Prashant P. Bagga
Dhruv Dakoria
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Product Description
The ebook provides an insight about two technologies that
are remarkably going to change the way we live and imagine
our world to be. In the recent time, we have seen great leaps
in digital technology. Smartphones, cloud computing, multitouch tablets, these are all innovations that revolutionized the
way we live and work. However, believe it or not, we are just
getting started. Technology will get even better. In the future,
we could live like how people in science fiction movies did.
May be Floating farms, brain wave passwords, and coffeepowered cars are awaiting as incredible inventions and
innovations that will shape our future.
Here we are going to discuss about the two most
controversial future technologies:
Nanotechnology (the latest branch of technology that deals
with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers,
especially the manipulation of individual atoms and
molecules)
Artificial Intelligence (the theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between
languages)
There have been many concerns raised by different field
experts regarding the destruction these technologies can
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Thank you..!
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Table of Contents
Cover Page
Product Description
Title Page
Introduction to Nanotechnology
The Term Nanotechnology
Changes in Perception
Research Interest in Nanotechnology
Insight
Graphene
Quantum Mechanics
Nano-Applications
o Nano-Ink Tattoo
o Nanosilver Particle
o Nanowire Battery
o Fuel for Next-Gen Green Cars
o Nanofibre coating for Prosthetics
o Nanowire Solar Cells
o Nanorods Water Harvesting
o Nanomedicine
Trends in Nanotechnology
o Higher Strength Composites
o Scalability of Production
o More Commercialization
o Sustainability
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Final Thoughts
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence(AI) meaning
Artificial Intelligence(AI) Categories
o Weak AI
o Strong AI
o Singularity
Applications
o Deep mind
o Artificial Neural Network (ANS)
o Vision Systems
o Speech Recognition
o Handwriting Recognition
o Intelligent Robots
o Search Techniques
o Purchase Prediction
o Fraud Detection
o Online Customer Support
o News Generation
o Security Surveillance
Timeline: 15 Key moments in the story of AI
o 1943: World War 2 triggers fresh thinking
o 1950: A Science fiction directs the conversation
o 1956: A top-down approach
o 1968: 2001: A Space Odyssey - imagining where
AI could lead
o 1969: Tough problems to crack
o 1973: The AI winter
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10-9
The Power of Negative Nine...
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Beginning with the most basic and pre-known fact, the term
nano in Greek denotes dwarf. The prefix nano in scientific
notation means a factor of one billionth (10-9) and is denoted
as nanometer (nm). Now coming to realistic terms, I want
you to know how small we are talking about. For instance, I
think everyone cut their fingernails once in around 10 days. I
assume; its perfectly ok if you are waiting for the next
Halloween. So after 10 days, your fingernails grow maximum
up to 1 cm, if you are not a superhuman. Now, heres the
catch. A nanometer is simply the growth of your fingernails
in one second. Hm so take a minute and ponder upon what
you just read. Now we are talking!
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Changes in Perception
Biologically speaking, we all know that nanoscale assemblies
have been around us since the onset of life. Now what I mean
with assemblies is the viruses, to the quaternary structures of
protein to lipid membranes and many more. I know what you
are thinking, why I didnt say bacteria, which obviously,
everyone has heard from their primary school. So, the reason
is because it is a MICRO-ORGANISM and nanotechnology
is not at all what you already know. Its the undiscovered
existence of the unseen.
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hope by the end of this book you are decreasing this number
by a significant factor.
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Insight
With the rigorous research going on in this field, the interest
for commercialising these Nano-enabled products is
increasing with leaps and bounds since last two decades.
Today, we have nanomaterials such as nanoparticles,
nanotubes, fullerenes, quantum dots; then we have Nanointermediates such as coatings, fabrics, memory and logic
chips, superconducting materials; and lastly we have Nanoenabled products such as cars, clothing, electronic devices,
pharmaceutical devices, processed food and so on. This is
called the Value Chain.
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Graphene
This nanomaterial is a single layered sheet of carbon. A twodimensional layer of carbon atoms is something we see daily.
Can you measure the thickness of the graphite you used while
using a pencil? If you would have thought this in your
primary school while using this spectacular tool, you might
have won a Nobel Prize. Sometimes Nobel Prize winning
science requires the worlds most powerful particle
accelerator, fastest supercomputer or strongest telescope. In
2010, all the winners needed was an office supply store
stocked with adhesive tape and pencils. Using these simple
tools, they were able to isolate graphene for the first time, a
super-material that could be used to make ultra strong and
light materials, revolutionize electronics and build better
solar cells.
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Quantum Mechanics
Physics is, not all the stuff you came across in high school. A
lot of you might be knowing that, everything you mugged up,
from electrostatics to current electricity, from ray optics to
wave optics, from magnetic effect of current to
electromagnetic induction and so on, belongs to the class of
physics called Classical Physics. As per dictionary, the word
classical is regarded as traditional and long-established in
form or style; which should bring you to the question that,
What type of Physics do we use at present in our emerging
industries, Are the definitions and proofs written in our grade
12 class notes used, for improvising the present
technologies?.
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it wasn't until the 1920's that things began to fall apart and
some fundamental rules about the world of the small were
wrought almost by pure thought. The men who mined these
rules were the arch beginners of the modern era.
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Nano-Applications
Nanotechnology has found some interesting applications, so
not making this a Physics textbook, we will dig out the most
mind-blowing and latest entries into this field. For many,
nanotechnology is viewed as merely a way to make stronger
and lighter tennis rackets, baseball bats, hockey sticks, racing
bikes, and other athletic equipment. But nanotechnology
promises to do much more. A more realistic view is that it
will leave virtually no aspect of life untouched and is
expected to be in widespread use by 2020. Mass applications
are likely to have great impact particularly in medicine, new
computing systems, and sustainability.
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Nano-Ink Tattoo
People get tattoos for all kind of reasons, such as conveying
their appreciation for Japanese calligraphy or to let others at
the gym know their biceps are rugged like barbed wire. But a
team of MIT researchers have found a higher reasoning for
tattoo tech: using a nanoparticle ink to monitor blood glucose
level in the bloodstream. Yes, your read that correctly, an
artistic piece of work used for health purpose.
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Nano-silver Particle
Silver, one of the expensive materials known for use in
jewelry, has been used for the treatment of medical ailments
for over 100 years, due to its natural antibacterial and
antifungal properties. The Nano-silver particles typically
measure 25 nm. They have extremely large relatively surface
area, increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi, and
vastly improving its bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness.
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Nanowire Battery
Lithium-ion batteries have enabled a brave new world of
powerful wireless devices, but they're not without their
limitations. After being charged several times, they start to
lose their ability to hold that charge, requiring either a
replacement battery or a brand-new phone. Most batteries last
5,000 to 7,000 recharges, or cycles and maybe thats the we
like to change our devices every 2-3 years.
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Nanomedicine
Nowhere is the application of nanotechnology more exciting
than in the biomedical field, where advances are being made
in both diagnostics and treatment areas. Houston-based Nano
spectra Biosciences has been developing a new therapy using
a combination of gold Nano-shells and lasers to destroy
cancer tumors with heat. The technology promises to destroy
tumors with minimal damage to adjacent healthy tissue.
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Trends in Nanotechnology
Higher Strength Composites
The next generation of graphene and carbon nanotube-based
devices will lead to even lighter but stronger structures than
has been made possible by carbon fiber and will become
increasingly obvious in cars, bicycles, and sporting
equipment.
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Scalability of Production
One big challenge is how to produce nanomaterials that
makes them affordable. Technologies that can impact grand
challenge problems such as food, water, energy, and
environment must be scalable. The main reason that these
problems are so grand is that they are ubiquitous and
therefore the related commercial markets have become
commoditized. Very often, a technology that exploits a
unique attribute of a nanomaterial can offer improvements in
functional or engineering performance, but almost as often,
these technologies require scarce materials (and therefore
expensive) or slow or complicated manufacturing processes
(and expensive). That limited scalability often hinders
application despite outstanding functional performance in the
laboratory or prototype stage.
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More Commercialization
Over the next several years, significant advances are expected
in carbon nanotube manufacturing technology, specifically in
controlling the purity and structure, and in reducing costs due
to economies of scale. Advances will make the use of carbon
nanotube materials even more compelling for mechanical
engineers. In addition to transforming the automotive,
aerospace, and sporting goods fields, nanotechnology is
facilitating so many diverse improvements: thinner,
affordable, and more durable flat panel displays; improved
armor materials to protect soldiers; sensors for medical
testing; more humane and effective treatments for cancer
patients; enhanced cathode materials for safer and longer life
Li-ion batteries; and the list goes on.
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Sustainability
One main goal of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, a
U.S. government program coordinating communication and
collaboration for nanotechnology activities, is to find
nanotechnology solutions to sustainability. Nanomaterials
and nanostructured surfaces are increasingly employed in
many advanced energy storage and conversion projects, and
nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing contribute to products
that are more energy efficient in both production and use.
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Final Thoughts
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Artificial Intelligence
Automating Intelligent Behaviour
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Machine Learning
Computer Vision
Natural Language processing
Robotics
Pattern Recognition
Knowledge Management
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Weak AI
It is also called as Artificial Narrow Intelligence. As the
name suggests, it is basically a type of intelligence, which
can work nicely in only a specific kind of activity or task.
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STRONG AI
It is also called as Artificial General Intelligence. When the
intelligence of the machine/robots gets equivalent to the
thought process or behavioral pattern (basic brain stuff) of
humans, this state is said to be achieved. As the name
suggests, it is an ability of machine to perform general
intelligent action. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the
intelligence of a (hypothetical) machine that could
successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being
can. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and
an important topic for science fiction writers and futurists. It
is estimated that we would be able to find Strong AI in the
marketplace around 2050. We are still far apart from reaching
this state, but we will surely reach the state sooner or later.
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Singularity
Singularity is also called as Artificial Super Intelligence.
Singularity is used to describe the inflection point when
machines outsmart humans.
The term singularity describes the moment when a
civilization changes so much that its rules and technologies
are incomprehensible to previous generations. Think of it as a
point-of-no-return in history.
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Vision Systems
The need to interpret, fully understand and make sense of
visual input on the computer, i.e. Artificial Intelligence is
used to try and interpret and understand an image - industrial,
military use, satellite photo interpretation.
Uses:
Spy plane takes a photograph and experts would then
analyse it to try and figure it out, see if it was an enemy
area.
Police using the computer to come up with a photo fit
drawing of a criminal.
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Speech Recognition
The ability of the computer to understand a human talking to
it. There are many problems associated with this humans
have different accents, slang words, noise in the background,
feeling poorly (flu, cold etc.). This means that the computer
must be trained to recognize the voice of the human, and that
the human must ensure that by talking to the computer
system before, i.e. train it, the system will be able to
recognise their words, sentences, etc.
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Handwriting Recognition
This is where human handwriting is turned into text that then
can be edited when input into a palmtop computer or a tablet.
A stylus is used to write on the computer screen and then
handwriting recognition software will then change it into the
text, e.g. a teacher using a smart board can turn their own
writing into text in the same manner.
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Intelligent Robots
A robot can carry out many tasks such as the production of
cars in a factory. Robots can weld, insert windscreens, paint,
etc. The robot follows a control program to carry out the task
given to it by a human. All these robots have sensors. These
robots are NOT intelligent; they do the same thing repeatedly
as instructed by the control program. A sensor is a device
which can detect physical data from its surroundings and then
this data is input into a computer system. Examples of
sensors: light, heat, movement, bump, pressure, temperature,
sound.
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Search Techniques
Problem solving by search
Any solution to an Artificial Intelligence problem can be
solved as the human has a series of choices. In a game of
chess, the first move can be any pawn (8 separate moves) or
any knight (2 separate moves) - that's a total of 10 separate
moves. For the second move this escalates and the human has
more choices. As you then complete the game of chess, the
number of possible moves grows very quickly leaving the
human with many options.
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cat is a mammal
dog is a mammal
dog likes meat
dog likes water
cat likes cream
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Purchase Prediction
Large retailers like Target and Amazon stand to make a lot of
money if they can anticipate your needs. Amazons
anticipatory shipping project hopes to send you
items before you need them, completely obviating the need
for a last-minute trip to the online store. While that
technology isnt yet in place, brick-and-mortar retailers are
using the same ideas with coupons; when you go to the store,
youre often given several coupons that have been selected by
a predictive analytics algorithm.
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Fraud Detection
Have you ever got an email or a letter asking you if you made
a specific purchase on your credit card? Many banks send
these types of communications if they think theres a chance
that fraud may have been committed on your account, and
want to make sure that you approve the purchase before
sending money over to another company. Artificial
intelligence is often the technology deployed to monitor for
this type of fraud.
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News Generation
Did you know that artificial intelligence programs can write
news stories? According to Wired, the AP, Fox, and Yahoo!
all use AI to write simple stories like financial summaries,
sports recaps, and fantasy sports reports. AI isnt writing indepth investigative articles, but it has no problem with very
simple articles that dont require a lot of synthesis.
Automated Insights, the company behind the Wordsmith
software, says that e-commerce, financial services, real
estate, and other data-driven industries are already
benefitting from the app.
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and its likely that well see more and more reports generated
by these means. Moving beyond data-driven fields will
require major leaps in technology, but the groundwork has
been laid, and it seems like its only a matter of time until
fully automated reporters become a reality.
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Security Surveillance
A single person monitoring a number of video cameras isnt a
very secure system; people get bored easily, and keeping
track of multiple monitors can be difficult even in the best of
circumstances. Which is why training computers to monitor
those cameras makes a great deal of sense. With supervised
training exercises, security algorithms can take input from
security cameras and determine whether there may be a threat
if it sees a warning sign, it will alert human security
officers.
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TIMELINE:
Key Moments in The Story of AI
Let us now have a look at how the field of Artificial
Intelligence came into being in 1943 with a fresh idea and
how it proceeded to become a field that would generate
immense possibilities for the upcoming future.
1943
World War 2 triggers fresh thinking:
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1950
A Science fiction directs the conversation
In 1950, I Robot was published a collection of short stories
by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.
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1956
A 'top-down' approach
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1968
2001: A Space Odyssey imagining where AI could lead
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1969
Tough problems to crack
SRI International
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1973
The AI winter
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1981
A solution for big business
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1990
Back to nature for 'bottom-up' inspiration
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Brooks argued that the top-down approach of preprogramming a computer with the rules of intelligent
behaviour was wrong.
He helped drive a revival of the bottom-up approach to
AI, including the long unfashionable field of neural
networks.
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1997
Man vs machine: Fight of the 20th Century
Find out why Deep Blue "thinks like God" according to Gary
Kasparov.
Supporters of top-down AI still had their champions:
supercomputers like Deep Blue, which in 1997 took on
world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
The IBM-built machine was, on paper, far superior to
Kasparov - capable of evaluating up to 200 million
positions a second. But could it think strategically? The
answer was a resounding yes. The supercomputer won
the contest, dubbed 'the brain's last stand', with such
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2002
The first robot for the home
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2005
War machines
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2008
Starting to crack the big problems
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2010
Dance bots
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2011
Man vs machine: The fight of the 21st Century
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2014
Are machines intelligent now?
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2016
The Resurgence of Artificial Intelligence
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Final Thoughts
So, Artificial Intelligence leaves the humanity at a point
where the people need to take a contemplative decision as to
what they foresee their future to be. This is because artificial
intelligence possesses immense potential to change the way
we are living. The development in it will surely result in a
paradigm shift in the way people perceive the modern world
to be.
We know that change is the rule of life and we are deemed to
accept it. Artificial Intelligence has both the brighter and
darker side. Its upon us as humans to use it constructively or
destructively. Making the computer do various tasks
repeatedly makes it better progressively which can serve as a
huge benefit if the technology is applied in the correct way. It
can cause unimaginable wonders if its potential is tapped out
in favourable manner.
There also lies a possibility that the machines will make
themselves better and better and at one point they will
outsmart the humans. They might even become a threat to the
human existence which is highly dreary to imagine. One way
to avoid it is that, we program them in such a way that they
never try to hurt a human. But even the intentions of the
humans keep changing with time and can be the same case
with those AI robots. They might differ at some point of time
and cause a havoc. So, the confusion persists as to what can
development in these field would lead to.
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References
National Nanotechnology Initiative
nano.gov/
nano.gov/about-nni/what/funding
Physics Central
physicscentral.com/explore/posternobelprize
Forbes
forbes.com/forbes/welcome/
Live Science
livescience.com/quantum-mechanics-explanation
The Guardian
theguardian.com/nanotechnology-world/nano-tattoofor-diabetics
Nanosilver
nanosilver.com.my/nano-tech-facts/what-is-nano-silver
Computer World
computerworld.com/ mobile-wireless/scientists-cannow-make-lithium-ion-batteries-last-a-lifetime
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SPIE
spie.org/newsroom/nanowire-solar-cells-for-nextgeneration photovoltaics
Azonano
azonano.com/nanotechnology-news-index.aspx
Science Alert
sciencealert.com/scientists-accidentally-createnanorods-that-harvest-water-from-the-air
Bbc.com/tech-news
beebom.com via Dann Albright
gizmodo.com via Annalee Newitz
time.com via Victor Luckerson
techrepublic.com via Conner Forrest
bbc.co.uk/timeline
tech-predictions 2016 via Andy Friedman
deepmind.com
ColdFusion YouTube
nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten things you should
know