07 Project Scheduling I

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I
Project Scheduling I
EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools
Farhan Saleem
Scheduling Tools
; Bar charts
; Network Diagrams
;CPM
;PERT
Prepared by: Farhan Saleem
Farhan Saleem
Bar Charts
Farhan Saleem
Bar Charts (1)

; Bar chart is the representation of a project work item or
activity as a time-scaled bar whose length represents the
planned duration of the activity.
; The bar chart can be located on a time line to indicate the
schedule for planned starting, execution, and completion
of the project work item.
Farhan Saleem

Bar Charts (2)
; The bar chart model acts both as a planning-scheduling
model and as a reporting-control model.
; The length of the bar has two different meanings:
1. The physical length of the bar represents the planned
duration of the work item.
2. It also provides a proportionally scaled baseline on which to
plot at successive intervals of time the correct percentage
complete status of the project work item.
; Pros
; Cons
- Easy to interpret
- User friendly!
- Simple to use
Difficult to update
Does not show activity
interrelationships
Limited
application
for
detailed/complex projects
Farhan Saleem
Bar Charts (3)

; Consider a schedule for a project consisting of three
activities:
1. Activity A is to be carried out in the first four months.
2. Activity B in the last four months.
3. Activity C in the third month.
Farhan Saleem

Bar Charts (4)
; By using different shading patterns, the bar chart can
indicate monthly progress toward physical completion of
the activities.
; In this way project status contours can be superimposed
on the bar chart as an aid to management control of the
project.
Farhan Saleem
Bar Charts (5)

; Project bar chart models are developed by breaking down
the project into a number of components.
; In practice the breakdown rarely exceeds 50 work
activities and generally focuses on physical components of
the project.
; If a project time frame is established, the relative
positioning of the project work activities indicates the
planned project schedule and the sequence of the work.
Farhan Saleem

Bar Charts (6)
Disadvantages:
; Bar charts provide only limited information on modelling
projects. They typically do not readily reflect the production
rate or speed with which sections or units are being
processed in linear projects.
; Since the rate of production will vary across time, this has
a major impact on the release of work for following work
processes.
; To take into account the production rates, production or
progress curves are used.
Farhan Saleem
Network Diagrams
Farhan Saleem

What if A is delayed by 2 days?
1
You can plan

You can collect data
BUT you cannot analyse
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A
B
C
D
E
F
What if B2 is delayed by 42 days?

3
A2 (4)
A1
(4
)
)
C (2
B1 (4)
B2 (3)
11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
F1 (3)
15
3)
(2)
(
E1
D1
(
E2
A1
F2 (6)
17
B1
D2 (7)
A2
B2
8)
C
D1
Gantt Chart
13
D2
E1
E2
F1
Project Network
CPM provides
a control environment
F2
Time-scaled network
Farhan Saleem
Control Environment
Plan
schedule
Plan
Data Collection
activity status
Analysis
Action
Data Collection
deviations
impacts (what ifs)
Action
Analysis
needed changes
Farhan Saleem

Network Diagrams
; Basic concept
- Show start & finish point of a project
- Graphically represents interrelated activities
- Show critical path to calculate minimum project
duration
B
A
D
E
Farhan Saleem
Network Diagramming with

CPM
Farhan Saleem

Critical Path Method Network
Series of activities
Having one start and one finish
Activities have durations
All Activities are interconnected
Start Activity has no predecessor and Finish Activity
has no successor
Farhan Saleem
CPM ADM (AOA) Technique
Farhan Saleem

Critical Path Notation (1)
Activity on Arrow (Arrow Diagramming Method)
; Similar to bar chart, as scaled arrows reflect the passage of time
; Easy to develop logical network sequence.
2
B
A
1
C
5
F
G
7
Farhan Saleem

Activity on Arrow (Arrow Diagramming Method)
; In making calculations with arrow notation, the arrow and its two
associated nodes have attributes that are formally defined as
symbols for mathematical purposes.
; The left-hand node on the arrow represents the event time at

which the activity begins. It is referred to as the i node.
; The right-hand node represents the end time of the activity. It is
referred to as the j node.
Farhan Saleem

; Total Float (TF)
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without
delaying the completion date of the project.
(TF = Latest Finish Earliest Finish)
; Free Float (FF)
The time an activity may be delayed without delaying
the early start time of the immediately following activity.
(FF(i-j)
= Earliest Start (j-k) Earliest Finish (i-j)
where activity i-j is followed by activity j-k

Farhan Saleem

; Critical Activity
An activity which if delayed will delay the completion
date of the project.
A critical activity has zero Total and Free Floats
A critical activity lies on the critical path
; Critical Path
A series of interconnected activities through the
network diagram, with each activity having zero Total
and Free Floats.
The critical path determines the minimum project
completion time.
Farhan Saleem
10

Critical Path Calculations (1)
; The objective of analyzing a project network is to:
1. Find the critical path that establishes the minimum duration of
the project.
2. Calculate the early start times for each activity.
3. Calculate the late start times for each activity.
4. Calculate the float, or time, available for delay for each activity.
; The float associated with critical activities is always zero.

; Activities that are critical lie along the longest path through the
network.
; Methods for calculating critical path:
Forward-pass algorithm and Backward-pass algorithm
Farhan Saleem
Critical Path Calculations (2)

; Forward-pass Algorithm: to calculate the earliest event times
for each node. It also allows calculation of the minimum
duration of the project.
; Backward-pass Algorithm: used for the calculation of the
latest event times for each of the activities.
; Activities for which the earliest and latest start times are the
same are critical since they cannot be delayed without causing
a delay in the total project completion time.
; Activities for which the earliest and latest start times are not the
same can be delayed to a degree without delaying the total
project. Such activities can be delayed to the degree
established by the float available without impacting the
completion time of the total project.
Farhan Saleem
11

EETi
ESij
0+35=35
Forward pass:
ES + Dur = EF
Max(35,15,15)=35
35
A (35)
B (5)
25
0 0 5
5 25
60
C(
)
10
35
15
5)
20
(1
0)
I (2
35 35
15
5+10=15
10
30 F (5)
10 15 15
35
15
40 40
15 35
40
G
)
(5
15
D (20)
Min(20,45)=20
40 K (20) 60
40 15
20
20
H(
35
20)
LETj
J (15)
20 20
45
60 60
60-15=45
LFij
Backward pass:
LF Dur = LS
CPM Schedule Computations: ADM

Farhan Saleem
Activity Float (1)

; The number of days an activity can be delayed keeping some
parameter in view.
; In calculating the amount of float, it is useful to think in terms of
the "window" of time available for each activity to occur.
; For critical activities, float is zero.
; For non-critical activities four types of float can be defined.
Farhan Saleem
12
CPM PDM (AON) Technique
Farhan Saleem
Precedence Network Calculations (1)

; Arrow notation has some characteristics that make development
of the network logic difficult.
; Particularly, the need for dummy arrows to deal with certain
situations adds to the number of activities and leads to possible
confusion.
; One alternative is to reverse the roles of the arrows and nodes,
placing the activities on the nodes and using the arrows to
represent the logical relationships.
; In this case, we have no additional dummy arrows and the flow
relationship between individual activities is more immediate. The
use of activities on node or precedence notation requires a
redefinition of the variables used in calculating the forward and
backward passes.
Farhan Saleem
13
0
A
10
5
2
10
9
5
8
SS 3
B
11
SS 2
FF 6
10
16
13
Forward:
Compute the ES, verify
Compute the EF, verify, adjust if nec.
20
16
25
22
D
10
21
15
18
21
31
SS 4
FF 7
FF 5
15
12
18
C
10
E
10
SS 6
FF 0
31
25
21
27
24
F
8
SS 3
FF 4
31
35
32
27
35
Backward:
Compute the LF, verify
Compute the LS, verify, adjust
Saleem
CPM Schedule Computations: PDM NoFarhan
Splitting
TIME-CONSTRAINED SCHEDULING
WITH CPM
Farhan Saleem
14

Time Constraints(1)
A Time Constraint refers to a restriction set on the start or finish time/
date of a deliverable.
A constraint can be either flexible or inflexible.
Flexible constraint:
A constraint that is flexible does not have the ability to create
any scheduling conflict with logic relationships. It allows time
flexibility in positive time direction and hence a time is always
available that satisfies both the logic as well as the constraint.
The following constraints are considered flexible:
As Soon As Possible
As Late As Possible
Start No Earlier Than
Finish No Earlier Than
Farhan Saleem
Time Constraints(2)
Inflexible Constraint:
A constraint that is inflexible possesses the ability to create a
scheduling conflict with logic relationships. It does not allow
time flexibility in positive time direction and hence it may be
possible that a constraint is set that violates a logic
relationship. The following constraints are considered
inflexible:
Start No Later Than
Finish No Later Than
Must Start On
Must Finish On
moderately inflexible
highly inflexible (mandatory)
Farhan Saleem
15

Time Constraints(3)
Float Constraints:
Total Float Constraint path constraint
Free Float Constraint activity constraint
Farhan Saleem
Using Constraints(1)
Start no earlier than
Lets suppose, An Activity has following characteristics
Early Start = 1st Jan 2009
Early Finish = 18th Feb 2009
Late Start = 10th Jan 2009
Late Finish = 28th Feb 2009
If there is a constraint that,
Start no earlier than 5th Dec 2008, What will be the effect?
No Effect!
Start no earlier than 3rd Jan 2009, What will be the effect?
Early Start will be set as 3rd Jan 2009,
Early Finish date will be calculated as 20th Feb 2009
No Effects on Late Start and Late Finish
Farhan Saleem
16

Finish no earlier than
Finish no earlier than 16th Feb 2009, What will be the effect?
No Effect!
Finish no earlier than 20th Feb 2009, What will be the effect?
Early Finish will be set as 20th Feb 2009
Early Start will be calculated as 3rd Jan 2009
No Effects on Late Start and Late Finish
Farhan Saleem
Start no later than
Start no later than 12th Jan 2009, What will be the effect?
No Effect!
Start no later than 8th Jan 2009, What will be the effect?
Late Start will be set as 8th Jan 2009
Late Finish will be calculated as 26th Feb 2009
No Effects on Early Start and Early Finish
Farhan Saleem
17

Finish no later than
Finish no later than 1st Mar 2009, What will be the effect?
No Effect!
Finish no later than 26th Feb 2009, What will be the effect?
Late Finish will be set as 26th Feb 2009
Late Start will be calculated as 8th Jan 2009
No effects on Early Start and Early Finish
Farhan Saleem
CPM Schedule Computations: PDM

Case 1: No Split; No Constraint
What is the float on critical path?
10
A
10
5
2
9
5
20
16
FF 5
15
12
18
21
31
What is the free float for different activities?
21
27
24
F
8
SS 3
FF 4
31
35
32
27
35
Now assume there is a constraint to

finish project by day 30 Activity F
should FNLT day 30
E
10
SS 6
FF 0
31
25
18
C
10
SS 4
FF 7
25
22
D
10
21
15
8
SS 3
B
11
SS 2
FF 6
10
16
13
Farhan Saleem
18

Case 2: No Split; Time-Constrained
5
2
10
A
10
-5
4
0
15
11
FF 5
15
12
8
SS 3
B
11
SS 2
FF 6
16
13
16
10
C
10
13
21
31
SS 4
FF 7
25
22
D
10
18
E
10
SS 6
FF 0
26
20
16
27
24
F
8
SS 3
FF 4
26
35
32
22
Constraint
30
What is the float on critical path now?

What is the effect on free float?
Farhan Saleem

No Split; No Constraint
0
A
10
5
2
10
9
5
20
16
FF 5
15
12
18
C
10
18
21
31
SS 4
FF 7
25
22
D
10
21
15
8
SS 3
B
11
SS 2
FF 6
10
16
13
E
10
SS 6
FF 0
31
25
21
27
24
F
8
SS 3
FF 4
31
35
32
27
35
Now assume there are following two constraints:

Constraint 1: to finish activity D no later than day 18
Constraint 2: to finish project no later than day 30
Farhan Saleem
19

Case 3: No Split; Time-Constrained
0
A
10
-7
5
2
10
2
-2
13
9
FF 5
15
12
18
C
10
11
21
31
SS 4
FF 7
25
22
D
10
8
SS 3
B
11
SS 2
FF 6
16
13
E
10
SS 6
FF 0
26
18
16
27
24
F
8
SS 3
FF 4
26
35
32
22
Constraint 2
30
What is the float on critical path now?

Constraint 1
What is the effect on free float?
Farhan Saleem
Class Exercise
Farhan Saleem
20
Questions/Queries?
Farhan Saleem
21

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Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Bar Charts (1)

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Bar Charts (3)

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Bar Charts (5)

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

You can plan

What if B2 is delayed by 42 days?

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Network Diagramming with

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

CPM ADM (AOA) Technique

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

Critical Path Notation (2)

; The left-hand node on the arrow represents the event time at

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

= Earliest Start (j-k) Earliest Finish (i-j)

where activity i-j is followed by activity j-k

Critical Path Notation (4)

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

; The float associated with critical activities is always zero.

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Critical Path Calculations (2)

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

CPM Schedule Computations: ADM

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Activity Float (1)

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools

Prepared by: Farhan Saleem

Lecture 8: Project Scheduling-I

CPM PDM (AON) Technique

EM-504: Project Management Framework And Tools