CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK

DESIGN CALCULATION:

VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

EXP.NO : 1
DATE:
AIM:
Design and test the voltage series feedback amplifier and calculate the following
parameters with and without feedback.
1.Midband gain
2.Bandwidth
3.Input impedance
4.Output impedance
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Regulated power supply, Cathode ray oscilloscope, Frequency Generator, BC -108
or BC -107, resistors, bread board, connecting wires.
DESIGN:
Let VCC=12V , AV1=30dB, AV2=30dB, VE1=2V, VE2=2V, VRF1=1V.
Assume that collector currents areICQ1=3mA, ICQ2=4mA
Stability factor,S=10
Feedback factor,=70%.

Assume VCE1=VCE2=

VCC
2

---------------(1)

Measure hfe1& hfe2 value of transistors Q1& Q2 using multimeter.

hfe1 value of Q1 transistor is _____________
hfe2 value of Q2 transistor is _____________
Let VB1, VC1and VE1 represent the DC potential at the base, collector and
emitter terminal of first transistor respectively.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITH FEEDBACK

DESIGN CALCULATION:

VB1=VE1+VBE1---------------------(2)

VCC VCE1 VE1

ICQ1
RC1=

------------(3)

VE1
ICQ1
RE1=

--------------------------(4)

VCC * R 2
R1 R 2
VB1=

-------------------(5)

where RB1=R1||R2-----------------(6)

VRF1
ICQ1
RF1=

--------------------------(7)

h fe1
h R R F1
1 fe1 E1
R E1 R F1 R B1
S=

----------(8)

By solving equation (8), the value of RB1 is found.

Multiplying and dividing the equation (5) with R1, we will get equation (9)
VCC * R B1
VB1

R1=

----------------------(9)

Substituting the values of RB1 and R1 in equation (6), find the value of R2.
Select RC1, RE1, RF1, andR1 nearby standard values based on equations (3), (4), (7) and
(9) respectively.
Measure collector current ICQ1 using milliammeter, ICQ1=___________mA.
Let VB2, VC2, VE2 represent the DC potential at the base, collector and emitter terminal of
second transistor respectively.
VE2=ICQ2*RE2 - -----------------------------(10)
VB2=VE2+VBE2-- ------------------(11)

TABULATION: (Without feedback)

Sl.No

Frequency (Hz)

Vin =_________mV
Output voltage
(Vo) volts

Voltage gain
Av=20log(Vo/Vin)

To allow larger output voltage swing, VCE2=

VCC
2

VCC VCE2 VE2

ICQ2
RC2=

------------(12)
h fe2

h fe2 R E2
R E2 R B2

S=

------------------(13)

From the above equation the value of RB2 is found.

VCC * R 4
R3 R4
VB2=

-------------------(14)

VCC * R B2
VB2

R3=

-------------------- (15)

where RB2=R3||R4 ---------------(16)

VE2
ICQ2
RE2=

--------------------------(17)

Substituting the values of RB2 and R3 in equation (16), find the value of R4.
Select RC2, R3 and RE2 nearby standard values based on equations
(12), (15) & (17) respectively.
R Leff2=RC2||RL --------------------(18)
Zi2=R3||R4||r2 ---------------------(19)

h fe2 * R Leff2
Zi2
AV2=

--------------(20)

where r2 is the input impedence of the transistor Q2.

The value of RLeff2 is found fromequation(20) and substituting in
equation (18), the value of RL is found.
6

Select standard values of C1, CE1, CE2, C2 and C3 .

C1= ________F, CE1= ______F, CE2= ________F, C2=______F, C3=________F

TABULATION: (with feedback)

Sl.No

Frequency
(Hz)

Vin=__________mV
Output
voltage
(Vo) volts

Voltage gain
Av=
20log(Vo/Vin)

WITH FEEDBACK
The value of RF2 can be found from the factor,
R F1
R F1 R F2

=
8

The RF2 resistor is connected as shown in Figure. 1.2.

PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement (Large Signal Analysis) :
i)Connect the circuit as shown in Figure.1.1
ii)Measure the DC potentials VB1, VE1, VC1, VB2, VE2,VC2 (using Multi meter/CRO) and
compare with values obtained from above equations.
Mid band gain and Frequency Response (Small Signal and Bandwidth Analysis) :
i)Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude Vin=____mV.
ii)For each input frequency measure the output amplitude using a CRO. Observe the
input also on the dual channel CRO.
iii)Calculate the voltage gain, Av=(Vo/Vin) at each frequency and obtain the frequency
response curve as shown in Figure 1.7.
WITH FEEDBACK :
The RF2 resistor is connected as shown in Figure. 1.2 and the above procedure is
repeated .

WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
INPUT IMPEDANCE

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:

WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
10

i)Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source and base
terminal of the first transistor as shown in Figure.1.3.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin.
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout=Vmax.
v)Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the original
Vmax
2

output value,Vout=
vi)Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input impedance of the voltage series
amplifier.
Measurement of output impedance:
i)Connect a DRB between the collector terminal of the second transistor and ground as
shown in Figure.1.4.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin .
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout.
v) Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the previous
output value.
vi) Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output impedance of the

voltage

series amplifier.

WITH FEEDBACK:
INPUT IMPEDANCE

11

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

WITH FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
12

i)Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source and base
terminal of the first transistor as shown in Figure.1.5.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin.
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout=Vmax..
v)Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the original
Vmax
2

output value,Vout=
vi)Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input impedance of the voltage series
amplifier.
Measurement of output impedance:
i)Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown inFigure.1.6.
ii)Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
iii)Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin .
iv)Observe the output amplitude,Vout.
v) Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the previous
output value.
vi) Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output impedance of the
voltage series amplifier

MODEL GRAPH:

13

14

RESULT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Midband gain of the voltage amplifier without feedback, AV=

Midband gain of the voltage amplifier with feedback ,
AVf=
The bandwidth of the voltage amplifier without feedback BW=
The bandwidth of the voltage amplifier with feedback
BWf=
Input impedance:
(i)
Without feedback =
(ii)
With feedback =
Output impedance:
(i)
Without feedback =
(ii)
With feedback =

15

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:

Figure 2.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:

CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

16

EXP.NO : 2
DATE:
AIM:
Design and test the current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following
parameters with and without feedback.
1.Midband gain
2.Bandwidth
3.Input impedance and
4.Output impedance
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Power supply, CRO, Frequency Generator,Capacitors,BC-108 or
BC107transistor,Resistors, Breadboard and Connecting wires.
DESIGN :
Let VCC=12V, AV =30dB, ICQ=2mA

VCE=

VCC
2

Assume VE=

VCC
10

Measure the hfe value of the transistor using multimeter.

hfe value of the BC ______

transistor is________

Let VB,VC,VE represent the DC potential at the base, collector and emitter of the BJT
transistor respectively.
VE=ICQ*RE

Where,

RE =

VE
IE

, IE ICQ

VB=VE+VBE

. . . . . . . . . .(1)
. . . . . . . . . .(2)

17

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITH FEEDBACK:

Figure 2.2
DESIGN CALCULATION:

18

RC

VCC VCE VE
ICQ
. . . . . . . . . . .(3)

To calculate RB:
Assume stability factor S=10,

S
1

h fe
hfe RE
RE+RB

. . . . . . . . . . .(4)

9 1+h fe R E

RB =

fe

-9

. . . . . . . . . . .(5)
To calculate R1:

VB =

Vcc *R 2
( R1+ R2)
. . . . . . . . . . .(6)

Multiplying and dividing equation (5) with R1,we will get equation (6)

R1

RB

Vcc * R B
VB

. . . . . . . . . . .(7)

R1 * R 2
( R1 R 2 )

Where,

. . . . . . . . . . .(8)

Substituting the values of RB and R1 in equation (8),find the value of R2.

Select R1, R2, RC and RE nearby standard values based on equations (1),(3),(7) & (8)
Measure collector current ICQ by using milliammeter
ICQ=______mA
To calculate RL:
RLeff= RC||RL

. . . . . . . . . .(9)

Zi= R1|| R2||r

. . . . . . . . . .(10)

Where r is the input impedence of the transistor.

19

r=

hfe*vT
ICQ

MODEL GRAPH:

20

Av

h fe * R Leff
Zi
. . . . . . . . . . .(11)

From equation (11) RLeff is calculated.

R Leff =

A V Zi
h fe

. . . . . . . .. . .(12)
Solving equation (9) using (10) the value of RL is obtained.
Select standard values of C1, C2 and CE
C1=______ C2=______

CE=______

PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement (Large Signal Analysis):
1.
2.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.1

Measure the DC potentials VB, VE, VC (using Multi meter/CRO) and compare with
values obtained from above equations.
Mid band gain and Frequency Response (Small Signal and Bandwidth Analysis) :

1.
2.

Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude, Vin=____mV.

For each input frequency measure the output amplitude using a CRO. Observe the
input also on the dual channel CRO.
Av

3.

Calculate the voltage gain,

response curve as shown in Figure 2.3.

Vo
Vin

at each frequency and obtain the frequency

WITH FEEDBACK :
The CE capacitor is removed as shown in Figure 2.2 and the above procedure is
repeated.

21

TABULATION: (Without feedback)

Sl.No

Frequency (Hz)

Vin =_________mV
Output voltage
(vo) volts

Voltage gain
Av=20log(Vo/Vin)

22

23

TABULATION: (with feedback)

Sl.
No

Frequency
(Hz)

Vin =__________mV
Output voltage
(vo) volts

Voltage gain
Av= 20log(vo/vin)

24

25

WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:

Figure 2.4
Measurement of output impedance:

Figure 2.5

26

WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
Measurement of input impedance:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
iv)

Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source

and base of the transistors shown in Figure 2.4.
Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin, f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo=Vmax.
Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the

Vo
v)

Vmax
2

original output value,

Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input resistance of the Current
Series amplifier.

Measurement of output impedance:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown in Figure 2.5.
Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin,f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo.
Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the
previous output value.
Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output resistance of the
Current Series amplifier.

WITH FEEDBACK:
27

Measurement of input impedance:

Figure 2.6

Measurement of output impedance:

Figure 2.7
WITH FEEDBACK:
28

Measurement of input impedance:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Connect a Decade Resistance Box(DRB) between the input voltage source

and base of the transistor as shown in Figure 2.6.
Initially keep the value of the resistance R0 in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin,f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo=Vmax.
Increase the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the

Vo
vi)

Vmax
2

original output value,

Note down the resistance of DRB which is the input resistance of the Current
Series amplifier.

Measurement of output impedance:

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Connect a DRB between the collector and ground as shown in Figure 2.7.
Initially keep the value of the resistance RL =Maximum value in the DRB.
Fix an sinusoidal signal of amplitude Vin,f where f is the midband gain
frequency.
Observe the output amplitude,Vo.
Decrease the values of resistance till the output amplitude falls to half of the
previous output value.
Note down the resistance of DRB which is the output resistance of the Current
Series amplifier.

29

RESULT:
1.

2.

The mid band current gain of the current series amplifier

without feedback
=
The mid band current gain of the current series amplifier with feedback
30

=
3.

The bandwidth of the current amplifier without feedback BW

=

4.

The bandwidth of the current amplifier with feedback BWf

=

5.

The input impedance of the current amplifier without feedback Rin

=

6.

The output impedance of the current amplifier without feedback Rout

=

7.

The input impedance of the current amplifier with feedback Rinf

=

8.

The output impedance of the current amplifier with feedback Routf

=

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

31

Figure 3.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

EXP.NO : 3
32

DATE:
AIM:
To construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator for the given frequency and determine
its output waveform.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor BC 108, Capacitors, Resistors, RPS, breadboard, CRO and connecting
wires.
DESIGN:
Let , VCC = 12V , ICQ = 2mA , C = 1pF , f = 2kHz.

VCE =

VE =

VCC
2

.......(1)

VCC
10

........(2)

VE
ICQ
RE =

........(3)

VCC-VCE-VE
ICQ
Rc =

....(4)

Condition for stiff bias:Assume Stability factor =10

h fe
h fe R E
1+
R E +R B

Stability factor S =

= 10

........(5)

Substituting hfe , RE values in the equation (5) , find the value of RB.

VCC * R 2
R1 R 2
VB =

(6)

33

TABULATION:
Sl.

Amplitude

Time Period

Frequency

no
.

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 3.2

34

Multiplying and dividing equation (6) with R1 , we will get equation (7)

R1 =

VCC * RB
VB

(7)
Subtituting Vcc , RB , VB values in the equation (7) , find the value of R1.

R1 * R 2
R1 R2

RB =

..

..(8)

Substituting the values of RB and R1 in equation (8), find the value of R2

h fe * R Leff
Zi
Gain
........(9)

Av

RLeff = RL || RC

...(10)

Zi = R1 || R2 || r

...(11)

hfe.VT
ICQ
Where,

r =

Substituting RC , Zi values , find the value of RL.

In RC phase oscillator frequency,
1
2 6RC
f

...(12)

Substituting C, f values in the equation (12) , find the value of R.

Select standard values of C1, C2 and CE . C1=______ C2=______

CE=______

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 3.1.
35

2. Switch on the power supply.

3. Connect the CRO at the output of the circuit.
5. Measure the Amplitude and Frequency
6. Compare the theoretical and practical values.

36

7. Plot the graph of amplitude versus time.

RESULT:
The frequency of RC phase shift oscillator is calculated and the output waveform is
determined.

Theoretical frequency = ______________

Practical frequency

= ______________

37

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure.4.1

DESIGN CALCULATION:

38

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
EXP.NO : 4
DATE:
AIM:
Design and test the Colpitts oscillator and to calculate the frequency of oscillation.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
BC-107 or BC-108, Capacitors, Resistors, CRO, Frequency generator, Bread board,
Connecting wires.
DESIGN CALCULATION:
Let VCC=12, ICQ=1mA, L=1mH, f=50 KHz,

VCE =

VE=

VCC
2

VCC
10

= 6V

=1.2V

Measure hfe value of transistor by using multimeter.

hfe Value of the BC transistor is_______
Let VB, VE represent the DC potential at the base, emitter of the transistor respectively.
VE=ICQ*(RE)
RE =
VB=VBE+VE

. (1)
K
(2)

39

TABULATION:
Sl.NO
.

Voltage

Theoretical
frequency

Practical
frequency

Time

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure.4.2

40

VB=

V
VB
0.1*I CQ

R2=

. (3)

R2=

K
VCC -VBB
0.1*I CQ

R1=

(4)

R1=

K
VCC -VCE -VE
ICQ

RC =

(5)

RC =

K
1

2*L*C EQ

f=
C1C2
C1 +C 2

CEQ=
Let C1 = C2
C1= C2=

Measure collector current ICQ by using milliammeter

ICQ=

mA

Measure R1,R2,RC,RE,RL values using multimeter.

R1= R2=RC=..

RE=.

Select standard values of CC,CB and CC

CC=..

CB=

CE=

RESULT:
The colpitts oscillator is designed and required frequency is obtained.

41

Theoretical frequency:
Practical frequency: .

42

ASTABLE MULTI-VIBRATOR
EXP.NO : 5
DATE :
AIM :
Design and test the astable multi-vibrator and observe its waveform
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
Power supply, Digital Storage Oscilloscope(DSO), BC-107 (or) BC-108, resistors,
capacitors, breadboard, connecting wires.
DESIGN :
Assume VCC = 6 V
Measure transistor hfe1, hfe2 values using multi-meter.
hfe1 value of BC ______ transistor is _______
hfe2 value of BC ______ transistor is _______
Assume C1=C2=C=0.01 F ;Ic = 1mA
Let Rc1 and Rc2 be the collector resistances of transistor 1 and 2 respectively
Let Rc1=Rc2=Rc.
Let R1 = R2 = R be the biasing resistors
Total period = t1+t2
tc = 0.69 x RC (Theoretical)
T = 2tc = 1.38 x RC
1
1
ft = =
( Theoretical )
T 1.38 RC

43

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 5.1
DESIGN CALAULATION:

44

Rc=

VccVce(sat )
Ic

Theoretical value of Vce(sat) = 0.2 V.

Value of Rc = _______
Take f= _______Hz
R=

1
1.38 fC

Value of R = ______
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Measure the value of VB1, VB2, VC1 and VC2
3. Observe the output of VC1, VC2 in DSO and ensure that they are square waves 180 out of
phase with each other
4. Similarly, observe the output of VB1, VB2 in DSO and ensure that both the outputs are
inverted waveforms of each other
5. Measure the value of frequency and the value of t(on),t(off), Vpp in each waveform.

45

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 6.2
TABULATION:

Voltage
(V)

Time in seconds

Vpp in V

Frequency in
Hz

VC1
VC2
VB1
VB2

46

RESULT :
Thus the astable mulitivibrator is constructed and its output waveform is
observed.

47

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

48

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

EXP.NO:6
DATE:
AIM:
Design and construct a single tuned amplifier and to determine its gain at
resonant frequency, frequency and bandwidth.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Power supply,CRO,frequency generator, ,resistors,breadboard ,connecting
wires,inductor, BC-108 or BC-107,capacitors.
DESIGN:

Let VCC=12V,ICQ=2mA,VE=

VCC
10

Measure transistor hfe value using multimeter .

The hfe value of BC

transistor is

To calculate the resistance values use the following equations.

VE
ICQ
RE=

(1)

VCC VB
0.1 ICQ

R1=

(2)

VB
0.1 ICQ
R2=

...(3)

Assume fr and L value , calculate C based on eqn (4).Where fr is resonant frequency.

Resonant frequency,fr=

1
2 LC

(4)
49

TABULATION:

S.No

Frequency
(Hz)

Vin =_________mV

Output voltage
(VO) volts

Voltage gain
VO
Vin
Av=20log(
)

50

DC MEASUREMENT:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in Figure:6.1.
2.Measure the DC potentials VB,VE and VC using multimeter.

PROCEDURE:
51

1.Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude Vin =

mV.

2.For each input frequency measure the output voltage using a CRO,observe
also on the dual probe.

the input

3.Measure the frequency at which the maximum gain occurs.

VO
Vin

4.Calculate the voltage gain Av=

response curve as shown in Figure:6.2.

at each frequency and obtain the frequency

5.Observe upper and lower 3dB cut off frequencies.

RESULT:
Thus,the single tuned amplifier designed and its performance was measured.
1.Gain at resonant frequency
2.Resonant frequency,fr
3.Bandwidth,BW

=
=
=

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

52

Figure 7.1

DESIGN CALCULATION:

53

MONOSTABLE MULTI-VIBRATOR
EXP.NO : 7
DATE :
AIM :
Design and test the monostable multi-vibrator and to calculate the frequency of
oscillation.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
Power supply, Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), BC-107 (or) BC-108, resistors,
capacitors, breadboard, connecting wires.
DESIGN :
IB1= IB2=14A;
Let IC1=IC2=5mA
RC1 =

VCC-VCE(SAT)
------------------------- =_________ ......(1)
IC1
VCC-VBE2

R3 =

-------------------------

=_________

(2)

IB2

RC2 =

VCC-VCE(SAT)
------------------------- =_________ .......(3)
IC2

IB1=IB2=IR2
IR1=IB1+IR2= 28A

54

TABULATION:

Voltage

TON

TOFF

Frequency in

(V)

(sec)

(sec)

(Hz)

VC1
VC2

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 7.2

55

VCC-IC2RC2-IR1R1-VBE1=0
VCC-IC2RC2-VBE1
|R1|= ------------------------ =_______ ..(4)
IR1
VBB+VBE
R2= ------------- =_______ S .......(5)
IR2
t=0.693RC
From the above equation the capacitor value is obtained.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Measure the value of VC1 and VC2
3. Observe the output of VC1, VC2 in DSO and ensure that they are square waves
180 out of phase with each other
4. Measure the value of frequency and the value of t(on),t(off), VPP in each waveform.

RESULT:
A Monostable Multivibrator is thus designed and its output frequency is obtained.
Theoretical frequency
Practical frequency -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
56

Figure 8.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:

57

SCHMITT TRIGGER
EXP.NO:8
DATE:
AIM:
Design and construct a Schmitt trigger circuit.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Regulated power supply(RPS),Cathode ray oscilloscope(CRO), Function generator,
Connecting wires,Resistors, BC107orBC108 Transistors, and Capacitors.
DESIGN:
Let IC1=IC2=5mA , VCC=5V,VB=1V, UTP=1V, LTP=1V,

VCE=

VCC
2

Measure thetransistor hfe value using multimeter.

The hfe1value ofQ1 transistor is
The hfe2 value ofQ2 transistor is
To calculate the resistance values use the following equations.

VCE1=VCE2=

VCC
2

VE2=VB2-VBE2

RC1=RC2=

RB2=

RE2=

VCC VCE VE2

(1)
IC2

VB2
(2)
0.1 IC2
VE2
(3)
2IC2

58

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 8.2

TABULATION:
WAVE

AMPLITUD
E
(Volts)

TON
(Sec)

TOFF
(Sec)

FREQUENC
Y
(Hz)

Sine input
Square
output

59

IR=IB2+IRB2

R1=

VCC-IC1RC1-VB2
(4)
IR

Assume =10 ms
=0.693R1C1

C1=

0.693R1

From the above equation capacitor value is calculated

DC MEASUREMENT:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 8.1
2.Measure the DC potentials VB2,VE2 ,VC1and VC2 using multimeter.
PROCEDURE:
1.Give the sinusoidal signal as input at the designed frequency of 100 Hz.
2.Observe the output at Vo as mentioned in Figure8.1 which is a square wave.
3. Measure the TON and TOFF values of the square wave.

RESULT:
Thus, the Schmitt trigger is designedfor UTP=1V and LTP=1V
Thetheoretical valueof the designed frequency is
The practical value of the designed frequency is

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Figure 9.1
DESIGN CALCULATION:

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AC VOLTAGE CONTROL USING SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

EXP.NO:9
DATE:
AIM:
To control ac voltage using silicon controlled rectifier.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Breadboard, SCR, diode, connecting wires, power supply, DSO.
DESIGN:
Supply voltage Vs=

Peak supply voltage Vs(pk ) = 1.414*VS

Assume SCR is triggered on at 900 during the positive half cycle ie. = 900
Instantaneous supply voltage es= Vs(pk) * sin
Let VG and VD represent the gate voltage and the voltage across the diode respectively.
Assume VG = 0.8V
Instantaneous triggering voltage VT= VD+VG
VT = VR2

R2 =
Assume

VR2
I1
I1 = 1mA

VR1 = es- VR2

R1 =

VR1
I1

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Assume 10mA current flows through the load.

TABULATION:

Sl. NO

Average input voltage Vin (V)

Average output voltage Vout (V)

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 9.2

63

RL =

es
10mA

R1 =

, R2 =

, RL =

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2) Give the VS supply to the circuit.
3) Measure the output voltage across the load.
4) Tabulate the readings and plot the graph.
RESULT :
Thus a circuit using SCR is designed to control the AC voltage.

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