HORTONSPHERES

ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED

(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

5.

Opening reinforcement:

5.

Non-nuclear service.

a.

6.

No refrigerated or partial refrigerated service lower

than 4.4C (40F) except:

b.

c.

ASME Div. 2 limits pad type reinforcement to

1.5 times shell thickness and limits materials
for this type reinforcement to < 80 ksi
minimum tensile.
For thickness and material strength outside
the above limits, integral (usually forgings)
reinforcement is required to meet the intent of
ASME Div. 2. If insert plate is used then limit
insert t to 2 1/2" (63.5mm) max to avoid RT or
UT requirement of nozzle joint as required in
Div. 2 Para. AF-241.1 (for > 6" (152.4mm)).
If exception is taken to the above ASME Div. 2
rules,
CBI
will
consider
pad
type
reinforcement thicker than 1.5 times the
thickness if within the limits of 9301-3-1 and
for materials stronger than 80 ksi minimum
tensile if within the limits of this standard.

7 Flanges:
a.

Slip-on flanges are preferred by CBI for

nozzles <6" (152.4mm) to meet the
requirements of ASME Div. 2.

b.

If purchaser requires weld neck flanges,

ASME Div. 2 would require radiograph of the
butt weld to the opening neck. This becomes
a difficult detail with extra cost on small
nozzles. The use of long neck type flanges <
6" (152.4mm) will avoid this problem.

c.

If exception is taken to the above items, CBI

would propose no radiography be performed
on this type nozzle weld under 10" (215.4mm)
.

0.4 Introduction: This standard may be used to design

Hortonspheres of any size < 25m when all the
following conditions are met:
1.

Use approved steel with UTS < 586 MPa (85 ksi).
For steel with higher strength (A517, Welten 80,
etc.), consult Oak Brook Standard Structures
Design.

2.

Operating temperatures from ambient up to

350C (662F).

3.

Design pressure is 0.10 MPa gage (15 psig) and

higher. For lower pressures, use API-620.

4.

Essentially non-cyclic service (less than 2,000 full

cycles).

a.

Design, fabrication and construction to all API620 require ments using lowest design
temperature of product at design pressure or
blow-down temperature Oat stress ^ 0.1
minimum tensile to select material from Table
R.2.2.

b.

Design, fabrication and construction to all

ASME Section VIII Div. 2 requirements
(except stamp and Hartford Inspection) using
lowest design temperature Q) at stress ^ 0.1
minimum tensile (6000 psi used by Div. 2) to
select material from Fig. AM 218.1. If
pressure-temperature curves similar to those
from Matheson Gas Book are to be used then
allowance must be made for liquid head.

4310-3-3 tabulates thickness, layout, etc., for common

metnc sphere sizes designed to the rules given in this
standard.
1.0 MATERIAL
Only materials listed or referred to in this standard or
as listed in Div. 2 are approved for design to this
standard. A typical approval procedure is given in 6901 (0.4) for materials other than shown in Fig. AM218.1,
Div. 2 or API 620 Appendix R.
1.1 Approved shell plate steels are fully killed, fine
grain with the improved resistance to brittle fracture.
Plates may be normalized, quenched and tempered or
controlled rolled as required in Fig. 1.1.1. Plate steels
are referred to by the three groups from 690-1 and
690-2. For low temperature application, see 690-7. The
division of these groups is based on specified minimum
ultimate strength (UTS). These groups are listed below
followed by the approved steels (Refer to 602-1-2, 6023-1 and 620 for ASTM steels.)
(1) Ambient
temperatures
are
atmospheric
temperatures, regardless of geographic location
(2) If design basis is on yield strength of material, a
reduction is generally required above 50C (122F).
For Div. 2 reduction ^ is often required above
100F
(38C).
See 2.0.
Minimum tensile
strength may also be reduced for some steels.
(3) Blow-down temperature is identified as the
temperature of the product corresponding to vapor
pressure as the product is cooling during rapid
withdrawal

Group 37-47 (UTS < 462 MPa (67 ksi)

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

ASTM A516-55, -60, and -65. All steels listed in 690-2.

Group 48 - 54 (462 MPa)(67 ksi)< UTS < 531 MPa
(77 ksi)
ASTM A5" 6-70
ASTM A537 Class 1
All Group 48 - 54 steels listed in 690-1
Group 55 60 (531 MPa)(77 ksi) < UTS < 586 MPa (85
ksi)
ASTM A537 Class 2
All Group 55 - 60 steels listed in 690-1.

1.1.2 Impact energy level and test temperature: When

required by 1.1.1, each plate as rolled and heat treated
shall be impact tested in the transverse direction as
specified in 604 3 even though Div. 2 permits CVL for
most steels (i.e. those listed in Table ACS-1) when
impacts are required.

1.1.1 Impact Test shell plates when the plate thickness

at either the design metal temperature or the blow
down temperature fall: below the applicable curve,
as shown in Fig. 1.1.1. The design metal temperature
is to be taken at 9C (15F) above lowest one-day mean
temperature. When the storage temperature is
governed by the stored liquid, consult per 0.2.

Impact tests shall be conducted at least 9C (15F)

colder than the design metal temperatures. The
average of three specimens shall at least be:

Note The Q & T steels referenced in paragraphs AM

300, AM 310, AM-311 of ASME OIV. 2 will require
CVT's.

20 N.m (15 ft-lb) for Group 37 - 47 and Group 48 - 54

steels 27 N.m (20 ft-lb) for Group 55 - 60 steels
For ASTM materials, the values in A20 (for transverse
tests) may be used.
1.1.3 Mill test coupons: See 732 for requirements for
all material groups. Local codes, purchaser
specifications, etc. may contain other heat treatment
requirements.
1.1.4 Q T plates are permitted for spheres designed
to this standard but the following procedure must be
followed:
Tempering temperature: A minimum tempering
temperature shall be stated in CBI purchase orders.
The mill test report shall record the actual tempering
temperature.
CBI should require the mill to temper the plates at the
highest temperature practical, preferably 621C
(1150F). The minimum tempering temperature
acceptable to CBI is 593C (11 OOF).

Curve 1: up to 38mm (1 1/2") thick individually

normalized or quenched and tempered plates of any of
the three groups listed in 1.1.
Curve la: up to 51mm (2") thick individually normalized
or quenched and tempered plates of any of the three
groups listed in 1.1 when the completed sphere is
PWHT. For quality notch tough steels, PWHT can be
waived for thicknesses up to 41.3mm (1 5/8") per Table
1.1 of 732. Impact energy and temperature per 1.12
except 5.0 ft Ibs. additional impact energy required for
thicknesses over 38mm (1 1/2") consult Oakbrook
Engineering or London Contract Design for materials
that qualify. ^ Curve 2: up to 38mm (1 1/2") thick fully
killed, fine grain, as-rolled steel, or controlled rolled
steel including 19mm (3/4"). Curve 2a: up to 19mm
(3/4") thick controlled rolled plates per 690-2 and
Group 48-54 steels of 690-1.-,
Fig. 1.1.1 Impact Exemption Curves

The following minimum tempering temperatures have

been obtained.
Welten 60 (Japan) - 600C (1112F)
OX-602 (Sweden) - 620C (1148F)
The tempering temperature for ASTM A537 class 2
varies between USA and foreign mills and between
plates ordered to the standard 552 MPa (80 ksi) min
UTS and the modified (by API) 586 MPa (85 ksi) min
UTS. The ASTM specification stales 593C (1100F)
minimum. Some USA mills will provide 552 MPa (80
ksi) min UTS plates with tempering temperature up to
635C (1175F) or 649C U200F).

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

Test coupons: PWHT of test coupons are required for 0

T plates used for PWHT nozzle assemblies, PWHT
post plate assemblies or entire sphere (field). Test
coupons shall be cut from plates after final heat
treatment of the plate and shall be PWHT at the
nominal temperature to be specified for PWHT of
nozzle assemblies, etc.
For head plates w/fittings on field PWHT spheres, the
holding time shall be doubled to account for the two
PWHT operations. The PWHT temperature of test
coupons shall not exceed the tempering temperature of
the plate.

The design tensile stresses to be checked shall be the

sum of stresses caused by design pressure and the
liquid weight when vessel is full (see 2.1.1), unless
stress report for all loads is re quired by purchaser or if
code reference is ASME Section VIII Oiv. 2.
2.1.1 Basis for allowable design tensile stresses:
The design pressure should be specified by the
purchaser. It shall be not less than the pressure at
which the safety valve is set to open. It shall be
assumed to occur both at the maximum and at the
minimum design temperatures unless otherwise
specified.

For example:
Nominal PWHT
Temperature
Welten 60

580 C (1075F)

OX-602

600 C (1112F)

Holding Time
(for each PWHT
operation)
2 hr/25.4mm
(2 hr/in.)
or 4 min./mm
1 1/2 hr/25.4mm
(1 1/2 hr/in.)
or3 min./mm

1.2 Components and accessories shall be made of the

materials listed in Table 1.2.
2.0 ALLOWABLE
PARTS

STRESSES

IN

PRESSURE

2.1 The allowable design tensile stresses are: (except

that the allowable design stresses for Div. 2 often
decrease past 38C (1000F)
1.

For operating temperatures from ambient up to

50C (122F) the lesser of:

The design external pressure should be specified by

the purchaser. CBI shall use 0.25 psig (1.72 kpa) as a
minimum.
The specific weight of the design liquid should be
specified by the purchaser. It shall be at least the
heaviest liquid weight which might exist in the design
temperature range.
A specified ullage space should not be considered
when determining the tensile stresses. Design sphere
for "full of liquid" condition.
2.2 Allowable tensile stresses during hydrostatic test:
The hydrostatic test pressure shall normally be 1.25 x
design pressure (also max for Div. 2) based on
weakest joint.
If required by the contract a higher hydrostatic test ratio
may be used, provided the test tensile stresses do not
exceed the lesser of:
0.50 of the specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature

1/3 of the specified minimum tensile strength at

room temperature (max for ASME Div. 2)
Or
2/3 of the specified minimum yield at room
temperature.
2.

For operating temperature above 50C(122F) up to

350C (662F) the lesser of the values in (1) or :
1/3 of the specified minimum tensile strength at
maximum design temperature
or
2/3 of the specified minimum yield at maximum
design temperature.

or
0.80 of the
temperature

specified

minimum

yield

at

room

Test water heating is not required for test stresses at or

below the lesser of .50 UTS or .80 yield.
When acceptable to purchaser and permitted by
governing authority.

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

Table 1.2 Acceptable Materials for Components and Accessories

Component or Accessory

For use with shell plates of

Impact Requirements
Group 48-54 & Group 55-60
Steels
Plate: Same as shell plates used in vessel or equivalent in Same as for shell plates used in
toughness. Equally notch tough material as shell plate may vessel
be used, provided the maximum test stress of the adjacent
shell plate does not exceed 90% of the minimum specified
yield of the part attached to the shell. See par. 5.1 (9) for
use as reinforcement.
Group 37 - 47 Steels

Reinforcing & Insert Plates

Permanent Major Shell Attachments Such as: Top tubular
column
sections
Shell
stiffeners
Circumferential
Angles N >le & Manhole
necks (from plate)

Nozzle necks (from pipe) CBi Pip'

recommends nozzle necks
ASTM A106GR A ASTM
A333 GR 1 DIN 17175St
over 16" <?or 400 mm 0 he 35.8 DIN 17135 A St 35
DIN 17135 A St 41 Smade from plate
E-W 680-70 TT St 35N for
thk<10 mm 0 S- E-W 68070 TT St 35V for thk> 10
mm < 20 mm <3> STPG
38 (Seamless) G> STPL 39
(Seamless!
Flanges

Pipe:
ASTM A106 GR B ASTM
A333 GR 3 & GR 6 ASTM
A334 GR 3 81 GR 6 DIN
17175SI 45.8 DIN 17135 A
St 45 <3>
STPG 42
(Seamless) <3>
STPL 46
(Seamless)

Forgings:
ASTM A 105 ASTM A350
LFI and LF2 (5 DIN 17135
A St 41 CD S-E-W 550-76
CK 22 S-E-W 680-70 TT
St 4 1 V CD DIN 17135 St
45

Flanges when design metal Forgings:

temp >-12C (10F)
XSTM A105 ASTM A181 Class <iO or 70 O
SF50 (max. C * 0.35. MN * 0.90. Si = 0.35!

None when design metal temp ^

-12C (10F). Same as for shell
plates used in vessel when design
metal temp <-12C (10F).

None

None
SF<tb and

Small Isolated Shell Attachments such as: clips Primary

structural parts not directly
attached to shell
such as:
Lower tubular column sections
Base plates
Skirts
Tie rod clips
Tie Rods Anchor bolts

Plate, pipe rods, bars or forgings: All materials listed in 690- None
3 or Tables 1.3 thru 1.10 of 690-3-1 or ASTM A283C. A36,
A131 and A442. (3> SM - 41 A

Bolts and nuts for

pressure connections

Bolts: ASTM A193 GR 87, <3) SCM - 3 Nuts: ASTM A'34 None
GR 2H, G) S450 Bolts & Nuts: DIN 17200 42 Cr Mo 4
DIN 17240 24 Cr Mo 5

Rods, Bars or Shapes:

None
All materials listed in Tables 1.3 thrul.10 of 690-3-1 or ASTM
A36, provided the minimum specified yield is 23 kg1/mm2
(33 ksi) or higher.

Bolts and nuts tor structural Bolts: ASTM A 307 B Nuts: ASTM A 307 (Also see 9201-1- None
connections
1)
Secondary structural parts
Any weldable merchants quality steel with a guaranteed None
such
as:
Ladders
and tensile strength and inspected as required by 622-5 <3>
staircases O Platforms and SS-41 (max C = 0.26)
handrails
Gaskets:
1.
2.
3.

Any compressed asbestos gasket to ASTM D-1 170 Grade None

P-1 161 A

German National Standard

Stair treads welded directly to the shell are not permitted. See 6.3.
Japanese Standard (.11 SI

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

4.

Pipe grades under Group 48-54 are also acceptable.

Test tensile stresses exceeding those listed above can

be accepted when the requirements of 760 (3.0) are
met. This may involve test water heating and special
details to be approved by Oak Brook Standard
Structures Design.
The test tensile stresses to be checked shall be the
sum of the stresses caused by the test pressure and
full hydrostatic head (see 2.2.1)
2.2.1 Basis for allowable test tensile stresses:
The test pressure is the maximum pressure
experienced during the hydrostatic test at the top of the
vessel.
The specific weight of the test liquid shall be equal to
that of water.
2.3 The allowable design compressive stresses for
spherical shells used in program E0410A and E0988A
(see 3.1) are obtained from Figure ACS -28.2 (300F
-Curve) of the ASME code, Section VIII, Division 2. For
temperatures above 300F the allowable compressive
stresses should be reduced and the appropriate
temperature curve of Figure ACS 28.2 be used.
2.4 The allowable test compressive stresses are 125%
of the compressive stress determined per 2.3.
The test compressive stresses to be checked shall be
stress combinations due to full or partial filling with
water, support reactions and metal weight.
2.5 Where local stress intensities (tensile) must be
evaluated for authorities, or purchaser, the allowables
shall not exceed the limits given in ASME Code,
Section VIII, Division 2 Fig. 4.130.1 "Stress Categories
and Limits of Stress Intensity." In this figure for S m
(design stress intensity value) use the allowable design
tensile stress per 2.1.
3.0 GENERAL DESIGN
3 1 Shells "f spheres supported on columns shall be
designed per 9107-3-10 using computer program
E0988A. It calculates shell plate thicknesses, surface
area and shell weights. Thickness is based on ASME
Div. 2 formula. If sphere is designed to foreign code,
program E0410A can be used to check test stresses.
Use this standard together with 9107-3-10 to determine
all necessary input data for program E0988A.

Minimum thicknesses including corrosion allowance

are:

9.5 mm (3/8") for headplates with fittings

6.35 (114") for other plates or in accordance with
applicable material standard listed in 1.1.

Some European pressure vessel codes require strict

local tolerances which may be very difficult to meet
with thin plates. In such cases it is recommended the
minimum sphere plate thickness be limited to 9.5 mm
(3/8"). Consult per 0.2 when close local tolerances are
required.
When actual computed thickness of thinner plate at
joint exceeds 38 mm (1.5") postweld heat treatment in
accordance with 732 is required. For thicknesses up to
41.3 mm (1 5/8) PWHT can be waived (see Curve 1a
and footnote Fig. 1.1.1). Also, consider special test
requirements per 760 and opening design rules listed
in-5.1.
3.2 Spheres for elevated temperatures above 50C
(122F) up to 350C (662F) may be designed to the
allowable stresses given in 2.1 (2) provided the mill
guarantees minimum values at maximum design
temperature for yield and ultimate tensile strength. Mill
will also have to verify these two elevated temperature
properties with one hot tensile test per heat.
These values are not readily available for most steels
and must be obtained from the mills. For some
Japanese and European steels published values for
minimum yield are given in 690-1 and 690-2.
Stresses in the columns, sphere girders, and tie rods
due to thermal expansion must be considered.
3.3 Standard plate layouts are given in 9107-3-10. For
all non standard sphere diameters, input Prog E0988A
as follows to obtain proper post and equator plate
thicknesses:
1.

"Diameter for Geometry" (Card 4) - Use "0" (zero)

2.

Complete all items for cards 5 and 6. Normally

these items should be taken from Table 2.3 of
9107-3-10 for the next larger standard sphere
diameter. However, mill maximum plate widths,
mill dimensional extras or shipping restrictions
may necessitate a non standard layout (See 6.1)
for the items.

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

3.4 Sizing spheres: We add vapor space of 2% of

specified volume and at least a freeboard of 1'-0"
(305mm) to standard size spheres in the USA only,
because our purchasers expect us to do this. In all
other cases freeboard or ullage is not added for sizing
unless specified otherwise.

3.

Anchor bolt chairs (see 4.7 and 9109-1-1)

4.

Shear plates under base plates of columns

5.

Shear

slots

and

additional

hoop

steel

in

foundation pedestals as shown in 545-1-1 (Fig.

" Program E1045A checks adequacy of post
plate thickness from program E0988A for
lateral wind or seismic rod loads. The
allowable stress increase for tensile or
compressive stresses is 25% (For ASME VIII
Div. 2, the allowable stress increase in tension
or compression is 20%].

4.4.4)
4.2 Wind Loads: For wind loads use pressure from
161 km/hr (100 mph) wind on the vertical projected
area as follows:
73 kgf/m2 (15 psf) for double curved surfaces

When a purchaser specifies capacity by product

volume or product weight, check contract and local
codes carefully to determine which product
temperature and maximum filling govern sizing.
Contracting should request that the purchaser specify
the product density for the governing product
temperature.

88 kgf/m2 (18 psf) for cylindrical surfaces

If greater than 161 km/hr (100 mph) wind velocity is
specified, increase the projected area pressures by (
2

here V - wind velocity in km per hour.

3.5 Useful information about spheres can be found in:

1

4310-2-7, which has a summary of the standard

US design basis and tabulated designs of
standard geometry spheres.
The listed thicknesses are not for high stress basis
(ASME Div. 2) design. Under the tables are useful
values applicable to any standard size liquid
sphere as follows:
scrap losses (or standard layouts
course and paint areas
total volume
length of shell seams
number, diameter and thickness of columns
diameter and weight of tie rods
foundations

4310-3-3, which tabulates designs for common

size metric spheres, using the design rules given
in this standard.

603-5-2, General Specification for Fabrication of

Spherical Shell Plates.

4.0 COMPONENT DESIGN

4.1 Seismic designs should be referred to the
appropriate office per 0.2. The following special
components may be required:
1.

Equator belt girders

2.

Special column and tie rod design

4.3 Columns supporting liquid spheres shall be vertical

and at least 400 mm x 6 mm thick (16" x 1/4"). For
non-standard size spheres, it is our practice to use as
the inside diameter of columns those diameters listed
in 9107-3-10 (Table 2.3) for the next larger standard
sphere. Note: the smallest diameter column that can
be rolled in Brazil is 29" (736.6mm).
It is our practice for non-standard size spheres to use
the number of columns listed in 9107-3-10 for the next
larger standard sphere. For erection purposes a
column is attached to every other equator course plate.
It is also our practice not to exceed a distance of 6.10m
(20') between center of columns measured along the
outside circumference of the spheres.
Column horizontal offset is the distance the column
centerline is offset from the inside of the sphere at the
equator. It is such that the angle subtended by the post
approaches 22" (558.8mm). This is shown by the
drawing on page 3 of 9107-3-10. Column offsets for
standard size spheres are given in 9107-3-10, Table
2.3.
Columns for PWHT spheres must be vented as shown
on St.'. Dwg. 7A2A.
For computations, figure that column ends at sphere
equator. Height from top of foundation to inside bottom
of sphere is 750 mm (2'-6"l, unless otherwise specified.
Design columns in accordance with 9108-2. Maximum
allowable stress and load combinations for L/r 60 and
t/r 0.015 when no primary bending on columns are:
10.5 kgf/mm2 (15 ksi! for metal + product

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

13.2 kgf/mmj (18.75 ksil for metal + product + wind

13.2 kgf/mm' (18.75 ksi) fnr metal + water
14.1 kgf/mm' (20 ksi) for metal + product + seismic
Seismic (see 4.1) and Hot Design (per 3.3) loadings
will generate additional stresses in columns which
must be considered and allowable stress must be
reduced for expected temperature of the columns.
See 891-2 for column stub to post plate attachment
weld details.
4.4 Tie rods for high stress basis spheres usually run
from column to column and are not permitted to be
directly attached to the shell.
Minimum diameter of the tie rods is 22mm (.875").

4.6 Anchor bolts shall be designed per 9201-2. At least

two anchor bolts per base plate should be used, but
preferably no more. Anchor bolts are to be located on a
line perpendicular to the radial centerline through the
column.
For PWHT spheres see Std Dwg 7A2A for special
details and refer to 732.
4.7 Anchor bolt chairs are not required for spheres that
do not have a net uplift at base of columns per 9109-4
(2.1) (Note "Exception").
Design of anchor bolt chair is given in 9109-1-1.
5.0 OPENING DESIGN
5.1 Nozzles and manholes:

The allowable design stress for tie rods is 13.2 kgf/mm

(18.75 ksi) on net area for windloads. For seismic
loads, allowable tie rod stress - 1.33 x (0.6 yield) - .8
yield.

Tie rods are attached to the base of the columns, so

that the center-line of the tie rod intersects the
baseplate inside the column.
Tie rods are attached to the highest point possible on
the columns at which the rods will clear the sphere by
about 50 mm (2"). Tie rods should attach to column
above post-to-shell attachment; otherwise columns
shall be designed for bending. Additional clearance
between sphere and tie rods must be permanently provided for on PWHT insulated spheres.

1.

Maximum opening size is 1000 mm (40")

without specific approval. Larger opening
sizes require special approval per 0.2.

2.

Reinforcing can be full fusion welding with

pad plate or with integral reinforcing, details of
which are listed in 891-22.

3.

Single openings 50 mm (2") pipe size and

less or with diameters equal to 0.2v/~RT and
less, do not require reinforcement. Space
unreinforced openings in accordance with
ASME, Section VIII. Division 2, par. AD-510.

4.

Reinforcing design is in accordance with

9301-3-1, except that the rules in pars, 3.2.2,
sub (1) and sub (2) apply to all diameters over
50 mm (2") instead of over 1000 mm (40").
Use of 9301-3-1, par. 3.2.2 sub (31 is not
permitted.

5.

Pad plates shall meet the rules of 9301-3-1,

(3.1(e) taking t, - t as defined in 9301-3-1 or
ASME Div. 2 unless except tion is taken as in
O.3.

6.

Small nozzles not requiring reinforcement or

nozzles where the reinforcement is all
provided by an insert plate should
have full
fusion joints such as shown in 891-2-2 (1.0)
(1.3) provided detail is acceptable to local
codes or Purchaser specifications.

7.

The weld attaching the neck to the vessel

shall be a full* penetration weld, see 891-2-2
(1.0), (1.3) provided detail is acceptable to
local codes or Purchasers specifications.

Stresses in tie rods can be found using the formulas

marked "rods" of 9108-2.
Seismic (see 4.1) and Hot Design (per 3.3) loadings
will generate additional stresses which must be
considered and allowable stresses must be based on
expected temperature of tie rods.
4.5 Base plates are designed in accordance with 91094. Standard base plates sizes are given in 9109-4.
Allowable bearing on 210 kgf/cm 2 (3000 psi) concrete
is:
53 kgf/cm2 (750 psi) for metal + product + wind
66 kgf/cm! (938 psi) for metal + water
70 kgf/cm! (1000 psi) for metal + product + seismic
PWHT spheres on columns require sliding base plates
per Std Dwg 7A2A. See 732.
Shear plates under base plates are required for
seismic design.

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

8.

9.

Pad to shell fillet welds shall have a leg length

equal to the smaller of the pad plate thickness
or shell plate thickness less corrosion
allowance Leg length shall not exceed 38mm
(1.5").
The nozzle neck material listed in Table 1.2
may be used as reinforcement provided the
material has an allowable design stress not
less than 90% of the shell plate allowable
stress. The area in the neck available for
reinforcement shall be reduced by the ratio of
the allowable stress in the neck material to
the allowable stress in the shell plate material
(max. ratio - 1.0, min. ratio - 0.9). Neck
material having a des JP stress less than 90%
of the shell design stress may be used with no
neck material considered as effective reinforcement. See Par AD-551 of ASME VIII, Div.
2.

10. Spacing of welds and openings shall be per

9301-2 or ASME Div. 2 unless exception is
taken per 0.3. Fittings with pad plates shall
not be spaced closer, center-to-center, than '
the sum of the diameters of the openings.
11. PWHT spheres must have sufficient openings
both top and bottom to accomodate burners,
per 732.
12. Cutouts for access and ventilation during
construction must be provided per 9233-1-1,
when permanent openings are insufficient.
13. For convenient access to the sphere use
minimum 2'-0" 1609.6mm) manholes when
neck length exceeds T-0" (305mm).
5.2 Flanges can usually be selected within size and
pressure ranges of accepted standards listed in 9314
(0.2.1).
For special flange design see 9314 and computer
program E0119A described in 9314-1.
Slip on type or integral plate flanges are preferred for
nozzles 4 6"^ (see 0.3 ). Slip-on flanges must meet
requirements of ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2,
Appendix 3, par. 3-310.1 and/or AD 711.1.For weld
neck or integral plate flanges, use full penetration
welds for flange lo neck joints such as shown in 891-22.

5.3 Bolts and nuts design information is given in 92011-1.

6.0 DIMENSIONING, ACCESSORIES,
GAGING.
FOUNDATIONS, TEST INSTRUCTION AND
REPORTS.
6.1 Sphere plate dimensions can be calculated with
the computer programs described in:
9107 3 1 two or three piece head plates and
radial plates
9107-3-3 six or seven piece modified expanded
cube head plates
9107-3-4 three types of plate arrangements for a
specific course
General guidelines for selecting a plate arrangement
for a specific course are given in 9107-3-4. See 3.3 for
comments on basic sphere layouts.
6.2 Cutting allowances for sphere plates are given in
91073-5.
6.3 Stairways and platforms should be designed with
the maximum allowable stress values for structural
members per API 620 latest Edition.
Single center stringer spiral stairway is CBI standard.
(See form drawings). Double stringer spiral stairway
dimensions for spheres can be computed with Program
E0431A, which is described in 9203-5-1.
Stair treads welded directly to the sphere are not
permitted for sphere design by this standard. Brackets
and pads with single or double stringer stairway are
acceptable. For PWHT spheres, platforms and
stairways shall have provisions for expansion, per 732.
6.4 Vents: See 9208-2-3 for instructions for sizing
selecting and specifying pressure and vacuum relief
valves.
6.5 Nameplate formats are given in 9201-5-2.
6.6 Gaging and sampling devices for spheres are listed
in the Sales Manual 4999-1.
Gaging tables for spheres can be computed to suit
purchasers needs. Direct any inquiries to the
appropriate office per 0.2 or Oak Brook Engineering
Services indicating the required units of volume per
units of height.

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

6.7 Construction accessories which must be billed by

Engineering-Assigned are:
1.

Inspection platforms for all spheres over 9.5m f

(3V f) per 4300-1 as detailed on Std Dwgs 7A5-1
and 7A5-2.

2.

Expendable construction material per 791-3.

Engineering-Assigned shall transmit bills for 1 and 2

with the field information required by 4300-1 to
Construction Assigned.
6.8 Multiple column foundations design for reinforced
concrete piers without piles can be computed with
Computer Program E1700A. See 545-1-5.
See 545-1-1 for design requirements for reinforced
concrete footings following ACI standard 318-71. See
545-1-1, (2.1.3) for allowable soil pressure during test.

7.0 WELDING
7.1 Weld details: Joint design of butt welds in spheres
shall be in accordance with 891-3-6 and 891-3-7. For
butt welds of plates of different thicknesses see 891-1.
Fillet welds in spheres shall be in accordance with 8913-8. To design fillets, 890-1 can be used, but it is based
on 60 ksi electrodes.
Nozzle weld details are referred to in 5.1 and 5.2.
7.2 Welding qualification is the responsibility of
Manufacturing-Assigned and Construction-Assigned.
The following is required:
1.

Welders must be qualified to ASME Code, Section

IX, or equivalent.

2.

Procedures must be qualified to ASME Code,

Section IX, or equivalent and meet the
requirements of 7.3.

See 541-1 for shimming and grouting requirements.

See 540 for instructions for preparing foundation
specifications, and 540-2 for instructions for preparing
foundation drawings.
Consult per 0.2 when pile foundations must be
designed by CBI. See 545-1-1 para 3.2 for pile design
consideration.

7.3 Production test plates and toughness of weld metal

and heat affected zone: Production test plates for a
specific contract are not required unless specified by
purchaser and provided.
1.

Low hydrogen electrodes or other approved low

hydrogen processes are used. When welding
group 55-60 steels, 2 112% nickel electrodes PH
75 LP E8016 C1, Alloy Rods E8018 C1, Kobe
Steel Works NB-2-18 C1, or equal shall be used.

2.

The welding procedures shall establish the size of

the weld bead such that the weld metal impacts
will all meet 20 ft. Ibs with the exception of 60 ksi
and 80 to 85 ksi which must meet 15 and 25 ft. Ibs
respectively. The impact test temperature shall be
the lower of the design metal temperature or the
test water temperature minus the temperature
differed tial (A T] from Fig. 3.0 of 760. The impact
test temperature shall not exceed 20F (-7C) for
manual welding and automatic girth welding, or
32F (OC) for automatic vert welding.

Engineering-Assigned shall furnish the purchaser full

foundation loading information when CBI does not
perform the actual foundation design.
6.9 Hydrostatic test instructions are to be prepared in
accordance with 760, while the test ratio and allowable
test stresses are determined by 2.2. It is also indicated
in 2.2 when test water heating may be necessary. Test
must be a full hydrostatic test.
6.10 Reports: A data report of some type must be
prepared per 4000-4. Copies of certificate of inspection
and acceptance issued by some inspecting authorities
are acceptable as data reports.
Certified mill test reports are required for each
pressure vessel plate as rolled and heat treated.
Certification may be by notary public, an independent
inspection agency or a governmental inspection
agency. The mill test reports shall list: The heat and
slab number, the steel designation, the heat treatment
and the results of all test and analyses specified in the
purchase order. Engineering-Assigned must advise
Purchasing of these mill test report requirements.

7.4 Electrodes and quantities for billing are given in

891 2, 891-3, 891-3-6, 891-3-7, 891-3-8, and 891-3-10.
690 1-1 gives the electrode type for 690-1 steels.
7.5 Preheating shall be employed for shell plate butt
welds, attachment welds including post-to-shell welds,
and nozzle welds, all in accordance with 895-1. Note
that special preheat and inspection requirements are
stated for 54 kg/mm2 material.
8.0 PWHT AND INSPECTION

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

8.1 PWHT of the completed vessel is required when

the shell thickness exceeds 38.1 mm (1 1/2"). For
thicknesses up to 41.3 mm (1 5/8") PWHT can be
waived (see Curve 1a and footnote Fig. 1.1.1)
See 732 for PWHT and the special provisions for
spheres. PWHT provisions are given for:

base plates in4.4

anchor bolts in 4.5
stairways and platforms in 6.3
additional magnetic particle examination in 8.3

All nozzles and manholes shall be shop installed in

head plates and the plates containing these
connections shall be PWHT. except for small isolated
fittings as allowed by 732. Openings not in head plates
shall be PWHT when required by 732. Also see 7.5.
CBI prefers to PWHT assemblies at 11 OOF (5930 min
with a holding time of 1 hr/inch, but may have to accept
a lower temperature (and longer holding time) because
of material, Plate local temperature variations of 20C
(36F) from nominal PWHT temperature can be
expected in a stress-relieving furnace.
For Welten 60 with a minimum tempering temperature
of 600C (1112F), CBI requires a nominal PWHT
temperature for the welded assembly of 580C (1075F)
with a holding time of 1 1|2 hr/in. Local temperature
should not exceed 600C (1112F) nor be less than 560C
(1040F] with a higher tempering temperature. For other
Q-T plates, the nominal (and max-min) PWHT
temperature can be adjusted accordingly.
The PWHT temperatures recommended by European,
Japanese, or other mills for fine grain steels often differ
from those in the ASME code. Consult per 0.2 for
proper stress relieving temperatures and times. Order
additional tests on PWHT coupons when local
authorities require tensile or impact tests after PWHT
to demonstrate that the required properties are met
after heat treatment. Also, specify tests on PWHT
coupons from material used for PWHT parts whenever
Group 55-60 materials are used.
Sphere plates with column stubs attached need not be
PWHT when conditions of 732 are met. This applies to
all approved steels listed in 1.1, since they fall under
"other notch-tough materials" of 732.
8.2 100% X-ray is required for all butt welds in the
pressure shell. The joint efficiency for these butt welds
is 1.0.
8.3 Magnetic particle examination is required of
defective areas on plate material, of cut edges on thick
plates and unwelded nozzle cutouts, of temporary

attachments areas, of corner welds, or permanent

attachment welds, including welds around fittings, and
of pick-up welds and butt welds in certain
material/thickness categories, all as required by 751-1.
Note that for field PWHT vessels magnetic particle
examination is required before and after postweld heat
treatment per 751-1.
9.0 FABRICATION
TOLERANCES
CORROSION ALLOWANCES

AND

9.1 Fabrication tolerances for high stress basis vessels

are stricter than for vessels designed to a lower stress
basis.
The tolerance of shells of finished structures must
meet AF-130 of ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2.
Tolerances required for dished sphere plates fabricated
by others is given in 603-5-2.
9.2 Fabrication allowance does not have to be added
to plate thickness calculated on the basis of stress, for
spheres with a diameter over 10m (33'). For spheres
with a diameter of 10m (331 or less, check with
Manufacturing-Assigned since cold forming by our
dishing method may cause a slight reduction in
thickness.
9.3 Corrosion allowance when specified t/ code or
purchaser-should be added to the calculated thickness.
9.4 Thickness tolerance: Plates shall not be more than
0.25mm (0.01") thinner than the thickness calculated
solely on the basis of stress. ASME AF-105.1 uses the
smaller of 0.01 in. or 6% of ordered thickness.

HORTONSPHERES
ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 NON STAMPED
(HIGH STRESS DESIGN)

Distribution:
Ground Storage Engineering Foundation-Engineering
Welding-Technical Contracting Engineers Engineering
Distribution A Engineering Distribution B
0.1 Scope: This standard describes the design of liquid
Hor-tonspheres to requirements of ASME Section VIII
Div. 2, modified with exceptions acceptable to CBI. The
applications are outside the l^ and Canada where the
ASME Stamping is not required, but where reference
to the code is desired. The standard also provides
minimum CBI requirements to be applied to these and
other designs using codes of other countries. Where a
code is not specified, this standard may be used
provided the purchaser approves, applicable local legal
requirements are met and any special approval
requirements are granted by the jurisdiction.
0.2 Consultation and Deviations: When higher design
stresses are approved by the local jurisdiction and are
specified by the purchaser (i.e., StoomwezenNetherlands, A.D. Merkfalatter-West Germany), special
approval is required from London Contract Design or
Oak Brook Standard Structures Design as assigned in
170-0-3. Approval will always include all applicable test
requirements of 760.
When national rules cannot be obtained, when designs
are outside the scope of this standard and for all other
special requirements, consult London Contract Design
or Oak Brook Standard Structures Design as assigned
in 170-0-3.
0.3 Exceptions to ASME Section VIII Div. 2: When a
sphere is referenced to ASME Section VIII Div. 2, but
"Modified", the proposal to the purchaser should state
the applicable exceptions to establish a clear
understanding of CBI intentions regarding inspection,
materials, certification, design and even specific details
if necessary. The stated exceptions may include any or
all of the following, plus any others as required.
a.

2.

ASME
Authorized
third
party
inspection will not be provided.
(Other third party inspection may be
automatically
required
by the
purchaser or jurisdication.)
b. Quality Control System:
a
If the CBI quality control system is
acceptable to the fab ricating shop, for
example: CBI, CBI Industriestahlban Gmbh,
HZCBI, then the CBI ASME Section VIII
Division 1 and 2 Quality Control System
would be followed both by Manufacturing and
Construction without an official authorized
inspection agency review and audit for the
particular loca tion in question. A written

description of the Quality Control System

could be available if necessary.
3. b In other cases of manufacture, a specific
quality control system written description will
not be provided unless it is readily available.
CBI will perform all required Division 2 NDE
examinations with inhouse CBI qualified
inspectors. The construction portion of the
Quality Control System will be followed.
a. CBI
will
provide
a
"special"
manufacturers
data
report
(6.10)
certifying that the Hortonsphere meets
requirements of the ASME Section VIII
Div. 2, with the exceptions as stated
therein.
b. Materials produced to other than ASTM
specifications may be used (1.0) but they
will be selected on the basis of the similar
physical properties and subjected to the
same testing as the materials permitted
in ASME Section VIII Div. 2.
5. Design Specifications:
a The user shall provide the following:
Design temperatures (minimum as well as
maximum) Design Pressure
Operating pressure (if different from design
pressure) Specific gravity of product Live load
Wind load

Seismic factors (If a structural seismic girder is

required, the design will be based on CBI
normal practice and no design report per Div.
2 with stress intensity calculations will be
provided.) Confirmation of non cyclic service
(no fatigue analysis) Other design factors as
required.
Where any of the above specifications are not
provided, they shall be established by mutual
agreement between CBI and the purchaser.