Thermal Enginering I

Laboratory
Study of constructional details & working
principles involved in a 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke
Diesel Engines
Ex No. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
2-STROKE (S.I) ENGINES
In a 2-Stroke engine, the filling process is accompanied by the
change compressed in a crank case or by a blower. The induction of
compressed charge moves out the product of combustion through
exhaust ports. Therefore, no piston stroke is required. Out of these 2strokes, one stroke is for compression of fresh charge and second for
power stroke.
The charge conducted into the crank case through the spring
loaded valve when the pressure in the crank case is reduced due to
upward motion of piston during the compression stroke. After the
compression & ignition expansion takes place in usual way.
During the expansion stroke the charge in crankcase is
compressed. Near the end of the expansion stroke, the piston
uncovers the exhaust ports and the cylinder pressure drops to
atmosphere pressure as combustion produced leave the cylinder.
A.FOUR STROKE (S.I) ENGINE
In a four stroke engine, the cycles of operations is completed in
1

4 strokes of

Thermal Enginering I
Laboratory
piston
or 2 revolution of crank

shaft. Each stroke

consists of 180 & hence the fuel cycle consists of 720 of crank
rotation. The 4-Strokes are: Suction or Intake Stroke: It starts at, when the piston is at
top dead centre& about to move downwards. The inlet valve is open
at that time and exhaust valve is closed due to suction created by the

motion of the piston towards the bottom dead centre, the charge
containing air fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder. When the
piston reaches BDC the suction stroke ends and inlet valve is closed.
Compression Stroke: - The charge taken into the cylinder during
suction stroke is compressed by return stroke of piston. During this
stroke both the valves are closed. The mixture which fills the entire
cylinder volume is now compressed into the clearance volume. At the
end, the mixture is ignited with the help of electrode of spark plug.
During the burning process the chemical energy of fuel is converted
to heat energy. The pressure is increased in the end due to heat
release.
Expansion Stroke: - The burnt gases escape out and the exhaust
valve opens but inlet valve remaining closed the piston moves from
BDC to TDC and sweeps the burnt gases out at almost atmospheric
pressure. The exhaust valve gets closed at the end of this stroke.
Thus, for one complete cycle of engine, there is only one power stroke
while crank shaft makes 2 revolutions.
Exhaust Stroke: - During the upward motion of the piston, the
exhaust valve is open and inlet valve is closed. The piston moves up
in cylinder pushing out the burnt gases through the exhaust and
fresh charge is cycle is repeated.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Cylinder: It is a cylindrical vessel or space in which

the

piston

makes a reciprocating produces.

Piston: It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming
the moving boundary of combustion system. It fits in cylinder
perfectly.

Combustion Chamber: It is the space enclosed in the upper part of

cylinder, by the cylinder head & the piston top during combustion
process.

Inlet Manifold: The pipe which connects the intake system

to the

inlet valve of engine.

Exhaust Manifold: The pipe which connects the exhaust system to
the exhaust valve of engine.
Inlet / Exhaust Valves: They are provided on the cylinder head to
head to regulate the charge coming into or going out of the chamber.
Spark Plug:

It is used to initiate the combustion process in S.I

engines.
Connected Rod: It connects the piston & the crank shaft.
Crank shaft: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
useful rotary motion of output shaft.
Gudgeon pins: It forms a link between connection rod and the
piston.
Cam shaft: It controls the opening & closing of the valves.
Cam: They open the valves at the correct tunes.
Carburetor: Used in S.I engine for atomizing & vaporizing and
mixture it with air in varying proportion.
Valve: As the piston reaches the TDC, again the inlet valve opens
taken in during next downward movement of the piston

Four stroke Engine Parts

Two stroke Engine Parts

STUDY OF 2-STROKE AND 4- STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

INTRODUCTION
TWO STROKE (C.I.) ENGINE:
In two stroke engines, the cycle is completed in one revolution of
the crankshaft. In 2-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished

by the charge compressed in crankcase or by a blower. The induction

of compressed charge moves out of the exhaust ports. Therefore, no
piston strokes are required for these 2 operations. Two strokes are
sufficient to complete the cycle one for compressing the

fresh charge and other for expansion or power stroke. Compression

The air or charge is inducted into the crankcase through the spring
loaded inlet valve when the pressure in crankcase is reduced due to
upward motion of piston. Expansion During this, the charge in the
crankcase is compressed. At the end the piston uncovers the exhaust
ports and cylinder pressure drops to the atmospheric pressure.
Further movement of piston opens the transfer ports, permitting the
slightest compressed charge in the crankcase to enter the engine
cylinder.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:
Cylinder: In it, the piston makes a reciprocating motion.
Piston: It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming
the moving boundary of the combustion system.
Combustion Chamber: The space enclosed in the upper part of the
cylinder, by the head and the piston top during the combustion
process.
Inlet/ Outlet ports: They are provided on the side of cylinder to
regulate the charge coming in and out of cylinder.
Fuel Injector: It injects the fuel in combustion chamber to initiate
combustion process for power stroke.
Connecting Rod: It interconnects the crank shaft and the piston.
Fly Wheel: The net torque imparted to the crankshaft during one
complete cycle of operation of the engine fluctuates cow sing change
in angular velocity of shaft. In order to achieve uniform torque an

internal mass is attached to the output shaft & this is called as fly
wheel.

Study of Boiler and Turbine

Ex No. 2
INTRODUCTION
1. BOILER:
Boiler is a closed vessel made of steel .Its function is to transfer
heat to water to produce steam
2. CONSTRUCTION:
The boiler is bolted on a sturdy chassis. The body is a double
jacketed casing. Ladder is in the front, adjacent to the control panel.
The coil is at the centre of the boiler and is made of boiler quality
carbon steel tubes. The coil is enclosed by a pair if concentric shell,
top of the coil is enclosed by top refractory which is bolted to the
inner shell. Outer shell is cover by an insulated to cover. Blower is
connected to the boiler by an air duct at the bottom.
A duct joins the economizer the boiler flue gas outlet. The
economizer is a shell and tube heat exchanger having a number of
vertical steel tubes welded between the two tube plates. The chimney
duct is bolted above the economizer. It has a flanged opening for the
chimney connection.
The fuel pump is connected to the blower motor with the
coupling and is mounted on a common base frame bolted to the
bottom chassis. The fuel filters the fuel oil preheating tank are also
mounted on the base frame.

A burner assembly is on the top plate. Metallic hoses are

attached to it for fuel supply. The control panel houses the electric al
controls. Various switches and indicators lamps are mounted on its
fronts.

3. STEAM BOILER:
It is an instant steam generator of water tube design. It is a
fully automatics, packaged unit consisting of the boiler and its
accessories mounted on the chassis. Now the fuel is injected by the
injector at the top of the boiler. The chemical energy in the fuel is
released in the form of heat during combustion.
The product of combustion of the flue gases, transfer this heat
to the coil carrying water by radiation and convection.Residual heat
in the flue gas is absorbed in the economizer, where feed water is
heated to expel the dissolved gases. Air required for the combustion
is supplied by the blower which imparts velocity and pressure to the
air centrifugal action of the rotating blades.
The steam best has a reversible flame type furnace. The flame
produced by the burner travels down in the furnace and the flue
gases are in the reverse direction.

Boiler and Turbine Layout

1
0

4. WATER SYSTEM:
Water softener is used for converting the hard water into soft
water. The soft water is stored in tank. The soft water from the soft
water tank enters the unit. This water then enters into the
economizer .The flue gases passes through the economizer tube bank
heat the water. Hot water comes out of the top of the economizer. The
dissolved gasses in the water are released as it heated and are vented
out through the air vent connection.
The pump discharges the water at a pressure equal to the
steam outlet pressure plus the pressure required to overcome the coil
resistance. A relief valve protects the pump from over pressure. The
water passes through the non-return valve. The water enters the coil
at the bottom, evaporates and the steam comes out of the top of the
coil. The pressure and temperature sensing connections are provided
on the outlet header.
5. FUEL SYSTEM:
The fuel from the service tank is filtered before entering the fuel
pump in the unit. The fuel under pressure is filtered again through a
second filter. The filters are self cleaning type with a drain plug at
the bottom. Fuel pressure gauge indicating the pressure

at

this

point. When n the burner solenoid coil is energized the fuel enters the
burner rod and it is sprayed through the nozzle.
6. AIR SYSTEM:
The blower drives air into the bottom of the air jacket and
enters the burner. The flame cone diffuser plate combination causes
vigorous mixing of air with atomized fuel. The flame is shot downward
in the furnace.

The flue gases passes through the inner coil and

outer coil and travel upward back to top of the coil.

1
1

The gasses then pass through the gap between coil and inner
shell and enter the economizer from bottom. After passing through
the economizer tubes, they are let out of the chimney.

1
2

7. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
The boiler operates on 415 V, 50 HZ, 3 phases, 4 wire electric
supplies. The control circuit voltage is 230 V. Three phase supply is
given to blower motor, water pump. The following safety circuits are
available on the control panel, water low level, and electrical lock out,
steam temperature high.
8. STEAM TURBINE:
The steam turbine is a single stage impulse turbine, condensing
type. The turbine consists of a wheel manufactured from a single gun
metal casting. The turbine blades have a large clearance at the sides
of the wheel. The blades are designed in such a way that there, is
negligible end thrust. The wheel is mounted on the shaft carried on
the ball bearing and closed in a pressure tight casing .The glands
between the wheel and bearing , prevent escape of the operating
medium steam from the shaft. The critical speed of the shaft is well
above the operating speed. The direction of rotation of the shaft is
clock wise looking on the turbine shaft extension. The steam enters
the casing through valve. The steam enters in to the nozzle and the
steam is directed to the blades. The nozzle angle is 32 degree. The
exhaust steam from the turbine enters into the condenser.
9. STEAM CONDENSER:
The steam leaves from the turbine exhaust

enter into the

condenser. The steam condenser is a device which helps the exhaust

steam from the turbine to condensate into water by exchanging the
heat to the continuously circulating cooling media.
10.

SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER:

Separating and throttling calorimeter is placed in between

boiler and turbine. The quality of steam that entering into the
turbine is measured by this apparatus

Model Port timing Diagram

IPO

Inlet Port Open

IPC

Inlet Port Closed

EPO -

Exhaust Port Open

EPC -

Exhaust Port Closed

TPO -

Transfer Port Open

TPC -

Transfer Port Closed

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

Ex.No:3
Date:
AIM:
To draw the port timing diagram of a two stroke spark ignition engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.

A two stroke petrol engine

2.

Measuring tape

3.

Chalk

THEORY

Port Timing Diagram:

Like valve timing diagram in four stroke diesel engines, the
timing of the sequence are represented graphically for two stroke
petrol engine. The events such as opening and closing of inlet port,
transfer port, and exhaust port are shown graphically in terms of
crank angles from dead centre positions. This diagram is known as
port timing diagram.
The piston uncovers the inlet port 45 0 to 550 before the top
dead center. The induction of air fuel mixture into the engine cylinder
takes places, till the inlet port is covered. The inlet port is covered 45 0
to 550 after the top dead center position. The compression of the air

fuel mixture takes place till the spark occurs. The spark is produced
at 30 to 400 before the top dead center position. This is to give
sufficient time to the fuel to burn. The pressure and temperature
increases. The exhaust port is uncovered by the piston 65 0 to 750
before the top dead center. The exhaust gases are forced of the
cylinder till the exhaust port is covered. The transfer is uncovered and
covered 550 to 650 before and after bottom dead center.
occurs 150-250 before top dead center.

Ignition

TABULATION:
Circumference of flywheel (L) =

Description
IPO before TDC
IPC after TDC
EPO before BDC
EPC after BDC
TPO before BDC
TPC after BDC

CALCULATONS

mm

Distance in mm

Angle in Degree

After the compression stroke (during expansion or working

stroke) the charge from the crankcase enters the cylinderat a
pressure, which is above atmospheric. This forces the exhaust gases
to the atmosphere through exhaust port. There is a possibility of
escaping out of charge with burnt gases. However this is overcome by
designing the piston to have a deflected shape at its crown. Due to
this deflected shape of the piston crown the fresh charge is deflected
upward in the engine cylinder. Thus deflected shape also helps in
forcing the exhaust gases to the atmosphere. This process is known
as scavenging.
FORMULA:

Angle = L / X 360 Degrees

Where,
L - Distance from nearest dead center in mm
X - Circumference of the Flywheel in mm
PROCEDURE:
1.

Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel. Always rotate only

in clockwise direction when viewing in front of the flywheel.

2.

Mark the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) position on the flywheel

with the reference point when the piston reaches the lowermost
position during rotation of the flywheel.

3.

Mark the Top Dead Center (TDC) position on the flywheel with
the reference point when the piston reaches the top most
position during the rotation of flywheel.

4.

Mark the IPO, IPC, EPO, EPC, TPO, and TPC on the flywheel
observing the following conditions.

5.

Inlet port open (IPO) when the bottom edge of the piston skirt
just opens the lower most part of the inlet port during its upward
movement.

6.

Inlet port close (IPC) when the bottom edge of the piston fully
reaches the lower most part of the inlet port during its downward
movement.

Actual Port timing Diagram

7.

Transfer port open (TPO) when the top edge of the piston just
open the top most part of the transfer port during its downward
movement.

8.

Transfer port close (TPC) when the top edge of the piston fully
reaches the upper most part of the transfer port during its
upward movement

9.

Exhaust port open (EPO) when the top edge of the piston just
opens the top most part of the exhaust port during its downward
movement.

10. Exhaust port close (EPC) when the top edge of the piston fully
reaches the upper most Part of the exhaust port during its
upward movement
11. Measure the circumferential distance of the above events either
from TDC or from BDC
12. Whichever is nearer and calculate their respective angles.
13. Draw a circle and mark the angles.

RESULT:

Thus the port timing diagram of two stroke spark ignition

engine was drawn.

VIVA WORKSHEET
1

What are the differences between valves and ports?

Valves and ports basically serve a purpose of fluid flow
control . A valve in an engine is operated mechanically , whereas a
port is just an opening which is opened and closed by a piston . A
four stroke engine uses valves and a two stroke engine uses
ports. ... Valves and Ports both different mechanism used in
engines.

2.

What is the use of transfer port?

These passages transport fresh fuel/air mixture supplied by
the intake from the crankcase to the area of the cylinder currently
above the piston. The transfer ports also play a vital role in cooling
the cylinder and scavenging gases

3.

What do you mean by scavenging?

In automotive usage, scavenging is the process of pushing
exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder and drawing in a fresh
draught of air or fuel/air mixture for the next cycle.

4.

How are two stroke engines lubricated?

Lubricating traditional two-cycle engines is done by mixing
the oil with the fuel. The oil is burned upon combustion of the
air/fuel mixture.

5.

Define compression ratio.

2
6

The ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the

cylinder of an internal combustion engine.
6.

Give firing order for a four and six cylinder engines

1-3-4-2 - Most straight-4s, Ford Taunus V4 engine
1-5-3-6-2-4 - Mercedes-Benz M104 engine, Straight-6

2
7

Theoretical Valve Timing Diagram

2
8

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

Ex.No: 4
Date:
AIM:
To draw the valve timing diagram of the four stroke
compression ignition engine.
APPAATUS REQUIRED:
1.

Experimental engine

2.

Measuring tape

3.

Chalk

THEORY
Valve Timing diagram
We consider theoretically that, the valve open and close at the
dead centers of the piston. But, in actual practice they do not open
and close instantaneously at dead centers. They operate some degree
before or after the dead centres. The ignition is timed to occur a little
before top dead center. The timings of these sequences of events such
as inlet valve opening, inlet valve closing, ignition, exhaust valve
opening, exhaust valve closing can be shown graphically in terms of
crank angles from dead centre positions. These diagrams are known
as valve timing diagrams. The inlet valve is opened 10 to 25 0 in
advance of top dead centre position. The fresh air is admitted into the
cylinder till the inlet valve closes. The inlet valve is closed 25 to 50 0
after the bottom dead centre. The compression of the air takes place.

The fuel injection starts 5 to 100 before the top dead centre, in the
compression stroke. Fuel injection closes 15 to 25 0 after the top dead
centre in the working stroke. The pressure

and

temperature

increases. The exhaust valve is opened 30 to 50 0 before bottom dead

centre. The exhaust gases are forced out of the engine cylinder till the
exhaust valve closes. The exhaust valve is closed 10 to 15 0 after the
top dead centre. Even before exhaust valve closes, again the inlet valve
is opened

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

TABULATION:
Sl.
No.

Description

1.

IVO Before TDC

2.

IVC After BDC

3.

EVO Before BDC

4.

EVC After TDC

CALCULATIONS

Distance
in mm

Angle
in degrees

100 to 250 before the top dead centre. The period between the inlet
valve opening and exhaust valve closing (the period at which both
valves are in open position) is known as valve overlap period. The
angle between these two events is known as angle of overlap.

PROCEDURE:
1.

Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel. Always rotate only

in clockwise direction when viewing in front of the flywheel.

2.

Mark the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) position on the flywheel

with the reference point when the piston reaches the lowermost
position during rotation of the flywheel.

3.

Mark the Top Dead Center (TDC) position on the flywheel with
the reference point when the piston reaches the top most
position during the rotation of flywheel.

4.

Identify the four strokes by the rotation of the flywheel and

observe the movement of inlet and exhaust valves.

5.

Mark the opening and closing events of the inlet and exhaust
valves on the flywheel.

6.

Measure the circumferential distance of the above events either

from TDC or from BDC whichever is nearer and calculate their
respective angles.

7.

Draw the valve timing diagram and indicate the valve opening
and closing periods.

RESULT:

Thus valve timing diagram was drawn for the present set of
values.

Actual Valve Timing Diagram

VIVA WORKSHEET
1

How the valves differ from ports?

Valves and ports basically serve a purpose of fluid flow
control. A valve in an engine is operated mechanically, whereas a
port is just an opening which is opened and closed by a piston. A
four stroke engine uses valves and a two stroke engine uses
ports. ... Valves and Ports both different mechanisms used in
engines.

2.

What are the advantages of four stroke engines over two stroke
engines?
In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque than
2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give higher
torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel efficiency

3.

Why four stroke engines are more fuel efficient than two stroke
engines?
4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency than 2 stroke ones
because fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.

4. Explain the lubrication system of four stroke engines.

Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil held in an oil
sump. The oil is distributed through the engine by splash
lubrication or a pressurized lubrication pump system; these
systems may be used alone or together. Splash lubrication is
achieved by partly submerging the crankshaft in the oil sump

5.

What do you mean by valve overlap? What are their effects in SI

engines?
Valve overlap is the period during the valve timing where
both the intake and exhaust valves are open. Occurring towards
the end of the exhaust stroke, the intake valves are opened just
before all the exhaust gases are released, providing more time for
the intake air to enter the engine

TABULATION:

Weight
on
S.No.

Hanger
( W 1)
kg

Weight
in
Spring
balance
(W
kg2 )

U-Tube

Net
weight =
(W

1-

1
2
3
4
5

3
0

of fuel

reading
(H)

W 2)

(W)
kg

Time for 10 cc

Manometer

h cm
h
2

1-

consumption
h

(t)
sec

Performance test on four stroke diesel engine with

mechanical load
Ex.No:5
Date:
AIM:
To conduct a performance test on the engine, to find brake
thermal efficiency.
SPECIFICATION:
Engine : Four stroke single cylinder
Make

: Top land

BHP

: 6 HP

Rpm

: 650 rpm

Fuel

: diesel

Starting

: cranking

Working cycle

: four stroke

Method of cooling

: water cooled

Method of ignition

: compression ignition

TO DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:

3
1

1.

Specific Fuel Consumption

: SFC

2.

Brake Horse Power

: BP

3.

Brake Thermal Efficiency

:Bth

4.

Volumetric Efficiency

:Vol

3
2

CALCULATIONS:

THEORY:
This test involves the method of retarding the engine by cutting
the fuel supply. The engine is made to run at no load and rated speed
taking into all usual precautions. When the engine is running under
steady operating conditions the supply of fuel is cut-off and
simultaneously the time of fall in speed by say 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%
of the rated speed is recorded. The values are usually tabulated in an
appropriate table. A graph connecting time for fall in speed (x-axis)
and speed (y-axis) at no load as well as 50% load conditions. From
the graph the time required to fall through the same range (say 100
rpm) in both, no load and load condition are found. Let t

and t

be

the time of fall at no load and load conditions respectively. The

frictional torque and hence frictional power are calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1.

Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230V, singlephase power source. Now the digital temperature indicator
displays the respective readings.

2. Fill up the Petrol into the tank.

3. Check the lubricating oil level in the sump.
4.

Open the Petrol cock provided underneath the Petrol tank and.
Also ensure the accelerator knob is in cut off position (idle
condition).

5.

Start the engine by pulling. Now the engine is running at idle

speed.

6.

Increase the speed by turning the accelerator knob clockwise

until the speed reaches approx. 3000 RPM.

7.

Now apply the load by rotating the hand wheel of rope brake
dynamometer. The load W1 is indicated on a dial type spring
balance in terms of Kg and W2 is linear balance reading. Net
load W = W1 - W2. Now the engine speed decreases due to the

8.

application

of

load.

Operate

the

acceleration

knob

simultaneously with the rope brake dynamometer hand wheel

and set the load to of the full load i.e. 1.5 kg [approx.] on the
spring balance.
9.

Allow the engine to run at the set load and speed for few
minutes. Note down the readings. Then increase the load by
repeating the same procedure up to maximum load i.e.: 6.2 kg.

FORMULA:
1. BRAKE POWER
BP= 2N (S1-S2) ((D/2+t))9.81.kW.
60,000
Where, N = rpm of the engine,
S1= spring balance reading in kg
S2= spring balance reading in kg,
D=diameter of brake drum in m =0.33
t= Thickness of the belt in m =0.006

2. MASS OF FUEL CONSUMED.

mfc= X x 0.82 x 3600..kg/ hr
1000 x T

Where,

X = burette reading in cc
0.82 = density of diesel in gram / cc
T = time taken in seconds.

3. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION.

Sfc = mfc / BP..kg/kW hr

4. ACTUAL VOLUME OF AIR SUCKED IN TO THE CYLINDER.

Va = Cd X A 2gH X 3600 ..m3/hr

Where, H = (h/1000)

X (w / a)meter of water.
1000

A = area of orifice = d2/4

h = manometer reading in mm
w = density of water =1000 kg/m3
a = density of air =1.193 kg/ m3
Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.6
5. SWEPT VOLUME
Vs = ( d2 / 4) X L X (N/2) X 60

Where, d = diameter of bore

mm

L = length of stroke

mm

N = Speed of the engine in rpm

6. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

v = ( VA/ VS) X 100

. %

7. BRAKE THERMAL OR OVER ALL EFFICIENCY

bth = BP X 3600 X 100.%

mfc X CV
Where, CV = calorific value of diesel = 42500 kJ / kg,
BP = Brake Power

RESULT:

Thus performance test was conducted on single cylinder diesel

engine with rope brake dynamometer.
The friction power of the engine =

-----------

Mechanical efficiency of the engine = ----------

VIVA WORKSHEET
1. What is the speed ratio between a cam shaft and a crank shaft?
Valve timing gears on a Ford Taunus four-cylinder engine
the small gear is on the crankshaft, the larger gear is on the
camshaft. The gear ratio causes the camshaft to run at half the
RPM of the crankshaft.
2.

What is the type of cooling employed?

Air Cooling
Water Colling
Oil Cooling

3.

Define Brake thermal efficiency

Brake Thermal Efficiency is defined as break power of a heat
engine as a function of the thermal input from the fuel. It is used
to evaluate how well an engine converts the heat from a fuel to
mechanical energy.

4.

Define Indicated thermal efficiency

The thermal efficiency is a dimensionless performance
measure of a device that uses thermal energy, for example engine,
a steam turbine, a steam engine, a boiler, a furnace, etc, . Thermal
efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy added by work
is converted to net heat output.

4
1

5.

How the torque is measured.

Torque is a twisting force that rotates or turns an object, like
a wheel. ... Once we're able to measure torque, we can then
measure horsepower. The formula is simple: Multiply torque by the
engine speed (measured in rpm), then divide that by 5,252 to get
the horsepower at that rpm level

4
2

TABULATION:

S.No

h1

h2

RPM (LOAD) kg mm mm Sec

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
0C

0C

0C

1
2
3
4

OBSERVATIONS:
Brake power

BP

Specific fuel consumption

Sfc

Actual volume

Va

Brake thermal efficiency

bth

Swept volume

Vs

0C

0C

Rt1

Rt2

Cc/s Cc/s

Volumetric efficiency

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Ex.No: 6
Date:
AIM:
To prepare the heat balance sheet on four stroke diesel engine.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
1.

Temperature indicator

2.

Stop watch

3.

Measuring jar

4.

Bucket

5.

Tachometer.

SPECIFICATION:
ENGINE

: FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

MAKE

:TOPLAND

BHP

: 5 HP

RPM

1500

FUEL

: DIESEL

BORE

: 80 mm

STROKE LENGTH

: 110 mm

STARTING

: CRANKING

WORKING CYCLE

: FOUR STROKE

METHOD OF COOLING

: WATER COOLED

METHOD OF IGNITION

: COMPRESSION IGNITION

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

CREDIT kJ

DEBIT
1)Heat equivalent of useful work
2)Heat lost to cooling water
3)Heat carried away by exhaust
gas
4)Unaccounted losses

TOTAL

CALCULATION:

TOTAL

kJ

PRECAUTIONS:

1.

Check the fuel level in the fuel tank and open the fuel knob.

2.

Check lubrication oil level in the crankcase

3.

Ensure cooling water supply to engine before starting the

engine.

4.

Ensure cooling water supply to brake drum before loading the

engine.

5.

Engine should be started on no load condition.

6.

Load should be added or removed gradually by adjusting the

speed of the engine to its rated value by screwing in or out of
the governor nut.

7.

Engine should stopped only on no load condition

8.

During starting the engine the handle used on the crank shaft
to start the engine, should be removed immediately once the
engine is started

9.

Decompression lever should not be used to stop the engine.

10.

Do not over load the engine beyond ten percent more than the
full load capacity.

THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS
T1 = Inlet water temperature to engine jacket & calorimeter (In C)
T2 = Outlet water temperature from engine jacket (In C)
T3 = Outlet water temperature from calorimeter (In C)
T4 = Exhaust gas temperature from engine. (In C)
T5 = Exhaust gas temperature from calorimeter (In C)
Rt1 = Rotometer 1 reading cc/s

Rt2 = Rotometer 2 reading cc/s

S

= spring balance reading kg

FORMULA
HEAT BALANCE TEST
HEAT BALANCE SHEET (on minute basis)

A.

Heat input = mfc X cv

..kJ / min.

60
B.

Heat equivelant to BP = BP X 60 kJ / min

C.

Heat carried away by cooling water (engine jacket)

= mW X CpW (T2 T1) . kJ / min

where , mw = mass of water = vw1 X wX 60 X 10-6

vw1 = volume of water flow in to engine jacket through
rotameter Rt1
CpW = 4.18 kJ / kg K

D.

Heat carried away by exhaust gas

= (T4 Ta) x mw x CpW x (T3 T1) . kJ / min
(T4 - T5)
Where, mw = mass of water = vw2 X wX 60 X 10-6

vw2 = volume of water flow in to CALORIMETER

through rot meter Rt2
cpW = 4.18 kJ / kg K

5
0

E.

Unaccounted Heat = A (B + C + D).kJ / min

Therefore,
Heat balance is 100 % = 100 %

PROCEDURE:

1.

Start the engine at no load condition

2.

After steady state is reached note down the following

3.

Speed of the engine.

4.

The time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

5.

Time for 1 ltr of cooling water collection.

6.

Air inlet temperature.

7.

Exhaust gas temperature

8.

Cooling water inlet and outlet temperature.

9.

Manometer reading.

10.

Repeat the above procedure for various loads.

RESULT:
Thus the heat balance test was conducted in a single cylinder
engine 4-stroke diesel engine and the heat balance sheet is drawn.
5
1

VIVA WORKSHEET

What is the purpose of conducting heat balance sheet?

It is an account of heat supplied and heat utilized in various
ways in the system. Necessary information concerning the
performance of the engine is obtained from the heat balance sheet.

2.

Define Calorific value of fuel.

Calorific value (plural calorific values) The amount of energy
produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel.
Measured in units of energy per amount of material, e.g. kJ/kg.

3.

How to measure the fuel consumption?

A car's fuel consumption is a measure of miles driven per
gallon of gas. If you know the distance you drove and how many
gallons fit in your tank, you can simply divide the miles by the
gas to get your "miles per gallon"

4.

Define volumetric efficiency of the engine.

The ratio of fluid delivered by a piston or ram pump per
stroke to the displacement volume of the piston or ram. 2. the
ratio of air or gas-air mixture drawn into the cylinder of an
internal-combustion engine to the volumetric displacement of the
piston.

5.

Define mean effective pressure.

The mean effective pressure is a quantity relating to the

operation of a reciprocating engine and is a valuable measure of
an engine's capacity to do work that is independent of engine
displacement.

TABULATION:
SPEED
WORKING
S.NO.

CYLINDERS

LOAD

POWER

kg

(B.P)
kw

CUT-OFF
CYLINDER

BRAKE

(N)
RPM

INDICATED
POWER

kw

MORSE TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

Ex.No:7
Date:
AIM:
To determine the frictional power and mechanical efficiency of
the multi-cylinder petrol engine
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.

Stop watch

2.

Tachometer.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Engine

: HM carburetor version

Used for

: Ambassador car

Max.Power

:74 BHP @ 5000 rpm

Max.Torqe

:13.7 kgm @ 3000 rpm

Fuel

: Petrol

Compression ratio

: 8.5:1

No of cylinders

: Four

Bore

: 84 mm

Stroke length

: 82 mm

Starting

: Self start

Working stroke

: Four stroke

Cooling

: Water cooled

Ignition

: Spark ignition

MORSE TEST:

Running

Cut-of

Cylinder

cylinder

nos.
1,2,3&4

no.
Nil

2,3&4

1,3&4

1,2&4

1,2&3

CALCULATION:

Load in
kg

RPM

BP of

IP of cut-

running

of

cylinder

cylinder

Capacity

: 1817 cc

Battery

: 12V, 45A

Alternator

: 12V, 45A

FORMULA USED:

1. BRAKE POWER
BP= 2NTx9.81 kW
60000
Where, T=Torque=WxR
W= Load from the spring balance in kg.
R=Arm length=0.33 m
N = RPM of the engine
2. MASS OF FUEL CONSUMED.
M f c= X x 0.72 x 3600 ..kg/ hr
1000 x T
Where, X = burette reading in cc
0.72 = density of petrol in gram / cc
T = time taken in seconds.
3. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION.

Sfc = (mfc / BP)..kg/kW hr

4. ACTUAL VOLUME OF AIR SUCKED IN TO THE CYLINDER.

Va = Cd X A 2gH X 3600 ..m3/hr

where,H = (h/ 1000)

X ( w / a )meter of air.

A = area of orifice = d2/4

h = manometer reading in mm
w = density of water =1000 kg/m3
a = density of air =1.193 kg/ m3
Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.62
5. SWEPT VOLUME
Vs = ( d2 / 4 ) X L X (N/2) X 60) x 4
Where, d = dia of bore = 84 mm
L = length of stroke =82 mm
N = Speed of the engine in RPM.
6. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
v = ( VA / VS ) x 100

.%

7. BRAKE THERMAL OR OVER ALL EFFICIENCY

bth =BP X 3600 X 100 .%
mfc X cv
Where, cv = calorific value of petrol = 43500 kJ / kg.
BP = Brake Power in kW

9. FRICTIONAL POWER:
IP1 = BP(total) BP2,3& 4
IP2 = BP(total) BP3,4&1
IP3 = BP(total) BP4,1&2
IP4 = BP(total) BP1,2&3

6
0

Therefore,

IP(total) = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 +IP4

Therefore, Frictional power,

FP = IP(total) - BP(total
8. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY:
mech= (BP / IP )x 100 %

Where, BP = Brake Power in kW

IP = Indicated power in kW
PROCEDURES:
1. Disengage the clutch rod before starting.
2. The engines are started on no load and engage the clutch.
3. The engine is allowed to run for 2 to 3 minutes for initial warm up
4. Apply required load on the dynamometer.
5. Adjust the speed of the engine to 1500 rpm by throttle valve.
6. Adjust the gear wheel, dynamometer water delivery and bring the
dynamometer body into horizontal position.
7. Measure the engine speed.
8. Now cut-off the ignition supply to the cylinder- 1 ( by opening the
Morse switch -1)
9. Now the speed and output of the engine drops.
10.Then the engine speed is brought to its original value by reducing
the load. Now note down the value of speed and load
11.Similarly cut-off the cylinders 2 , 3 and 4 respectively . and find
the corresponding value load and speed of the engine.
6
1

RESULT:
Thus Morse test was conducted on multi-cylinder petrol engine.
The friction power of the engine =

-----------

Mechanical efficiency of the engine = ----------

6
2

VIVA WORKSHEET

What is Morse test?

Morse test is a very useful test designed for multi cylinder
engines. It's primary objective is to determine the indicated
power developed by a single cylinder. The indicated power is the
sum of break horse power plus the frictional power losses

2.

What

are

the

various

methods

for

measuring

fuel

consumption?
Fuel consumption is measured in two ways: (a) The fuel
consumption of an engine is measured by determining the
volume flow in a given time interval and multiplying it by the
specific gravity of the fuel which should be measured
occasionally to get an accurate value. (b) Another method is
to measure the time required for consumption of a given
mass of fuel
3.

Define indicated mean effective pressure.

The mean effective pressure is a quantity relating to the
operation of a reciprocating engine and is a valuable measure of
an engine's capacity to do work that is independent of engine
displacement.

4.

Define brake mean effective pressure.

The definition of BMEP is: the average (mean) pressure
which, if imposed on the pistons uniformly from the top to the
bottom of each power stroke, would produce the measured
(brake) power output.

5.

Define motoring test.

A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for
measuring force, torque, or power. ... A dynamometer can also be
used to determine the torque and power required to operate a
driven machine such as a pump. In that case, a motoring or
driving dynamometer is used.

TABULATION:

S.NO

LOAD
kg

1
2
3

NO LOAD
CONDITION

4
5
6
7
8

50% LOAD

FALL OF SPEED
(rpm)

Time taken for

fall of speed
(S)

Retardation test on four stroke single cylinder Diesel Engine

Ex.No:8
Date:
AIM:
To determine the frictional power of a single cylinder four
stroke diesel engine.
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
1.

Stop watch

2.

Tachometer

SPECIFICATION:
Engine

: Four stroke single cylinder

Make

: Top land

BHP

: 6 HP

Rpm

: 650 rpm

Fuel

: diesel

Starting

: cranking

Working cycle

: four stroke

Method of cooling

: water cooled

Method of ignition

: compression ignition

FORMULA USED:
1.

Brake power =2 NTb / 60 x1000

Where, Tb = brake torque.
N =speed in rpm

kW

CALCULATION:

2.

Frictional torque Tf = Tb x t2 / (t1-t2) Nm

t1=time taken for fall of speed at no load condition
t2=time taken for fall of speed at no load condition

3.
4.

Frictional power = 2 NTf/ 60 x1000 kW

mechanical

= (B.P /I.P) x 100

PROCEDURE:
1.

Start the engine at no load and adjust fuel supply of the engine
to run on rated speed.

2.

Cut the fuel the engine and note down the time taken for fall of
speed from 650 rpm to 550 rpm. At no load condition

3.

Similarly note down the time taken for drop in speed for 100,
200, 300, 400rpm.

4.

Now apply 50% rated load on the engine and find out the time
taken for fall of speed from 650 rpm to 550 rpm. And similarly
note down the time taken for drop in speed for 100, 200, 300,
400rpm.

RESULT:
Thus the Retardation test on single cylinder slow speed four
stroke diesel engine

was conducted.

Frictional power of the engine = ---------Mechanical efficiency

= -----------

VIVA WORKSHEET

What is the Purpose of retardation test?

2.

What ate the different methods of finding friction power?.

3.

What ate the precautions to be made during retardation test?

4.

How to decrease the engine speed in the retardation test?

5.

How to measure the average friction power?

6.

What will be the minimum speed to stop the engine?

7.

Which type of loading is preferred during retardation test?

8.

Define rated speed.

9.

What type of brake system used in mechanical type loading?

10.

Why spring load is minus to the engaged load?

11.

How to find the half load in a given engine?

TABULATION:

S.
NO.
1

NAME OF THE OIL

TEMPERATURE
C

SAMPLE

2
3
4
5

7
0

OBSERVATIONS

Pensky Martin Closed cup apparatus

Ex.No:9
Date:

AIM:
To determine flash and fire point of given oil sample using
pensky martins closed cup apparatus.
APPARARTUS REQUIRED:
1.

Pensky martins apparatus

2.

Rheostat

3.

Thermometers (0 C - 400 C)

THEORY:
FLASH POINT:
It is the lowest temperature at which the fuel will flash when an
external source of fire is brought in contact with the vapour over its
surface.
FIRE POINT:
Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the formation of
combustible gases from the oil is enough to maintain a steady
combustible gas fire after it is ignited.
7
1

PROCEDURE:
Note down the name and serial number of oil sample.
The closed cup is filled with the given sample of oil up to the
standard filling mark in the cup. A thermometer is held in the oil
such that it does not touch the metallic parts.

7
2

When the sample of oil is kept stirred and heated it gives out a
vapour. A test flame using a glowing splinter is applied at a short
distance over the surface of the oil, while watching for a flickering
sound and a flash.
The minimum temperature at which the momentary flash is
obtained is called the flash point. The flash point is noted from the
thermometer. Heating is continued further. As done earlier a test
flame is applied but watching for the continuous burning of the
vapour.
The

lowest

temperature

at

which

the

ignited

vapour

continuously burns is called the fire point the fire point is noted from
the thermometer
Repeat the procedure for different samples.

RESULT:
The flash point of the given oil ---------------------The fire point of the given oil -----------------

VIVA WORKSHEET
1

Define flash point.

2.

Define fire point.

3.

Define Vapour pressure.

4.

Which type of regulator used in the heater?

5.

If u increases the pressure, what will happen to flash and fire

point of given oil?

6.

Give flash and fire points of petroleum products.

7.

What are the factors affected by flash and fire point?

8.

Why we give importance to flash and fire point in a fuel.

9.

Which are the ranges of thermometer used in the experiment?

10.

What are the precautions made for the experiment?

11.

Differences between flash and fire point.

TABULATION:

S.
NO.
1
2
3
4
5

NAME OF THE OIL

TEMPERATURE

SAMPLE

OBSERVATIONS

Cleveland open cup Apparatus

Ex.No:10
Date:

AIM:
To determine the flash and fire point of given oil sample using
Cleveland open cup apparatus.
APPARARTUS REQUIRED:
Cleveland open cup apparatus
Rheostat
Thermometers (0 C -400 C)

THEORY:
DESCRIPTION:
This apparatus consist of standard size cylindrical cup. It is
held in the metallic holder, which is heated by means of an electrical
heater. A provision made on the top .Edge of the cup to hold the
mercury glass thermometer in correct position.
A permanent mark is inscribed on the inner surface of the cup
.the oil sample is filled up to this mark.
PROCEDURE:

Note down the name and serial number of oil sample.

The cup is filled with the given sample of oil up to the standard
filling mark in the cup. A thermometer is held in the oil such that it
does not touch the metallic parts. When the sample of oil is kept
stirred and heated it gives out a vapour. A test flame using a glowing
splinter is applied at a short distance over the surface of the oil, while
watching for a flickering sound and a flash.

The minimum temperature at which the momentary flash is

obtained is called the flash point. The flash point is noted from the
thermometer. Heating is continued further. As done earlier a test
flame is applied but watching for the continuous burning of the
vapour.
The

lowest

temperature

at

which

the

ignited

vapour

continuously burns is called the fire point the fire point is noted from
the thermometer
Repeat the procedure for different samples.

RESULT:
The flash point of the given oil---------------------The fire point of the given oil ----------------

VIVA WORKSHEET
1

What are the temperature ranges in Pensky-Martins closed cup

tester?

2.

List the flash point of petroleum products?

3.

What is meant by Auto ignition temperature?

4.

Give the material name of test cup?

8
0

5.

What are the materials used in flash and fire point test?

8
0

6.

What ASTM standard is for flash and fire point?

7.

What is meant by Repeatability?

8.

What is meant by Reproducibility?

9.

Write down the different test methods of Bias?

10.

What are the precautions to be followed during the experiment?

11.

Give the Specific temperature of open cup type?

8
1

Performance and Energy balance test on steam generator

Ex.No:11
Date:

AIM:
To conduct a Performance and Heat Balance test on steam
generator and also draw heat balance sheet.
DECRIPTION:
Type Non IBR Automatic, three pass, oil fired boiler with
economizer.
Model SBS 200, Capacity 200 kg/hr
Operating pressure 12 bar, Fuel High Speed Diesel
Calorific Value 44,500 kJ/kg
MEASUREMENTS:
1. Flow rate of Diesel by level difference
2. Flow rate of feed water by level difference
3. Flow rate of inlet air by orifice & manometer
4. Pressure of steam at outlet by pressure gauge
5.

Temperature of steam by digital temperature indicator cum

controller.

6.

Temperature of air at inlet and outlet by thermocouple and

digital temperature scanner.

7.

Temperature of water at inlet and outlet of economizer by

thermocouple and digital temperature scanner.

CALCULATION:

PROCEDURE:
1.

The boiler is fired by operating the air blower and adjusting the
fuel supply in to the burner and by lightening the flame using a
torch.

2.

The required level of water is maintained in the feed water tank.

3.

The steam stop valve is closed and on reaching a pressure of 12

bar.

4.

The steam bypass valve is opened to enable the steam to be

exhausted and maintaining the pressure.

5.

Note the observations in the tabular column and the

efficiency was calculated by using the formulae given.

6.

Draw the heat balance sheet.

FORMULA:
1.

Total duration of test, td = (t2 t1) in mins.

2.

Average steam pressure, Pavg = ( P1+P2)/2 bar

3.

Absolute Steam Pressure, P = 0.9807 X (Pavg + 1.032) bar

4.

Average feed water temp, tw = (tw1 + tw2)/2

5.

Average Room temperature, tR = (tR1 = tR2)/2

6.

Average Flue gas temperature, tg = (tg1 + tg2)/2

7.

Mass of steam generated by the boiler in one hour,

ms = [Fall in water level in td mins

X( area of feed water tank X1000 X 60/td)]

ms = (Wh/1000) X 1.252 X .602 X 1000 X 60/td in kg/hr
Area of feed water tank =1.252 x 0.602
8.

Mass of fuel oil supplied in one hour

mf = [(Fall in fuel level in td mins.) X (area of fuel oil level tank)
X 950 X 60/ td]

mf = {(Dh/1000) X .4 X .4 X 950 X 60}/td in kg/hr

Area of fuel oil tank=0.4 x0.4 m2
9.

Mass of air supplied in one hour,

ma = 1.23 X 0.62 X .000785 X {2 X g X 814 X Ah/4}0.5 X 3600

ma = 1362.5 X (Ah) 0.5 in kg/hr
Where, Ah = (Ah1 + Ah2 + Ah3 + Ah4)
Ah is the water level difference in manometer
Density of air = 1.23 Kg/m3
Co-efficient of orifice =
0.62 Dia of Orifice = 0.1 m
Area of orifice = 0.785 m2
Water to air density ratio = 814
whw=aha
10.

Enthalpy of steam generated at pressure,

h = hf + (x Xhfg) J
Where, x = dryness fraction = 0.91
hf&hfg values at pressure = 12 bar from steam tables
Enthalpy of feed water at tw,
From steam tables for temp of feed water, corresponding
enthalpy = hf

11.

Heat utilized by steam from boiler per hour

Qs = ms X (hwet hf)

kW

Evaporation rate, m = ms/mf

12.

Heat input, Qf = mf X CV

kW

13.

Heat lost due to flue gas, Qg = mg X Cg X (tg tR) kW

14.

Unaccounted Heat loss = 14 (12 + 13 + 15)

GRAPH:
Draw a graph as follows of heat balance with Heat input on X
axis & 12, 13, 15 above on Y axis.
RESULT:
Thus the Performance and Heat Balance test on Steam
generator was conducted and also heat balance sheet was drawn.

VIVA WORKSHEET
1

Define latent heat of steam.

The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance
undergoing a change of state, such as ice changing to liquid
water or liquid water changing to ice, at constant temperature
and pressure.

2.

Define sensible heat of steam.

3.

Define super heat of steam.

4.

Define dryness fraction of steam.

5.

Define Wetness fraction of steam.

6.

How to measure quality of steam?

9
0

7.

What are the accessories to use in the boiler?

8.

What are the mounting used in the boiler?

9
0

9.

What is the purpose of steam safety wall?

10.

What is the purpose of water level indicator?

11.

Compare water tube and fire tube boiler.

12

How to measure the speed rate of feed water?

13

How to measure the steam pressure?

14.

How to find the mass of air supplied?

9
1

15

Which type of calorimeter is used?

9
2

PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE TEST ON STEAM

TURBINE
Ex.No:12
Date:
AIM:
To Conduct a test on impulse steam turbine and draw the
performances curves and draw heat balance graph.
DESCRIPTION:
Turbine
Type Impulse type
No. of Nozzles 3 Inlet Pressure 10 bar
Speed of turbine Not to exceed 3000 rpm
Dynamometer swinging field DC Dynamometer 0.735 kW
Loading device Bulb Loading
PROCEDURE:
1.

Switch on the steam turbine panel which is connect to a 3

phase 440V power source with neutral connection.

2.

Switch on the vacuum reciprocating pump.

3.

Main switch on the turbine panel board.

4.

Adjust the handle of dynamometer spring balance screw so that

the balance is just loaded to 0 kg.

5.

Open the steam valve & adjust so that pressure of 10 bar is

maintained on the turbine pressure gauge.

TEST PROCEDURE:1)

Now the turbine starts picking up speed. When the turbine

speed reaches about 2000 rpm, load the turbine by switching
on the individual switches to the bulbs.

2)

switch on another bulb on the loading device and after a few

minutes note all observations.

3)

Repeat for different wattage loadings till turbine speed falls to

about 1000 rpm.

4)

While doing the experiment control the pressure, so that

turbine inlet pressure remains at 10 bar and that sufficient
water is in the boiler.

FORMULA USED:
1.1 bar = 0.9807 X (Gauge pressure (P) in kg/cm2 + 1.032)
When value of P is above atmospheric pressure.

1 bar = (760 P in mmHg) X 133.32/1, 00,000

When value of P is below atmospheric pressure.

T.S.C (TOTAL STEAM CONSUMPTION):

2. T.S.C = 3600 X 0.353/ Tc in kg/hr

Where, Tc is volume of condensate tank for 40mm raise.

S.S.C (Specific Steam Consumption):
S.S.C = T.S.C/PdKg/kW
Pd X 0.126 X 9.81 X WD)/ (60 X 1000) kW
Where Pd is turbine power output in kW
WD Dynamometer Spring balance reading

RANKINE EFFICIENCY:
= 100 X (h1 h2)/ h1 hf2 in %

Brake Thermal Efficiency:

B.T.E = {100 X 3600 X Pd }/ {T.S.C X (h1 h2)}

Relative Efficiency:
= {100 X B.T.E}/ RankineEfficiency

HEAT BALANCE CALCULATION:

1.

Heat input at Turbine inlet = T.S.C X h1 in kJ/s

2.

Heat equivalent of work done = Pd in kJ/s

3.

Heat carried away by condensate = T.S.C X hfc in kJ/s

4.

Heat carried away by condenser cooling water = mc X (hfo hf1)

in kJ/s

Where mc = cooling water mass flow rate

mc = Km X Hm in kg
hf1 = enthalpy of water at inlet temperature in kJ/s
hfo = enthalpy of water at outlet temperature in kJ/s
Unaccounted losses = 1 (2+3+4+5)
GRAPH:
Draw a graph as follows ,Heat balance with Heat input on X
axis & 2,3,4,5 above on Y axis.

RESULT:
Thus the Performance and heat balance test was conducted on
the impulse steam turbine and also performance curves were drawn.

VIVA WORKSHEET
1. Define speed ratio.
The size of the gears and the sequence in which they engage
define the ratio of the angular velocity A of the input gear to the
angular velocity B of the output gear, known as the speed ratio,
or gear ratio, of the gear train.

2.

Define flow ratio.

The operating cash flow ratio is a measure of how well
current liabilities are covered by the cash flow generated from a
company's operations.

3.

Define degree of reaction.

In turbomachinery, Degree of reaction or reaction ratio (R) is
defined as the ratio of static pressure drop in the rotor to the
static pressure drop in the stage or as the ratio of static enthalpy
drop in the rotor to the static enthalpy drop in the stage.

4.

What are the energy losses in the steam turbine?

Friction losses. Frictional resistance is offered during flow of
steam through nozzles on moving and stationary blades. In most
of the turbines the blade wheels rotate in a space full of steam.
The viscous friction at the wheel surface causes admission losses
as steam passes from nozzle to wheel.

5.

Define stage efficiency.

The adiabatic heat drop in a given stage of a multi-stage

impulse turbine is 22.1 KJ/kg of steam. The nozzle outlet angle is
the efficiency of the nozzle, defined as the ratio of the actual gain
of kinetic energy in the nozzle to adiabatic heat drop, is 92%.

APPENDIX
Derived Units in SI System of Units
The physical quantities derived from fundamental quantities
are

called

as

derived quantities

and

their

units

are

called

as derived units. There are many derived physical quantities; some of

them are given below:

Unit

Symbol

Quantity

Meter (metre)
Kilogram

m
kg

Length
Mass

Second

Time

Ampere

Electric current

Kelvin

Mole
Candela

Thermodynamic

mol
cd
SI Supplementary Units

temperature
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity

Radian

rad

Plane angle (2D angle)

Steradian

sr

Solid angle (3D angle)

10
0

SI DERIVED UNITS

Unit

Symbol

In SI Units
Mechanics

Quantity

Pascal

Pa

kgm-1s-2

Pressure,Stress

Joule

kgm2s-2

Energy,Work,Heat

Watt

kgm2s-3

Power

Newton

kgms-2

Force,Weight

Electromagnetism
Tesla

kgs-2A-1

Magnetic Field

Henry

kgm2s-2A-2

Inductance

Coulomb

As

Electric Charge

Volt

kgm2s-3A-1

Voltage

Farad

kg-1m-2s4A2

Electric Capacitance

Siemens

kg-1m-2s3A2

Weber

Wb

kgm2s-2A-1

Conductance
Magnetic Flux

Ohm

kgm2s-3A-3

Electric Resistance

Electrical

Optics
Lux

lx

cdsrm-2

Lumen

lm

Becquerel

Bq

Gray

Gy

m2s-1

Absorbed Dose

Sievert

Sv

m2s-1

Equivalent Dose

cdsr
Radioactivity
s-1

Illuminance
Luminous Flux
Radioactivity

Other

Prefixes can be added to indicate multiples of the basic

SI unit.

SL.NO

Multiplication factor

Prefix

SI symbol

1012

Tera

109

Giga

106

Mega

103

Kilo

102

Hecto

101

Deca

da

10-1

Deci

10-2

Centi

10-3

Milli

10-6

Micro

10-9

Nano

10-12

Pico

1
2

7
8
9
10
11
12