FALSE

Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor.

Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell, and
touch.
Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.
The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical.
The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.
The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.
The output energy of all receptors is a type of electrical energy.
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically
called a receptor potential
What is a sensation?
A subjective awareness of a stimuli
Changes in cerebrospinal fluids are detected by chemoreceptors
You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the
smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?
The phasic nature of the sense of smell
This organ does not have nociceptors: the brain
Pain, heat, and cold are detected by free nerve endings
Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus
This figure shows the structure of a taste bud. Which cell produces a receptor potential? 5
What structure is visible to the naked eye? Lingual papilla
What taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid?
Umami
Pheromones stimulate olfactory cells
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe

Smell is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first
through the thalamus.
Infrasonic frequencies below 20 Hz are not detected by the human ear, whereas ultrasonic
frequencies above 20,000 Hz are inaudible vibrations.
This figure shows the internal anatomy of the ear. Which structure belongs to the inner ear? 4
This figure shows the internal anatomy of the ear. What does "7" represent? Cochlea
This figure shows the internal anatomy of the ear. What does "3" represent? Incus
This figure shows the spiral organ (organ of Corti). Which structure acts as a transducer? 6
The structure shown in this figure is located within which of the following structures?
The cochlear duct
Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic
cavity? The auditory (Eustachian tube)
Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Oval window
Cochlear duct
Spiral organ
Fibers of the cochlear nerve
SATOO CSF
Which of the these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?
Cochlear hair cells
Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilla of the inner hair cells to
bend, opening K+ gates
A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause the basilar membrane to vibrate
vigorously near the distal end
When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this
movement by means of your semicircular ducts

When you travel in an elevator, the hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
The critas ampullaris is associated with dynamic equilibrium related to angular acceleration
The vallate papillae does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium

FALSE
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers
Testosterone is s gonadotropin
Many effects of growth hormones are mediated by insulin-like growth factors secreted by the
pancreas
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndromes (stress response) sets in only if protein
reserves are depleted
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla

Endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood

The nervous system reacts to stimuli quickly compared to the endocrine system, adapts quickly
compared to the endocrine system, and has specific effects compared to the endocrine system
Paracrine are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearly cells in the same tissue,
and stimulate their physiology
1 represents the pineal gland
3 is a structure that secrets growth hormone or somatotropin
The kidney is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? The presence of a receptor for that
particular hormone.
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secrets OT (oxytocin)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormones target anterior pituitary (adenohypothssis)
These are all hypothalamic hormones except luteinizing hormone
Antidiuretic hormones target the kidney
Growth hormones has more target cells in the body than any of the others
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via negative feedback inhibition
The infundibulum is a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
Oxytocin section is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas antidiuretic hormones
section is controlled by negative fed back mechanism
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when thyroid hormones target the anterior pituitary
8 shows the hypothalmo-pituitary-target organ relationship.
5 is not a tropin
The thymus secrets several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and
regulates development and activation of T cells (white blood cells)
The thyroid gland secretes hormones that increase the bodys metabolic rate, promotes
alertness, quickens reflexes and stimulates the fetal nervous systems
The parathyroid glands secrete a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia
The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone which promotes Na+ and water retention
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal glands secretes cortisol
Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon, which raises blood
glucose

These are all secreted by t he pancreas except somatotropin (growth hormones)

The ovary has both endocrine and exocrine functions
Insulin is not a steroid hormone
Glucagon is synthesized in the rough ER
Absence of iodine in the diet leads to hypothyroidism
T4 and T3 are monoamines, hormones that are mainly transported bound to TBH in the blood
Estrogen enters a target cells nucleus and acts directly on the genes
Last step in the sequence of events happening when cAMP acts as a 2nd messenger enzymes are
activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cells because of enzyme
amplification
This figure shows modulation of target cells sensitivity by down-regulation
Resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome is influenced by cortisol
Exhaustion stage: energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
Cortisol promotes breakdown of fat and protein
Initial response to stress is called the alarm stage: mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine
Prostaglandins have all the following roles except stop fever and pain
Diabetes insipidus = ADH hyposecretion
All these causes crushing disease except hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

FALSE
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh + woman and an Rh - fetus can cause hemolytic
disease of the newborn
Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.
Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.
Blood does not produce plasma hormones.
The hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume.
37% to 52%
Glycogen is not found in plasma.
Hemoglobin is a protein not commonly found in plasma
Albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma.
A diet predominantly based on red meat would not decrease colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in
blood.
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of __________. Fibrinogen
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when there is a dietary protein deficiency
Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the red bone marrow.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and transport some carbon dioxide.
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following
except increased hypoxemia.
Many RBCs die in the spleen and liver.

All these can lead to polycythemia except iron deficiency.

Renal disease is more likely to cause anemia than any of the other factors below
Anemia has these potential consequences except blood viscosity is increased.
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
Bilirubin
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by a negative feedback loop.
A deficiency of _____________ can cause pernicious anemia. C. vitamin B12
Sickle-cell disease is not a cause of malaria.
The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
Glycolipids
These are the least abundant formed elements. Basophils
These are the most abundant a granulocytes: lymphocytes
The differential count of ______________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
Neutrophils
Basophils aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine (vasodilator) and heparin
(anticoagulant).
Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs).
Some lymphocytes can survive for decades.
A total count above ____________ WBCs/L is called leukocytosis 10,000
All these can cause leukopenia except dehydration
This figure shows the formed elements of blood. What does "7" represent? a lymphocyte
Platelets do not secrete thrombopoietin.
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by plasmin
All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except the presence of tissue
thromboplastin.

thrombus; embolus
Most clotting factors are synthesized in the liver.