July Yojana&Kurukshetra 2016 IASbaba

Yojana&Kurukshetra-July,2016-IASbaba
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Preface
This is our 16th edition of Yojana Gist and the 7th edition of Kurukshetra Gist, released for the
month of July, 2016. Both the magazines are increasingly finding a place in the questions of
both UPSC Prelims and Mains and therefore, weve come up with this initiative to equip you
with knowledge thatll help you in your preparation for the CSE.
Every issue deals with a single topic comprehensively sharing views from a wide spectrum
ranging from academicians to policy makers to scholars. The magazine is essential to build
an in-depth understanding of various socio-economic issues.
From the exam point of view, however, not all articles are important. Some go into scholarly
depths and others discuss agendas that are not relevant for your preparation. Added to this
is the difficulty of going through a large volume of information, facts and analysis to finally
extract their essence that may be useful for the exam.
We are not discouraging from reading the magazine itself. So, do not take this as a
document which you take read, remember and reproduce in the examination. Its only
purpose is to equip you with the right understanding. But, if you do not have enough time to
go through the magazines, you can rely on the content provided here for it sums up the
most essential points from all the articles.
You need not put hours and hours in reading and making its notes in pages. We believe, a
smart study, rather than hard study, can improve your preparation levels.
Think, learn, practice and keep improving! That is the key to success
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COMBINING TRADITIONAL WISDOM WITH MODERN RESEARCH
The central idea to the approaches of increasing productivity for a secured and healthy
society is strong conviction that knowledge must be brought to people and places where it
is needed the most. Here comes the need of combining conventional and contemporary
science with local wisdom.
The researchers and technical experts who create new methods have to execute their
findings via local farmers. Thus, maximum collaboration between these two stakeholders to
bridge the theories and practices is of paramount importance
Food and Agricultural Organisation
Good food is first defence against disease
Inadequate food production accompanied with nutritional deficiency is affecting the
younger generationlowers their learning capacity and thereby, compromises their
bright future
Thus, right to adequate and nutritious food is essential for all
Key facts
793 million people suffer from chronic hunger
161 million children under age of 5 are stunted
3.4 million people die each year due to overweight and malnutrition
Cost of malnutrition= USD 3.5 trillion every year
Integrating modern technology with local wisdom
The need is to increase the agricultural productivity without compromising the
nutrient values, soil fertility and environmental issue.
Motto should be Sustainable harvesting & peaceful, equitable and profitable
increase in agricultural productivity
Hence, practicable collaborative works which can fuel the growth of modern
research must be based on local centric objectives and resources
Some of the interesting scientific techniques which can revolutionise agriculture are:
Vermi-culture
It is the use of earthworms for composting residues
Here, organic farm waste is converted to nutrient rich fertilisers which can be later
applied to crop fields and horticulture establishments
Benefits
Produces natural organic fertilisers
Simple activity that can be done by anyone
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Minimum cost and requires less space

Good for the environment
Fun, safe and educational experience
Not related to zoonotic disease
Reduces release of GHGs like methane
How to support?
Research centers to work on better earthworm varieties
Universities must be centres of training
Spreading awareness of producing organic manures in cost effective and successful
manner
The central and state governments should make earthworms available through
providing infrastructure at subsidised rates to research work
Seed Banks
It stores seeds to keep them viable
Helps to preserve genetic diversity which plant breeders need to increase yield,
disease resistance, draught tolerance, nutritional quality etc.
It maintains stocks of foundation and certified seeds of different crops and varieties
which can be utilised for such contingent requirements such as natural calamities
like floods, draughts etc.
The seed banks have to be made accessible apart from providing awareness to local
farmers.
New varieties as well as traditional varieties will help in conserving the biodiversity
of areas and also help them to adapt to change which is brought in by the global
climate change.
Today, more than 7 million samples of seeds, tissues and other plant propagating
materials from food crops are safeguarded in 1750 gene banks
Need of hour is Upgrading farmer-saved seed + Financial assistance for
distribution of certified seed + Training on seed production and technology to
farmers
Traditional knowledge is product of biocultural adaptation of local and indigenous people.
Farmers have wealth of knowledge; rather than imposing or dictating methods, it is
important to learn from them and find ways to communicate new researches and
technology to them. Incorporating biodiversity and local increase in organic bio-fertiliser is
sure way to achieve sustainable developmental goals.
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ROLE OF ICT IN RURAL INDIA
In October 2013, when Phailin hit Odisha coast, people did not face the wrath of nature for
the first time. This was possible due to ICT as well as meticulous planning on part of
government with effective evacuation and relief measures. The ICT tools enabled the IMD to
know the precise location of cyclone in Bay of Bengal and gave accurate forecast. This
information was disseminated by radio and mobile messages to public in real time. Thus,
people were able to prepare for cyclone beforehand and gave distress call when needed.
Applications of ICT
Resource mapping for fisheries
Remote sensing technology can be used for effective management of vital resources
like water. Using data from satellites, government agencies and institutions can plan
effective utilisation such as watershed management and development of fisheries
The chlorophyll image of Indian coastline helps to increase the fish catch by 2-3
times
GPS devices in boats have helped fishermen to navigate in the seas and prevent
them from getting lost or crossing international borders.
An app Fisher Friend gives fishermen alerts on weather, potential fishing zones and
maritime boundaries
Agriculture
One of the challenges for farmers is lack of access to market information. This
creates an imbalance in bargaining power with urban buyers.
Also, a farmer needs to know about weather on day-to-day basis, new technologies,
and government schemes for farmer welfare.
Instruments like media, radio, TV, literature and newspapers were used to transfer
agricultural technology to illiterate as well as literate segments of rural populace.
Drawback: Not demand driven and limited scope to get feedback from farmers
Thus, a two-way interactive ICT tools can be used in knowing farmers opinions and
queries and also giving them required information.
Some ICT tools are
1. Kisan Vikas Kendras
backbone of information and technology dissemination
link between scientific community and Indian farmers
2. Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav
Agri-scientists would go to villages to help farmers adopt new
technologies
Scientists form whatsapp, facebook groups with rural youths and interact
with them frequently
3. Interlinking of agricultural colleges
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Through IT linkages, there would be more interaction among academics

Good technology developed anywhere can reach other parts without
much delay
4. Digital India initiatives
Enhancing internet access in rural areas
As not everyone can afford laptop or smart phone, broadband
connections in all gram panchayats have been initiated.
Common Service Centers in villages for poor to have access to internet
5. Kisan Call Centre
Expert advisory system
Has toll free number to seek expert advice on different matters related to
agriculture and allied sector
6. mKisan portal
to provide information to farmer at a single place
SMS service of the portal to disseminate all central and state government
information in their languages
Semi-literate and illiterate farmers have been targeted with voice
messages
Dairy Sector
Four new programmes Pashudhan Sanjeevani, Nakul Swasthya Patra, e-pashudhan
Haat and National Genomics Centre have been allocated Rs. 850 crore
Nakul Swasthya Patra is a health card to keep record of the livestock; farmers will
be able to keep the records like health, fertility, production etc.
E-pashudhan haat creates as an online platform to buy and sell cattle
Automatic milking systems can be used which are computer controlled standalone
systems that milk the dairy cattle without much labour involved
Welfare schemes Implementation
PM Fasal Bima Yojana- the farmer can send photo of damaged crop to authorities via
net. Government will also assess the situation through satellite imagery. After this,
insurance claims will be directly sent to bank accounts.
PM Krishi Sinchayi Yojana- IT can be used for smart agriculture by measuring soil
moisture and then automatically supplying water through drip irrigation
Leakages in PDS can be plugged by connecting ration shops through internet and
using biometric authentication system of beneficiary
Through DBT, subsidy can be directly deposited in the banks account. This has
effectively stopped black marketing of subsidised LPG cylinders
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Rural Education and Skill Training
Though enrolment of children in primary education is appreciable, the learning outcomes
are not encouraging. Using ICT tools in education can improve learning Use of projectors and computers to easily understand complex things
The need is to train the teachers to use ICT effectively
Government is promoting ICT use though Rashtriya Madhyaik Shiksha Abhiyan by
establishment of smart schools, exclusive teacher for ICT, development of e-content
etc.
E-Basta is conceived where school books are accessible in digital forms as e-books
Promotion of skills in youth through schemes like Skill India, PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana
Rural Health Sector
There is lack of quality infrastructure, dearth of qualified medical practitioners and
non-access to basic medicines in rural areas.
Use of Telemedicine in which doctor in city can interact with patient in remote
village and prescribe medication- cheap, convenient and less time consuming
Apps like Mera Doctor launched by private sector which offers WhatsApp like
sessions between patients and licensed doctors to ask questions
Marketing Needs
ICT will provide unique opportunities to producers of rural products,
agriculture/agro-processing products, rural handicrafts etc. to have direct market
access.
National Agriculture Market in field of agri-marketing which integrates mandis
through internet.
ICT has immense potential. If this potential is leveraged effectively, it can uplift the lives of
rural masses.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY: MAKING A DIFFERENCE
Target: Achieve 1.75GW of renewable power by 2022; of this, 1 GW through solar power.
Out of it, 40000 MW through rooftop solar panels
Smart cities have made harnessing renewable energy as one of important factors in
selecting cities for retrofitting them into urban centres. Government has taken steps like
replacing old ACs with more energy efficient machinery and mandatory rooftop panels over
all government buildings. However, more than urban areas, rural areas can be transformed
through renewable energy
Solar power
Being a tropical country, India can use solar power in off-grid to light up villages in
remote interiors and islands.
Many government schools and hostels in rural areas are making efficient use of solar
power
Even healthcare is provided in some areas through solar power. However, all medical
instruments run on AC power, hence no operation is performed.
In Sundarbans, solar powered vehicles on pilot basis are used instead of rickety gas
spewing rickshaws. It has been well received.
Wind power
In states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, wind farms dot the rural landscape and
produce enough power in decentralised power to be fed in power grid.
In high altitude regions like Himachal Pradesh, during heavy snowfall, there is
constant power outs. However, the skies remain bright and clear and steady wind is
generally guaranteed. Thus, hybrid solar-cum wind power have been a boon in such
areas.
However, those displaced from lands on which such farms are built, are deprived off
their livelihoods , identity and homes
Other renewable sources of energy
Agricultural waste like risk husk and biomass have proved to be useful sources of
renewable energy
Recent focus on bio-methanation from organic wastes- particularly animal waste is a
welcome step
Treating organic and animal waste to generate electricity will help in bringing down
GHGs and also meet energy needs in sustainable manner.
Suitability of small hydro, biofuels and biogas
Hydro projects, whether big or small, are no more a reliable source of energy in era
of climate change. Years of draught and erratic rains have left nearly all reservoirs
empty
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Biofuels are derived from molasses which is in turn a by-product of water-guzzling

sugarcane crop. Hence, it is not wise to be dependent on biofuels. The jatropha
planting is also being challenged as it deprives communities of village commons
which are often used to grow vegetables and alike.
Thus, biogas derived from biomethanation of organic waste is a reliable alternative
source of energy besides solar power
India can never become self-sufficient in energy unless new and efficient technologies are
adopted. Instead of old energy inefficient coal plants, it needs to be replaced by newer ones
with better technology. Power guzzling electronic goods have to be replaced by efficient BEE
certified models. Then only there is a chance for garnering benefits from renewable energy
sources.
Defecation-free Banks of Ganga Swachh Yug

States: Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal
Responsibility Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports
Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
Collaboration:
Between Swachh Bharat Mission, local youth leaders (yuva) and the
Namami Ganga Project
Support of Bharat Scouts and Guides, Nehru Yuva Kedras and National
Service Scheme
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WASTE TO ELECTRICITY: SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

The Indian economy faces significant challenges in terms of meeting its energy needs in
coming decade. There is an increase in energy requirement but there is slower than
expected increase in domestic fuel production. Thus, there has been increased import of
energy mix
Coal continues to remain the dominant fuel in total production (65%). There is 75%
electrification in India. This means, one-fourth of Indian population still lacks access to
electricity.
Renewable Energy
India is the first country to have a Ministry of non-conventional energy resources in
early 1980s
Indias cumulative grid interactive has reached 33.8GW. 66% is from wind energy
and solar PV contributed nearly 4.59% along with biomass and small hydro projects.
Waste to Energy (WtE)
Every year, 55mt of municipal solid waste and 38 billion litres of sewage are
generated in urban areas.
Waste generation is expected to increase rapidly in future at per capita rate of
approx. 1-1.33% annually
India has long involvement with anaerobic digestion and biogas technologies
Waste water treatment plants have been established which produce renewable
energy from sewage gas.
Types of waste
Urban waste
Industrial waste
Biomass waste
Biomedical waste
Importance of WtE
Problems caused by solid and liquid waste can be mitigated by adoption of
environment friendly waste to energy technologies that will allow treatment and
processing of waste before their disposal.
Environmental benefits will be less land, air and water pollution.
It generates clean, reliable and renewable fuel source thus, reducing dependence on
fossil fuels
Monetary benefits- government incentives, right technology will enhance
acceptability, more research in getting energy from sewage waste, industrial waste
and hazardous waste. Expansion possibilities if they become successful
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Energy from Waste technologies
Thermal conversion
Involves thermal degradation of waste under high temperature
Complete oxidation of waste occurs at high temperature
Technology: Incineration
But, it is losing attention because of emission characteristics
Thermo-chemical conversion
Involves high temperature driven decomposition of organic matter to produce
heat/energy/fuel/gas
Useful for wastes that contain high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter
and low moisture content
Technology: Pyrolysis and gasification
The products of these processes can be used purely as heat energy or further
processed chemically, to produce a range of end products
Bio-chemical conversion
Involves enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce
methane gas and alcohol etc.
Used for wastes having high percentage of organic biodegradable matter high level
moisture/water content
Technology: Anaerobic digestion (biomethanation) and fermentation
Electrochemical conversion
Refers to microbial fuel cells
System is developed to trap energy from wastes where reduction-oxidation
machinery of immobilised microbial cells is catalytically exploited for accelerated
transfer of electrons from organic wastes to generate electricity and bio-hydrogen
gas
Constraints
WtE still a new concept
Most proven and commercial technologies are imported
Cost of projects are high, especially projects like biomethanation which is exclusively
imported
Low level of compliance to MSW rules, thus, segregated solid waste is generally not
available at plant sites.
Lack of financial resources with urban bodies/municipal corporations
Lack of conducive policy guidelines from central and state governments
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Support of Indian government
Recognised waste to energy as renewable technology and supports through various
subsidies and incentives
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy actively promoting all technology
options available for energy recovery from urban and industrial wastes
Promoting research, providing financial support for R&D projects on cost-sharing
basis. Key stats such as value of recyclables, amount of environmental pollution from
waste resources and quantity of industrial waste generated need to be computed to
gain better understanding.
Solid waste management is as crucial component of Swachh Bharat Mission
Salma Dam The Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Multipurpose project)

Where: Herat province, Afghanistan
River: Chist-e-Sharif
Fund: Government of India
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Water and India

Constitution
List: State List; A State government can make laws for the water resources of that particular
state but without adversely affecting the interests of other states and avoiding any dispute.
Parliament: Power to legislate the regulation and development of inter-state rivers
Panchayat: Fundamental right of the village Panchayat to form a water committee to
ensure proper water management, equal distribution, tax collection and protection of water
resources.
Fundamental Duty: to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wild-life and to have compassion for living creatures.
Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956

Application: Extends to the whole of India
Water dispute means any dispute or difference between two or more State Governments
with respect to:
The use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley
or
The interpretation of the terms of any agreement relating to the use, distribution or
control of such waters or the implementation of such agreement or
The levy of any water rate in contravention of the prohibition contained in section 7
Constitution of Tribunal
a) When any request under section 3 is received from any State Government in respect of
any water dispute and the Central Government is of opinion that the water dispute
cannot be settled by negotiations, the Central Government shall, within a period not
exceeding one year from the date of receipt of such request, constitute a Water
Disputes Tribunal for the adjudication of the water dispute
b) The Tribunal shall consist of a Chairman and two other members nominated by the Chief
Justice of India from among persons who at the time of such nomination are Judges of
the Supreme Court or of a High Court.
c) The Central Government may, in consultation with the Tribunal, appoint two or more
persons as assessors to advise the Tribunal in the proceedings before it.
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d) The Tribunal shall investigate the matters referred to it and forward to the Central
Government a report setting out the facts as found by it and giving its decision on the
matters referred to it within a period of three years.
Powers of Tribunal
a) The Tribunal shall have the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908, in respect of the following matters, namely :
Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
Requiring the discovery and production of documents and material objectsrequisitioning of any data, as may be required by it.
Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or for local investigation;
Any other matter which may be prescribed
b) The Tribunal may require any State Government to carry out, or permit to be carried
out, such surveys and investigation as may be considered necessary for the adjudication
of any water dispute pending before it.
c) The Tribunal may, regulate its practice and procedure.
The Sarkaria Commission Recommendations

a) Once an application is received from a State, it should be mandatory for the Union
Government to constitute a Tribunal within a period not exceeding one year from the
date of receipt of the application of any disputant State.
b) The Inter-State Water Disputes Act should be amended to empower the Union
Government to appoint a Tribunal, suo-moto, if necessary, when it is satisfied that such
a dispute exists in fact.
c) There should be a Data Bank and information system at the national level and adequate
machinery should be set up for this purpose at the earliest. There should also be a
provision in the Inter-State Water Disputes Act that States shall be required to give
necessary data for which purpose the Tribunal may be vested with powers of a court.
d) The inter-State Water Disputes Act should be amended to ensure that the award of a
Tribunal becomes effective within five years from the date of constitution of a Tribunal.
If, however, for some reasons, a Tribunal feels that the five years period has to be
extended, the Union Government may on a reference made by the Tribunal extend its
term.
e) The Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 should be amended so that a Tribunal's award
has the same force and sanction behind it as an order or decree of the Supreme Court to
make a Tribunal's award really binding.
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Water CrisisLargest global risk in terms of potential impact
One-third: Of Indias districts affected by severe drought (33 crore people in 256 districts in
10 states)
March, 2016: Only 24% water left in 91 key reservoirs
Main Issue: Water mismanagement and not its actual scarcity
Factors Rising Demand for Water
Increasing population pressure

Large scale urbanization
Rising economic activities
Changing consumption patterns
Improving living standards
Climate variability
Expansion of irrigated agriculture
Changing cropping pattern
Ever-increasing demand for freshwater
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Large scale temporal and spatial (geographic) variations (mismatch) in availability

and demand
Leading to:
Crop failure
Shutting down of industries
Mass forced migration
Suicides and deaths
Reduced medical facilities
Spread of diseases
Deterioration of health of women and children
Data
Average rainfall: 1100 mm.; huge regional and temporal variation
80% of rainfall during June to September
Unequal spatial distribution: Brahmaputra and Barak basin are 7.3% of geographical
area and have 4.2% of countrys population but have 31% of annual water resources.
Utilisable water is 28% of total available 4000 billion cubic metre water resources
Per capita water storage is 209 cubic metre. USA (2192 cubic metre) and Australia
(3233 cubic metre)
Other water storage structures are comparatively small and dispersed- ponds, lakes,
tanks.
Groundwater supports more than 60% irrigation and 85% drinking water needs in
rural areas. Hence, it is depleting at an unprecedented level
CPCB Report 2014: 302 river stretches across country has been polluted due to
municipal and industrial waste discharge
Wetlands and traditional water bodies are in abysmal state
Water challenges
Vulnerable agriculture sector + climate change + frequent draughts and high
intensity floods= more complications
IPCCs fifth assessment report: human influence is dominant cause of warning since
mid-20th century
Peak season precipitation has decreased over core monsoon region and daily scale
precipitation variability has increased.
Frequency of dry spells and intensity of wet spells has increased
1981-2011 had more than twice as many years with three or more dry spells as
compared to 1951-1980.
Central Water Commission: in 2016, most reservoirs have lower levels than last 10
years average
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Health and well-being

UNDP, 2006: Access to safe drinking water is vital for human well-being
SDG, Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Parameters to determine the quality of freshwater:
Biological Oxygen Demand

Level of total coliform & faecal coliform
Parameters to determine the quality of groundwater:
Level of trace elements

Extent of saline-freshwater interface
Contamination of rivers due to
Inefficient functioning of ETPs (Effluent Treatment Plants), CETPs and STPs

Discharge of untreated municipal waste
Lack of on-site treatment of contaminants
Pesticide contaminated agricultural run-off
Piling up of waste religious materials on the river banks
Excessive withdrawal of groundwaterInland salinity (arid/semi-arid)
Lack of capacities, capabilities, expertise
Open Defecation
Most dangerous diarrhoeal diseases dangerous globally
Improved sanitation with safe water and good hygiene importantSwacch
Bharat Abhiyaan (eliminate open defecation by 2019)
Arsenic A documented carcinogen

90% people affected; 150 million living in arsenic prone areas
Chronic arsenic poisoning: Hyper pigmentation, dye pigmentation, keratosis

Skin/Lung cancer
Arsenic in the Food Chain
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Way Ahead:
Community-scale Approach & PPP approachSurveillance to ensure quality, quantity

and transparency
Proper monitoring & Risk management: Water quality monitoring (Source coding, depth
of well and usage of GPS)
Control entry of arsenic into food chain: Specifications in food items, strict following of
limits of metal contaminants in food items, focussed GIS (Geographic Information
System) or discovery
Awareness generation and investment in ensuring good quality drinking water
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A bucket full of water in the 21st centuryWomen & Water
Cost of fetching water: 150 million women-days and Rs. 10 billion
The importance of involving both women and men in the management of water and
sanitation and access-related questions has been recognized at the global level the
central role of women in the provision, management and safeguarding of water has
been explicitly mentioned
Fetching water is part of the gender inequality
Mitigation of women-water burden:
Restore conventional methods of water conservation (Baolis, Jhods, Ponds, Tankas)

Introduction of rainwater harvesting and judicious redirection of the same to raindeficient areas
Change cropping patterns (mentioned in Agriculture)
Campaigns for awareness generation
Proper implementation and monitoring of government schemes
Involvement of NGOs & PRIs
Community control of women over waterBe trained as water managers
All future programmes and activities should have women at the centre
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Economic Dimension: High average annual economic growth of 7.28% since 2002-03
Consumption of fixed and natural capital
Resultant pollution and wastes dangerous for the environment (Acts as sinks and
assimilates the pollution load)
Difficulty in understanding the actual environmental debt* of Indian economy
Contribution of natural resources to the GDP not accounted
Can limit the potential to achieve high economic growth due to constraints on its
availability
Can impose various costs on the society
Public Health costs (Mortality, Morbidity)
Loss of livelihoods (Hampers primary activities)
Solution:
Need to match pollution abatement with equivalent level of production and/or

consumption activities
Investment in water infrastructure institutions & water storages facilities
Initiating a positive dialogue amongst the citizens and the government
Crafting policy reforms to achieve human development and sustain economic growth
*Environmental Debt: Accumulation of past environmental impacts of natural resource

depletion and environmental degradation, owed to future generations.
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Agriculture & Water
UN: Food output should grow by 60% to feed a population of 9 billion or more in 2050.
Since January, 2015: Around 1,000 farmers have committed suicide (Karnataka)
Issues
Adoption of water-intensive crops (reduces adaptive capacity of agriculture to water

scarcity)
Low investment in surface water based irrigation system
Unreliability of canal water supply
Elite capturing of water
Excessive usage of fertilizers and pesticides
Encouraging irrigated agriculture (expected to grow by about 6% in 2050)
Groundwater based irrigation system (Reckless usage of pumps; accounts for
approximately 70% of global freshwater withdrawals)
Water-scarcity induced impact on a farmers livelihood depends upon:
Mitigation and Adaptation capacity

Strategy to absorb any volatility in water availability & socio-economic situation
Selection of crop as well as inputs
Access to informationwater availability and drought probability
Diversification of livelihood activities (backward and forward linkages)
Major effects due to water scarcity:
Inflation driven by rise in food prices

Rising income disparity
Reduced demands for manufactured goods and services General economic
recession
Solution:
Avoid growing water-intensive crops

Adopt micro irrigation technique- Drip & Sprinkler, mulching, tillage
Drip irrigation, sprinklers have high water saving potential

Drip irrigation provides 90% irrigation efficiency whereas current irrigation
efficiency is 50-70%
Promises enhanced yields and reduce fertiliser use, thus saving input cost and
increasing income at same time
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Integrated land and water management practices: Soil-water conservation,

rainwater harvesting, efficient recycling of wastewater, reducing run-off, etc.
Laser levelling: (saves around 20-30% of water)
Laser levelling is a precision land levelling technique; smoothens land surface
using laser equipped drag buckets.
Benefits are smoother soils surface, reduced water and time requirements for
irrigation, improved uniformity in water distribution and reduction in fertiliser
inputs
Rice Intensification System: Rice & Sugarcane (reduced water requirement by 29%)
Conservation Agriculture
Minimum disturbance to the soil
Maintain permanent organic cover on the soil
Adopt diversified cropping/agro forestry systems
Promises to reduce water for irrigation by improving soil moisture and water
intake rate
Reduces run off and erosion, decrease pollution and enhances groundwater
recharge
System of Crop Intensification (SCI)/ Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD)
SCI is yielding good results on ground while being tested in rice
Involves changes in the way soil, water and nutrients are managed
It reduces competition amongst crop by providing them sufficient space, use of
organic fertilisers and AWD instead of flood irrigation
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Industries & Water
Manufacturing Sector
Water-intensive industrial activities would lag behind due to water scarcity
Textile bleaching and dyeing
Leather processing
Food processing & beverages
Pulp and paper industries
Disposal of industrial effluents on land and/or on surface water bodies make water resources
unavailable
Service Sector
Maximum impact would be felt by the following sectors
Hospitality
Medical
Construction/Real Estate
Reduction of water footprint by industries:

Need to follow the prescribed standards for industrial effluent disposal
Increasing water efficiency: A systematic approach with changes in technology from water
to air cooling, replacement of water intensive equipment and fixtures, waste water recycling
and reuse into industrial process
Life Cycle analysis: Assess the environmental impact associated; improve the water
footprint in the ecosystem as well.
Supply Chain Water Management: Designing water-saving processes and machinery
designs, identifying possibilities in saving more water and working with stakeholders for
better management and educating customers
Water Offset: Initiating water reuse or recycling investments planting trees, investing in
efficiency measures
Qn: Water is to the 21st century, what oil was to the 20th century. Comment
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Diversions & Withdrawal of Upstream water
Very little freshwater available for downstream usages

Break in the desired environmental flow
Hampers the basic ecosystem services (groundwater recharge)
Fall in the groundwater table at an alarming rate
Rural Water and Sanitisation Sector
Suffer from lack of water supply infrastructure, inadequate sanitation facilities,

insufficient irrigation facilities etc.
Only 18% rural households have access and that too, in few states have access to
treated water supply.
More than half of households depend on groundwater sources. However, many face
negative health impacts due to poor quality groundwater.
Nearly 70% households dont have latrine facility, leading to high scale open
defecation
Domestic Water Solution

In addition to water harvesting, water quality testing and infrastructure development for
water supply would be necessary initiatives to provide clean, safe and affordable water to
households. The choice of treatment technologies would be largely determined by the
quality of raw water and nature of demand
A few water treatment technologies are:
Slow sand filters (SSF)
Most recommended method of water treatment for rural areas
In a proper design, it purifies the water efficiently by reducing turbidity and bacterial
contamination
Does not require high skilled labour for operation and maintenance
Chlorination
Disinfection using chlorine has been a common practice in water supply systems
Being a strong oxidant, chlorine is used to remove taste and odour, as well as
biological contamination.
Can be used for community water supply system as well as at the individual
household level
Solar disinfection
Utilises solar energy for water disinfection at household level
A plastic bottle is filled (approx. 2 litres) with water and kept in direct sunlight for 6
hours during noon and two days if sky is cloudy
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It has no chemical and external energy requirements thus making it an affordable

choices.
The water should not have turbidity more than 30NTU and there should be sufficient
sunlight.
Current Government Programmes

1. National Rural Drinking Water Programme- 2009- Ministry of Drinking Water And
Sanitation
2. National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring And Surveillance Programme- 2009Ministry of Drinking Water And Sanitation
3. Jalmani-2008- Ministry of Drinking Water And Sanitation
4. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)- 2014- Ministry of Drinking Water And Sanitation
5. Provision of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA)- 2003- Ministry of Rural
Development
6. National Rurban Mission- 2015
7. PM Krishi Sinchayi Yojana- 2015- Ministry of Agriculture And Farmer Welfare
8. National Project on Aquifer Management- Ministry of Water Resources
9. Integrated Watershed Management Programme- 2009- Ministry of Land Resources
Major Policy Recommendations for Rural Water Management
Better data
Basin/ sub-basin level water management
Water source improvement
Open defecation free
Supply and access augmentation
Demand side management
Capacity building
Institutional and legislative reforms
Revival of traditional wisdom
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Page 26
Water & Climate Change
Water is the primary medium through which climate change influences Earths ecosystem
and thus the livelihood and well-being of societies. Higher temperatures and changes in
extreme weather conditions are projected to affect availability and distribution of rainfall,
snowmelt, river flows and groundwater, and further deteriorate water quality. The poor,
who are the most vulnerable, are likely to be adversely affected.
Water quality could suffer in areas experiencing increases in rainfall. Heavy downpours can
increase the amount of runoff into rivers and lakes, washing sediment, nutrients, pollutants,
trash, animal waste, and other materials into water supplies, making them unusable, unsafe,
or in need of water treatment. Freshwater resources along the coasts face risks from sea
level rise. As the sea rises, salt water moves into freshwater areas. This may force water
managers to seek other sources of fresh water, or increase the need for desalination (or
removal of salt from the water) for some coastal freshwater aquifers used as drinking water
supply.
In addition, as more freshwater is removed from rivers for human use, saltwater will move
farther upstream. Drought can cause coastal water resources to become more saline as
freshwater supplies from rivers are reduced. Water infrastructure in coastal cities, including
sewer systems and wastewater treatment facilities, faces risks from rising sea levels and the
damaging impacts of storm surges.
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Page 27
Water resources and how they are managed impact almost all aspects of society and the
economy, in particular health, food production and security, domestic water supply and
sanitation, energy, industry, and the functioning of ecosystems. Under present climate
variability, water stress is already high, particularly in many developing countries, and
climate change adds even more urgency for action. Without improved water resources
management, the progress towards poverty reduction targets, the Millennium Development
Goals, and sustainable development in all its economic, social and environmental
dimensions, will be jeopardized.
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Creation of Water Abundance

Efforts: Concerted + Consistent + Sustained
Awareness Generation: Undertake comprehensive, consistent and constant campaigns to
re-establish the relationship between people and water help in internalisation of the fact
that water is a scarce resource (Commit & Adhere)
Immediate Steps:
a) Formation of drought mitigation committees in the villages (involved representation
from major groups as well)
b) Collective oath should be taken for suicide prevention
c) Arrangement of tanker water supply
d) Arrangement of food and water for the livestock and avoiding distress sale of livestock
e) Implementation of the Right to Food (RTF): Enable proper functioning of PDS
f) Restore/Rehabilitate/ Create water conservation structures: Water harvesting
techniques should be taught and followed (MNREGA Funds should be utilized)
g) Facilitate smooth and swift transfer of funds to villages
h) Re-look into the Easement Act that allows any land owner to extract ground water
Long term measures: Detailed planning + proper allocation of funds
Creation of Water Bank: Capture the rainwater and putting it back into its natural water
cycle. Traditional local methods should be tested, replicated or modified to suit the needs.
(Community effort)
Water Harvesting technique
Zings
Kuls
Naula
Khatri
Kuhl
Zabo
Cheo-ozihi
Dongs
Bamboo drip irrigation
Apatani (Wet rice cultivation
& fish-farming system)
Eris
Ooranis
Surangams, Korumbus
Katas/Mundas/Bandhas
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State
Ladakh
Spiti, Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi (HP)
HP
Nagaland
Nagaland
Assam (Bodo Tribes)
Meghalaya (Khasi & Jaintia)
Arunachal Pradesh (Apatani
tribes of Ziro)
TN
South Travancore
Kerala
MP & Odisha
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Kare
Cheruvu
Kohli, Bhandaras, Phad
Aharpynes
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bihar
Recharging Groundwater artificially: It needs to be doubled via natural processes and by

redirecting rainwater into underground aquifers; leading to a continued supply over a
period of time and better protection from pollution.
Alleviates water scarcity

Reduce flooding
Improves water quality (natural attenuation process)
Implementation of Basin-level water management concept and not river-centric approach
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Potential contribution of the water sector to attain the Millennium Development Goals
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Page 34
Please read the following articles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The importance of Water Management

Managing Indias Freshwater
Water Pricing Regime
Interlinking of Rivers: Challenges
Trans-boundary Waters: Sharing Benefits, Sharing Responsibilities
Disaster Management, Urbanization Issues and Governance The Chennai Disaster
Chinas Water Hegemony in Asia
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Minimum cost and requires less space

Through IT linkages, there would be more interaction among academics

Biofuels are derived from molasses which is in turn a by-product of water-guzzling

Defecation-free Banks of Ganga Swachh Yug

WASTE TO ELECTRICITY: SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

Salma Dam The Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Multipurpose project)

Water and India

Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956

The Sarkaria Commission Recommendations

Factors Rising Demand for Water

Increasing population pressure

Large scale temporal and spatial (geographic) variations (mismatch) in availability

Health and well-being

Biological Oxygen Demand

Parameters to determine the quality of groundwater:

Level of trace elements

Contamination of rivers due to

Inefficient functioning of ETPs (Effluent Treatment Plants), CETPs and STPs

Arsenic A documented carcinogen

Chronic arsenic poisoning: Hyper pigmentation, dye pigmentation, keratosis

Community-scale Approach & PPP approachSurveillance to ensure quality, quantity

Mitigation of women-water burden:

Restore conventional methods of water conservation (Baolis, Jhods, Ponds, Tankas)

Need to match pollution abatement with equivalent level of production and/or

*Environmental Debt: Accumulation of past environmental impacts of natural resource

Adoption of water-intensive crops (reduces adaptive capacity of agriculture to water

Water-scarcity induced impact on a farmers livelihood depends upon:

Mitigation and Adaptation capacity

Major effects due to water scarcity:

Inflation driven by rise in food prices

Avoid growing water-intensive crops

Drip irrigation, sprinklers have high water saving potential

Integrated land and water management practices: Soil-water conservation,

Reduction of water footprint by industries:

Very little freshwater available for downstream usages

Rural Water and Sanitisation Sector

Suffer from lack of water supply infrastructure, inadequate sanitation facilities,

Domestic Water Solution

It has no chemical and external energy requirements thus making it an affordable

Current Government Programmes

Major Policy Recommendations for Rural Water Management

Water & Climate Change

Creation of Water Abundance

Recharging Groundwater artificially: It needs to be doubled via natural processes and by

Alleviates water scarcity

Implementation of Basin-level water management concept and not river-centric approach

The importance of Water Management

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July Yojana&Kurukshetra 2016 IASbaba

July Yojana&Kurukshetra 2016 IASbaba