Conduction Ken

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB
CONTENTS:
1.0Introduction..................................................................................................
..........2
2.0Objective......................................................................................................
..........3
3.0Theoretical
Background.........................................................................................3-4
4.0Apparatus.....................................................................................................
..........5-6
5.0Procedure.....................................................................................................
..........6-7
6.0Result And
Calculations........................................................................................8-12
7.0Graph.9-11
8.0Discussion..
9.0Conclusion.
10.0 References
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Page | 1

Conduction is defined as the transfer of energy from more energetic
particles to adjacent less energetic particles as a result of interactions
between the particles. In solids, conduction is the combined result of
molecular vibrations and free electron mobility. Metals typically have high
free electron mobility, which explains why they are good heat conductors.
Conduction can be easily understood if we imagine two blocks, one very hot
and the other cold. If we put these blocks in contact with one another but
insulate them from the surroundings, thermal energy will be transferred from
the hot to the cold block, as evidenced by the increase in temperature of the
cold block. This mode of heat transfer between the two solid blocks is termed
conduction.
In heat transfer, conduction (or heat conduction) is the transfer
of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance due to
a temperature gradient. It always takes place from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature, and acts to equalize the
temperature differences. Conduction takes place in all forms of matter, viz.
solids, liquids, gases and plasmas, but does not require any bulk motion of
matter. In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in
a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons. In gases and liquids,
conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their
random motion.
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to
another part of the same substance, or from one substance to another in
physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of the molecules
forming the substance. For example, the heat transfer in the metal bar
mentioned previously is by conduction.
Perhaps the simplest phenomenon that can be modeled by the heat
equation is heat conduction in a long uniform rod. In most instances heat
conduction occurs in three dimensions - a situation that is complicated to
analyze. In the laboratory, we use an apparatus that exhibits onedimensional heat flow to demonstrate the basic concepts associated with the
heat equation.
Page | 2

Thus, in our experiment is to investigate Fouriers law for linear
conduction of heat along a simple bar. More about Fourier law was explained
in Theoretical Background part.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is two-fold:
1. To investigate Fouriers law for linear conduction of heat along a simple bar. To conduct
a series of experiments in thermal conduction in order to deduce the relationship between
the heat transfer rate, the temperature difference, the cross-sectional area, and the length
of model across which conduction takes place.
2. To determine the thermal resistance of metals and to determine the contact resistance
between various metal-to-metal contacts.
3.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

In this experiment we will investigate conduction in an insulated long slender brass bar
like the one in Figure 1. We will assume that the bar is of length L, a uniform hot temperature Th
is imposed on one end, and a cold temperature Tc is imposed on the other. We will also assume,
because the bar is insulated in the peripheral direction that all the heat flows in the axial direction
due to an imposed temperature differential along the bar.
Page | 3
Figure 1: Schematic of a Long Cylinder Insulated Bar
If a plane wall of thickness (x) and area (A) and thermal conductivity (k) supports a
temperature difference (T) then the heat transfer rate by conduction is given by the equation:
Q
=kA
dT
dx
Figure 2: Conduction Process
The thermal conductivity k varies between different materials and can be a function of
temperature, but it can be treated as a constant over small temperature ranges. Because of the
Page | 4

enhancement of heat transfer by free electrons, thermal conductivity is analogous to electrical
conductivity and as a result, metals that are good conductors of electricity are also good
conductors of heat.
In this experiment we will investigate Fourier's Law by finding the thermal conductivity k for
brass and comparing this value to the actual value from one or more references. To do so we will
calculate the cross sectional area Ax of the bar and the slope dT/ dx from a plot of measured
temperatures vs. length. We can then use these values in a rearranged version of Fourier's Law to
find the thermal conductivity, k.
Assuming a constant thermal conductivity throughout the material and a linear temperature
distribution, this is:
Q
=kA
T
x
4.0 APPARATUS
Heate
r
Cooler
Brass
Sample
Figure 3: Simple Bar with Sample
Page | 5
Figure 4: Apparatus for the Heat Conduction Control
Figure 5: Digital Clock
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Firstly, the heater knob on the heat conduction control (control box) was turned fully
counterclockwise (this is the OFF position).
2. Power supply and heat conduction control was turned ON.
3. An intermediate position was selected for the heater power control (e.g. 10 W)
4. The power was turned up on the heater to 10 Watts and allowed sufficient time about 10
minutes for a steady state to be achieved before recording the temperature (T) at all 9
sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter ( Q ).

5. Set up the time by using digital clock.
Page | 6
6. After 10 minutes, the reading has been taken of all nine temperature measurement power
by using heater power control.
7. This procedure was repeated for other input powers (e.g. 20 W and 30 W) up to
maximum setting of the control.
Page | 7
8. All the data was recorded in the table.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION
BRASS
SAMPLE
REGION
Page | 8
X(mm)
X(m)
Test
Q
(W)
A
B
C
HEATE
R 10
0
0
T1
(
)
48.20
66.10
86.50
10
20
30
COOLE
0.01
T2
(
20
0.02
T3
(
30
0.03
T4
(
40
0.04
T5
(
50
0.05
T6
(
)
50.00
68.30
89.20
)
44.20
58.20
74.80
)
43.00
53.70
65.10
)
41.90
51.40
61.90
)
-
60 R 70
0.06
0.07
T7
T8
(
(
80
0.08
T9
(
)
39.80
45.30
51.90
)
37.90
40.60
44.20
)
38.60
42.80
47.90
Table 1: Temperature result for test A, B and C
Heat Transfer Rate ,
(W)
W
Thermal Conductivity, k ( m. K )
10
20
30
203.67
162.97
142.13
Table 2: Rate of conduction and Thermal Conductivity
Diameter of the Cylinder = 25mm

Cross Sectional Area of the Cylinder = 4.91
10-4
Sample Calculation:
a) Cross Sectional Area Of The Cylinder
=
2
4 (0.025)
= 4.91
d2
10-4
Page | 9
7.0 Graph:
For Q= 10W
Temperature Profile Along The Entire Length Of The Simple Bar

60
50
40
Temperature, T ( C)
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Thickness, x (m)
60
70
80
90
X 10-3
Page | 10
For Q = 20W

80
70
60
50
Axis Title
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Axis Title
60
70
80
90
X 10-3
Page | 11
For Q = 30W

100
90
80
70
60
Temperature , T ( C)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Width , x (m)
60
70
80
90
X 103
Page | 12
Note: we use the data of
= 10W to show the sample calculation
b) Refer to the graph above,
T
x
= slope of the graph in the brass sample region

43.041
= (0.050.03)
= 100
K
m
c) Thermal Conductivity, k
x
Q
= A T
10
= 4.91 104
= 203.67
1
100
W
m. K
Page | 13
10.0 References:
1. http://www.mcs.utulsa.edu/~class_diaz/cs4533/flowheat/node4.html
2. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html.
3. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Sixth Edition (SI Units) by Yunus A. Cengel And
Michael A. Boles. (Mc Graw Hill)

4. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (sixth edition) Incropera Dewitt Bergmann Lavine
Page | 14

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MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

3.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Figure 1: Schematic of a Long Cylinder Insulated Bar

Figure 2: Conduction Process

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Figure 4: Apparatus for the Heat Conduction Control

Figure 5: Digital Clock

sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter ( Q ).

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

8. All the data was recorded in the table.

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Table 1: Temperature result for test A, B and C

Heat Transfer Rate ,

Table 2: Rate of conduction and Thermal Conductivity

Diameter of the Cylinder = 25mm

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Temperature Profile Along The Entire Length Of The Simple Bar

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Temperature Profile Along The Entire Length Of The Simple Bar

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Temperature Profile Along The Entire Length Of The Simple Bar

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Note: we use the data of

= 10W to show the sample calculation

b) Refer to the graph above,

= slope of the graph in the brass sample region

MEC 554 THERMALFLUIDS LAB

Michael A. Boles. (Mc Graw Hill)

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