Principle and
Operations
Losses
Ideal Transformers
Non-ideal Transformers
Makes possible:
1. Power generation at the most economical level
2. Transmission and distribution at the most
economical level
3. Power utilisation at the most suitable level
4. Measurement of high voltages (potential
transformer) and high current (current
transformer)
5. Impedance matching, insulating one circuit from
another or insulating DC circuits from AC circuits
!"
!"
"%
d1
dm
e1 =
= N1
= p N1 cost
dt
dt
d2
dm
e2 =
= N2
= p N2 cost
dt
dt
"%
1
E1 = p N1 = 4.44 fp N1
2
1
E2 = p N2 = 4.44 fp N2
2
voltages
Turns ratio
[ E1/E2 ]= [ N1/N2 ] = a
Polarities of induced voltages given by
Lenzs law
&
#
Z1 = a 2 Z 2
V1 I 2
Z1
= a2
=
=
V2 I1
Z2
V1
V2
(= Z1 ) (= Z 2 )
I1
I2
'
'
Flux leakage.
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current losses
heating
and losses
'
d m
di2
= R2i2 L2
+ N2
dt
dt
d 2
d12
d m
v2 = R2i2 +
= R2i2 N 2
+ N2
dt
dt
dt
d11
d m
di1
d m
v1 = R1i1 + N1
+ N1
= R1i1 + L1
+ N1
dt
dt
dt
dt
( "
e2 = N
e1
N
=
e2
N
e1 = N
= a
dm
dt
dm
dt
&
!"
&
&
Referred
to
secondary
Referred
to
primary
OR
&
'%%
&
OR
'%%
| V2, fl |
| V2,nl | | V2, fl |
100%
regulation =
| V1 | | aV2 |
| V1 / a | | V2 |
regulation =
100% =
100%
| aV2 |
| V2 |
# %
=
Poutput
Poutput
100%
+ ( losses)
Poutput
=
100%
Pinput
+%
'