1st International Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE)

04-06 November 2015, RUET, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Stability Enhancement of Wind Power System by

using Energy Capacitor System
Md. Manirul Islam1, Aminul Islam2, S.M. Shaikh3, and M.R.I. Sheikh4
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering &Technology, Rajshahi-6204.
E-mails: mmaniruleee@gmail.com1, aminulieee09@gmail.com2, shaikh_ruet@yahoo.com3, ris_ruet@yahoo.com4
AbstractThis
paper
presents
Permanent
Magnet
Synchronous generator (PMSG) based a variable speed wind
turbine systems including energy capacitor system (ECS). The
ECS is the combination of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC)
known as supercapacitor and power electronic devices for wind
power application with its detailed modeling and control strategy
which can supply smooth electrical power to the power grid and
makes the system better stable and reliable. As generated power
from wind fluctuates randomly, the objective of this control
system is to select a line power reference level and to follow the
reference level by absorbing or providing active power to or
from ECS to smooth output power fluctuation penetrated to the
grid and to keep the wind farm terminal voltage at a desired level
by supplying necessary reactive power. The performance of the
proposed system is investigated by simulation analysis using
PSCAD/EMTDC software.
KeywordsVariable speed wind generator, Permanent Magnet
Synchronous generator (PMSG), Energy Capacitor System (ECS).

I. INTRODUCTION
The rate of Energy Consumption is increased day by day
because of increasing the living standard of the peoples on
Earth. In fact most of the energy consumed is fossil fuels
based like coal, petroleum, natural gas, diesel etc. The fossil
fuel based energy sources have two major problems. First of
all, they will be extinct within short times like if the present
trend of using fossil fuel continue, according to U.S.
department of energy (2012) Coal will extinct within 109
years, Natural gas within 56 years and Crude Oil within 53
years [1]. Secondly, they increase the formation of CO 2 and
other gases that are responsible for global warming,
greenhouse effect, rising of water level and resulted in
extinction of endangered species. It is a matter of great
concern that- 3.2 billion tons of CO 2 adds to the environment
annually [2]. Therefore it is necessary to introduce clean
energy sources like renewable energy more in place of the
fossil fuel. Wind power is one of the prospective clean
energy resource. However, due to the intermittent and
stochastic nature of the wind, the generated power from the
wind fluctuates randomly thus can cause
frequency
fluctuation in power system and therefore Some methods
have been proposed so far for mitigating the fluctuations.
In many studies, a flywheel energy system is proposed to
smooth the wind power fluctuation [3]. It is possible to smooth
the fluctuations up to a certain range by the pitch angle
controller [4]. Some authors have proposed a superconducting
magnetic energy storage system [5] for the wind power

978-1-4673-7819-2/15/$31.002015 IEEE

fluctuation minimizations. In some reports, a battery energy

storage system
has proposed for smoothing wind power
fluctuations. Another recent technology used in the power
system applications is the energy capacitor system (ECS) [6]
used as a power-smoothing tool. EDLC is suitable for
smoothing the output power because it has some superior
characteristics such EDLCs have short-charge/discharge
times, no need protection circuit like batteries, fit and forget
device, With its short charging and discharging times EDLCs
are well suited for intermittent loads like wind park, long life
(theoretically infinite), less weight, damage proof against
short circuit completely. This paper proposes a wind
generation system composed of a variable speed wind
turbine based PMSG and ECS. Some authors have proposed
ECS in case of Fixed speed wind turbine based induction
generator [6-8] where they used SMA (simple moving
average), EMA (exponential moving average) to generate line
power reference for comparing with the triangular wave to
control the buck/boost converter for smoothing output power.
SMA and EMA consist of a lot of delay circuit, adder,
subtraction, summer and multiplier make the system bulky,
complex, difficult to control. Although in [9] the author uses a
variable speed wind generator however complex CC-VSI and
interpolation giving pulse generation techniques have been
used. But our proposed system, we have used only simple
Low Pass Filter to generate line power reference instead of
SMA, EMA and simple PWM-VSC is used to control the
giving pulses of IGBTs which makes the system compact and
simple but the smoothed output power as previous and the
system become better stable.
II. MODEL SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows the model system used in the simulation
analysis. Whereas PMSG is used with rating of 5 MVA 1 KV.
Parameters of PMSG are shown in Table I. PMSG is
connected with the electric power converter composed of
AC-DC-AC converter/ inverter unit and it can operate at
variable speed supplying constant frequency output to the
power system through the inverter The AC-DC converter in
the generator side controls active power and reactive power
of the generator, in which the maximum power coefficient
operation are achieved. On the other hand, the inverter
controls the output frequency and DC link circuit voltage to be
constant. Also the ECS is connected to the DC circuit and it
is composed of EDLC and buck-boost DC-DC converter, in
which charging/discharging operation of EDLC is achieved
by controlling the voltage of the buck-boost DC-DC converter

Crated= capacitor of each cell.

TABLE I.

PMSG PARAMETERS

Rated Capacity
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Armature resistance
d-axis Reactance [Xd]
q-axis Reactance [Xq]
Inertia Constant
Armature time constant
Rated frequency
DC link voltage
DC link capacitance
Air gap factor

5 [MVA]
1000 [V]
2.8867 [KA]
0.002 [p.u.]
1 [p.u]
0.7 [p.u.]
1.5
0.332 [p.u.]
50 [Hz]
1.5 [kv]
50,000 [F]
1

1 2
Energy of EDLC is given by EDLC
= cv (ii)
energy 2
Total voltage is given by
Voverall = Vcell * ns (iii)
Capacitance of EDLC bank of our Proposed EDLC system
is 125 F. Where, Cell capacitance = 1200 F Voltage of each
cell=2.7 V No. of series connected cell =546 and parallel
strings =57 EDLC voltage =1.473KV EDLC rated energy=136
MJ. To meet this rating of Energy and voltage of this system
we need to connect 546 cells in series and 57 strings in
parallel.

Fig. 3.

Schematic diagram of energy capacitor system.

B. Generation of Line Power Reference

In this case, the wind Farm rated power is 5 MW. First of
all, we make a reference power using Low Pass Filter.
Fig.4. Making Line Power Reference
Fig. 4. Making Line Power Reference

Fig. 1.

Model System.

III. MODELING OF ECS

ECS consists of EDLC and Power Electronic Devices
(IGBT, PWM voltage source (VSC) Inverter) and is act as
energy storage system. In the Fig. 3, the EDLC bank is shown
by rectangular box, the DC-DC buck/boost converter is shown
in red rectangular box and the PWM VSC is shown in black
rectangular box. The PWM VSC controls the DC link voltage
and reactive power following into the ECS, whereas the real
power is controlled by the DC-DC buck/boost converter.
A. Modeling of EDLC
Although the EDLC has high capacitance value and high
energy density, the voltage rating is less. So, a large number of
EDLC cell are connected in series and parallel to meet the
desired ratings. EDLCs have two models which are known as
lumped and distributed model [13]. We have used simplified
lumped model shown in Fig. 2
Fig. 2.

Lumped model of EDLC Cell.

The desired expression for calculating EDLC bank

capacitance, Energy and voltage are following [10]
C= np.Crated / ns
(i)
Where, ns = number of series capacitor in each string.
np = number of parallel strings of capacitors
making up the capacitor in the bank.

C. Modeling of Buck/Boost Converter

From Fig. 3 during EDLC charging mode g1 is in on
state and g2 in off state. When g1 in off state and g2 in on
state there are free-wheeling operation arise by IGBT
controlled by g2 and energy of EDLC remain constant, there
are no charge or discharge in EDLC. When gate signal g1 and
g2 both in off state EDLC discharge through diode but
discharge boost up when g2 get on and off periodically.
EDLC.

Fig. 5. Control block of DC-DC buck/ boost converter

PI controller modifies this error signal and compare in a

comparator with 1000Hz triangular signal to generate gate
signal g1 and g2.
D. PWM VSC Modeling
The PWM voltage source converter, VSC, provides a
power electronic interface between AC power system and
EDLC bank. DC link voltage, Edc and grid point voltage
Vgrid are maintained Constant by the VSC which is the object
of this control logic. Active and reactive powers of EDLC are
proportional to the d-(direct axis) and q-axis (quadrature axis)
currents and thus also to the q- and d-axis voltages. Based on
the concept above, the control system of the VSC can be

86

constructed, which is shown in Fig.6. The PI controllers

determine reference d and q-axis currents by using difference
between DC link voltage, Edc and reference value Edc_ref.

Fig. 8. Response of PMSG generated Active Power [case-I]

i) d-axis voltage control

ii) q-axis voltage control

Fig. 9.

Grid terminal voltage without & with ECS [case-I]

Fig. 10.

Grid Power with/without EDLC and EDLC power [case-I]

Fig. 11.

Grid Active Power without and with EDLC [case-I]

Fig. 12.

EDLC active Power [case-I]

Fig. 13.

EDLC energy [case-I]

Fig. 14.

Comparison with SMA and ECS

Fig. 6. Control Block of PWM-VSC Inverter

The PWM signals are generated for IGBT switching by

comparing with reference signals and converted to 3-phase
sinusoidal wave with the triangular carrier signal of frequency
1000 Hz which is high to improve efficiency. The DC link
voltage1.473 kV, which is kept constant throughout by the 6pulse PWM converter. The snubber circuit resistance and
capacitance are 5000 and 0.05 F.
IV. MAXIMUM POWER COEFFICIENT OPERATION
When the wind speed is less than 8 m/s, eq.(vi) is
applied, and when the wind speed is over 8 m/s, eq.(v)
is applied. Rotational speed of the wind turbine takes a
value within the range from 0.4 [pu] to 1.0 [pu]. The reference
of the output power is changed according to the variation of
rotational speed of the wind turbine, and it is controlled to be
always on the MPPT line expressed by eq.(viii) and
eq.(vi).

m__opt = 0.0833 V W

(iv)

PG1_ref = 0.1759VW 1.11

(v)

PG2_ref = 0.0726VW 0.284

(vi)

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system,
simulation analysis have been performed using the two
different patterns of real wind speed data obtained in
Hokkaido Island, Japan (collected by Thesis Supervisor). The
EDLC was charged up to certain level. The simulation have
been done by using PSCAD/EMTDC.
Case-I: In this a moderate wind speed data was chosen
and the time step and simulation time have chosen as 0.00005
sec and 600 sec respectively as shown in Fig.7

Fig. 7.

Response of real wind speed data [case-I]

Case-II: simulation using widely varying wind speed data:

Fig. 15 to 20 represent the simulation result of widely
varying wind speed data. Although, response of Wind speed in
Fig. 15 [case-II] fluctuate highly and it is the worst condition,
we get promising output. Simulation time is 460 s in this case.

87

Fig. 18 represents response of wind speed data which is highly

fluctuating.

Fig. 15. Response of Wind speed [case-II]

VI. CONCLUSION
The simulation results show that the quality of the terminal
voltage and output power penetrated to the grid is not good but
continuously varying without ECS system. Besides, when we
used ECS system, the terminal voltage and grid power is
almost constant and quality of voltage and power is excellent.
So, using ECS system smoothed power can be supplied to the
grid by charging and discharging of EDLC. By using low pass
filter to calculate line power reference instead of SMA, EMA
makes the system very simple, compact and cost effective.
Therefore, it can be concluded that this proposed system can
be applied effectively in power systems to generate high
quality electrical power from the natural fluctuating wind.

References

Fig. 16. PMSG generated Active Power [MW] [case-II]

[1]

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[3]

Fig. 17.

Grid Active Power without and with EDLC [case-II]

[4]

[5]
Fig. 18. EDLC active power [case-II]
[6]

[7]
Fig. 19. EDLC energy [case-II]
[8]

[9]
Fig. 20. Grid terminal voltage without & with ECS [case-II].
[10]

Fig. 21. Frequency deviation of SMA, ECS & without ECS [case-I].

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