O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

da iuh dh lRrk LFkkfir gksrh gS

eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa esa vkSjxa ksc vkf[kjh 'kfDr'kkyh ckn'kkg FksA mUgksua s orZeku
Hkkjr osQ ,d cgqr cM+s fgLls ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA 1707 esa
mudh e`R;q osQ ckn cgqr lkjs eqXk+ y lwcns kj vkSj cM+&s cM+s kehankj viuh
rkdr fn[kkus yxs FksA mUgksaus viuh {ks=kh; fj;klrsa dk;e dj yh FkhaA
tSl&s tSls fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa rkdroj {ks=kh; fj;klrsa lkeus vkus yxha] fnYyh
vfkd fnuksa rd izHkkoh osQUnz osQ :i esa ugha jg ldhA
vBkjgoha lnh osQ mRrjkkZ rd jktuhfrd f{kfrt ij vaxsz kksa osQ :i
esa ,d u;h rkdr mHkjus yxh FkhA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd vaxsz k
igys&igy ,d NksVh&lh O;kikfjd oaQiuh osQ :i esa Hkkjr vk, Fks vkSj
;gk osQ bykdksa ij dCks essa mudh T+;knk fnypLih ugha Fkh\ rks fiQj ,slk
oSQls gqvk fd ,d fnu os bl fo'kky lkezkT; osQ Lokeh cu cSB\s bl
v;k; esa vki ns[ksaxs fd ;g oSQls gqvk\

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fp=k 1 & oSQIVu gMlu }kjk cgknqj

'kkg ki+Qj vkSj muosQ csVksa dh fxj+rkjhA
vkSjaxksc osQ ckn dksbZ eqX+ky ckn'kkg
bruk rkdroj rks ugha gqvk ysfdu ,d
izrhd osQ :i esa eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa dk
egRo cuk gqvk FkkA tc 1857 esa fczfV'k
'kklu osQ fo# Hkkjh fonzksg 'kq: gks x;k
rks fonzksfg;ksa us eqX+ky ckn'kkg cgknqj 'kkg
ki+Qj dks gh viuk usrk eku fy;k FkkA
tc fonzksg oqQpy fn;k x;k rks oaQiuh us
cgknqj 'kkg kI+kQj dks ns'k NksM+us osQ fy,
etcwj dj fn;k vkSj muosQ csVksa dks
ki+Qj osQ lkeus gh ekj MkykA

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

iwoZ esa bZLV bafM;k

oaQiuh dk vkuk
lu~ 1600 esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us
baXySMa dh egkjkuh ,fykkcsFk izFke ls
pkVZj vFkkZr btktrukek gkfly dj
fy;k ftlls oaQiuh dks iwjc ls O;kikj
djus dk ,dkf/dkj fey x;kA bl
bkkkrukes dk eryc ;g Fkk fd
baXySaM dh dksbZ vkSj O;kikfjd oaQiuh
bl bykosQ esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh ls
gksM+ ugha dj ldrh FkhA bl pkVZj osQ
lgkjs oaQiuh leqnz ikj tkdj u, bykdksa
dks [kxky ldrh Fkh] ogk ls lLrh dher ij phksa [+kjhn dj mUgsa ;wjksi
esa mQph dher ij csp ldrh FkhA oaQiuh dks nwljh vaxsz k O;kikfjd
oaQifu;ksa ls izfrLikkZ dk dksbZ Hk; ugha FkkA ml kekus esa okf.kfT;d
oaQifu;k eksVs rkSj ij izfrLikkZ ls cpdj gh equkiQk dek ldrh FkhaA vxj
dksbZ izfrLikhZ u gks rHkh os lLrh phksa [+kjhndj mUgsa T+;knk dher ij
csp ldrh FkhaA
ysfdu ;g 'kkgh nLrkosk nwljh ;wjksih; rkdrksa dks iwjc osQ ckkkjksa esa
vkus ls ugha jksd ldrk FkkA tc rd baXySMa osQ tgkk vizQhdk osQ if'pe
rV dks Nwrs gq, osQi vkWI+kQ xqM gksi dk pDdj yxkdj fgan egklkxj ikj
djrs rc rd iqrxZ kfy;ksa us Hkkjr osQ if'peh rV ij viuh mifLFkfr ntZ
djk nh FkhA os xksok esa viuk fBdkuk cuk pqoQs FksA iqrxZ ky osQ [kksth ;k=kh
okLdks n xkek us gh 1498 esa igyh ckj Hkkjr rd igqpus osQ bl leqnhz
ekxZ dk irk yxk;k FkkA l=kgoha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr rd Mp Hkh fgan
egklkxj esa O;kikj dh laHkkouk, ryk'kus yxs FksA oqQN gh le; ckn
i+zQkalhlh O;kikjh Hkh lkeus vk x,A
leL;k ;g Fkh fd lkjh oaQifu;k ,d tSlh phksa gh [+kjhnuk pkgrh
FkhaA ;wjksi osQ ckkkjksa esa Hkkjr osQ cus ckjhd lwrh diM+s vkSj js'ke dh
tcjnLr ekx FkhA buosQ vykok dkyh fepZ] ykSxa ] byk;ph vkSj nkyphuh
dh Hkh tcjnLr ekx jgrh FkhA ;wjksih; oaQifu;ksa osQ chp bl c<+rh
izfrLikkZ ls Hkkjrh; ckkkjksa esa bu phkksa dh dhersa c<+us yxha vkSj muls
feyus okyk equkiQk fxjus yxkA vc bu O;kikfjd oaQifu;ksa osQ
iQyus&iwQyus dk ;gh ,d jkLrk Fkk fd os viuh izfrLikhZ daifu;ksa dks
[kRe dj nsA fygktk] ckkkjksa ij dCts dh bl gksM+ us O;kikfjd oaQifu;ksa
osQ chp yM+kb;ksa dh 'kq#vkr dj nhA l=kgoha vkSj vBkjgoha lnh esa tc
Hkh ekSdk feyrk dksb&Z lh ,d daiuh fdlh nwljh daiuh osQ tgkk Mwcks
nsrh] jkLrs esa #dkoVsa [kM+h dj nsrh vkSj eky ls yns tgkkksa dks vkxs

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fp=k 2 & vBkjgoha lnh esa Hkkjr rd

vkus okys jkLrsA

okf.kfT;d & ,d ,slk O;kolkf;d

m|e ftlesa phkksa dks lLrh dher
ij [+kjhn dj vkSj T+;knk dher
ij cspdj ;kuh eq[; :i ls
O;kikj osQ kfj, equkiQk dek;k
tkrk gSA

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gekjs vrhr III

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c<+us ls jksd nsrhA ;g O;kikj gfFk;kjksa dh enn ls py jgk Fkk vkSj

O;kikfjd pkSfd;ksa dks fdyscanh osQ kfj, lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk FkkA
viuh cfLr;ksa dks fdyscna djus vkSj O;kikj esa equkIkQk dekus dh bu
dksf'k'kksa osQ dkj.k LFkkuh; 'kkldksa ls Hkh Vdjko gksus yxsA bl izdkj]
O;kikj vkSj jktuhfr dks ,d&nwljs ls vyx j[kuk oaQiuh osQ fy,
eqf'dy gksrk tk jgk FkkA vkb, ns[ksa fd ;g oSQls gqvkA

bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh caxky esa O;kikj 'kq: djrh gS

igyh bafXy'k IkSQDVjh 1651 esa gqxyh unh osQ fdukjs 'kq: gqbAZ oaQiuh osQ
O;kikjh ;gha ls viuk dke pykrs FksA bu O;kikfj;ksa dks ml tekus esa
IkSQDVj dgk tkrk FkkA bl iSQDVjh esa os;jgkml Fkk tgk fu;kZr gksus
okyh phkksa dks tek fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gha ij mlosQ n+rj Fks ftuesa oaQiuh
osQ vi+Qlj cSBrs FksA tSls&tSls O;kikj iSQyk oaQiuh us lkSnkxjksa vkSj
O;kikfj;ksa dks iSQDVjh osQ vkl&ikl vkdj clus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA
1696 rd oaQiuh us bl vkcknh osQ pkjksa rjiQ ,d fO+kQyk cukuk 'kq: dj
fn;k FkkA nks lky ckn mlus eqX+ky vI+kQljksa dks fj'or nsdj rhu xkoksa dh
kehankjh Hkh [+kjhn yhA buesa ls ,d xko dkyhdkrk Fkk tks ckn esa
dydRrk cukA vc bls dksydkrk dgk tkrk gSA oaQiuh us eqX+ky lezkV
vkSjxa ksc dks bl ckr osQ fy, Hkh rS;kj dj fy;k fd og oaQiuh dks fcuk
'kqYd pqdk, O;kikj djus dk I+kQjeku tkjh dj nsA
oaQiuh T+;knk ls T+;knk fj;k;rsa gkfly djus vkSj igys ls ekStwn
vfkdkjksa dk T+;knk ls T+;knk iQk;nk mBkus esa yxh gqbZ FkhA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] vkSjxa ksc osQ iQjeku ls osQoy oaQiuh dks gh 'kqYd eqDr O;kikj dk
vfkdkj feyk FkkA oaQiuh osQ tks vi+Qlj futh rkSj ij O;kikj pykrs mUgsa
;g NwV ugha FkhA ysfdu mUgksaus Hkh 'kqYd pqdkus ls budkj dj fn;kA
blls caxky esa jktLo olwyh cgqr de gks xbZA ,sls esa Hkyk caxky osQ
uokc eqf'kZn oqQyh [kku fojksk D;ksa u djrs\

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I+kQjeku & ,d 'kkgh vkns'k

fp=k 3 & enzkl osQ tgkkksa ls lkeku

ykrh LFkkuh; ukSdk,] fofy;e flEilu
}kjk cuk;k x;k fp=k] 1867

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

11

O;kikj ls ;qksa rd

fp=k 4 & jkWcVZ DykboA

D;k vki tkurs Fks\

D;k vki tkurs Fks fd Iyklh

dk ;g uke fdl rjg iM+k\
njvly vlyh uke iyk'kh
Fkk ftls vaxsz kksa us fcxkM+ dj
Iyklh dj fn;k FkkA bl txg
dks iyk'kh ;gk ik, tkus okys
iyk'k osQ iwQyksa osQ dkj.k dgk
tkrk FkkA iyk'k osQ [kwclwjr
yky iwQyksa ls xqyky cuk;k
tkrk gS ftldk gksyh ij
bLrseky gksrk gSA

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gekjs vrhr III

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dBiqryh & ;g ,d f[kykSuk

gksrk gS ftls vki kkxksa osQ lgkjs
vius fglkc ls upkrs gSAa tks
O;fDr fdlh vkSj osQ b'kkjksa ij
pyrk gS mls Hkh ekkd mM+kus
osQ fy, vdlj dBiqryh dgk
tkrk gSA

12

vBkjgoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa oaQiuh vkSj caxky osQ uokcksa dk Vdjko
dkiQh c<+ x;k FkkA vkSjaxksc dh e`R;q osQ ckn caxky osQ uokc viuh
rkdr fn[kkus yxs FksA ml le; nwljh {ks=kh; rkdrksa dh fLFkfr Hkh ,slh
gh FkhA eqf'kZn oqQyh [kku osQ ckn vyh onhZ [kku vkSj mlosQ ckn
fljktqkSyk caxky osQ uokc cusA ;s lHkh 'kfDRk'kkyh 'kkld FksA mUgksaus
oaQiuh dks fj;k;rsa nsus ls euk dj fn;kA O;kikj dk vfkdkj nsus osQ cnys
oaQiuh ls ukjkus ekx]s mls flDds <kyus dk vfkdkj ugha fn;k] vkSj
mldh fdyscanh dks c<+kus ls jksd fn;kA oaQiuh ij kks[kkkM+h dk vkjksi
yxkrs gq, mUgksua s nyhy nh fd mldh otg ls caxky ljdkj dh jktLo
olwyh de gksrh tk jgh gS vkSj uokcksa dh rkdr dekksj iM+ jgh gSA
oaQiuh VSDl pqdkus dks rS;kj ugha Fkh] mlosQ vI+kQljksa us viekutud
fpfV~B;k fy[kha vkSj uokcksa o muosQ vfkdkfj;ksa dks viekfur djus dk
iz;kl fd;kA
oaQiuh dk dguk Fkk fd LFkkuh; vfkdkfj;ksa dh csrd
q h ekxksa ls oaQiuh
dk O;kikj rckg gks jgk gSA O;kikj rHkh iQy&iwQy ldrk gS tc ljdkj
'kqYd gVk ysA oaQiuh dks bl ckr dk Hkh ;dhu Fkk fd viuk O;kikj
iSQykus osQ fy, mls viuh vkcknh c<+kuh gksxhA xko [+kjhnus gksxa s vkSj
fdyksa dk iqufuZekZ.k djuk gksxkA
;s Vdjko fnuksfnu xaHkhj gksrs x, vUrr% bu Vdjkoksa dh ifj.kfr
Iyklh osQ izfl ;q osQ :i esa gqbAZ

Iyklh dk ;q

1756 esa vyh onhZ [kku dh e`R;q osQ ckn fljktqkSyk caxky osQ uokc
cusA oaQiuh dks fljktqkSyk dh rkdr ls dkiQh Hk; FkkA fljktqkSyk dh
txg oaQiuh ,d ,slk dBiqryh uokc pkgrh Fkh tks mls O;kikfjd
fj;k;rsa vkSj vU; lqfokk, vklkuh ls nsus esa vkukdkuh u djsA oaQiuh us
iz;kl fd;k fd fljktqkSyk osQ izfr}af};ksa esa ls fdlh dks uokc cuk fn;k
tk,A oaQiuh dks dke;kch ugha feyhA tokc esa fljktqkSyk us gqDe fn;k
fd oaQiuh muds jkT; osQ jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa Vkx vM+kuk can dj ns]
fdyscanh jksosQ vkSj ckdk;nk jktLo pqdk,A tc nksuksa i{k ihNs gVus dks
rS;kj ugha gq, rks vius 30]000 flikfg;ksa osQ lkFk uokc us dkfle ckkkj
esa fLFkr bafXy'k iSQDVjh ij geyk cksy fn;kA uokc dh iQkStksa us oaQiuh
osQ vi+Qljksa dks fxj+rkj dj fy;k] xksnke ij rkyk Mky fn;k] vaxsz kksa osQ
gfFk;kj Nhu fy, vkSj vaxsz k tgkkksa dks ?ksjs esa ys fy;kA blosQ ckn uokc
us oaQiuh osQ dydRrk fLFkr fdys ij OkQCks osQ fy, mkj dk #[k fd;kA
dydRrk osQ gkFk ls fudy tkus dh [+kcj lquus ij enzkl esa rSukr
oaQiuh osQ vi+Qljksa us Hkh jkWcVZ Dykbo osQ usrR` o esa lsukvksa dks jokuk dj
fn;kA bl lsuk dks ukSlfS ud csM+s dh enn Hkh fey jgh FkhA blosQ ckn

fp=k 5 & egkU;k;ky;

d{k] bZLV bafM;k gkml]
ysMugkWy LVhVA
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ dksVZ
vkWiQ izkWijkbVlZ dh yanu
fLFkr ysMugkWy LVhV ij
cus bZLV bafM;k gkml esa
cSBosaQ gksrh FkhaA ;g ,slh
gh ,d lHkk dk fp=k gSA

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uokc osQ lkFk yacs le; rd lkSnsckth pyhA vkf[kjdkj 1757 esa jkWcVZ Dykbo us
Iyklh osQ eSnku esa fljktqkSyk osQ f[+kyki+Q oaQiuh dh lsuk dk usr`Ro fd;kA uokc
fljktqkSyk dh gkj dk ,d cM+k dkj.k mlosQ lsukifr;ksa esa ls ,d lsukifr ehj tkI+kQj
dh dkjxqtkfj;k Hkh FkhaaA ehj tkI+kQj dh VqdfM+;ksa us bl ;q esa fgLlk ugha fy;kA jkWcVZ
Dykbo us ;g dgdj mls vius lkFk feyk fy;k Fkk fd fljktqkSyk dks gVk dj ehj
tkI+kQj dks uokc cuk fn;k tk,xkA
ksr 1

laiUurk dk vk'oklu

baXySaM osQ yksx bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh 'kkldh; egRokdka{kkvksa dks lansg
vkSj vfo'okl ls ns[krs FksA Iyklh dh yM+kbZ osQ ckn jkWcVZ Dykbo us
vaxzsk lezkV osQ ,d eq[; fons'k ea=kh fofy;e fiV dks 7 tuojh
1759 dks dydRrs ls ;g fpV~Bh Hksth Fkh %

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ysfdu bruh fo'kky lRrk ,d okf.kfT;d oaQiuh osQ fy,

cgqr cM+h ckr gksxh--- eSa [kqn ;g lksp dj vfHkHkwr gw--- fd
bu le` fj;klrksa ij iwjk dCkk gkfly djus esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh
ugha vk,xh % --- vc eSa ;g iSQlyk vki ij NksM+rk gw fd
D;k lkykuk chl yk[k LVfyx dh vkenuh vkSj rhu izkarksa dk
dCkk--- dksbZ ,slh phk gS ftl ij bruk 'kksj epkuk mfpr
gks---A

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

13

ksr 2

uokc dh f'kdk;rsa
1733 esa caxky osQ uokc us
bafXy'k O;kikfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa
;g dgk Fkk%
tc os igyh ckj gekjs
ns'k esa vk, Fks rks mUgksaus
ljdkj osQ lkeus fourh
djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd
mUgsa ,d iSQDVjh cukus
osQ fy, FkksM+h&lh kehu
ns nh tk,A mUgsa og kehu
rks fey xbZ ij mUgksaus rks
ogk ekcwr fOk+ Qyk gh [kM+k
dj MkykA blosQ pkjksa
rjiQ xM~<s cuk fn;s tks
unh ls tqM+rs gSaA nhokjksa
ij mUgksaus u tkus fdruh
rksisa rSukr dj nh gSaA
mUgksaus cgqr lkjs lkSnkxjksa
vkSj vU; yksxksa dks vius
ekrgr jgus osQ fy, rS;kj
dj fy;k gS vkSj og
,d yk[k #i;s jktLo
olwy dj jgs gSa---- os
vla[; vkSjrksa vkSj enks
dks muosQ gh ns'k esa Xk+ y
q ke
cukdj ywV&[klksV jgs gSAa

Iyklh dh tax blfy, egRoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh gS D;ksfa d Hkkjr esa ;g

oaQiuh dh igyh cM+h thr FkhA
Iyklh dh tax osQ ckn fljktqkSyk dks ekj fn;k x;k vkSj ehj tkiQj
uokc cukA oaQiuh vHkh Hkh 'kklu dh fkEesnkjh lHkkyus dks rS;kj ugha
FkhA mldk ewy ms'; rks O;kikj dks iSQykuk FkkA vxj ;g dke LFkkuh;
'kkldksa dh enn ls fcuk yM+kbZ yM+s gh fd;k tk ldrk Fkk rks fdlh jkT;
dks lhks vius dCks esa ysus dh D;k k:jr FkhA
tYnh gh oaQiuh dks ,glkl gksus yxk fd ;g jkLrk Hkh vklku ugha
gSA dBiqryh uokc Hkh ges'kk oaQiuh osQ b'kkjksa ij ugha pyrs FksA
vkf[kjdkj mUgsa Hkh rks viuh iztk dh ukj esa lEeku vkSj laiHz kqrk dk
fn[kkok djuk iM+rk FkkA
rks fiQj oaQiuh D;k djrh\ tc ehj tkI+kQj us oaQiuh dk fojksk fd;k
rks oaQiuh us mls gVkdj ehj dkfle dks uokc cuk fn;kA tc ehj dkfle
ijs'kku djus yxk rks cDlj dh yM+kbZ (1764) esa mldks Hkh gjkuk iM+kA
mls caxky ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k vkSj ehj tkiQj dks nksckjk uokc cuk;k
x;kA vc uokc dks gj eghus ikp yk[k #i, oaQiuh dks pqdkus FksA oaQiuh
vius lSfud [kpks ls fuiVus] O;kikfjd k:jrksa rFkk vU; [kpks dks iwjk
djus osQ fy, vkSj iSlk pkgrh FkhA oaQiuh vkSj T+;knk bykosQ rFkk vkSj
T+;knk dekbZ pkgrh FkhA 1765 esa tc ehj tkI+kQj dh e`R;q gqbZ rc rd
oaQiuh osQ bjkns cny pqosQ FksA dBiqryh uokcksa osQ lkFk vius [kjkc
vuqHkoksa dks ns[krs gq, Dykbo us ,syku fd;k fd vc gesa [kqn gh uokc
cuuk iM+xs kA
vkf[+kjdkj 1765 esa eqX+ky lezkV us oaQiuh dks gh caxky izkar dk
nhoku fu;qDr dj fn;kA nhokuh feyus osQ dkj.k oaQiuh dks caxky osQ
fo'kky jktLo lalkkuksa ij fu;a=k.k fey x;k FkkA bl rjg oaQiuh dh ,d
iqjkuh leL;k gy gks x;h FkhA vBkjgoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr ls gh Hkkjr osQ
lkFk mldk O;kikj c<+rk tk jgk FkkA ysfdu mls Hkkjr esa T+;knkrj phksa
fczVus ls yk, x, lksus vkSj pknh osQ cnys esa [+kjhnuh iM+rh FkhaA bldh
otg ;s Fkh fd ml le; fczVus osQ ikl Hkkjr esa cspus osQ fy, dksbZ phk
ugha FkhA Iyklh dh tax osQ ckn fczVus ls lksus dh fudklh de gksus yxh
vkSj caxky dh nhokuh feyus osQ ckn rks fczVz su ls lksuk ykus dh k:jr
gh ugha jghA vc Hkkjr ls gksus okyh vkenuh osQ lgkjs gh oaQiuh vius
[kpsZ pyk ldrh FkhA bl dekbZ ls oaQiuh Hkkjr esa lwrh vkSj js'keh diM+k
[+kjhn ldrh Fkh] viuh iQkStksa dks lHkky ldrh Fkh vkSj dydRrs esa
fdyksa vkSj n+rjksa osQ fuekZ.k dh ykxr mBk ldrh FkhA

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oaQiuh osQ vi+Qlj ^uckWc* cu cSBs

uokc cuus dk D;k eryc Fkk\ bldk ,d eryc rks ;gh Fkk fd oaQiuh
osQ ikl vc lRrk vkSj rkdr FkhA ysfdu blosQ oqQN vkSj iQk;ns Hkh FksA
oaQiuh dk gj deZpkjh uokcksa dh rjg thus osQ [okc ns[kus yxk FkkA

14

gekjs vrhr III

Iyklh osQ ;q osQ ckn caxky osQ vlyh uokcksa dks bl ckr osQ fy,
ck; dj fn;k x;k fd os oaQiuh osQ vi+Qljksa dks futh rksgisQ osQ rkSj ij
kehu vkSj cgqr lkjk iSlk nsaA [kqn jkWcVZ Dykbo us gh Hkkjr esa csfglkc
nkSyr tek dj yh FkhA 1743 esa tc og baXySaM ls enzkl (vc pSUubZ)
vk;k Fkk rks mldh mez 18 lky FkhA 1767 esa tc og nks ckj xouZj
cuus osQ ckn ges'kk ds fy, Hkkjr ls jokuk gqvk rks ;gk mldh nkSyr
401]102 ikSaM osQ cjkcj FkhA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd xouZj osQ vius
nwljs dk;Zdky esa mls oaQiuh osQ Hkhrj iSQys Hkz"Vkpkj dks [kRe djus dk
dke lkSaik x;k FkkA ysfdu 1772 esa fczfV'k laln esa mls [kqn Hkz"Vkpkj
ds vkjksiksa ij viuh lI+kQkbZ nsuh iM+hA ljdkj dks mldh vdwr laifRr
osQ ksr lansgkLin yx jgs FksA mls Hkz"Vkpkj vkjksiksa ls cjh rks dj fn;k
x;k ysfdu 1774 esa mlus vkRegR;k dj yhA
oaQiuh osQ lHkh vi+Qlj Dykbo dh rjg nkSyr bdV~Bk ugha dj ik,A
cgqr lkjh chekfj;ksa vkSj yM+kbZ osQ dkj.k de mez esa gh ekSr dk fuokyk
cu x,A blosQ vykok mu lHkh dks Hkz"V vkSj csbeZ ku ekuuk Hkh lgh ugha
gksxkA muesa ls cgqr lkjs vI+kQlj lk/kj.k ifjokjksa ls vk, FksA mudh lcls
cM+h bPNk cl ;gh Fkh fd os Hkkjr esa Bhd&Bkd iSlk dek, vkSj fczVus
ykSVdj vkjke dh fkanxh clj djsaA tks thrs th ku&nkSyr ysdj okil
ykSV x, mUgksua s ogk vkyh'kku thou ft;kA mUgsa ogk osQ yksx uckWc
dgrs FksA ;g Hkkjrh; 'kCn ^uokc* dk gh vaxsz kh laLdj.k cu x;k FkkA
mUgsa yksx vdlj u, vehjksa vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r esa jkrks&a jkr mQij
vkus okys yksxksa osQ :i esa ns[krs FksA ukVdksa vkSj dkVwuZ ksa esa mudk ekkd
mM+k;k tkrk FkkA

ksr 3

Dykbo [kqn dks oSQls

ns[krk Fkk\
laln dh ,d lfefr osQ lkeus
lquokbZ osQ nkSjku Dykbo us
dgk Fkk fd Iyklh dh yM+kbZ
osQ ckn mlus kcjnLr la;e
dk ifjp; fn;kA vkb, ns[ksa
mlus D;k dgk%

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oaQiuh dk iSQyrk 'kklu

;fn ge 1757 ls 1857 osQ chp bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ }kjk Hkkjrh;
jkT;ksa ij dCks dh izfozQ;k dks ns[ksa rks oqQN egRoiw.kZ ckrsa lkeus vkrh gSaA
fdlh vutku bykds esa oaQiuh us lhks lSfud geyk izk;% ugha fd;kA
mlus fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; fj;klr dk vfkxzg.k djus ls igys fofHkUu
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj owQVuhfrd lkkuksa dk bLrseky fd;kA
cDlj dh yM+kbZ (1764) osQ ckn oaQiuh us Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa esa
jsfkMsaV rSukr dj fn;sA ;s oaQiuh osQ jktuhfrd ;k O;kolkf;d izfrfufk
gksrs FksA mudk dke oaQiuh osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk vkSj mUgsa vkxs c<+kuk
FkkA jfkMsaV osQ ek;e ls oaQiuh osQ vfkdkjh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa osQ Hkhrjh
ekeyksa esa Hkh n[ky nsus yxs FksA vxyk jktk dkSu gksxk] fdl in ij
fdldks fcBk;k tk,xk] bl rjg dh phksa Hkh oaQiuh osQ vi+Qlj gh r;
djuk pkgrs FksA dbZ ckj oaQiuh us fj;klrksa ij lgk;d laf/ Hkh Fkksi
nhA tks fj;klr bl cankscLr dks eku ysrh Fkh mls viuh Lora=k lsuk,
j[kus dk vfkdkj ugha jgrk FkkA mls oaQiuh dh rjiQ ls lqj{kk feyrh

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ml fLFkfr dh dYiuk
dhft, tgk Iyklh dh thr
us eq>s yk [kM+k dj fn;k
Fkk! ,d rkdroj jktk esjs
b'kkjksa ij py jgk Fkk_ ,d
laiUu 'kgj esjh n;k ij
FkkA mlosQ lcls nkSyrean
egktu es j h ,d&,d
eqLoqQjkgV osQ fy, ,d&nwljs
dh fxjscku [khap jgs FksA eSa
,sls [kkkuksa osQ chp ls xqkj
jgk Fkk tks flI+kZQ esjs fy,
[kqys gq, Fks] ,d rjiQ lksuk
vkSj nwljh rjiQ tokgjkr
Fks! v;{k egksn;] eSa vius
bl la;e dks ns[kdj [kqn
gSjku gwA

xfrfofk

dYiuk dhft, fd vki

oaQiuh osQ ,d ;qok vi+Qlj
gSa vkSj oqQN eghus osQ fy,
Hkkjr vk, gSaA vc baXySaM esa
jgus okyh viuh ek osQ uke
,d fpV~Bh fy[kdj mUgsa
viuh ,s'kks&vkjke Hkjh
fkanxh ds ckjs esa crk, vkSj
mldh rqyuk fczVus esa vius
iqjkus thou ls djsAa
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

15

Fkh vkSj lgk;d lsuk osQ j[kj[kko osQ fy, og oaQiuh dks iSlk nsrh
FkhA vxj Hkkjrh; 'kkld jde vnk djus esa pwd tkrs Fks rks tqekZus osQ
rkSj ij mudk bykdk oaQiuh vius dCks esa ys ysrh FkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
tc fjpMZ osys yh xouZj&tujy (1798&1805) Fkk] ml le; vok
osQ uokc dks 1801 esa viuk vkkk bykdk oaQiuh dks lkSaius osQ fy,
etcwj fd;k x;k D;ksfa d uokc lgk;d lsuk osQ fy, iSlk vnk djus
esa pwd x, FksA blh vkkkj ij gSnjkckn osQ Hkh dbZ bykosQ Nhu fy, x,A
ks=k 4

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jsfkMsUV dh rkdr D;k gksrh Fkh\

fp=k 6 & vius csVksa vkSj fczfV'k jsfkMsUV
osQ lkFk [kM+s uokc 'kqtkmkSyk] fVyh
oSQVy }kjk cuk;k fp=k (rSy] 1772)A
cDlj dh yM+kbZ osQ ckn gqbZ lafk;ksa osQ
iQyLo:i uokc 'kqtkmkSyk osQ T+;knkrj
vfkdkj fNu x, Fks ysfdu ;gk og
jsfkMsUV osQ lkeus viuh fpj&ifjfpr
'kkgh 'kkuks&'kkSdr osQ lkFk fn[kkbZ ns jgs
gSaA

oaQiuh }kjk fu;qDr fd, x, jsfkMsUV~l osQ ckjs esa LdkWVySaM osQ
izfl vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj jktuhfrd nk'kZfud tsEl fey us ;g dgk
Fkk %
njvly jsfkMsUV fj;klr dk jktk gksrk gSA ge mls
vgLr{ksi dh eupkgh fu"kskkKk osQ rgr dke djus dh
NwV nsrs gSaA tc rd LFkkuh; jktk iwjh rjg vkhuLFk
jgrk gS vkSj jsfkMsUV ;kuh fczfV'k ljdkj osQ ekfI+kQd
dke djrk gS rks phksa vkjke ls pyrh jgrh gSaA 'kklu
osQ dkeksa esa jsfkMsUV dh n[kyankth osQ fcuk lc oqQN
py tkrk gS---- tc Hkh oqQN vyx rjg dk ?kVrk gS]
tc Hkh jktk dksbZ ,slk jkLrk viukrk gS ftls fczfV'k
ljdkj xyr ekurh gS rks Vdjko vkSj mFky&iqFky iSnk
gks tkrh gSA

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fu"kskkKk & funs'Z kA

vkhuLFkrk & nCcwiu

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tsEl fey (1832)

Vhiw lqYrku & 'ksj&,&eSljw

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fp=k 7 & Vhiw lqYrkuA
16

gekjs vrhr III

tc oaQiuh dks vius jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fgrksa ij [krjk fn[kkbZ fn;k
rks oaQiuh us izR;{k lSfud Vdjko dk jkLrk Hkh viuk;kA nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
jkT; eSlwj osQ mnkgj.k ls ;g ckr le>h tk ldrh gSA
gSnj vyh ('kklu dky 1761 ls 1782) vkSj muosQ fo[;kr iq=k Vhiw
lqYrku ('kklu dky 1782 ls 1799) tSls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkldksa osQ usrR` o esa
eSljw dkiQh rkdroj gks pqdk FkkA ekykckj rV ij gksus okyk O;kikj eSljw
fj;klr osQ fu;a=k.k esa Fkk tgk ls oaQiuh dkyh fepZ vkSj byk;ph [+kjhnrh
FkhA 1785 esa Vhiw lqYrku us viuh fj;klr esa iM+us okys canjxkgksa ls panu
dh ydM+h] dkyh fepZ vkSj byk;ph dk fu;kZr jksd fn;kA lqYrku us
LFkkuh; lkSnkxjksa dks Hkh oaQiuh osQ lkFk dkjksckj djus ls jksd fn;k FkkA Vhiw
lqYrku us Hkkjr esa jgus okys i+Qz kalhlh O;kikfj;ksa ls ?kfu"B laca k fodflr
fd, vkSj mudh enn ls viuh lsuk dk vkkqfudhdj.k fd;kA

fp=k 8 & Vhiw lqYrku osQ csVksa dks cakd

osQ :i esa dkWuZokfyl osQ lkeus is'k
fd;k tk jgk gSA Msfu;y vkWeZ }kjk
fpf=kr] 1793oaQiuh dh iQkStksa dks gSnj vyh vkSj Vhiw
lqYrku us dbZ ckj ;q esa gjk;k FkkA
ysfdu 1792 esa ejkBksa] gSnjkckn osQ
fukke vkSj oaQiuh dh la;qDr iQkStksa osQ
geys osQ ckn Vhiw lqYrku dks vaxzskksa ls
lafk djuh iM+hA bl lafk ds rgr muosQ
nks csVksa dks vaxzskksa us cakd osQ :i esa
vius ikl j[k fy;kA fczfV'k fp=kdkjksa
dks ,sls n`';ksa dh rlohj cukus esa ekk
vkrk Fkk ftuesa vaxzskksa dh lRrk dh
fot; fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA

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lqYrku osQ bu dneksa ls vaxsz k vkx&ccwyk gks x,A mUgsa gSnj vyh
vkSj Vhiw lqYrku cgqr egRokdka{kh] ?ke.Mh vkSj [+krjukd fn[kkbZ nsrs FksA
vaxsz kksa dks yxrk Fkk fd ,sls jktkvksa dks fu;af=kr djuk vkSj oqQpyuk
k:jh gSA iQyLo:i] eSlwj osQ lkFk vaxsz kksa dh pkj ckj tax gqbZ
(1767&69] 1780&84] 1790&92 vkSj 1799)A JhjaxiV~e dh vkf[kjh
tax esa oaQiuh dks liQyrk feyhA viuh jktkkuh dh j{kk djrs gq, Vhiw
lqYrku ekjs x, vkSj eSlwj dk jktdkt iqjkus oksfM;kj jktoa'k osQ gkFkksa esa
lkSai fn;k x;kA blosQ lkFk gh eSlwj ij Hkh lgk;d laf/ Fkksi nh xbZA

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fp=k 9 & Vhiw dk f[kykSuk 'ksjA

;g Vhiw osQ ,d fo'kkydk; e'khuh f[kykSus dh rlohj gSA blesa ;g udyh 'ksj
,d ;wjksih; flikgh dks nck, gq, gSA tc bldk gS.My ?kqek;k tkrk Fkk rks udyh
'ksj ngkM+rk Fkk vkSj flikgh osQ Hkhrj ls ph[k dh vkoktsa vkrh FkhaA vc ;g
f[kykSuk 'ksj yanu fLFkr foDVksfj;k ,aM ,YcVZ E;wfk;e esa j[kk gSA 4 ebZ 1799 dks
tc viuh jktkkuh JhjaxiV~e dh j{kk djrs gq, Vhiw lqYrku dh e`R;q gks xbZ rks
vaxzsk bl f[kykSus dks Hkh vius lkFk ys x,A

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Vhiw dh dgkfu;k
jktkvks a dh Nfo vdlj
tuJqfr;ksa ls Hkh curh gSA izpfyr
fdLlksa esa mudh rkdr dk [kwc
;'kxku fd;k tkrk gSA 1782 esa
eSljw osQ jktk cus Vhiw lqYrku
osQ ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd ,d
ckj os vius iz+Qkalhlh nksLr osQ
lkFk taxy esa f'kdkj [ksyus x,
FksA ogk ,d 'ksj muosQ lkeus
vk x;kA mudh cand
w us ekSds
ij lkFk ugha fn;k vkSj dVkj
Hkh kehu ij fxj xbZA fiQj Hkh
Vhiw us fugRFks gh 'ksj dk eqdkcyk
fd;k vkSj vkf[kjdkj dVkj mBk
yhA var esa mUgksua s 'ksj dks ekj
fxjk;kA blh osQ ckn ls mUgsa
'ksj&,&eSljw dgk tkus yxk
FkkA muosQ jktlh >aMs ij Hkh
'ksj dh rlohj gksrh FkhA
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

17

.xfrfofk

ejkBksa ls yM+kbZ

dYiuk dhft, fd vkidks

JhjaxiV~e osQ ;q vkSj Vhiw
lqYrku dh ekSr osQ ckjs esa
[+kcj nsus okys nks iqjkus
v[+kckj feyrs gSAa ,d
v[+kckj fczVus dk gS vkSj
nwljk eSlwj dk gSA nksuksa
v[+kckjksa osQ fy, bu ?kVukvksa
osQ ckjs esa ,d&,d lq[khZ
fyf[k,A

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ vkf[kj ls oaQiuh ejkBksa dh rkdr dks Hkh Ok+ Qkcw vkSj
[kRe djus osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxh FkhA 1761 esa ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ
esa gkj osQ ckn fnYyh ls ns'k dk 'kklu pykus dk ejkBksa dk liuk
pwj&pwj gks x;kA mUgsa dbZ jkT;ksa esa ckV fn;k x;kA bu jkT;ksa dh ckxMksj
flafk;k] gksydj] xk;dokM vkSj Hkksalys tSls vyx&vyx jktoa'kksa osQ
gkFkksa esa FkhA ;s lkjs ljnkj ,d is'kok (loksPZ p ea=kh) osQ varxZr ,d
dUI+kQs Mjslh(jkT;e.My) osQ lnL; FksA is'kok bl jkT;e.My dk lSfud
vkSj iz'kkldh; izeq[k gksrk Fkk vkSj iq.ks esa jgrk FkkA egkn~th flafk;k vkSj
ukuk iQM+uhl vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkf[kj osQ nks izfl ejkBk ;ksk vkSj
jktuhfrK FksA
,d osQ ckn ,d dbZ ;qksa esa daiuh us ejkBksa dks ?kqVus Vsdus ij
etcwj dj fn;kA igyk ;q 1782 esa lkyckbZ lafk osQ lkFk [kRe gqvk
ftlesa dksbZ i{k ugha thr ik;kA nwljk vaxsz k&ejkBk ;q (1803&05) dbZ
ekspks ij yM+k x;kA bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd mM+hlk vkSj ;equk osQ
mRrj esa fLFkr vkxjk o fnYyh lfgr dbZ HkwHkkx vaxsz kksa osQ dCks esa vk
x,A varr%] 1817&19 osQ rhljs vaxsz k&ejkBk ;q esa ejkBksa dh rkdr dks
iwjh rjg oqQpy fn;k x;kA is'kok dks iq.ks ls gVkdj dkuiqj osQ ikl fcBwj
esa isa'ku ij Hkst fn;k x;kA vc foa; osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr iwjs HkwHkkx ij
oaQiuh dk fu;a=k.k gks pqdk FkkA

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dUI+kQs Mjslh & xBcaku

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loksPZ prk dk nkok

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fp=k 10 & ykWMZ gsfLVaXlA
18

gekjs vrhr III

mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr ls oaQiuh

{ks=kh; foLrkj dh vkozQked uhfr ij py jgh FkhA ykWMZ gsfLVaXl (1813
ls 1823 rd xouZj&tujy) osQ usrR` o esa loksPZ prk dh ,d u;h uhfr
'kq: dh xbZA oaQiuh dk nkok Fkk fd mldh lRrk loksPZ p gS blfy, og
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ls ij gSA vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, og Hkkjrh;
fj;klrksa dk vfkxzg.k djus ;k mudks vfkxzg.k dh kedh nsus dk
vfkdkj vius ikl ekurh FkhA ;g lksp ckn esa Hkh vaxsz kksa dh uhfr;ksa esa
fn[kkbZ nsrh jghA
ysfdu ;g izfozQ;k csjksdVksd ugha pyhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc vaxsz kksa
us fdRrwj (fiQygky dukZVd es)a osQ NksVs ls jkT; dks dCks esa ysus dk
iz;kl fd;k rks jkuh psUuEek us gfFk;kj mBk fy, vkSj vaxsz kksa osQ f[+kyki+Q
vkanksyu NsM+ fn;kA 1824 esa mUgsa fxj+rkj fd;k x;k vkSj 1829 esa tsy
esa gh mudh e`R;q gks xbZA psUuEek osQ ckn fdRrwj fLFkr laxksyh osQ ,d xjhc
pkSdhnkj jk;Uuk us ;g izfrjksk tkjh j[kkA pkSrjiQk leFkZu vkSj lgk;rk ls
mUgksua s cgqr lkjs fczfV'k f'kfojksa vkSj nLrkoskksa dks u"V dj fn;k FkkA
vkf[kjdkj mUgsa Hkh vaxsz kksa us idM+dj 1830 esa iQklh ij yVdk fn;kA
izfrjksk osQ ,sls dbZ nwljs mnkgj.k vki bl fdrkc esa vkxs i<+xas As

1830 osQ n'kd osQ var esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh

:l osQ izHkko ls cgqr Mjh gqbZ FkhA oaQiuh dks Hk;
Fkk fd dgha :l dk izHkko iwjs ,f'k;k esa iSQydj
mRrj&if'pe ls Hkkjr dks Hkh viuh pisV esa u ys
ysA blh Mj osQ pyrs vaxsz k vc mRrj&if'peh
Hkkjr ij Hkh viuk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA
mUgksaus 1838 ls 1842 osQ chp viQxkfuLrku osQ
lkFk ,d yach yM+kbZ yM+h vkSj ogk vizR;{k oaQiuh
'kklu LFkkfir dj fy;kA 1843 esa flak Hkh dCks esa
vk x;kA blosQ ckn iatkc dh ckjh FkhA ;gk egkjktk
j.kthr flag us oaQiuh dh nky ugha xyus nhA 1839
esa mudh e`R;q osQ ckn bl fj;klr osQ lkFk nks yach
yM+kb;k gqb vkSj vkf[kjdkj 1849 esa vaxsz kksa us
iatkc dk Hkh vfkxzg.k dj fy;kA

vfkxzg.k dh vkf[kjh ygj 1848 ls 1856 osQ chp

xouZj&tujy cus ykWMZ MygkSkh osQ 'kklu dky esa
pyhA ykWMZ MygkSkh us ,d u;h uhfr viukbZ ftls
foy; uhfr dk uke fn;k x;kA ;g flkar bl roZQ
ij vkkkfjr Fkk fd vxj fdlh 'kkld dh e`R;q gks
tkrh gS vkSj mldk dksbZ iq#"k okfjl ugha gS rks
mldh fj;klr gM+i dj yh tk,xh ;kuh oaQiuh osQ
HkwHkkx dk fgLlk cu tk,xhA bl flkar osQ vkkkj
ij ,d osQ ckn ,d dbZ fj;klrsa & lrkjk (1848)]
lacyiqj (1850)] mn;iqj (1852)] ukxiqj (1853)
vkSj >klh (1854) & vaxsz kksa osQ gkFk esa pyh xbA
vkf[kjdkj 1856 esa oaQiuh us vok dks Hkh vius fu;a=k.k esa ys fy;kA
bl ckj vaxsz kksa us ,d u;k roZQ fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd os vok dh turk
dks uokc osQ oqQ'kklu ls vkkkn djkus osQ fy, drZO; ls cks gq,
gSa blfy, os vok ij dCkk djus dks etcwj gS!a vius fiz; uokc dks
ftl rjg ls xh ls gVk;k x;k] mls ns[kdj yksxksa esa xqLlk HkM+d mBk
vkSj vok osQ yksx Hkh 1857 osQ egku fonzksg esa 'kkfey gks x,A

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foy; uhfr

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fp=k 11 & egkjktk j.kthr flag dk

njckjA

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xfrfofk
dYiuk dhft, fd vki uokc osQ Hkrhts gSAa vkidks cpiu ls gh
;g ,glkl djk;k x;k gS fd ,d fnu vki jktxh lHkkysxa As vc
vkidks irk pyrk gS fd foy; uhfr osQ dkj.k vaxsz k vkidks jktk
ugha cuus nsxa As vkidks oSQlk yxsxk\ jktxh ikus osQ fy, vki D;k
djsxa \s
O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

19

d
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fp=k 11 (a)

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fp=k 11 (c)

20

gekjs vrhr III

fp=k 11 (b)

fp=k 11 (a), (b), (c) & Hkkjr esa vaxzskksa dh iSQyrh lRrk,A
bu uD'kksa dks Hkkjr osQ orZeku jktuhfrd uD'ks osQ lkFk
j[kdj ns[ksaA rhuksa uD'kksa esa mu bykdksa dh igpku djsa tks
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ varxZr ugha FksA

u, 'kklu dh LFkkiuk
xouZj&tujy okWjus gsfLVaXl (1773&1785) mu cgqr lkjs egRoiw.kZ
O;fDr;ksa esa ls Fkk ftUgksua s oaQiuh dh rkdr iSQykus esa vge Hkwfedk vnk
dh FkhA okWjus gsfLVaXl osQ le; rd vkrs&vkrs oaQiuh u osQoy caxky
cfYd cEcbZ vkSj enzkl esa Hkh lRrk gkfly dj pqdh FkhA fczfV'k bykosQ
eksVs rkSj ij iz'kkldh; bdkb;ksa esa cVs gq, Fks ftUgsa izsfkMsalh dgk tkrk
FkkA ml le; rhu izsfkMsalh Fkha & caxky] enzkl vkSj cEcbZA gjsd dk
'kklu xouZj osQ ikl gksrk FkkA lcls mQij xouZj&tujy gksrk FkkA okWjsu
gsfLVaXl us dbZ iz'kkldh; lqkkj fd,A U;k; osQ {ks=k esa mlds lqkkj
[+kklrkSj ls mYys[kuh; FksA
1772 ls ,d u;h U;k; O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh xbZA bl O;oLFkk esa
izkokku fd;k x;k fd gj ftys esa nks vnkyrsa gksaxh & I+kQkStnkjh vnkyr
vkSj nhokuh vnkyrA nhokuh vnkyrksa osQ eqf[k;k ;wjksih; fkyk dysDVj
gksrs FksA ekSyoh vkSj fganw iafMr muosQ fy, Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k
djrs FksA I+kQkStnkjh vnkyrsa vHkh Hkh dkkh vkSj eq+rh osQ gh varxZr Fkha
ysfdu os Hkh dysDVj dh fuxjkuh esa dke djrs FksA

dkkh & ,d U;k;kkh'kA

eqrh & eqlfye leqnk; dk
,d U;k;fon tks dkuwuksa dh
O;k[;k djrk gSA dkkh blh
O;k[;k osQ vkkkj ij I+kQS lys
lqukrk gSA
egkfHk;ksx & tc baXySaM osQ
gkml vkWiQ dkWel
a esa fdlh
O;fDr osQ f[+kyki+Q nqjkpj.k dk
vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS rks gkml
vkWI+kQ ykWM~lZ (laln dk mQijh
lnu) esa ml O;fDr osQ
f[+kykI+kQ eqdnek pyrk gSA bls
egkfHk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA

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fp=k 12 & okWjsu gsfLVaXl ij eqdnek] vkj-th- ikWykMZ }kjk fpf=kr] 1789tc okWjus gsfLVaXl 1785 esa baXySMa ykSVk rks ,sMeaM cosQZ us ml ij caxky dk 'kklu lgh <ax ls u pykus dk vkjksi tM+
fn;kA bl vkjksi osQ pyrs gsfLVaXl ij fczfV'k laln esa egkfHk;ksx dk eqdnek pyk;k x;k tks lkr lky pykA

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

21

ksr 5

eSa lcosQ 'k=kq vkSj mRihM+d

ij egkfHk;ksx pyk jgk gwA
okWjus gsfLVaXl osQ egkfHk;ksx dh
dkjZokbZ osQ nkSjku ,sMeaM coZQ
us ,d mRrstukiw.kZ Hkk"k.k fn;k
ftldk ,d fgLlk bl izdkj
Fkk %
eSa muds (gsfLVaXl ds)
ij Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh
vksj ls egkfHk;ksx pyk
jgk gw ftuosQ vfkdkjksa
dks mUgksaus iSjksa rys jkSan
fn;k vkSj ftuds ns'k dks
mUgksaus jsfxLrku cuk fn;k
gSA var esa] ekuo LoHkko
osQ uke ij] L=kh&iq#"k osQ
uke ij] gj mez osQ uke
ij] gj vksgns osQ uke
ij eSa lcosQ lk>k 'k=kq
vkSj lcosQ mRihM+d ij
egkfHk;ksx pyk jgk gwA

,d cM+h leL;k ;g Fkh fd czk.k iafMr keZ'kkL=k dh vyx&vyx

'kk[kkvksa osQ fglkc ls LFkkuh; dkuwuksa dh vyx&vyx O;k[;k dj nsrs FksA
bl fHkUurk dks [kRe djosQ le:irk ykus osQ fy, 1775 esa 11 iafMrksa
dks Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dk ,d ladyu rS;kj djus dk dke lkSaik x;kA ,uch- gkygsM us bl ladyu dk vaxsz kh esa vuqokn fd;kA 1778 rd
;wjksih; U;k;kkh'kksa osQ fy, eqlfye dkuwuksa dh Hkh ,d lafgrk rS;kj dj
yh xbZ FkhA 1773 osQ jsX;qysfVax ,sDV osQ rgr ,d u, loksPZ p U;k;ky;
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blosQ vykok dydRrk esa vihyh; vnkyr & lnj
fukker vnkyr & dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
Hkkjrh; ftys esa dysDVj lcls cM+k vksgnk gksrk FkkA tSlk fd uke ls
gh irk pyrk gS] mldk eq[; dke yxku vkSj dj bdV~Bk djuk rFkk
U;k;kkh'kks]a iqfyl vfkdkfj;ksa o nkjksxk dh lgk;rk ls fkys esa dkuwu&O;oLFkk
cuk, j[kuk gksrk FkkA mldk dk;kZy; & dysDVjsV & lRrk vkSj laj{k.k
dk u;k osaQnz cu x;k Fkk ftlus iqjkus lRrk osaQnzksa dks gkf'k;s ij <osQy
fn;kA

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keZ'kkL=k & laLo`Qr dh ,slh

o`Qfr;k ftuesa lkekftd
rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj vkpj.k osQ
flkarksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA
;s keZ'kkL=k bZlk iwoZ 500 o"kZ ls
Hkh igys fy[ks x, FksA
lokj & ?kqMl
+ okj
eLosQV - iSny flikfg;ksa }kjk
bLrseky dh tkus okyh ,d
Hkkjh canwdA
eSpykWd & 'kq#vkrh nkSj dh
cand
w ftlesa ck:n dks ekfpl
ls fpaxkjh nh tkrh FkhA

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22

gekjs vrhr III

oaQiuh dh I+kQkSt

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oaQiuh osQ lkFk Hkkjr esa 'kklu vkSj lqkkj osQ u, fopkj rks vk, ysfdu
mldh vlyh lRrk lSfud rkdr esa FkhA eqXk+ y I+kQkSt eq[; :i ls
?kqMl
+ okj (lokj % ?kksM+s ij pyus okys izf'kf{kr) vkSj iSny lsuk FkhA
mUgsa rhjankth vkSj ryokjckkh dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA lsuk esa lokjksa
dk ncnck jgrk Fkk vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; dks ,d fo'kky is'ksoj izf'k{k.k
okyh iSny lsuk dh k:jr eglwl ugha gksrh FkhA xzkeh.k bykdksa esa l'kL=k
fdlkuksa dh cM+h la[;k FkhA LFkkuh; kehankj eqX+kyksa dks k:jr iM+us ij
iSny flikgh eqg;S k djkrs FksA
vBkjgoha lnh esa tc vok vkSj cukjl tSlh fj;klrksa esa fdlkuksa dks
HkrhZ djosQ mUgsa is'ksoj lSfud izf'k{k.k fn;k tkus yxk rks ;g lwjr cnyus
yxhA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tc viuh lsuk osQ fy, HkrhZ 'kq: dh rks mlus
Hkh ;gh rjhdk viuk;kA vaxsz k viuh lsuk dks flikW; (tks Hkkjrh; 'kCn
^flikgh* ls gh cuk gS) vkehZ dgrs FksA
1820 osQ n'kd ls tSl&s tSls ;q rduhd cnyus yxh oaQiuh dh
lsuk esa ?kqM+lokj VqdfM+;ksa dh k:jr de gksrh xbZA bldh otg ;g Fkh
fd fczfV'k lkezkT; cekZ] viQxkfuLrku vkSj fe esa Hkh yM+ jgk Fkk tgk
flikgh eLosQV (rksMns+ kj cand
w ) vkSj eSpykWd ls ySl gksrs FksA oaQiuh dh
lsuk osQ flikfg;ksa dks cnyrh lSfud vko';drkvksa dk ;ku j[kuk iM+rk
Fkk vkSj vc mldh iSny VqdM+h T+;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh tk jgh FkhA
mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vaxsz k ,d le:i lSfud laLo`Qfr
fodflr djus yxs FksA flikfg;ksa dks ;wjksih; <ax dk izf'k{k.k] vH;kl
vkSj vuq'kklu fl[kk;k tkus yxkA vc mudk thou igys ls Hkh T+;knk

fp=k 13 & oaQiuh osQ fy, dke djus

okyk caxky dk ,d lokj] ,d vKkr
Hkkjrh; fp=kdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=k]
1780ejkBksa vkSj eSlwj osQ lkFk gq, ;qksa osQ
ckn oaQiuh dks viuh ?kqM+lokj VqdfM+;ksa
dks ekcwr djus dh vgfe;r le> esa
vkus yxh FkhA

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fu;af=kr FkkA bl dksf'k'k esa dHkh&dHkh leL;k, Hkh vk tkrh Fkha D;ksafd
is'ksoj flikfg;ksa dh lsuk [kM+k djus osQ pDdj esa vaxsz k dbZ ckj tkfr
vkSj leqnk; dh Hkkoukvksa dks ukjvankk dj nsrs FksA Hkyk yksx viuh
tkrh; vkSj kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks bruh vklkuh ls dSls NksM+ ldrs Fks\
D;k os [kqn dks vius leqnk; dk lnL; ekuus dh ctk; fli+QZ flikgh
eku ldrs Fks\
flikgh D;k eglwl djrs Fks\ vius thou vkSj viuh igpku] ;kuh
os dkSu gSa] bl ckr ds vglkl esa tks cnyko vk jgs Fks mudks flikfg;ksa
us fdl rjg ns[kk\ 1857 dk fonzksg gesa flikfg;ksa dh bl nqfu;k dh
>yd fn[kkrk gSA bl fonzksg osQ ckjs esa vki v;k; 5 esa i<+saxsA

fu"d"kZ

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bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh ,d O;kikfjd oaQiuh ls c<+r&s c<+rs ,d HkkSxksfyd

vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr cu xbZA mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa u;h Hkki
rduhd osQ vkus ls ;g izfozQ;k vkSj rsk gqbAZ rc rd leqnz ekxZ ls Hkkjr
igqpus esa 6&8 ekg dk le; yx tkrk FkkA Hkki ls pyus okys tgkkksa us
;g ;k=kk rhu g+rksa esa lesV nhA blosQ ckn rks T+;knk ls T+;knk vaxsz k vkSj
muosQ ifjokj Hkkjr tSls nwj ns'k esa vkus yxsA
1857 rd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ 63 izfr'kr HkwHkkx vkSj 78 izfr'kr
vkcknh ij oaQiuh dk lhkk 'kklu LFkkfir gks pqdk FkkA ns'k osQ 'ks"k HkwHkkx
vkSj vkcknh ij oaQiuh dk vizR;{k izHkko FkkA bl izdkj] O;kogkfjd Lrj
ij bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh iwjs Hkkjr dks vius fu;a=k.k esa ys pqdh FkhA

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

23

vU;=k
nf{k.k vizQhdk esa nkl O;kikj
Mp O;kikjh l=kgoha lnh esa nf{k.k vizQhdk igqp
As
tYn gh nkl O;kikj 'kq: gks x;kA yksxksa dks cakd
cukdj tathjksa esa ck/dj nkl ckkkjksa esa cspk tkus
yxkA 1834 esa nkl izFkk osQ vUr osQ le;
vizQhdk osQ nf{k.kh fljs ij fLFkr osQi esa futh
LokfeRo esa nklksa dh la[;k 36]774 FkhA
1824 esa osQi vkus okys ,d ;k=kh us ogk gksus
okyh uhykeh dk vk[kksa ns[kk C;ksjk izLrqr fd;k gS&
;g ekywe gksus ij fd i'kqvks]a o`Qf"k mRiknksa
dh uhykeh gksus okyh gS--- geus viuh xkM+h u, cSy [kjhnus osQ fy, jksd yhA uhykeh osQ eky
esa ,d L=kh&nkl vkSj mlosQ rhu cPps FksA fdlkuksa us i'kqvksa osQ leku gh mUgsa ij[kkA mUgsa
vyx&vyx [kjhnkjksa dks csp fn;k x;kA ek us fpUrk] osnuk vkSj vklw Hkjh vk[kksa ls cPPkksa dh rjiQ
ns[kkA nq[kh cPps O;koqQy ek&cki ls fpid x;sA ;g n`'; fny dks fi?kykus okyk FkkA blosQ foijhr
ekStnw n'kZdksa osQ psgjs glrs gq;s ,oa vlaons u'khy FksA

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ukbZty oksMZu }kjk fyf[kr] n psul nsV ckbaM vl % , fgLVh vkWiQ lysojh ,V n osQi] 1996

vkb, dYiuk djsa

vki vBkgjoh lnh osQ
vkf[kj ;k mUuhloha lnh
osQ izkjaHk esa baXySaM esa jg
jgs gSAa fczfV'k fot; dh
dgkuh ij vkidh D;k
izfrfozQ;k gksxh\ ;kn jf[k,
fd vki ogk tkus okys
cgqr lkjs vi+Qljksa dh
csfglkc dekbZ osQ ckjs esa
tku pqds gSaA

fQj ls ;kn djsa

1-

fuEufyf[kr osQ tksM+s cuk,

nhokuh
'ksj&,&eSlwj
I+kQkSthnkjh vnkyr
jkuh psUuEek
flikgh
okWjsu gsfLVaXl

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2-

Vhiw lqYrku
HkwjktLo olwy djus dk vfkdkj
flikW;
Hkkjr dk igyk xouZj&tujy
I+kQkStnkjh vnkyr
fdRrwj esa vaxszk&fojkskh vkanksyu dk
usr`Ro fd;k

fjDr LFkku Hkjsa

(d) caxky ij vaxzskksa dh thr -------------- dh tax ls 'kq: gqbZ FkhA

([k) gSnj vyh vkSj Vhiw lqYrku ------------- osQ 'kkld FksA
24

gekjs vrhr III

(x) MygkSkh us ------------------ dk flkar ykxw fd;kA

(?k) ejkBk fj;klrsa eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ ----------------- Hkkx esa fLFkr FkhaA
3-

lgh ;k xyr crk, %

(d) eqX+ky lkezkT; vBkjgoha lnh esa ekcwr gksrk x;kA

([k) bafXy'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh Hkkjr osQ lkFk O;kikj djus okyh ,dek=k ;wjksih; oaQiuh FkhA

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(x) egkjktk j.kthr flag iatkc osQ jktk FksA

(?k) vaxszkksa us vius dCks okys bykdksa esa dksbZ 'kkldh; cnyko ugha fd,A

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vkb, fopkj djsa

4-

;wjksih; O;kikfjd oaQifu;k Hkkjr dh rjiQ D;ksa vkdf"kZr gks jgh Fkha\

5-

caxky osQ uokcksa vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp fdu ckrksa ij fookn Fks\

6-

nhokuh feyus ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks fdl rjg IkQk;nk igqpk\

7-

bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh Vhiw lqYrku dks [krjk D;ksa ekurh Fkh\

8-

lfClfM;jh ,yk;al (lgk;d laf/) O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djsaA

9-

oaQiuh dk 'kklu Hkkjrh; jktkvksa osQ 'kklu ls fdl rjg vyx Fkk\

10-

oaQiuh dh lsuk dh lajpuk esa vk, cnykoksa dk o.kZu djsaA

vkb, djds ns[ksa

11-

12-

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caxky esa vaxzskksa dh thr osQ ckn dydRrk ,d NksVs ls xko ls cM+s 'kgj esa rCnhy
gks x;kA vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku 'kgj osQ ;wjksih; vkSj Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa dh
laLo`Qfr] f'kYi vkSj thou osQ ckjs esa irk yxk,A
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh osQ ckjs esa rlohjsa] dgkfu;k] dfork, vkSj tkudkfj;k bdV~Bk
djsa & >klh dh jkuh] egknth flafk;k] gSnj vyh] egkjktk j.kthr flag] ykWMZ MygkSkh
;k vkiosQ bykosQ dk dksbZ iqjkuk 'kkldA

O;kikj ls lkezkT; rd

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