WITHOUT FEEDBACK
DESIGN CALCULATION:
Assume VCE1=VCE2=
VCC
2
---------------(1)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITH FEEDBACK
DESIGN CALCULATION:
VB1=VE1+VBE1---------------------(2)
------------(3)
VE1
ICQ1
RE1=
--------------------------(4)
VCC * R 2
R1 R 2
VB1=
-------------------(5)
where RB1=R1||R2-----------------(6)
VRF1
ICQ1
RF1=
--------------------------(7)
h fe1
h R R F1
1 fe1 E1
R E1 R F1 R B1
S=
----------(8)
R1=
----------------------(9)
Substituting the values of RB1 and R1 in equation (6), find the value of R2.
Select RC1, RE1, RF1, andR1 nearby standard values based on equations (3), (4), (7) and
(9) respectively.
Measure collector current ICQ1 using milliammeter, ICQ1=___________mA.
Let VB2, VC2, VE2 represent the DC potential at the base, collector and emitter terminal of
second transistor respectively.
VE2=ICQ2*RE2 - -----------------------------(10)
VB2=VE2+VBE2-- ------------------(11)
Sl.No
Frequency (Hz)
Vin =_________mV
Output voltage
(Vo) volts
Voltage gain
Av=20log(Vo/Vin)
VCC
2
------------(12)
h fe2
h fe2 R E2
R E2 R B2
S=
------------------(13)
VCC * R 4
R3 R4
VB2=
-------------------(14)
VCC * R B2
VB2
R3=
-------------------- (15)
VE2
ICQ2
RE2=
--------------------------(17)
Substituting the values of RB2 and R3 in equation (16), find the value of R4.
Select RC2, R3 and RE2 nearby standard values based on equations
(12), (15) & (17) respectively.
R Leff2=RC2||RL --------------------(18)
Zi2=R3||R4||r2 ---------------------(19)
h fe2 * R Leff2
Zi2
AV2=
--------------(20)
Sl.No
Frequency
(Hz)
Vin=__________mV
Output
voltage
(Vo) volts
Voltage gain
Av=
20log(Vo/Vin)
WITH FEEDBACK
The value of RF2 can be found from the factor,
R F1
R F1 R F2
=
8
PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement (Large Signal Analysis) :
i)Connect the circuit as shown in Figure.1.1
ii)Measure the DC potentials VB1, VE1, VC1, VB2, VE2,VC2 (using Multi meter/CRO) and
compare with values obtained from above equations.
Mid band gain and Frequency Response (Small Signal and Bandwidth Analysis) :
i)Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude Vin=____mV.
ii)For each input frequency measure the output amplitude using a CRO. Observe the
input also on the dual channel CRO.
iii)Calculate the voltage gain, Av=(Vo/Vin) at each frequency and obtain the frequency
response curve as shown in Figure 1.7.
WITH FEEDBACK :
The RF2 resistor is connected as shown in Figure. 1.2 and the above procedure is
repeated .
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
INPUT IMPEDANCE
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
10
i)Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source and base
terminal of the first transistor as shown in Figure.1.3.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin.
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout=Vmax.
v)Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the original
Vmax
2
output value,Vout=
vi)Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input impedance of the voltage series
amplifier.
Measurement of output impedance:
i)Connect a DRB between the collector terminal of the second transistor and ground as
shown in Figure.1.4.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin .
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout.
v) Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the previous
output value.
vi) Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output impedance of the
voltage
series amplifier.
WITH FEEDBACK:
INPUT IMPEDANCE
11
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
WITH FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
12
i)Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source and base
terminal of the first transistor as shown in Figure.1.5.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin.
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout=Vmax..
v)Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the original
Vmax
2
output value,Vout=
vi)Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input impedance of the voltage series
amplifier.
Measurement of output impedance:
i)Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown inFigure.1.6.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin .
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout.
v) Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the previous
output value.
vi) Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output impedance of the
voltage series amplifier
MODEL GRAPH:
13
14
RESULT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Figure 2.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
EXP.NO : 2
DATE:
AIM:
Design and test the current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following
parameters with and without feedback.
1.Midband gain
2.Bandwidth
3.Input impedance and
4.Output impedance
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Power supply, CRO, Frequency Generator,Capacitors,BC-108 or
BC107transistor,Resistors, Breadboard and Connecting wires.
DESIGN :
Let VCC=12V, AV =30dB, ICQ=2mA
VCE=
VCC
2
Assume VE=
VCC
10
transistor is________
Let VB,VC,VE represent the DC potential at the base, collector and emitter of the BJT
transistor respectively.
VE=ICQ*RE
Where,
RE =
VE
IE
, IE ICQ
VB=VE+VBE
. . . . . . . . . .(1)
. . . . . . . . . .(2)
17
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITH FEEDBACK:
Figure 2.2
DESIGN CALCULATION:
18
RC
VCC VCE VE
ICQ
. . . . . . . . . . .(3)
To calculate RB:
Assume stability factor S=10,
S
1
h fe
hfe RE
RE+RB
. . . . . . . . . . .(4)
9 1+h fe R E
RB =
fe
-9
. . . . . . . . . . .(5)
To calculate R1:
VB =
Vcc *R 2
( R1+ R2)
. . . . . . . . . . .(6)
Multiplying and dividing equation (5) with R1,we will get equation (6)
R1
RB
Vcc * R B
VB
. . . . . . . . . . .(7)
R1 * R 2
( R1 R 2 )
Where,
. . . . . . . . . . .(8)
. . . . . . . . . .(9)
. . . . . . . . . .(10)
19
r=
hfe*vT
ICQ
MODEL GRAPH:
20
Av
h fe * R Leff
Zi
. . . . . . . . . . .(11)
A V Zi
h fe
. . . . . . . .. . .(12)
Solving equation (9) using (10) the value of RL is obtained.
Select standard values of C1, C2 and CE
C1=______ C2=______
CE=______
PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement (Large Signal Analysis):
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Vo
Vin
WITH FEEDBACK :
The CE capacitor is removed as shown in Figure 2.2 and the above procedure is
repeated.
21
Sl.No
Frequency (Hz)
Vin =_________mV
Output voltage
(vo) volts
Voltage gain
Av=20log(Vo/Vin)
22
23
Frequency
(Hz)
Vin =__________mV
Output voltage
(vo) volts
Voltage gain
Av= 20log(vo/vin)
24
25
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
Figure 2.4
Measurement of output impedance:
Figure 2.5
26
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
iv)
Vo
v)
Vmax
2
Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown in Figure 2.5.
Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin,f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo.
Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the
previous output value.
Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output resistance of the
Current Series amplifier.
WITH FEEDBACK:
27
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
WITH FEEDBACK:
28
Vo
vi)
Vmax
2
Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown in Figure 2.7.
Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin,f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo.
Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the
previous output value.
Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output resistance of the Current
Series amplifier.
29
RESULT:
1.
2.
=
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
31
Figure 3.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
DATE:
AIM:
To construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator for the given frequency and determine
its output waveform.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor BC 108, Capacitors, Resistors, RPS, breadboard, CRO and connecting
wires.
DESIGN:
Let , VCC = 12V , ICQ = 2mA , C = 1pF , f = 2kHz.
VCE =
VE =
VCC
2
.......(1)
VCC
10
........(2)
VE
ICQ
RE =
........(3)
VCC-VCE-VE
ICQ
Rc =
....(4)
Stability factor S =
= 10
........(5)
Substituting hfe , RE values in the equation (5) , find the value of RB.
VCC * R 2
R1 R 2
VB =
(6)
33
TABULATION:
Sl.
Amplitude
Time Period
Frequency
no
.
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 3.2
34
Multiplying and dividing equation (6) with R1 , we will get equation (7)
R1 =
VCC * RB
VB
(7)
Subtituting Vcc , RB , VB values in the equation (7) , find the value of R1.
R1 * R 2
R1 R2
RB =
..
..(8)
h fe * R Leff
Zi
Gain
........(9)
Av
RLeff = RL || RC
...(10)
Zi = R1 || R2 || r
...(11)
hfe.VT
ICQ
Where,
r =
...(12)
CE=______
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 3.1.
35
36
Practical frequency
= ______________
37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure.4.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
38
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
EXP.NO : 4
DATE:
AIM:
Design and test the Colpitts oscillator and to calculate the frequency of oscillation.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
BC-107 or BC-108, Capacitors, Resistors, CRO, Frequency generator, Bread board,
Connecting wires.
DESIGN CALCULATION:
Let VCC=12, ICQ=1mA, L=1mH, f=50 KHz,
VCE =
VE=
VCC
2
VCC
10
= 6V
=1.2V
. (1)
K
(2)
39
TABULATION:
Sl.NO
.
Voltage
Theoretical
frequency
Practical
frequency
Time
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure.4.2
40
VB=
V
VB
0.1*I CQ
R2=
. (3)
R2=
K
VCC -VBB
0.1*I CQ
R1=
(4)
R1=
K
VCC -VCE -VE
ICQ
RC =
(5)
RC =
K
1
2*L*C EQ
f=
C1C2
C1 +C 2
CEQ=
Let C1 = C2
C1= C2=
mA
RE=.
CB=
CE=
RESULT:
The colpitts oscillator is designed and required frequency is obtained.
41
Theoretical frequency:
Practical frequency: .
42
ASTABLE MULTI-VIBRATOR
EXP.NO : 5
DATE :
AIM :
Design and test the astable multi-vibrator and observe its waveform
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
Power supply, Digital Storage Oscilloscope(DSO), BC-107 (or) BC-108, resistors,
capacitors, breadboard, connecting wires.
DESIGN :
Assume VCC = 6 V
Measure transistor hfe1, hfe2 values using multi-meter.
hfe1 value of BC ______ transistor is _______
hfe2 value of BC ______ transistor is _______
Assume C1=C2=C=0.01 F ;Ic = 1mA
Let Rc1 and Rc2 be the collector resistances of transistor 1 and 2 respectively
Let Rc1=Rc2=Rc.
Let R1 = R2 = R be the biasing resistors
Total period = t1+t2
tc = 0.69 x RC (Theoretical)
T = 2tc = 1.38 x RC
1
1
ft = =
( Theoretical )
T 1.38 RC
43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 5.1
DESIGN CALAULATION:
44
Rc=
VccVce(sat )
Ic
1
1.38 fC
Value of R = ______
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Measure the value of VB1, VB2, VC1 and VC2
3. Observe the output of VC1, VC2 in DSO and ensure that they are square waves 180 out of
phase with each other
4. Similarly, observe the output of VB1, VB2 in DSO and ensure that both the outputs are
inverted waveforms of each other
5. Measure the value of frequency and the value of t(on),t(off), Vpp in each waveform.
45
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 6.2
TABULATION:
Voltage
(V)
Time in seconds
Vpp in V
Frequency in
Hz
VC1
VC2
VB1
VB2
46
RESULT :
Thus the astable mulitivibrator is constructed and its output waveform is
observed.
47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
48
Let VCC=12V,ICQ=2mA,VE=
VCC
10
transistor is
VE
ICQ
RE=
(1)
VCC VB
0.1 ICQ
R1=
(2)
VB
0.1 ICQ
R2=
...(3)
Resonant frequency,fr=
1
2 LC
(4)
49
TABULATION:
S.No
Frequency
(Hz)
Vin =_________mV
Output voltage
(VO) volts
Voltage gain
VO
Vin
Av=20log(
)
50
DC MEASUREMENT:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in Figure:6.1.
2.Measure the DC potentials VB,VE and VC using multimeter.
PROCEDURE:
51
mV.
2.For each input frequency measure the output voltage using a CRO,observe
also on the dual probe.
the input
RESULT:
Thus,the single tuned amplifier designed and its performance was measured.
1.Gain at resonant frequency
2.Resonant frequency,fr
3.Bandwidth,BW
=
=
=
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
52
Figure 7.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
53
MONOSTABLE MULTI-VIBRATOR
EXP.NO : 7
DATE :
AIM :
Design and test the monostable multi-vibrator and to calculate the frequency of
oscillation.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
Power supply, Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), BC-107 (or) BC-108, resistors,
capacitors, breadboard, connecting wires.
DESIGN :
IB1= IB2=14A;
Let IC1=IC2=5mA
RC1 =
VCC-VCE(SAT)
------------------------- =_________ ......(1)
IC1
VCC-VBE2
R3 =
-------------------------
=_________
(2)
IB2
RC2 =
VCC-VCE(SAT)
------------------------- =_________ .......(3)
IC2
IB1=IB2=IR2
IR1=IB1+IR2= 28A
54
TABULATION:
Voltage
TON
TOFF
Frequency in
(V)
(sec)
(sec)
(Hz)
VC1
VC2
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 7.2
55
VCC-IC2RC2-IR1R1-VBE1=0
VCC-IC2RC2-VBE1
|R1|= ------------------------ =_______ ..(4)
IR1
VBB+VBE
R2= ------------- =_______ S .......(5)
IR2
t=0.693RC
From the above equation the capacitor value is obtained.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Measure the value of VC1 and VC2
3. Observe the output of VC1, VC2 in DSO and ensure that they are square waves
180 out of phase with each other
4. Measure the value of frequency and the value of t(on),t(off), VPP in each waveform.
RESULT:
A Monostable Multivibrator is thus designed and its output frequency is obtained.
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
56
Figure 8.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
57
SCHMITT TRIGGER
EXP.NO:8
DATE:
AIM:
Design and construct a Schmitt trigger circuit.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Regulated power supply(RPS),Cathode ray oscilloscope(CRO), Function generator,
Connecting wires,Resistors, BC107orBC108 Transistors, and Capacitors.
DESIGN:
Let IC1=IC2=5mA , VCC=5V,VB=1V, UTP=1V, LTP=1V,
VCE=
VCC
2
VCE1=VCE2=
VCC
2
VE2=VB2-VBE2
RC1=RC2=
RB2=
RE2=
VB2
(2)
0.1 IC2
VE2
(3)
2IC2
58
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 8.2
TABULATION:
WAVE
AMPLITUD
E
(Volts)
TON
(Sec)
TOFF
(Sec)
FREQUENC
Y
(Hz)
Sine input
Square
output
59
IR=IB2+IRB2
R1=
VCC-IC1RC1-VB2
(4)
IR
Assume =10 ms
=0.693R1C1
C1=
0.693R1
RESULT:
Thus, the Schmitt trigger is designedfor UTP=1V and LTP=1V
Thetheoretical valueof the designed frequency is
The practical value of the designed frequency is
60
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
Figure 9.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:
61
R2 =
Assume
VR2
I1
I1 = 1mA
R1 =
VR1
I1
62
TABULATION:
Sl. NO
MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 9.2
63
RL =
es
10mA
R1 =
, R2 =
, RL =
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2) Give the VS supply to the circuit.
3) Measure the output voltage across the load.
4) Tabulate the readings and plot the graph.
RESULT :
Thus a circuit using SCR is designed to control the AC voltage.
64