FUNGSI
TRANSENDEN
MA1114 KALKULU I
x a y = f (x)
Definisi 8.1 Fungsi y = f(x) disebut satu-satu jika f(u) = f(v) maka u = v
atau jika u v maka f (u ) f (v )
y=x
y = x2
y = x
u
fungsi y=x satu-satu
Secara geometri grafik fungsi satu-satu dan garis yang sejajar dengan
sumbu x berpotongan di satu titik.
Teorema : Jika fungsi f satu-satu maka f mempunyai invers
notasi f 1
f 1 : R f D f
y a x = f 1 ( y )
R
Df
x= f
R
f
x
( y)
Berlaku hubungan
Rf
y=f(x)
f(f
( f ( x)) = x
1
( y )) = y
D f 1 = R f ,
MA1114 KALKULUS I
R f 1 = D f
3
f ' ( x ) = 1 > 0, x R
f selalu naik
f(x)=-x
f ' ( x ) = 1 < 0, x R
f selalu turun
> 0, x > 0
f ' ( x) = 2 x =
< 0, x < 0
f naik untuk x>0
turun untuk x <0
f ( x) = x
f ( x) = x 2
f ( x) = x
ada
ada
MA1114 KALKULUS I
tidak ada
x 1
Contoh : Diketahui f ( x ) =
x+2
a. Periksa apakah f mempunyai invers
b. Jika ada, tentukan inversnya
Jawab
3
1.( x + 2) 1.( x 1)
=
> 0, x Df
a. f ' ( x) =
2
2
( x + 2)
( x + 2)
Karena f selalu naik(monoton murni) maka f mempunyai invers
b.
Misal y = x 1
x+2
xy + 2 y = x 1
2y 1
f ( y) =
y 1
1
2y 1
x y x = 2 y 1 x =
y 1
2x 1
f ( x) =
x 1
1
MA1114 KALKULUS I
f ( x) = x 2
f ( x) = x 2
Untuk x>0 f
ada
Untuk x<0 f
ada
f ( x) = x 2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
Grafik f dan f
f
MA1114 KALKULUS I
1
( f )' ( y ) =
f ( x)
1
dx
1
=
dy dy / dx
Contoh Diketahui f ( x) = x 5 + 2 x + 1 tentukan ( f 1 )' (4)
Jawab :
1
1
( f )' (4) =
=
f ' (1) 7
1
MA1114 KALKULUS I
Soal Latihan
Tentukan fungsi invers ( bila ada ) dari
1.
1
f (x ) = x +
, x>0
x
2.
f (x ) = 3 2x 1
3. f ( x ) = 5 4 x + 2
4. f ( x ) =
5
x2 + 1
, x0
5. f ( x ) = x + 1
x 1
6.
f ( x) =
2x 3
x+2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
x 1
ln x =
dt , x > 0
x1 1
D x [ln x ] = D x dt =
1 t x
u ( x ) 1 1 du
D x [ln u ] = D x dt =
1 t u dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
10
f ( x ) = ln(sin( 4 x + 2 ))
1
f
'
(
x
)
=
D x (sin( 4 x + 2 )) = 4 cot( 4 x + 2 )
maka
sin( 4 x + 2 )
Contoh : Diberikan
Jika
Jadi,
y = ln | x | , x 0
ln x , x > 0
=
ln( x) , x < 0
1
d
(ln | x |) =
, x 0.
dx
x
y = ln x y ' =
1
x
y = ln( x ) y ' =
1 1
=
x
x
1
x dx = ln | x | + C
Sifat-sifat Ln :
1. ln 1 = 0
2. ln(ab) = ln a + ln b
3. ln(a/b)=ln(a) ln(b)
4 . ln a r = r ln a
MA1114 KALKULUS I
11
Contoh: Hitung
x2
dx
3
x + 2
jawab
Misal u = x + 2 du = 3 x dx
3
x2
x 2 du
x 3 + 2 dx = u 3x 2
1 1
1
du
=
ln | u | +c
3 u
3
1
= ln | x 3 + 2 | +c
3
sehingga
4
4
x2
1
3
0 x 3 + 2dx = 3 ln | x + 2 | 0
1
1
= (ln 66 ln 2) = ln 33.
3
3
MA1114 KALKULUS I
12
a. f ( x) = ln x =
f(x)=lnx
1
b. f ' ( x) = > 0 x D f
x
c. f ' ' ( x ) =
1
dt
1 t , x > 0
1
< 0 x D f
2
x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
13
1
> 0 untuk x > 0 , maka fungsi logaritma asli
Karena D x [ln x ] =
x
y = exp( x ) x = ln y
exp ( x) = e x
14
y = ex
x = ln y
dy
1
=
= y = ex
dx dx / dy
dx 1
=
dy y
Jadi, Dx (e x ) = e x
Secara umum
Dx (eu ( x ) ) = eu .u '
Sehingga
x
x
e
dx
=
e
+C
MA1114 KALKULUS I
15
y=exp (x)
y=ln x
1
1
Contoh
D x (e 3 x ln x ) = e 3 x ln x .D x (3 x ln x) = e 3 x ln x (3 ln x + 3).
MA1114 KALKULUS I
16
Contoh Hitung
e3/ x
x 2 dx
Jawab :
Misalkan u =
3
1
1
3
du = 2 dx 2 dx = du
x
3
x
x
Sehingga
e3/ x
1 u
1 u
1 3/ x
x 2 dx = 3 e du = 3 e + c = 3 e + c.
MA1114 KALKULUS I
17
ln( f ( x )) = h ( x ) ln( g ( x ))
D x (ln( f ( x))) = D x (h( x) ln( g ( x)))
f ' ( x)
h( x )
g ' ( x)
= h' ( x) ln( g ( x)) +
f ( x)
g ( x)
h( x )
f ' ( x) = h' ( x) ln( g ( x)) +
g ' ( x) f ( x)
g ( x)
MA1114 KALKULUS I
18
Contoh
Tentukan turunan fungsi f ( x) = (sin x) 4 x
Jawab
Ubah bentuk fungsi pangkat fungsi menjadi perkalian fungsi dengan
menggunakan fungsi logaritma asli
f ' ( x)
4x
= 4 ln(sin( x)) +
cos x = 4 ln(sin( x)) + 4 x cot x
f ( x)
sin x
f ' ( x) = (4 ln(sin( x)) + 4 x cot x)(sin x) 4 x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
19
lim f ( x) g ( x ) = ?
xa
Untuk kasus
(i) lim f ( x ) = 0, lim g ( x ) = 0
xa
xa
f ( x ) = , lim g ( x ) = 0
(ii) lim
xa
xa
f ( x) = 1, lim g ( x ) =
(iii) lim
xa
xa
Penyelesaian :
Tulis lim( f ( x)
x a
g ( x)
x a
xa
MA1114 KALKULUS I
20
Contoh Hitung
a.
lim x x
x 0+
b. lim (1 + x )
x 0
1
x
c. lim x 3 + 1
x
1 / ln x
Jawab
a.
x 0
x 0
(bentuk 0. )
1
ln(1 + x)
lim ( (1 + x)1 / x ) = lim exp . . ln(1 + x) = exp lim
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
21
1
= exp lim
= exp 1 = e
x0 1 + x
sehingga
lim (1 + x ) = e
1
x
x0
c.
lim x + 1
x
1 / ln x
1
ln( x 3 + 1)
3
= exp lim
ln( x + 1) = exp lim
x ln x
x
ln x
3x 2
3
3x 3
x 3 (3)
+
1
x
= exp lim
. = exp lim 3
= exp lim 3
x 1 / x
x x (1 + 1 )
x x + 1
x3
(3)
3
= exp lim
=
exp
3
=
e
.
1
x (1 +
)
x3
MA1114 KALKULUS I
22
Soal latihan
A.Tentukan
y'
dari
1.
y = sec e 2 x + e 2 sec x
6.
y = ln x 2 5 x + 6
2.
y = x 5 e 3 ln x
7.
y = ln cos 3 x
3.
y = tan e
4. y
e 2 x + xy 3 = 1
5. e y = ln( x 3 + 3 y )
8.
y=
ln x
x2
9. y = ln sin x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
23
4
dx
2x + 1
2
ln
3x
2.
dx
x
x +x+5
7.
( x + 3) e
8.
3. 2
dx
x +1
tan(ln x)
dx
4.
x
5.
6.
4x + 2
2
x ( ln x)
dx
2
dx
x 2 + 6x
11.
dx
sec 2 e
9.
sin x
(cos
x
)
e
dx
10.
2 ln x
e
dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
) dx
x e
2 2 x3
dx
e2x
12. e x + 3 dx
13.
e3x
(1 2e 3 x ) 2 dx
24
2. 1 x (1 + x ) dx
ln 3
3.
4.
7.
ln 3 e + 4
ln 5
x
dx
8.
5. e
dx
e2
9.
2x+ 3
xe
4 x 2
x
e 3 4 e dx
2 e x
2 dx
1 x
dx
e x(ln x) 2
dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
25
1.
lim x
1
1 x
5.
x 1
2. lim(1 + sin 2 x )
x 0
lim
cos
3.
x
x
4.
lim+ e
x 0
2x
1
x
7.
6. lim(ln x )
x2
lim 1 + x
1
ln x
1
2 ln x
1
x
lim 3 x + 5
x
1
x x
x + 1
8. lim x + 2
x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
26
a x = e x ln a
D x ( a x ) = D x ( e x ln a ) = e x ln a ln a = a x ln a
Jika u = u(x), maka
x
a
dx =
1 x
a +C
ln a
MA1114 KALKULUS I
27
a x a y = a x+ y
ax
x y
=
a
2.
ay
3.
(a x ) y = a xy
4.
(ab) x = a x b x
5.
ax
a
= x
b
b
MA1114 KALKULUS I
28
Contoh
1. Hitung turunan pertama dari
f ( x ) = 3 2 x +1 + 2 sin 2 x
Jawab :
f ' ( x ) = 2 .3 2 x +1 ln 3 + 2 .2 sin 2 x ln 2
2. Hitung
x2
.xdx
Jawab :
Misal
u = x 2 du = 2 xdx dx =
x
4
.xdx =
2
u
4
1
2x
du
x2
du 1 4
4
=
+C =
+C
2
2 ln 4
2 ln 4
MA1114 KALKULUS I
29
f ( x) = a x , a > 0
Df = ( , )
c.
f ( x ) = a x ,0 < a < 1
d. f(0) = 1
MA1114 KALKULUS I
30
ln x
ln x = ln a = y ln a y =
ln a
y
Sehingga
D x ( a log x ) = D x (
ln x
log x =
ln a
ln x
1
)=
ln a
x ln a
ln u
u'
D x ( log u ) = D x (
)=
ln a
u ln a
a
MA1114 KALKULUS I
31
x +1
2. f ( x ) = log(
)
x 1
4
Jawab :
1.
2.
ln( x 2 + 1)
f ( x)= log( x + 1) =
ln 3
3
x +1
ln(
+
x
1
4
x 1 )
f ( x)= log(
)=
x 1
ln 4
2x
1
f ' ( x) = 2
x + 1 ln 3
f ' ( x) =
1 1
x +1
(
Dx
)
x +1
ln 4 ( x 1 )
x 1
1 x 1 x 1 ( x + 1)
ln 4 x + 1 ( x 1) 2
2
1
=
ln 4 ( x + 1)( x 1)
MA1114 KALKULUS I
32
f ( x ) = a x ,0 < a < 1
f ( x) = a x , a > 1
MA1114 KALKULUS I
33
Soal Latihan
A. Tentukan
y ' dari
2x 4 4x
1. y = 3
2. y = 10 log x 2 + 9
3. x 3 log( xy ) + y = 2
B. Hitung
1.
2.
5x 1
10
dx
x 2 dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
34
y = sin 1 x x = sin y
MA1114 KALKULUS I
35
Turunan
Dari hubungan y = sin 1 x x = sin y 1 x 1, 2 y
atau Dx (sin 1 x) =
1
1 x2
u'
1 u2
dx
1 x2
= sin 1 x + C
MA1114 KALKULUS I
36
f ( x) = cos x
Berlaku hubungan
y = cos 1 x x = cos y
Turunan
Dari
y = cos 1 x x = cos y
1
dy
1
=
=
dx dx / dy sin y
,1 x 1, 0 y
=
1
1 cos y
2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
1
1 x
diperoleh
, | x |< 1
37
atau
Dx (cos 1 x) =
1
1 x2
u'
Dx (cos 1 u ) =
Jika u= u(x)
1 u2
dx
1 x2
= sin 1 x + C
Contoh
D x (sin
( x )) =
2
D x (cos 1 (tan x )) =
1
1 (x2 )2
Dx ( x 2 ) =
1
1 (tan x)
2x
1 x4
D x (tan x) =
MA1114 KALKULUS I
sec 2 x
1 tan 2 x
38
Contoh Hitung
Gunakan rumus
1
4 x
dx
1
1 u2
du = sin 1 (u ) + C
Jawab :
1
4 x2
dx =
Misal u =
1
4(1
x
)
4
dx
1
2
1
x
(1 ( ) 2
2
dx
x
du = 12 dx dx = 2du
2
2
1
dx = 1
du
=
sin
u+C
2
2
4 x
2
(1 u
MA1114 KALKULUS I
= sin 1 ( 2x ) + C
39
f(x)=tanx
y = tan 1 x x = tan y
Turunan
Dari y = tan 1 x x = tan y
, 2 < y < 2
1
1
dy
1
1
=
=
=
=
1 + tan 2 y 1 + x 2
dx dx / dy sec 2 y
MA1114 KALKULUS I
40
atau Dx (tan 1 x) =
Jika u=u(x)
dx
1
=
tan
x+C
1+ x2
1
1+ x2
Dx (tan 1 u ) =
u'
1+ u2
f(x)=cotx
Berlaku hubungan
y = cot 1 x x = cot y
Turunan
1
1
dy
1
1
=
=
=
=
2
2
1 + cot y 1 + x 2
dx dx / dy
csc y
MA1114 KALKULUS I
41
atau
Dx (cot 1 x) =
Jika u=u(x)
1
1+ x2
dx
1
=
cot
x+C
1+ x2
Dx (cot 1 u ) =
u'
1+ u2
Contoh
1
D x (tan ( x + 1) =
D x (cot 1 (sin x )
Dx( x + 1)
2
2x
=
1 + ( x 2 + 1) 2
1 + ( x + 1)
1
cos x
=
Dx
(sin
x
)
=
1 + (sin x) 2
1 + sin 2 x
2
Contoh Hitung
a.
dx
4 + x2
b.
dx
x 2 + 2x + 4
MA1114 KALKULUS I
42
Jawab
a.
1
4 + x 2 dx =
1
x2
4(1 + )
4
dx
1
1
dx
4 1 + ( x )2
2
x
u = du = 12 dx dx = 2du
2
1
1
2
1
1
dx
=
du
=
tan
u +C
2
4 + x2
4 1+ u
2
Gunakan rumus
x
1
tan 1 ( ) + C
2
2
1
1
du
=
tan
(u ) + C
1+ u2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
43
b.
dx
1
=
x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 3 dx =
Misal
1
3
u=
1
( x + 1)
1 +
x +1
Gunakan rumus
du =
1
dx
2
( x + 1)
3(1 +
)
3
dx
1
3
dx dx = 3du
dx
1
3
1
1
=
du
=
tan
u+C
x 2 + 2x + 4 3 1 + u 2
3
1
1
du
=
tan
(u ) + C
1+ u2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
x + 1
tan 1
+ C
3
3
44
y = sec 1 x x = sec y
MA1114 KALKULUS I
45
Turunan
Dari
sec 1 x = cos 1 ( 1x )
y = sec 1 x x = sec y
1
cos y =
x
y = cos 1 ( 1x )
Sehingga
D x (sec 1 x ) = D x (cos 1 ( 1x ) =
Jika u = u(x)
D x (sec 1 u ) =
1
x2 1
1 ( 1x ) 2
1
|x|
1
=
=
2
x2
x2 x2 1 | x | x 1
u'
| u | u2 1
dx = sec 1 | x | +c
MA1114 KALKULUS I
46
y = csc 1 x x = csc y
MA1114 KALKULUS I
47
Turunan
Dari
csc 1 x = sin 1 ( 1x )
y = csc 1 x x = csc y
1
sin y =
x
y = sin 1 ( 1x )
Sehingga
Dx (csc 1 x ) = Dx (sin 1 ( 1x )
Dx (sec 1 u ) =
Jika u = u(x)
1
x2 1
1
1 ( 1x ) 2
1
| x|
1
=
=
x2
| x | x2 1
x2 x2 1
u'
| u | u 2 1
dx = csc 1 | x | +c
MA1114 KALKULUS I
48
Contoh
A. Hitung turunan pertama dari
a. f ( x) = sec 1 ( x 2 )
1
b. f ( x) = sec (tan x)
Jawab
a.
b.
f ' ( x) =
f ' ( x) =
1
| x | (x ) 1
2
2 2
Dx( x ) =
x
1
| tan x | (tan x) 1
2
2x
x 1
Dx(tan x) =
MA1114 KALKULUS I
2
x x4 1
sec 2 x
| tan 2 x | tan 2 x 1
49
B. Hitung
1
x 4
2
dx
Jawab
1
x 4
2
Misal
dx =
x 4(
x
1)
4
dx =
1
2
1
2
dx
x
x 1
2
x
u = du = 12 dx dx = 2du
2
1
x2 4
dx =
1
1
1
1
du
=
du
2
2
2
2 u u 1
2 2u u 1
1
1
1
1 x
= sec | u | +C = sec | | +C
2
2
2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
50
Soal Latihan
A. Tentukan turunan pertama fungsi berikut, sederhanakan jika mungkin
1.
y = (sin 1 x) 2
2.
y = tan 1 (e x )
3.
y = tan 1 x ln x
sec 1 t
4.
f (t ) = e
5.
y = x 2 cot 1 (3x)
6.
y = tan 1 ( x 1 + x 2 )
MA1114 KALKULUS I
51
B. Hitung
dx
1. 9 x 2 +16
2.
3.
4x
1/ 2
4.
ex
dx
5. 2 x
e +1
dx
x 16
2
dx
2 5x2
sin 1 x
1 x
6.
e2x
dx
1 e
dx
7. x[ 4 + (ln x) 2 ]
4x
dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
52
e x + ex
f ( x) = cosh x =
2
e x ex
f ( x) = sinh x =
2
sinh x e x e x
f ( x) = tanh x =
= x x
cosh x e + e
cosh x e x + e x
f ( x) = coth x =
= x x
sinh x e e
f ( x) = sec h x =
f ( x) = csc h x =
MA1114 KALKULUS I
1
2
= x x
cosh x e e
1
2
= x
sinh x e + e x
53
cosh x + sinh x = e x
2. cosh x sinh x = e
3.
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
2
2
1
tanh
x
=
sec
h
x
4.
5. coth
x 1 = csc h 2 x
Turunan
e x + e x e x e x
=
Dx (cosh x) = Dx
= sinh x
2
2
sinh x dx = cosh x + C
e x e x e x + e x
=
Dx (sinh x) = Dx
= cosh x
2
2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
54
2
2
sinh x
x
x
cosh
sinh
1
2
D x (tanh x) = D x (
) =
=
=
sec
h
x
2
2
cosh x
cosh x
cosh x
2
2
2
2
cosh x
sinh
x
cosh
x
(cosh
x
sinh
x)
) =
Dx (coth x) = Dx (
=
2
sinh x
sinh x
sinh 2 x
1
2
=
=
csc
h
x
2
sinh x
1
sinh x
D x (sec hx ) = D x (
) =
= sec hx tanh x
2
cosh x
cosh x
D x (csc hx ) = D x (
1
cosh x
) =
= csc hx coth x
2
sinh x
sinh x
MA1114 KALKULUS I
55
e x + e x
f ( x) = cosh x =
,xR
2
x
x
(ii) f ' ( x) = e e = f ' ( x) < 0 , x < 0
2
f ' ( x) > 0 , x > 0
1
(iii)
e x + ex
f ' ' ( x) =
> 0 , x R
2
56
e x e x
f ( x) = sinh x =
,xR
2
e x + e x
>0
(ii) f ' ( x) =
2
e x e x > 0, x > 0
f ' ' ( x) =
=
2
< 0, x < 0
57
Contoh
Tentukan y ' dari
2
1. y = tanh( x + 1)
2. x 2 sinh x + y 2 = 8
Jawab
1.
2.
58
Soal Latihan
A. Tentukan turunan pertama dari
1.
f ( x) = tanh 4 x
2.
g ( x) = sinh 2 x
1 cosh x
3. g ( x ) =
1 + cosh x
4.
h(t ) = coth 1 + t 2
5.
g (t ) = ln(sinh t ))
6.
f ( x) = x cosh x 2
MA1114 KALKULUS I
59
Sinh(1 + 4 x)dx
2
sinh
x
cosh
x dx
3.
tanh x dx
4.
sec h 2 x
2 + tanh x dx
MA1114 KALKULUS I
60