International Journal of Educational Management

Academic dishonesty and perceptions of Pakistani students

Mian Sajid Nazir Muhammad Shakeel Aslam

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Mian Sajid Nazir Muhammad Shakeel Aslam, (2010),"Academic dishonesty and perceptions of Pakistani
students", International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 24 Iss 7 pp. 655 - 668
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Academic dishonesty and

perceptions of Pakistani students

Academic
dishonesty

Mian Sajid Nazir and Muhammad Shakeel Aslam

Department of Management Sciences,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

655

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Abstract
Purpose Academic dishonesty has been a matter of great concern in higher education for last few
decades. The dishonest behavior of students at graduate and undergraduate level has become a severe
issue for education and business sectors, especially when the students exercise same dishonest
practices at their jobs. The present research aims to address this matter by investigating the
perceptions of students towards academic dishonesty and exploring the security and penalties for
dishonest acts of students.
Design/methodology/approach A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data
from 958 respondents studying at graduate and undergraduate levels in different Pakistani
universities.
Findings It has been found that students involve in academic dishonest acts more frequently about
which they believe to be less severe. Moreover, they also suggested lower or no penalties for the same
dishonest acts which are perceived as less severe.
Practical implications The results provide a strong implication for academicians to develop the
moralities and ethics in students so that institutions may provide ethically cultivated professionals to
the business community.
Originality/value The research paper is pioneer in its nature to explore the academic dishonest
acts of students and their perceptions regarding some of the dimensions of academic dishonest and
integrity in Pakistani university students.
Keywords Dishonesty, Students, Higher education, Ethics, Pakistan
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Academic Dishonesty has been a matter of great concern in higher education during the
last few decades. The issue of dishonest behavior of students at graduate and
undergraduate level has become very severe, particularly when students continue to
exercise the same practices at their workplace. The worst scandals of world top
companies of World Com and E-toyes, Enron & Adelphia have forced the researchers to
focus their attention on the role of college and universities in ethical training of
tomorrows business leaders. The cheating students have strong tendency to practice
same unethical and dishonest behaviors at the workplace which they had exhibited
during their education (Grimes, 2004; Rakovski and Levy, 2007; Hardling et al., 2004;
Lawson, 2004). The number of private and public sector educational institutions is
increasing day by day; therefore, the impact of academic dishonest behavior on the life of
potential professionals needs to be carefully analyzed and appropriate policies must be
formulated in order to minimize these unethical practices in the business and education
sectors. The present study sheds some light on this issue by investigating the
relationship of demographics with the dishonest behavior of students at university and
college levels. We have used a self-administered questionnaire for the survey of the

International Journal of Educational

Management
Vol. 24 No. 7, 2010
pp. 655-668
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0951-354X
DOI 10.1108/09513541011080020

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656

different private and public sector universities of Punjab region. The survey questions
were directed at students attitude regarding the severity of the academic dishonest acts,
suggesting penalties for those and how frequently students are engaged in these types
of dishonest acts. The research is pioneer in its nature in Pakistan on the relationship of
academic dishonesty in Pakistan and expected to contribute a better understanding of
the ethical decisions of students helping the academicians and business professionals to
look into and formulate some policies to refrain from this behavior. The remainder of the
paper is organized as follows; the next section reviews some significant studies, third
part develops the methodology followed by results and discussion in the next. Final
section concludes the study by suggesting some implications for educators and future
avenues for researchers.
2. Literature review
Much has been written and researched about the students ethics in higher education
(Rakovski and Levy, 2007). In this regard, some earlier work of William and Bowers in
1960s has provided a strong base, which is further explored by Donald McCabe in
1990s. However, these concepts came from the developed world and researches were
also carried out in these countries. In general, research concluded that dishonesty in
education is rampant which needs to be carefully analyzed in other countries as well
along with its relation with the demographic factors of the students. Literature finds
mixed vies regarding the increased frequency of cheating in academics (McCabe and
Bowers, 1994; McCabe and Drinn, 1999) despite some contrary findings of Brown and
Emmett(2001). The longitudinal analysis of the Bowers research indicates that the
frequency of students involvement in academic dishonesty and cheating is rising.
In earlier, Bower (1964) analyzed 5,000 students from 99 various college campuses and
found that at least half of them were engaged in some form of academic dishonesty.
Later on, McCabe and Bowers (1994) conducted the survey students from nine more
campuses to the previous study and concluded that 52 percent of the sample students
reported copying exam sheet or test from another student where in 1964 this ratio was
just 26 percent. McCabe and Trevino (2002) also observed a fourfold increase in the
number of students using cheating material in exam (i.e. from 6 to 27 percent).
As per the findings of a student self-reported survey of Ogilby (1995), the ratios of
cheaters on exam have increased from 23 to 84 percent during a period of 1940-1982
while students cheat more frequently at rural colleges (Robinson et al., 2004) as well as
small colleges (Dawkins, 2004). Use of technology has further enhanced the problem of
academic dishonesty at university and college levels. Computers and internet have
made it very convenient and easier to obtain the information and use it as your own
with or without mentioning the source. This has been taken into consideration by
Scanlon and Neumann (2002) by conducting a study of undergraduate from nine
colleges and universities from the USA; the study reported the findings that a
substantial number of students use the internet form copy and paste text into their
assignments and papers without mentioning the source. The use of technology for
cheating has increased much that students even use to break into the computer files of
professors and steal exam papers and result sheets (Fishbein, 1993).
Research has found mixed evidence on the gender effect on moral values of students.
Although, some earlier studies reported inconclusive findings on gender differences and
academic dishonesty (Thoma, 1986); however, recent studies noted a link is prevailing

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(Shaub, 1994; Sweeney, 1995; Cohen and David, 1998). As per Malone (2006), attitude of
male and female students differs on some dishonest acts but for most of the issues of
dishonesty, they behave in same way. Cohen and David (1998) developed a
multidimensional ethics scores to evaluate the ethical evaluation and intention
aspects of honest behaviors, and found that males and females had significantly
different set of judgments on their perception of ethical behavior. Some other studies
reported that male students are more frequently engaged in dishonest acts than females
(Bower, 1964; McCabe and Trevino, 1997; Whitley et al., 1999). Moreover, this is also
confined by a literature review paper of Crown and Spiller (1998) who reported more
involvement of male students in cheating than females. So, we can also expect a
significant relation between the gender difference of students and their involvement into
academic dishonest acts.
Different studies have addressed the students dishonest behaviors on the basis of
age as well. It is reported that younger students engaged more oftenly in cheating than
their older counterparts (Haines et al., 1986; Graham et al., 1994; Diekhoff et al., 1996).
Another point of view came into consideration, i.e. in younger age, they have their own
code of ethics to behave in society but as they grow up, they show moralities in their
behaviors and become more philosophical (Auerbach and Welsh, 1994). Younger and
unmarried students are more tolerant to cheating behavior than older and married
students (Whitley et al., 1998). This notion is also supported by Coombe and Newman
(1997) that the individuals at younger age are found to be less ethical than the older
ones.
Regarding the subject majors and program levels of students, researchers are confused.
Many studies provided evidence that, at the college and university level, the business
students are among the most dishonest ones (Caruana et al., 2000; Clement, 2001; Smyth
and Davis, 2004). Business students provided the highest cheating rate 87 percent while
comparing it to the other non-business majors (Caruana et al., 2000). Harris (1989) reported
that, most business students have low ethical values than their peer students in other
majors. Recently, Christine and James (2008) analyzed the academic behaviors of students
and showed that subject major significantly influences the students choice for academic
dishonesty. Contrary to these studies, Beltramini et al. (1984) provided a very weak
precedent that despite the gender effect business students are ethically sounds that the
students opting for non-business subjects.
Prevalence of academic integrity and dishonesty has also been studied across the
different levels of the students. Zastrow (1970) has concluded that the frequency of cheating
in students at the graduate level was at least as extensive as for the undergraduate
students. Rakovski and Levy (2007) noted that undergraduate students are involved more
oftenly and extensively in dishonest acts than the graduate students; however, Christine
and James (2008) provided that there is no significant difference between the attitudes of
students towards academic dishonesty at the graduate and undergraduate level.
Furthermore, academic performance of students has also been an important predictor
which reflects the negative relationship. Smith et al. (2002) summarized the results of
various studies and concluded that students with greater academic performance are
engaged in cheating less often than the students with lower performance.
Several studies can be found in literature of academic integrity on the degree
of dishonesty and suggested penalties for these acts. Rakovski and Levy (2007)
summarized these in their paper concluding that exam-related and plagiarism dishonest

Academic
dishonesty

657

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658

acts are to be considered more serious dishonest acts; whereas, collaborating on

homework and not contributing to group projects are less serious dishonest acts. As per
the general expectations, the behaviors of students mostly involved in are considered
less serious by them (Kidwell et al., 2003; Nuss, 1984). Whitley (1998) and Whitley and
Kost (1999) determined that the student consider and most likely act to help someone
cheat (which is a passive and less serious act) than to cheat by themselves on the exams
(which is reported most severe and active dishonest act).
In addition, researchers also addressed the issue of penalties for these academic
dishonest behaviors. According the Nuss (1984) survey of faculty members regarding
penalties for academic dishonesty, 39 percent respondents would report the matter to
appropriate authorities, 34 percent would grant a lower grade and 26 percent would
give a warning to student if he/she has found cheating. Moreover, these suggestions of
penalties are dependent on the severity of the dishonest acts as well. Whitley and
Kost (1999) use a case study method by presenting the students different cheating
scenarios and reported that assisting and helping others to cheat is viewed by students
as less serious dishonest act than cheat by itself. Furthermore, they suggested that
cheater should be given a failing grade (50 percent) or failing grade on assignment
(25 percent). Students also suggested that most common punishment for the cheater
should be a private reprimand and writing a comprehensive paper on academic
honesty.
The present study is pioneer in its nature on the relationship of academic dishonesty
and perceptions of Pakistani students, nothing has been found in local literature.
From the above discussion, we can infer that the studies to analyze the perceptions of
students towards academic dishonesty, severity and penalties are from developed
countries. This issue, yet, has not been explored in the context of higher education in
developing countries like Pakistan. To fill this gap, a structured questionnaire has been
administered to assess the frequency, severity and penalties of academic dishonesty
among the students of professional education in public and private sector universities
of Pakistan.
3. Methodology
The study gathered the data from the respondents on a well-structured and
self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. First part
was focusing on the demographic factors of the students responding. There demographic
factors were gender, age group of respondents, program level in which the student is
enrolled, subject majors taken and academic performance measured in terms of cumulative
grade point average (CGPA) of the student earned. Second part consists of most commonly
researched 13 unethical academic acts the students may involve in. The students were
asked to describe how frequently involve in academic dishonest behaviors, which acts
are most serious and suggest penalties for academic dishonest acts. The responses were
arranged on a five-point Likert Scale which receives responses for every dishonest act of the
students in always or never (i.e. one stands for never and five for always involved).
The frequency, severity and penalties for academic dishonest behaviors have been
measured by second part of the questionnaire taken from the literature (Cohen and David,
1998; Davis and Welton, 1991; Rakovski and Levy, 2007). The data were collected by
a questionnaire discussed above from the graduate and undergraduate students studying

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at the various universities of Pakistan. The questionnaires were distributed in the classes
and students took approximately 15 minutes to complete each questionnaire.
For the sake of generalization and fruitfulness of the study, students were selected
from the senior most classes of the professional fields only like the business, engineering,
public administration and commerce. There were 1,000 questionnaire distributed among
the respondents out of which 958 were found complete and useful questionnaire returned
having 95.8 percent effective response rate. The internal consistency of the scale and
data collected was tested using Cronbachs alpha which produced a co-efficient of 0.85.
The research has proved that the value of this alpha is greater than 0.5 and is acceptable
in social sciences (Nunally, 1978). Descriptive statistics and correlations have been used
to investigate the frequently involved in dishonest acts, severity of these acts and
students responses towards suggesting penalties for these academic dishonest
behaviors using SPSS 16.

Academic
dishonesty

659

4. Results and discussion

The cross tabulation is shown in Table I for demographic factors, i.e. CGPA, academic
program, age group and major with regard to were compared with gender of the
respondents. The sample was collected from different universities which are
representative of population. Out of 958 respondents, 638 (67 percent) are male and
320 (33 percent) are female. In terms of academic performance, a vast majority of male
students secured a CGPA ranging from 2.50 to 3.50 while out of 320 female respondents

n
Panel A: gender and CGPA
CGPA
Below 2.0
9
2.0-2.5
94
2.5-3.0
212
3.0-3.5
212
3.5-4.0
111
Total
638
Panel B: gender and program
Program
Graduate
109
Undergraduate
529
Total
638
Panel C: gender and age group
Age group
16-20
83
21-25
545
26-30
10
Total
638
Panel D: gender and major
Major
Business
333
Non-business
305
Total
638

Male
Percentage

Female
Percentage

Total
Percentage

1
15
33
33
18
100

2
8
63
117
130
320

0.1
2.5
20
36
41
100

11
102
275
329
241
958

1
11
29
34
25
100

17
83
100

91
229
320

28
72
100

200
758
958

21
79
100

13
85
2
100

64
253
3
320

20
79
1
100

147
798
13
958

15
83
2
100

52
48
100

208
112
320

65
35
100

541
417
958

56
44
100

Table I.
Demographic statistics

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660

247 (77 percent) were found to have secured CGPA of 3.00-4.00 which reflects that female
students are more hard working and earn good grade than their male counterparts.
Number of respondents studying in undergraduate classes is more than that of graduate
classes. A heavy majority of respondents were found in age group of 21-25 and there is
slight variation in sampling across business and non-business majors with former
having a little more percentage both in male and female respondents.
Tables II-IV indicate the frequency of students involvement in 13 under
consideration academic dishonest acts; severity perceived by the students of these
acts and suggested penalties. Out of these 13 dishonest acts, approximately 90 percent of
the total respondents found to be involved never or rarely in copying exam from
cheating material, submit anothers assignment with their own name and very
importantly, stealing the exam material and students consider these behaviors more
severe and suggest higher level of penalties for these dishonest behaviors. However,
there are some dishonest acts which are taken very lightly by the 60 percent students and
they found to be involved always or mostly in these acts. These are helping others to
copy exam, helping others to copy home assignment, allowing others to use your project
report in preparing their own, copy from internet with source, receiving help and helping
others on graded assignment. Students perceive these issue least severe and suggest
lower level or no penalty for these while in case of the issue of helping others to copy your
home assignment, students found to be involved more often and they consider it
moderate severe but suggest lower level penalty or no penalty for these acts.
The remaining issues of copying others exam sheet, copying assignment/project
report and copying from internet without mentioning the source are the academic
dishonest acts in which the students involved occasionally. These issues are
considered moderate severe by the students and they recommend medium level
penalty for these behaviors. Mean scores of each dishonest act has been computed
towards the frequency, severity and penalty. As per findings of Table IV, majority of
students found to be less or never involved in some dishonest acts. These dishonest
acts are copying exam sheet during exam, copying exam from cheating material,
copying project/internship report, submitting anothers assignment or project as your
own and stealing exam material. Students take these activities as more severs and they
suggest higher level of penalty for these. The frequency of students involvement in
some other academic dishonest issues like copying from internet without mentioning
the source of information and receiving others help on and helping others on graded
assignment/project is relatively higher than the remaining dishonest academic acts.
Students believe that these dishonest behaviors are least sever and suggest lower level
or no penalty for these behaviors. Remaining issues of copying home assignment from
others assignment, help others to copy your exam sheet and home assignment, allow
others to use your internship/project report in preparing their project report and copy
form internet without mentioning the source of information are the issues in which
students involve occasionally or rarely involved and students take these acts as
moderate severe. Students suggest lower level or no penalty for single behavior out of
these (helping others to copy your home assignment) while medium level penalty for
remaining four dishonest behaviors (Table V).
In order to find out the types of cheaters, we computed the number of hardcore
cheaters, simple cheaters and non-cheaters for each dishonest act. Combination of
students always and mostly involved in cheating behaviors are shown as hardcore

13

12

11

10

5
6

3
4

1
2

S. no
4
2
4
6
11
13
4
9
6
12
6
10
2

n
34
19
36
57
104
128
41
87
56
115
54
100
18

Academic dishonest act

Copy exam sheet during exam

Copy exam from cheating material
with you in exam
Copy project/internship report
Copy home assignment from others
assignment
Help others to copy your exam sheet
Help others to copy your home
assignment
Submit anothers assignment or
project as your own
Allow others to use of your project
report in preparing their project
report
Copy from internet without
mentioning the source
Copy from internet with mentioning
the source
Receive others help on graded
assignment/project
Help others on graded
assignment/project
Steal exam material (question
paper/exam sheet)

Always
Percentage

31

316

264

298

187

201

159

246

123
216

21
65

47

33

28

31

20

21

17

26

13
23

2
7

Mostly
Percentage

54

282

320

256

217

232

113

241

189
249

52
142

163

29

33

27

23

24

12

25

20
26

5
15

17

Occasionally
n
Percentage

57

164

215

183

236

242

130

216

306
241

123
263

307

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17

22

19

25

25

14

23

32
25

13
27

32

Rarely
Percentage

798

96

105

106

262

196

615

127

283
148

743
452

407

Mean
4.05
4.62
4.08
3.66
3.12
2.97
4.27
3.27
3.48
2.86
3.06
2.83
4.66

Never
Percentage
42
78
47
30
15
13
64
20
27
11
11
10
83

Academic
dishonesty

661

Table II.
Frequency of academic
dishonest behavior

Table III.
Severity of academic
dishonest behavior

12
13

11

10

5
6
7

3
4

1
2

Copy exam sheet during exam

Copy exam from cheating material
with you in exam
Copy project/internship report
Copy home assignment from others
assignment
Help others to copy your exam sheet
Help others to copy your home assignment
Submit anothers assignment or project
as your own
Allow others to use of your project report
in preparing their project report
Copy from internet without mentioning the
source
Copy from internet with mentioning the
source
Receive others help on graded
assignment/project
Help others on graded assignment/project
Steal Exam material (question paper/exam
sheet)
13
11
11
33

129
106
102
318

7
8
53

512

12

64
73

51

116

14

47
22

450
208

130

26

Most severe
Percentage

253

116

159
133

134

273

251

231

311
286
235

197
307

12

17
14

14

28

26

24

32
30
25

21
32

33

105

315
274

288

329

311

184

297
323
372

94
249

159

11

33
29

30

34

32

19

31
34
39

10
26

17

Very severe
Moderate severe
Percentage f Percentage

316

66

301
341

317

157

177

100

138
164
171

63
109

31
36

33

16

18

10

14
17
18

7
11

10

Less severe
Percentage

94

159

119
137

168

83

89

125

83
79
78

154
85

136

17

12
14

18

13

9
8
8

16
9

14

2.21

3.26
3.35

3.44

2.81

2.84

2.46

2.72
2.82
2.88

2.24
2.54

2.52

Least severe
f Percentage Mean

662

S. no Academic dishonest act

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IJEM
24,7

Copy exam sheet during exam

Copy exam from cheating material with
you in exam
Copy project/internship report
Copy home assignment from others
assignment
Help others to copy your exam sheet
Help others to copy your home assignment
Submit anothers assignment or project as
your own
Allow others to use of your project report
in preparing their project report
Copy from internet without mentioning the
source
Copy from internet with mentioning the
source
Receive others help on graded
assignment/project
Help others on graded assignment/project
Steal exam material (question paper/exam
sheet)

32
14
26
40
40
48
22
39
48
60
52
56
15

304
132
253
384
379
462
212
373
457
572
499
537
143

123

197
172

151

225

272

267

269
304
242

291
331

299

13

21
18

16

23

28

28

28
32
25

30
35

31

RG by 1
f Percentage

153

150
122

121

151

185

217

168
166
144

219
199

161

16

16
13

13

16

19

23

18
17
15

23
21

17

RG by more
than 1
f Percentage

112

83
86

74

73

79

135

104
66
72

114
99

73

12

9
9

14

11
7
8

12
10

f1
Percentage

427

29
41

40

52

49

127

33
43
38

202
76

121

2.38
2.96
2.39
2.09
2.05
1.94
2.68
2.12
2.00
1.81
1.90
1.87
3.58

13
21
8
3
4
4
13
5
5
4
3
4
45

f2
Percentage Mean

Notes: RG by 1, reduction in grade by level 1; RG by more than 1, reduction in grade by more than 1 level; F1, grade F in exam, homework or assignment;
and F2, grade F in whole subject

12
13

11

10

5
6
7

3
4

1
2

S. no Act (item number)

No penalty
f Percentage

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Academic
dishonesty

663

Table IV.
Penalty for academic
dishonest behavior

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S. no Act (item number)
1
2

664

3
4

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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Table V.
Types of cheaters

13

Copy exam sheet during exam

Copy exam from cheating material
with you in exam
Copy project/internship report
Copy home assignment from others
assignment
Help others to copy your exam sheet
Help others to copy your home
assignment
Submit anothers assignment or
project as your own
Allow others to use of your project
report in preparing their project report
Copy from internet without mentioning
the source
Copy from internet with mentioning
the source
Receive others help on graded
assignment/project
Help others on graded assignment/
project
Steal exam material (question paper/
exam sheet)

Hardcore
cheaters
n Percentage

Cheaters
Percentage

Non-cheaters
n Percentage

81

470

49

407

42

40
101

4
11

175
405

18
42

743
452

78
47

180
320

19
33

495
490

52
51

283
148

30
15

374

39

457

48

127

13

200

21

243

25

615

64

288

30

474

49

196

20

243

25

453

47

262

27

413

43

439

46

106

11

318

33

535

56

105

11

416

43

446

47

96

10

49

111

12

798

83

cheater, occasionally or rarely involved as cheaters and never involved in dishonest

acts are represented as non-cheaters. Among the total respondents, majority of
students found to be never involved in the dishonest issues of coping exam from
cheating material, submit anothers assignment or project as your own and steal exam
material before the exam. The results also proved the notion that the students are
concerned less often with dishonest behaviors which are perceived as most severe.
In case of copying exam sheet during exam, copying project/internship report, the
number of cheaters and non-cheaters are almost same and the total of these two are
more than 90 percent of total respondents. Among total respondents, approximately
50 percent of total respondent are being found as cheater and almost equal number of
students lies in both sides, i.e. hardcore cheaters and non-cheaters. For the remaining
issues of help others to copy your exam sheet and home assignment, allowing others to
use of your project report in preparing their project, copying from internet without
mentioning the source of information, receiving help and helping others on graded
assignment/project, more than 80 percent of total respondents are being found as
hardcore cheaters and cheaters and among these number cheaters are greater than the
number of hardcore cheaters.
Moreover, the study also finds the severity of the dishonest acts by applying factor
analysis and results have been reported in Table VI. According to factor analysis coping
exam sheet during exam, copying exam from cheating material, copying project/internship
report, copying home assignment from others assignment, helping others to copy your
exam sheet and home assignment, submission of anothers assignment/project as your

S. no

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Act (item number)

Copy exam sheet during exam
Copy exam from cheating material with you in exam
Copy project/internship report
Copy home assignment from others assignment
Help others to copy your exam sheet
Help others to copy your home assignment
Submit anothers assignment or project as your own
Allow others to use of your project report in preparing
their project report
Copy from internet without mentioning the source
Copy from internet with mentioning the source
Receive others help on graded assignment/project
Help others on graded assignment/project
Steal exam material (question paper/exam sheet)

Component
Least sever
Most severe
20.337
20.435
20.220
20.035
0.182
0.287
20.280

0.732
0.745
0.793
0.772
0.705
0.701
0.718

0.186
0.123
0.587
0.617
0.710
20.398

0.661
0.644
0.274
0.450
0.382
0.672

Note: Extraction method: principal component analysis

own, allowing others to use of your project report in preparing their project report, copying
from internet without mentioning the source of information and stealing exam material are
found to be more severe. Rests of dishonest behaviors are found to be least severe as proved
previously in the paper. These behaviors are copying from internet with mentioning the
source of information and receiving and helping others on graded assignment/project. The
findings are somewhat different from Rakovski and Levy (2007) who have explored
approximately half of the dishonest acts as most severe out of 15 total behaviors.
5. Conclusion
Ethical issues in education sector have always been a matter of great concern which
needs to be investigated and appropriate strategies should be formulated to address
such issues. The situation becomes more severe when student practice the same
dishonest behaviors during their professional life resulting in the affecting organization
culture performance negatively. This study tried to shed light on some of the aspects of
this issue and explored the students perception towards academic dishonesty, its
severity and penalties for these behaviors. To collect the data, a self-administered
questionnaire was distributed among senior students of different business and
non-business programs at higher level of study in different universities of Punjab region.
The students were asked to indicate how frequently they are involved in under
consideration 13 academic dishonest acts; their perception about the severity of these
acts and what type of penalty they suggest for these dishonest acts. The results have
reported that the dishonest issues in which students found to be involved most
frequently are least severe and they suggested lower level penalties for these dishonest
behaviors. Some dishonest issues are considered most sever by the students and they
found to be less involved in these dishonest behaviors and suggest higher level of
penalty for these issues. Students are occasionally involved in some cheating behaviors,
which are done moderately by the students and they suggest medium level of penalty
for these behaviors. The finding of this study confirms the finding of Rakovski and

Academic
dishonesty

665

Table VI.
Factor analysis

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666

Levy (2007) that students consider exam related behavior as more severe than
collaborating on home assignments and projects.
This is the confirmation of the notion that there are some dishonest behaviors which
are less severe and students do not feel hesitation if they involve occasionally or mostly
do these actions and students found to be less involved which are most severe according
to their perception. The results also put emphasis on the need to have a careful insight by
the academicians and policy makers on the ethical and moral values of students at the
undergraduate level at a university and to establish a control mechanism to oversee
the students during their exam. This also puts stress on the requirement to impart the
course of ethics in the undergraduate curriculum, especially for non-business students.
Along with this, a strict control mechanism should also be formulated in order minimize
the cheating tendency among students of Pakistani universities. Finally, the students
also left some un-attended areas of this field to be addressed in future. These may include
looking this issue in the other regions of Pakistan by increasing the sample size and
taking into consideration more universities. Different programs, subject major and other
academic characteristics can be helpful to further explore the demographical impact on
the students attitude towards academic dishonesty. Different personality traits of
students and personality types (A/B) along with locus of control are also some issues
of academic dishonesty to be discussed in future researches.
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About the authors
Mian Sajid Nazir is working as a Lecturer in CIIT Lahore. He holds a MS degree in Management
Sciences and working in the same university since 2005. He has more than ten journal
publications on his credit. Mian Sajid Nazir is the corresponding author and can be contacted
at: snazir@ciitlahore.edu.pk
Muhammad Shakeel Aslam is a MS scholar at the Department of Management Sciences,
COMSATS Institute of IT, Lahore.

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