulating Cyber stalking", Journal of Information,
Law and Technology 2007(2) Available at
http://go.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/2007_2/basu_jones/
8. Judge David Harvey, Cyber Stalking and Internet Harassment: What the
Law can do - www.netsafe.org
9. Gregory C Mosier and Tara I Fitzgerald, Cyber Torts: Common Law and
Statutory Restraints in US, Journal of International Commercial Law and
Technology, Vol.2 (2007)
10. Fridman, Malice in the Law of Torts, 1958 (21) MLR 484
11. John C. Jeffries, Disaggregating Constitutional Torts , 110 YLJ 259(2000)
Webliography
1. www.articlesarchives.com/law-legal-system/torts. [For articles relating to law of
torts]
2. www.wcl.american.edu/ - Constitutional Torts in Modern Era